Pci 2022 Nivel Inicial
July 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
LFGF OK
“Eõf mk le……………………………………………………………………….—
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8>88
^ågo`e 5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
CXÏMO]FS ^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL MK LE OK @ºVVVVVVVVVV @ºVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVV MOXKC]FX RRRRRRR
MCFK@]KS RRRRRR RRRRR RRRRR
^ågo`e 8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
XKSFL[COF@ MOXKC]FXEL MK OK MK E^XFHECOF@ MKL ^CO
^ågo`e 3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Ä@MOCK ^åg. 5.
ME]FS O@IFXDE]OYFS: O@IFXDE ]OYFS: VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 2
8.
FHJK]OYFS FHJK]OY FS VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVV ?
8.5. 8.8.
3.
Fhjktovfs mkl ^CO VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ? Fhjktovfs mkl ^CO VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ?
XKS[L]EMFS XKS[L]E MFS MKL E@ÅLOSOS E@ÅLO SOS MKL K@]FX@F K@]FX@ F VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5>
3.5. E`åloso E`ålosos s mk mkde`mes VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5> 3.8.
Detroz gk`kremfre mk sotuecof`ks sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves sog`oiocetoves (eprk`mozejk) (eprk`mozejk) VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 57
3.3.
Sotuecof`ks Sotueco f`ks sog`oiocetov sog`o iocetoves es VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 88
3.=.
Cerectkrästoces, `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks mk lfs kstumoe`tksVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVV VV =8
=.
^XFGXEDE ^XFGXE DE C[XXOC[LEX C[XXOC[LE X O@S]O][COF@EL O@S]O] [COF@EL VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV =7
=.5.
^kriol mk kgrksf VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV =7
=.5.5.. =.5.5
Cerectkrästoces Cerectkrä stoces mkl pkriol VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ;>
=.8.
^kriol y eprk`mozejks eprk`mo zejks el hock`tk`erof hock`t k`erof VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ;9
=.3.
K`ifquks VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVV ;2
=.3.5.. =.3.5
K`ifquks mkl Curräculf Curräcu lf @ecof`el @ecof `el VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ;2
=.3.8.
K`ifquks tre`svkrselks, velfrks y ectotumks VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVV ;?
=.3.3.
K`ifquks mkl dfmklf mkl skrvocof kmucetovf o`tkrculturel holo`gük – holo`gük – DSKOH DSKOH VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV 95
=.=.
Ifrdulecoó` Ifrdule coó` mkl ple` mk kstumof kstumofs: s: VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 93
=.=.5.
Ifrdes mk etk`coó` y ksck`erof lo`güästocfs VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVV 93
=.=.8.. =.=.8
^le` mk kstumofs kstumof s pere Ifrtelkcodo Ifrtel kcodok`tf k`tf VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 9=
=.=.3.
^le` mk kstumofs pere Xkvotelozecoó` y KOH [rhe`f. VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVV 9=
=.;.
Certkl mk prfpósotf prfpós otf mk eprk`mo eprk`mozejk zejk VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 9;
=.;.5.. =.;.5
CFD^K]K@COES CFD^K]K@CO ES ]XE@S ]XE@SYKXSEL YKXSELKS. KS. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 99
=.;.5.5. LES ]OC— ]OC—
Cfdpktk`coe: ““SK MKSK@Y[KLYK K@ LFS K@]FX@FS YOX][ELKS YOX ][ELKS GK@KXEMFS ^FX 99
=.;.5.8.
Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E S[ E^XK@MOZEJK MK DE@KXE E[]Ó@FDE— E[]Ó@FDE— VVVVVVVVV 7>
=.;.8.. =.;.8 =.;.8.5.
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL ^KXSF@E L SFCOEL. SFCOEL . VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 7= Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K S[ OMK@]OMEM— OMK@]OMEM— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 7=
=.;.8.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@YOYK _ ^EX]OCO^E MKDFCXÅ]OCEDK@]K K@ LE HÚSU[KME MKL HOK@ CFDÚ@— CFDÚ@— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 7? =.;.8.3.
Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K O@]KX^XK]ECOF@KS BOS]ÓXOCES— BOS]ÓXOCES— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 23
=.;.8.=.
Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E XKS^F@SEHLKDK@]K KL KS^ECOF _ KL EDHOK@]K— EDHOK@]K— VVVV 27
=.;.8.;.
Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E XKS^F@SEHLKDK@]K LFS XKC[XSFS KCF@ÓDOCFS— KCF@ÓDOCFS— VV ?5
^ågo`e = mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR =.;.3.. =.;.3
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@ IOSOCE VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ?;
=.;.3.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “SK MKSK@Y[KLYK MK DE@KXE E[]Ó@FDE E ]XEYÏS MK S[ DF]XOCOMEM— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV DF]XOCOMEM— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ?; =.;.3.8.
Cfdpktk`coe: “ES[DK [@E YOME SEL[MEHLK— SEL[MEHLK— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ?2
=.;.3.3.
Cfdpktk`coe: “O@]KXEC]ÚE E ]XEYÏS MK S[S BEHOLOMEMKS SFCOFDF]XOCKS— SFCOFDF]XOCKS— VV VV 5>8
=.;.=.. =.;.=
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@ CFD[@OCECO Ó@ LK@G[E DE]KX@E. DE]KX@ E. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5>9
=.;.=.5.
Cfdpktk`coe: “SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— DE]KX@E— VVVVVVVV 5>9
=.;.=.8.
Cfdpktk`coe: “LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— 553
=.;.=.3.
Cfdpktk`coe: “KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— DE]KX@E— V 552
=.;.;.. =.;.;
ÅXKE MK EX]K _ C[L][XE VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 58=
=.;.;.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “E^XKCOE MK DE@KXE CXÄ]OCE DE@OIKS]ECOF@KS EX]ÄS]OCF C[L][XELKS— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 58= C[L][XELKS— =.;.;.8. =.;.9. =.;.9.5.
Cfdpktk`coe: “CXKE ^XF_KC]FS MKSMK LFS LK@G[EJKS EX]ÄS]OCFS— EX ]ÄS]OCFS— VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV 582 ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@ CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV VVV 533 Cfdpktk`coe: “SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME
LK@G[E— 533 LK@G[E— =.;.9.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS KS CXO]FS K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E— LK@G[E— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 532 =.;.9.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS MK ]KR]FS K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E— LK@G[E— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5=5 =.;.7. =.;.7.
ÅXKE MK DE]KDÅ]OCE. DE]KDÅ]OCE. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5=9
=.;.7.5.
Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK CE@]OMEM— CE@]OMEM— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5=9
=.;.7.8.
Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK XKG[LEXOMEM, KU[OYELK@COE _ CEDHOF— 5;3
=.;.7.3.
Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK IFXDE, DFYODOK@]F _ LFCELOZECOÓ@— 5;?
=.;.7.=.
Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK GKS]OÓ@ MK ME]FS K O@CKX]OM[DHXK— 597
=.;.2. =.;.2.
ÅXKE MK COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGÄE ]KC@FLFGÄE VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 573
=.;.2.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “O@MEGE DKMOE@]K DÏ]FMFS COK@]ÄIOCFS ^EXE CF@S]X[OX S[S CF@FCODOK@]FS— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 573 CF@FCODOK@]FS— =.;.2.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “KR^LOCE KL D[@MF IÄSOCF HESE@MFSK K@ CF@FCODOK@]FS SFHXK Cfdpktk`coe: LFS SKXKS YOYFS, DE]KXOE _ K@KXGOE, HOFMOYKXSOMEM, ]OKXXE _ [@OYKXSF— [@OYKXSF— VVVVVVVVVVVV 57? =.;.2.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “MOSKÕE _ CF@S]X[_K SFL[COF@KS ]KC@FLÓGOCES SFL[COF@KS ]KC@FLÓGOCES ^EXE XKSFLYKX ^XFHLKDES MK S[ K@]FX@F— K@]FX@F— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 52; =.;.?. =.;.?.
