PCOG NOTES GLYCOSIDES

Sugar and Sugar Containing Drugs Specimen

Sucrose

English Name

Cane Sugar, Refined sugar

Vernacular Name

Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin)

Part Used(Origin)

Stem of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum) – Family: Poaceae Roots of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) – Family: Chenopodiaceae

Asukal, Tubo

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses Pharmaceutical aid (syrup), demulcent, nutrient, bacteriostatic, preservative, mask disagreeable taste and retards oxidation Of iron prep.

white, odorless, crystalline powder

monosaccharides - glucose and fructose

a.

Medicinal: Relieve pain in infants b. Pharmaceutical: Sweetening agent and as pharmaceutical aid c. Commercial: Used in food as a preservative, additive and sweetener

Bark – dark gray and smooth

Manna

Triticum

Manna Ash or South European Flowering Ash

Couch grass, Witch grass, Dog grass, Bermuda Grass

Tubang-americano

Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae)

Agropyron repens (Poaceae)

Dried exudate from stem

dried rhizomes and roots

Leaf - opposite pairs, pinnate, 20-30 cm long, with 5-9 leaflets; the leaflets are broad ovoid, 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a finely serrated and wavy margin, and short but distinct petiolules 5–15 mm long Rhizome is hollow except at the nodes, strongly furrowed longitudinally. Where the nodes occur, traces of rootlets may be found on the under surfaces and the fibrous remains of sheathing leaf-bases on the upper surfaces.

mannose, mannitol (from mannose reduction),Glucose (seed),Saponin (leaves)

Triticin, Dextrose, Levulose

Osmotic diuretic, laxative, diabetic food, bacteriological culture media, diagnostic aid

Medicinally: for irritable bladder and cystitis, a stimulant, refrigerant, diuretic Pharmaceutically: sweetener antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, sedative, antitussive

Cherry

Wild Cherry, Sweet Cherry, Mazzard, Wild Cherry, Sweet Cherry, Bird Cherry, Gean

Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)

Fruit

distinct reddish brown bark

malic acid, anthocyanins, flavonols, citric acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol

a. Medicinal: cough (whooping) and cold remedy, asthma, used for treatment of indigestion, worms, burns, labor pains, diarrhea, headache, bronchitis and tuberculosis, cystitis, oedema. Blood tonic. Antioxidant. b. Pharmaceutical: Antitussive; Astringent; Diuretic;Tonic; Antispasmodic; Inhalant c. Commercial: Flavorant; preservative; Dye; Furniture (Bark); turnery; instruments; gum

ingredient in prep og cherry syrup; flavored vehicle to disguise pharmaceutical mixtures Suppresant, Diuretic, Blood purifier, Aphrodisiac agent Demulcent, laxative, nutrient

Fig

Common Fig, Fig, Edible Fig, Ficus Passa, Caricae

Leaf: deciduous leaves are palmate, deeply divided into 3 to 7 main lobes, and irregularly toothed on the margins. The blade is up to 10 inches in length and width, fairly thick, rough on the upper surface, softly hairy on the underside. Igos, Higo, Higos

Ficus carica (Moraceae)

Fruit (partially dried)

Flower: small and inconspicuous

Glucose, starch, gum, mucilage

Trunk/bark/branches: droop as the tree grows Breakage: susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break

Cassia fistula

Golden Shower Tree, Caña fistula, Pudding Pipe Tree, Indian Laburnum, Purging Cassia

Fistula, Cana Pistula Kañapestula, kanyapistula, lapad-lapad, Lombayong

Tamarind

Tamarind, Tamarindo

Sampalok

Apple

Apple, Pyrus malus

Mansanas

Old: Cassia fistula, New: Cathartocarpus fistula (Fabaceae)

Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) Malus domestica (Rosaceae)

Dried fruit (pulp)

Pods finely striated transversely, the striations appearing as fine fissures. The rounded distal ends bear a small point marking the position of the style. It is divided by thin, buff coloured, transverse dissepiments at intervals of about 0.5cm. Each compartment contains one seed which is flat, oval, reddish brown with a wellmarked raphe.