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@.XKLOGOFSE KM[CECOÓ@.XKLOGOFSE VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5?3
^ågo`e ; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.;.?.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K S[ OMK@]OMEM OM K@]OMEM CFDF ^KXSF@E B[DE@E, EDEME ^FX MOFS, MOG@E, LOHXK _ ]XESCK@MK@]K, CFD^XK@MOK@MF LE MFC]XO@E MK S[ ^XF^OE XKLOGOÓ@, X KLOGOÓ@, EHOKX]F EL MOELFGF CF@ LES U[K SK LK SF@ CKXCE@ES— CKXCE@ES— VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 5?3 =.;.?.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “ES[DK LE KR^KXOK@COE MKL K@C[K@]XF ^KXSF@EL _ CFD[@O]EXOF Cfdpktk`coe: CF@ MOFS K@ S[ ^XF_KC]F MK YOME K@ CFBKXK@COE CF@ S[ CXKK@COE XKLOGOFSE— XKLOGOFSE— VVVVVVV VVVVVVV 5?9 ;.
FXOK@]ECOF@KS ^KMEGÓGOCES ^EXE KL MKSEXXFLLF MK CFD^K]K@COES: VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV 5??
;.5. ;.8. ;.8.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le odplkdk`tecoó` mkl DSKOH. VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVV VV 5?? Frok`tecof`ks pere le ple`oiocecoó` curroculer k` rkvkrse. rkvkrse. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 8>8
;.3. ;.3.
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl prfcksf mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 8>9
;.=. ;.=.
Frok`tecof`ks pkmegógoces pere le dkmoecoó` mk lfs eprk`mozejks. eprk`mozejks. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 8>2
;.;. ;.;.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le Kveluecoó` Ifrdetove. Ifrdetove. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 858
;.9.
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl usf mk lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs. VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVV VVVV 859
;.7.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le odplkdk`tecoó` mk le Kmucecoó` Edhok`tel y Gkstoó` mk Xoksgfs. 88>
;.2.
Frok`tecof`ks pere prfdfvkr prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` pkmegógoce. VVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV VVV 88>
;.?.
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl mkserrfllf mk le tutfräe y cf`vovk`coe kscfler. VVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVV 883 88 3
E@KRFS: VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 887 Ksqukdes mk ple`oiocecoó` curroculer sugkromfs sugkromfs VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 887 Celk`merof cfdu`el VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 83;
^ågo`e 9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XKSK@]ECOÓ@ MKL ^CO
^ågo`e 7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL (^rfpukste ^kmegógoce mk le OK)
5. ME]FS O@IFXDE]OYFS: 5.5. 5.8. 5.3. 5.=. 5.;. 5.9. 5.7. 5.2. 5.?.
MXK : [GKL : XKX : O@S]O][COF@ KM[CE]OYE : X.M. MK CXKECOÓ@ : DFMELOMEM / @OYKL : IFXDE MK E]K@COF@ : KSCK@EXOF LO@G[OS]OCF : [HOCECOÓ@ GKFGXEIOCE : 5.?.5. XKGOÓ@ : 5.?.8. ^XFYO@COE : 5.?.3. MOS]XO]F : 5.?.=. CK@]XF ^FHLEMF: 5.?.;. MOXKCCOÓ@ : 5.5>. ^KXSF@EL MOXKC]OYF : 5.55. ^KXSF@EL MFCK@]K :
KHX -
@FDHXK MKL MFCK@]K
GXEMF/ ÅXKE 3 EÕFS / 5¾ /COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGOE 8¾ 3¾ =¾ ;¾ 9¾
5.58. DK]ES MK E]K@COF@ GXEMFS /KMEM CE@]OMEM MK KS][MOE@]KS
5¾ 3 EÕFS
: 8¾ = EÕFS
3¾ ; EÕFS
=¾
;¾
9¾
^ågo`e 2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8. FHJK]OYFS
8.5.
Fhjktovfs mkl ^KO
Dkjfrer lfs `ovklks mk lfgrf mk eprk`mozejks mk `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks cf` le
odplkdk`tecoó` mk pråctoces mkk`cedo`emfs gkstoó` y pråctoces pkmegógoces pereskgú` kl mkserrfllf pftk`coel mk `ukstrfs kstumoe`tks el lfgrf mkl pkriol mk kgrksf kl C@KH. Gere`tozer le pkrde`k`coe y culdo`ecoó` fpfrtu`e mk lfs y les kstumoe`tks mk le KHX mk le
XKX “Le Bfye mk Se` Jue`— dkjfre`mf les cf`mocof`ks mk eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk.
8.8.
Fhjktovfs mkl ^CO
Cf`fckr y eplocer kl k`ifquk mk ple`oiocecoó` e le rkvkrse y lfs prfcksfs mk ple`oiocecoó` k`
le klehfrecoó` mk lfs mfcudk`tfs pkmegógocfs. Cf`fckr y eplocer kstretkgoes mk dkmoecoó` pere dkjfrer lfs `ovklks mk lfgrf mk lfs
kstumoe`tks. Cf`fckr y rkilkxof`er sfhrk le odpfrte`coe mk le kveluecoó` ifrdetove k` kl lfgrf mk
eprk`mozejks k` kl dercf mk u` k`ifquk pfr cfdpktk`coes. c fdpktk`coes. ^rfdfvkr le ½pråctoce mk velfrks e trevïs mkl mkserrfllf mk lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselks k`
les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejks. Ifdk`ter le culture edhok`tel e trevïs mk les sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves k` ceme u`omem y
sksoó`
^ågo`e ? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
3. XKS[L]EMFS MKL E@ÅLOSOS MKL K@]FX@F
3.5.
E`ålosos mk mkde`mes ES^KC]FS
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Sfcof culturel
Xecosdf y moscrodo`ecoó` k`trk dokdhrfs mk le cfdu`omem pfr dftovfs mk epkllomfs, reze, culture y lk`gue.
Sk`soholozecoó` mk le pfhlecoó` mk quk vovodfs k` u`e sfcokmem mkdfcråtoce cf` mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks k` oguelmem mk cf`mocof`ks so` moscrodo`ecoó` mk `o`gú` topf, reze, rklogoó`, culture, lk`gue, ktc.
Sfcof culturel
^ïrmome mk le gestrf`fdäe cfdu`el k` rklecoó` e le gestrf`fdäe kxógk`e. ^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó`.
^rfdfvkr kl cf`sudf mk lfs prfmuctfs lfcelks, quk sf` elodk`tfs tfteldk`tk frgå`ocfs y selumehlks. Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le omk`tomem culturel e`mo`e. Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le rklogofsomem e`mo`e.
Sfcof culturel Sfcof culturel Sfcof edhok`tel Sfcof edhok`tel Sfcof edhok`tel
^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó` y le o`vesoó` mk les skctes rklogofses. Fhksomem y cf`sudf mkscf`trflemf mk prfmuctfs cbeterre. Ehusf o`ie`tol y mkscf`fcodok`tf mk lfs mkrkcbfs mk lfs y `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks. Yoflk`coe kscfler y mkså`odf pfr eprk`mkr.
Sfcof edhok`tel
Les hejes tkdpkretures eikcte` e lfs `oõfs y `oões, pfr lf dosdf, gk`kre mkskrcoó` kscfler.
Sfcof edhok`tel
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y cedhof clodåtocf.
Sfcof edhok`tel
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl egue, eork y suklf pfr ectovomemks kcf`ódoces.
Sfcof edhok`tel
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y egftedok`tf mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks. Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk.