sugar, pectin, tannins, albuminous principle

Partially dried fruit

edible, pod-like fruit

Tartaric, Citric, Malic acid

Longitudinal portion

contains 5 seed cavities with generally 2 seeds each

sugar, malic and ascorbic acid

Medicinal >colds, soothing the mucous membranes of our respiratory tract. > boils and small (maturating) tumors. > White, milky juice extracted from the stems and leaves is used for removal of warts. >treatment of gumboils, dental abscesses > Figs increase the mobility of male sperm and increase the numbers of Sperm as well to overcome male sterility. Pharmaceutical: >It is usually employed in preparations of laxative syrups, combined with Senna and carminatives. > laxative > expectorant and analgesic > Demulcent, >Emollient >Poultice Commercial: (Mostly used when dried) >Jam >Fig-roll or Fig-Newton (biscuit filling) >Alcohol is obtained from fermented Figs laxative or purgative; to treat skin infections; cathartic; sometimes added to tobacco and smoked;Suppresant, Diuretic; Blood purifier; Aphrodisiac agent

Astringent, Tonic refrigerant, laxative, purgative reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, antioxidant

Polysaccharides – Starches Specimen

English Name

Vernacular Name

Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin)

Part Used (Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses Thickening agent, Diuretic, Poultice

Corn Starch

Corn, Maize

Mais

Zea mays (Gramineae)

Endosperm (corn kernel)

The grains are about the size of peas, and adhere in regular rows round a white, pithy substance, which forms the ear

Anthocyanin, Tannin

a. Medicinal Considered anodyne, antilithic, antiseptic, cholaggogue, demulcent, diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, lithotriptic, tonic, vasodilator b. Pharmaceutical  Its starch is used as thickening agent  Source of corn syrup Thickening agent, binder, alternative to all-purpose flour

Rice Starch

Wheat Starch

Rice flour, Rice powder

Wheat

Galapong

Oryza sativa (Poaceae)

Trigo

Triticumaestivum L. (Poaceae)

Grains

Starch, Proteins, Iron, Calcium

Caryopsis, grains

Essential amino acids, Pectin

a. Medicinal- antidiarrheal, antigastric, demulcent b. Pharmaceutical- thickening agent, emollient c. Commercial- nutritional staple food, Rice bran is a healthy additive to the making of muffins, cakes, cookies, providing both fiber and nutritive value. Pastes, Explosives, Sizing textiles, Alcoholic beverage, Synthetic rubber Uses: a. Medicinal- base for nourishment, for detoxification, treatment of ulcerative colitis and red blood cell formation b. Pharmaceutical – thickening agent c. Commercial- flour, bread (and the like) making Antidiarrheal, Sweetener

Arrowroot Starch

Potato Starch

Arrowroot

Potato

Araro

Marantaarundinaceae L. (Marantaceae)

Patatas

Solanumtuberosum (Solanaceae)

Rhizome (rootstock)

Tuber

It is a low perennial herbaceous plant with thick, fleshy and creeping roots and long white fibers

B-carotene, Niacin, Thiamine

Tannin, Sugars

Uses: a. Medicinal – Remedy for diarrhea, dietary aid in gastrointestinal disorders, and applied on the skin to soothe painful, irritated, or inflamed mucous membranes. b. Pharmaceutical - thickeners, starches, gels, stabilizers and emulsifiers c. Commercial - used in making puddings, cakes, biscuits, hot sauces and noodles, used in making carbonless copy paper

Thickeners, binders, used to manufacture alcoholic beverages a. Medicinal – rheumatism, for frost-bites

b. Pharmaceutical – starch as disintegrant or diluents filler of tablets and capsules c. Commercial - Boiled with weak sulphuric acid, potato starch is changed into glucose, or grape sugar, which by fermentation yields alcohol this spirit being often sold under the name of British Brandy. Ripe potato juice is an excellent cleaner of silks, cottons and woollens. Flour for cake-making. Antibacterial, Analgesic, Anthelmintic, Antiamoebacidal

Cassava Starch

Manioc, Tapioca, Cassava

Kamotengkahoy

Manihotesculenta (Euphibiaceae)

Tuber, leaves

The cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm, homogeneous flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1mm thick, rough and brown on the outside.