Sfcof edhok`tel
^rfdfvkr u`e culture mk elodk`tecoó` se`e y mokte hele`ckeme skgú` les kmemks. ^rfdfvkr u`e culture mkl kjkrcocof mk mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks. ^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk se`f y ecfgkmfr k` les eules pere prfvfcer u` cfdprfdosf vflu`terof mk lfs kstumoe`tks pfr su eprk`mozejk. ^rfdfvkr k` le pfhlecoó` u`e culture mk prkvk`coó` cf`tre les hejes tkdpkretures quk eikcte` e lfs `oõfs, e`odelks y prfmuctfs egräcfles. ]fder cf`cok`coe mk lfs cedhofs edhok`telks quk vok`k fcurrok`mf k` le cfdu`omem pfr prfcksfs mk mkifrkstecoó` y eccof`ks bude`es cftomoe`es. Mkserrfller u`e ectotum k cfkiocok`tk mk cuomemf mk lfs rkcursfs edhok`telks. Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks. Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks.
^ågo`e 5> mk 5> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ES^KC]FS
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Sfcof edhok`tel
Kxcksovf cf`sudf mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs `f rk`fvehlks y le cf`tedo`ecoó` edhok`tel. Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le movkrsomem hoflógoce y culturel mkl cf`tkxtf mk
Sfcof edhok`tel Sfcof edhok`tel Sfcof culturel
Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le rkelomem lfcel y rkgof`el, quk lfs pkrdote ifrjer u`e cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k bostóroce. Les iedoloes `f tok`k` u` prfykctf mk vome quk lfs pukme ertoculer k`trk lfs dokdhrfs.
Sfcof culturel
Hullyo` k`trk kstumoe`tks el o`ocof mk le lehfrks kmucetoves pfr ielte mk sfcoelozecoó` y prksk`tecoó` k`trk kllfs.
Sfcof culturel
^rfhlkdes mk gï`krf, heje eutfkstode k` prkjuocof mk les `oões k` rklecoó` e lfs `oõfs. @oõfs y `oões mkscf`fck` sus cerectkrästoces y telk`tfs, pfr lf dosdf, tok`k` u` huk` eutf cf`ckptf mk sä dosdf. Eule mksfrge`ozeme y cfdpeõkrfs mkscf`fcomfs.
Sfcof culturel Sfcof kmucetovf
Sfcof culturel Dkmof edhok`tk
^ïrmome mk le movkrsomem culturel y lo`güästoce mk lfs pukhlfs mk le Bfye mk Se` Jue` Heutoste. Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk mkl cf`tkxtf mk Se` Jue`.
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE Sk`soholozer y mkserrfller cf`cok`coe edhok`tel y usf recof`el mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs. ^rfdfvkr kl cf`fcodok`tf mk le rkelomem kcf`ódoce, pflätoce, edhok`tel k bostóroce mk kstumoe`tks. Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe bostóroce y edhok`tel mk lfs kstumoe`tks. ^rfdfvkr le ifrdulecoó` y mkserrfllf mk prfykctfs mk vome, quk lk mk` vkrmemkrf prfpósotf e le vome kscfler k` le kscukle. Mkserrfller dkce`osdfs mkdfcråtocfs y `frdetovfs pere dotoger le voflk`coe kscfler y gk`krer les cf`mocof`ks pere u`e cf`vovk`coe mkdfcråtoce. ^ftk`coer le eutfkstode mk `oõfs y `oões k` cf`tkxtf mk huk`e cf`vovk`coe kscfler. ^rfdfvkr kl eutfcfdplktf y le omk`tomem pkrsf`el mk lfs kstue`tks pere gk`krer prfykctfs mk vome k` kl lergf plezf. ^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk ecfgkmfr y frge`ozemf quk firkzce dkjfrks cf`mocof`ks pere kl eprk`mozejk, cf` skctfrks tfteldk`tk frge`ozemfs cf` pertocopecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Xkvelfrecoó` mk lfs cf`fcodok`tfs cf`fcodok`tfs y velfrks e`ckstrelks mk `ukstrfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs. Sk`soholozer e le pfhlecoó` sfhrk kl cuomemf y cf`skrvecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk.
Lfs `oõfs y `oões `f mkdukstre` lf quk eprk`mk` mure`tk kl eõf, dkdfroze` sflf pere lfs kxådk`ks y lukgf sk flvome` les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk.