Cyanogenic glycoside

Banana Starch

Banana, Plantain

Saging

Musa sapentum (Musaceae)

Fruit, leaves, bark

typical grains elongated, pyriform-, sack-, sausage-, cigar-, or sickle-shaped, some with protuberances. Up to 85 microns in length.

25% starch, 5% proteins and others, and 70% water

Tuber

ling stalked herbaceous plant with tuberous, enlarged and storage roots. The leaves are large, petiolated, ovate, glaucous, margins entire, and a broad triangular base with petiole attached to a third or half of the leaf. Green and purple petioles are observed. The inflorescence observed is a spadix which is smaller than the spathe and is usually green to yellow.

Seed

The pods are up to 15 cm long. The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm long and oval to kidney shaped. In most varieties the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" varieties the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green.

Gabi Starch

Lima Bean Starch

Taro

Lima bean, Butter bean

Gabi, Lagbai, Abalong

Patani

Colocasiaesculenta Linn. (Araceae)

Phaseoluslunatus (Fabaceae)

Medicinal: relieves rheumatism, headache, rashes, prickly heat Commercial: biofuel, animal feed, production of glue Rich in vitamins A, B, and C; a fair source of iron. Plant fibers used in the manufacture of paper and clothes. Laxative, used for internal hemorrhages, otalgia and adenitis. Tubers are used for rheumatic joints, for Alopecia

Flavonoids, glucose, sucrose, fructose, fiber, maltose

Hydrocyanic acid, cyanide, trypsin-inhibitor, lectin, phytin and tannin Contains linamarin

a. Medicinal - used to arrest arterial hemorrhage. It is sometimes used in earache and otorrhoea and also an external stimulant and rubefacient. The juice of the corm of this species is used in cases of alopecia. Internally it acts as a laxative, and is used in cases of piles and congestion of the portal system, and also an antidote to the stings of wasps and other insects. c. Commercial – used in cooking

Hypolipidemic Lunatusin / Antimicrobial / Antimicrobial / Antiproliferative Estrogen-like Activity Trypsin Inhibitors / Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition

Teas, stimulant, carminative, GIT-related illnesses, treatment for the common cold

Ginger Starch

Ginger

Luya

Zingiberofficinale (Zingiberaceae)

rhizome

Rhizomes - knobbly and fleshy, covered in ring-like scars.

terpenoids

a. medicinal: It is used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting from motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy, for the treatment of colds. It is also used as a digestive aid for mild stomach upset, to reduce pain of osteoarthritis (antiinflammatory), and may even be used in heart disease or cancer.

b. pharmaceutical: binder c. commercial: cooking spice refrigerant, appetizer, fattening, laxative, alleviative of bile, phlegm and burning of the skin.

Green Pea Starch

Green pea, Pea, Garden Pea, Snow Pea

citzaro, chicaro

Pisumsativum (Fabaceae)

The small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit. Each pod contains several peas.

A long, weak annual herb with hollow stems, 1-2 m long. Leaves abruptly pinnate with auricled stipules, in two or three pairs of broad oval leaflets; Flowers white, blue or purple (pink). Pods straight or curved, 5-10 cm long; seeds 6-9

fiber, protein, vitamins (folate and vitamin C), minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc), and lutein. starch, albuminoids, an oil, galactolipids, alkaloids, trigonelline and piplartine, essential oil, soluble carbohydrates, D-alanine.

Flour from the seeds is considered emollient and resolvent and it is applied as cataplasm a. Medicinal: "Seeds are thought to cause dysentery when eaten raw. In Spain, flour is considered emollient and resolvent, applied as a cataplasm. It has been reported that seeds contain trypsin and chymotrypsin which could be used for contraceptive, ecbolic. fungistatic and spermicide"(Duke, 1981). Smart (1990) reported that there are no significant amounts of toxicity or anti-metabolites in peas. b. Pharmaceutical: c. Commercial: production of bioplastic Thickener, textile, paper, sugar

Sago Starch

Sagu, Tapioca balls

Sago

Metroxylonsagu (Arecaceae)

starch extracted in the spongy center, or pith, of various tropical palm stems

The stems, which grow to 30 feet (9 meters high), are split out. The starch pith is taken from the stems and ground to powder.