Mkserrfller u`e kveluecoó` pfr cfdpktk`coes k` hesk e u`e sotuecoó` sog`oiocetove.
Xkvoser le rklecoó` cfbkrk`tk y le @f sk rkeloze prfykctfs mk prkperemf mk jerehks, crkdes cf` mkde`me kmucetove y cfdplkter ykrhes dkmoco`elks mk le zf`e. e quk espkctf pkrtk`kck. O`emkcuemf usf mk lfs skrvocofs bogoï`ocfs. O
Detks mk bokrhes dkmoco`elks pere kl tretedok`tf mk moikrk`tks o`ikccof`ks o`ikccof`ks y ftrfs usfs. s
Sfcof kmucetovf
Sflucoó` rkeloze`mf u` prfykctf mk cedpeõe mk selum cf` epfyf mkl ck`trf mk selum.
^ågo`e 55 mk 55 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ES^KC]FS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Lfs kstumoe`tks kstå` pkrmok`mf le omk`tomem culturel odote`mf e ftres cultures k` le dúsoce y rfpe. s Kxcksf cf`sudf mk hkhomes elcfbóloces.
Xkcupkre`mf y rkvelfrkdfs `ukstre omk`tomem culturel. Sk`soholozer y ifrtelkckr kl cuomemf mkl cukrpf y le dk`tk. Mkserrfllerr prfykctfs prfmuctovfs. Mkserrflle
Le cfdu`omem sk mkmoce e le prfmuccoó` egräcfle y lfs bojfs epfye` k` kl cedpf, lf cuel `f tfmes rkeloze` les terkes kmucetoves. s Cfdu`omemks quk sf` o`iluk`coemfs iåcoldk`tk pfr le rklogoó` eikcte`mf e le cfsdfvosoó` e`mo`e. Kxcksove cerge mk rkspf`seholomemks k` le cese eikcte k` kl ^ke. p O`tkrikrk`coe lo`güästoce mkl qukcbue y kl cestklle`f, Xkelozer u` prfykctf mk vome mk`trf mk le OK, kl cuel skrå rkplocemf pfr sus bojfs k` kl bfger. Deltretf o`ie`tol y mk emflksck`tks pfr ceuse mk elcfbflosdf.
Cf`cok`coe mk crkmf y cepture mk kspecofs mk rkilkxoó` y tflkre`coe. Sk`soholozer e lfs pemrks mk iedoloe k` le kscukle mk pemrks. ]retedok`tf mk les lk`gues: bfrerof y moscoplo`e mk le L5 ]retedok`tf y L8 Cerk`coe mk tre`sifrdecoó` mk le detkroe prode.
Xkelozer kscukles mk pemrks, cberles y tellkrks mk eutfkstode, mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs y petkr`omem rkspf`sehlk. Mkscf`fcodok`tf Mkscf`fcodok `tf mk lugerks turästocfs. Xkelozer ple`ks mk peskf, ple`ks mk kstumof pere rkelozer vosotes guoemfs pfr lfs prfiksfrks. @f sk kxplfte le mkscerge klïctroce pere cerger hetkräes mk Xkelozer prfykctfs mk kxpkrodk`tecoó` mk hetkräes cïmules `uclkerks. O fhskrve`mf vomkf mk cerges mk ckmules `uclkerks mk mkscerge morkcte. Le cfdu`omem sk mkmoce e le croe`ze mk ge`emfs, fvo`fs, ktc. Xkelozer u`e rku`oó`, tellkrks mk sk`soholozecoó` cf` kl Dftovf pfr kl cuel `f tok`k` tokdpf pere epfyer e sus bojfs. s tkde mk mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk lfs kstumoe`tks y pemrks mk iedoloe. Kscese prfmuccoó` mk ple`tes irutelks pfr quk lfs cfdu`krfs Ielte mk esostk`coe tïc`oce. `f tok`k` cepecotecoó` sfhrk prfykctfs mk irutoculture. s Le o`moikrk`coe pfr pertk mk les eutfromemks pflätoces pere Cf`cok`tozer y gkstof`er y ifrder pkrrf`es cepecks mk prfdfvkr prfykctfs prfykctfs mk vome k o`irekstructure y ftrfs. rkelozer prfykctfs mk vome.
^ågo`e 58 mk 58 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ES^KC]FS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE Mkscf`fcodok`tf tkc`flógocf mk le croe`ze mk e`odelks y prfmuctfs egräcfles. @ukstrfs prfykctfs cfdf deäz, behes, pepe, hejerf` mk prkcof. @f ks rk`tehlk. O Cerk`coe mk Cepecotecoó` e dujkrks, lämkrks o`tkrksemfs mkl cultovfs mk eguey de`tf. Yäes mk eccksf so` de`tk`odok de`tk`odok`tf `tf pfr ^XFYOES. Cerk`coe mk se`kedok`tf o`tkgrel. p Lfs emflksck`tks e vkcks mkscuome` su bogok`k pkrsf`el. El k`ikrdersk ecumk` e le pfste mk selum. Kxto`coó` mk cfstudhrks e`ckstrelks. Heje prfmuccoó` mk dokl pfr bklemes quk eikcte` e les ilfrks. Kscese pertocopecoó` mk lfs pemrks k` kl mkserrfllf kmucetovf mk sus bojfs. Le pfste pfste dïmoce `f kstå odplkdk`te odplkdk`teme me cf`vk`ok`tkdk`tk. cf`vk`ok`tkdk`tk. s Kl cedhof clodåtocf pkrjumoce lfs skdhräfs mk dewey. Kl cfstf mk lfs prfmuctfs, `f tok`k` velfr egrkgemf mk trehejf. ^rftegf`osdf ^rftegf `osdf mk skxtes rklogofses. Le ielte mk o`stelecoó` mk o`tkr`kt k` les cfdu`omemks. Les väes mk tre`spfrtk sf` eccomk`temfs y väes mk tre`spfrtk kscesf. Lfs cedo`f mk bkrremure kstå` pïsodes cf`mocof`ks.
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE ^rfykctf mk croe`ze mk e`odelks. E trevïs mk prfykctfs rkcupkrer y merlk kl velfr egrkgemf e `ukstrfs prfmuctfs quk trehejedfs k` `ukstres cfdu`omemks. Ifrdecoó` mk dujkrks lämkrks. Cf`cok`tozer e le cfdu`omem cf` le pertocopecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Klehfredfss prfykctfs k` kl cuel sk pukme cf`cok`tozer Klehfredf e les eutfromemks lfcelks y ftrfs. Sk`soholozecoó` mkl eskf pkrsf`el cf` pf`k`tks mkl ck`trf mk selum. ]fde`mf k` cuk`te kl celk`merof cfdu`el y lfs sehofs cfdu`elks k` `ukstrfs prfykctfs mk eprk`mozejk. Odplkdk`tecoó` Odplkdk`tec oó` mk årkes vkrmks k` le o`stotucoó` y bfgerks. Cf`cok`tozer e lfs pemrks mk iedoloe k` kscukles mk pemrks, cberles, esedhlkes “[` mäe cfdf `oõfs—. `oõfs—. Klehfrecoó` mk dkmoco`e dkmoco`e `etureldk`tk `etureldk`tk cf` cf` les bokrhes bokrhes mk su lfcelomem. De`kjf mk le bklemes pfr ifrkstecoó`.
^ågo`e 53 mk 53 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ES^KC]FS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Mospfsocoó` mk les vovok`mes eikcteme el espkctf mk o`tkrrklecoó` o`tkrrklec oó` iukre mk clesk.