Glucose and other carbohydrates

a. Medicinal: used as a source of carbohydrate b. Pharmaceutical: dusting powder c. Commercial: Paper production Textile production Commercially used in making noodles and flour Thickener in dishes Good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, calcium and phosphorus

Camote Starch

Sweet Potato

Kamote, Camote

Ipomoea batatas Linn. (Convulvulaceae)

Tuber

The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato varieties with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh.

High in complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber; deficient in protein. polyphenolics - anthocyanins and phenolic acids

a. Medicinal: Plant pacifies vitiated vata, pitta, burning sensations, constipation, general weakness, renal calculi, and sexual stimulant. b. Pharmaceutical: Antibiotic, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, Upper Respiratory Treatment, Skin Relief, Gastrointestinal Relief, Fever Reducer, Diabetes Treatment, Immune Booster, Powerful Antioxidant, Mineral Salts c. Commercial: Starch and industrial alcohol production, dyes, stains, inks, tattoos and mordants

Polysaccharides – Cellulose Filament of Cotton in water Filament of Cotton in Schweitzer’s Reagent Specimen

English Name

Vernacular Name

Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin)

Part Used (Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses made into surgical cotton, made into gun cotton for explosives, mechanical protectant, avoid microbial growth made into pulp for papermaking

Cotton

Cotton

Bulak

Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaveae)

cotton fruit or boll, around the sound hair of the seeds

soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants

cellulose

a. Medicinal - Used to treat nasal polyps, asthma, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, dysentery, uterine fibroids and certain cancers, antifertility, antitumor, antiparasite, and anti-HIV b. Pharmaceutical – Diuretic widely used in China as a male contraceptive c. Commercial - Ornamental, insecticide, textile industry (string and fabric), raw cottonseed oil as cooking oil, shortening, soaps, cosmetics

Carbohydrate Derivatives – Gums &Mucilages Specimen

English Name

Vernacular Name

Scientific Name and Family (Botanical Origin)

Part Used (Origin)

Important Markings

Major Constituents

Uses Emulsifier, stabilizer, nutritive, demulcent and thickener Suspending agent, emollient, adhesive, binder

Tears of Acacia

Arabic gum, Gum arabic, Gum acacia, Gum mimosae, Gum Senegal, Galam Gum

Acacia Senegal (Fabaceae)

Stems and branches

roundish tears of various sizes, or broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces;spheroidal tears of varying size with a matte surface texture

polysaccharides and their calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts, which on hydrolysis yield arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid. arabin

a. Medicinal: cure for rabies (folk medicine) b. Pharmaceutical: Gum Arabic: A substance used in adhesives, some medicines, and as a thickening agent in frozen desserts, astringent medicine,Tannin: Found in the bark of the tree, tannin is used to dye ink. c. Commercial: ornaments(leaves, flowers, tree itself, timber); paints; blossoms or flowers (added as a

flavoring to desserts and liqueur); the flower's essential oils are also used in perfumes; pulpwood; land reclamation; wood (used to make flooring, furniture, jewelry, weapons and toy); and seeds (some can be eaten raw or ground and added to sauces).

Tragacanth

Goat’s thorn Gum dragon, Syrian tragacanth

Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae)

Gum tragacanth

Gummy exudates (stem), Dried sap

Gummy, mucilaginous sap

Tragacanthin, Bassorin

Suspending/ Emulsifying agent, adhesive, demulcent, stabilizer Microbiology – Culture Media

Agar

Animal Gelatin

Althea Root

Agar-Agar, Agar Weed, Japanese/Chinese Isinglass, Red Algae, Ceylon Moss, Ictiocola, Veg. Gulaman

Gulaman

Gelatin, Collagen Hydrolysate, Hydrolyzed Gelatin, Marine Collagen Hydrolysate

Marshmallow root, Sweet Weed, Althea, march mallow, white mallow root, Mallards, Mortification Root Marshmallow

Gelidium cartilagineum (Gelidiaceae), Gracilaria conferviodes (Sphaerococcaceae)

Animal sources: Bos taurus (Bovidae) Sus scrofa (Suldae) Ovis aries (Bovidae)

Halamanngmasmelow, HalamangMarsmalo

Althaea officinalis (Malvaceae)

Entire Plant

Collagen (which is obtained from various animal products)

Roots

This perennial seaweed grows up to three feet long, comprising of reddish-brown, translucent, multibranched ribbons and fronds, called thalli (singular thallus), that sprout from a permanent base every year. The thallus is cylindrical or flattened, subdivided, and tough

A translucent, colorless, brittle (when dry), flavorless solid substance

small scars in the roots parallel to each other and projections of roots. brown corky layer and small roots

Pharmacy- Laxative, gelling agent, thickening agent, stabilizer, bulking agent, suspending agent, emulsifier, surgical lubricant, tab excipient, disintegrant Agarose Agaropectin

Other uses – thickening agent, clarifying agent, vegetarian gelatin substitute a. Medicinal: treatment of constipation, hemorrhoids, obesity b. Pharmaceutical: Laxative c. Commercial: stabilizer, thickening, gelling, bulking agent and food additive, “gulaman”

Chondrin (gelatinizing agent) Glutin (adhesive substance)

altheahexacosanyl lactone, 2βhydroxycalamene (altheacalamene) and altheacoumaringlucoside, along with the known phytoconstituentslauric acid, βsitosterol and lanosterol

Gels, in the manufacture of capsule shells, cosmetics, in weight loss, in the manufacture of paper, culture media base, food, suppository vehicle, emulsifying agent, coat pills expectorant, soothes and softens tissues while controlling bacterial infections, confection, forms protective layer of mucilage on the mucous linings of the body, treat inflammation and ulceration of digestive system, used also externally for localized inflammation, aphrodisiac, antacid gargle for sore throat, demulcent, excipient a. Medicinal: treatment of sore

throats, bronchitis, and for dry hacking coughs, b. Pharmaceutical:, expectorant, laxative Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory

Mallow Leaf

Malvas, Common Mallow

Corchorusolitorius (Malvaceae)

Leaves

The plants are tall, usually annual herbs, reaching a height of 2-4 m, unbranched or with only a few side branches. The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, with an acuminate tip and a finely serrated or lobed margin. The flowers are small (2-3 cm diameter) and yellow, with five petals; the fruit is a many-seeded capsule. It thrives almost anywhere, and can be grown year-round.

Excipient, demulcent

Ca, P, Fe, K, Fiber, Vit. A, thiamine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin

 a. Medicinal:  Indicated for: Coughs and bronchitis; inflammations of the mouth and throat b. Pharmaceutical: plant is largely used as an emollient  fruit: demulcent and emollient;  leaves: emollient c. Commercial: Decoration, Food, Natural yellow dye Industrial-can be spun into thread, twine, or rope Pharmacological- demulcent, tea, nutritional supplement, abordifacient

Elm Bark

Slippery Elm, Red Elm

Ulmus fulva (Ulmaceae)

Galactose, Mucilage (Rhamnose, Galacturonic acid, Xylose)

Medicinal-Sore throat, Cough, Gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel syndrom (IBS), Diarrhea, Wounds, burns, boils, psoriasis, and other skin conditions (external)

Bark

deeply furrowed and brownish red

Whole plant (dried)

this protist is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenish-yellow, through red, to a dark purple or purplishbrown. It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches four or five times in a dichotomous, fan-like manner

Demulcent,Bulk laxative, thickener and stabilizer

Carageenan hydrocolloids, Galactans

Marine plant

Soothe mucus membranes and skin, bulk laxative, thickening agent

Carrageenan, mucilage, iodine, bromine, iron, and vitamins A and B

Demulcent, emollient

Chondrus crispus

Gigartina mamillosa

Irish moss or Carrageenan moss

Gulaman

Chondrus crispus (Gigartinaceae)

Gigartina mamilosa (Gigartinaceae)