Le ifrdecoó` mk urhe`ozecof`ks f esfcoecoó` mk vovok`mes y cf`cok`tozer e lfs kstumoe`tks mk les hk`kiocofs quk `fs pukmk mer les k`tomemks mkl kstemf. ^emrks mk iedoloe elcfbólocfs quk `f sk o`tkrkse` k` kl iuturf K` les esedhlke mk E^EIE cf`cok`tozer e lfs pemrks mk mk sus bojfs. iedoloe mkl iuturf mk sus bojfs y kl meõf kcf`ódocf quk gk`kre kl elcfbflosdf y le o`iluk`coe pere sus bojfs. @f sk prfdukvk le omk`tomem culturel mk le lfcelomem. ^rfdfvkr le omk`tomem omk`tomem culturel cf` kvk`tfs kvk`tfs y cf` cf` cursfs mk me`zes, po`ture, ertkse`äe, rklogoó`, omofde y `f tk`kr vkrgük`ze mk lf quk tk`kdfs y lucber cf`tre le elok`ecoó` mk ftres cultures. Le mkseperocoó` mk elgu`es ple`tes cfdf le rktede. @f e le tele mk århflks y/f ple`tes `etoves.
Le mosdo`ucoó` mk egue k` lfs roecbuklfs.
@f sk prfdukvk kl ertk lfcel.
Eudk`tf mk celfr.
@f bey tretedok`t tretedok`tf f mk lfs docrf rkllk`fs k` les cfdu`omemks.
Cf`skrvecoó` mk les ple`tes `etoves e trevïs mk ple`temf mk les ple`tes `etoves k` lfs hfrmks mk les cbecres. Cf`cok`tozer e lfs kstumoe`tks e trevïs mk cberles remoelks. Cfskcbe mk egue e trevïs mk cf`struccoó` mk rkskrvfrofs, rkelozecoó` rkelozecoó` mk ce`elktes k` les zf`es eltes, cfdf k` kl yecodok`tf mk egue pfr pertk mk eutfromemks pflätoces. Mk de`kre pkmegógoce. Kl usf rkspf`sehlk mkl egue pere kllf rkelzer cberles e lfs kstumoe`tks k` tellkrks e `ovkl o`stotucof`el. Kl cursf mk kmucecoó` ertästoce mkhk ifdk`ter kl ertk k` sus moikrk`tks espkctfs: cf`cursfs, dukstres y prkdoer e lfs dås mkstecemfs. L usf mk rfpe logkrke pere cf`trerrkster kl celfr y kl usf mk sfdhrkrfs y hlfqukemfrks pere skr eikctemfs pfr le remoecoó` sfler. Kmucecoó` iäsoce y C]E. ^rfdfvkr le culture mk clesoiocer lfs mkspkrmocofs frgå`ocfs k o`frgå`ocfs. ^ågo`e 5= mk 5= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ES^KC]FS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Mer huk` usf e lfs mkspkrmocofs frgå`ocfs. Kl omofde qukcbue ve pkrmok`mf vogk`coe cf` les `ukves Odplkdk`tecoó` mk kvk`tfs k` lk`gue detkr`e gk`krecof`kss `f beck` gk`krecof`k b eck` usf cf`ste`tk. (cuk`tfs, emovo`e`zes, dotfs, lkyk`mes, ktc. ) Mkseperocoó` Mkseperocoó ` mk les cfstudhrks e`ckstrelks. Xkvelfrecoó` Xkvelfrecoó ` e trevïs mk sfcof mredes k` le OK. @f sk prfdukvk le omk`tomem lfcel. Frge`ozecoó` Frge`ozecoó ` mk ikstovomemks gestrf`ódoces y me`zes tremocof`elks. @f bey egue pftehlk. Frok`ter kl cf`sudf mk egue clfroioceme. ^ïrmome mk le omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e. Xkelozer cberles rkilkxoves pere velfrer `ukstre omk`tomem. @f sk kscrohk le bostfroe mk le cfdu`omem. O`meger y rkcfpoler metfs sfhrk le crkecoó` mk le cfdu`omem. ^fce pråctoce mk båhotfs mk lkcture. Eplocer kl ple` lkctfr o`stotucof`el. Hull yo`g e `oõfs cf` @KK k` le OK y cfdu`omem. ]rehejer lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselk tre`svkrselks. s. Kstumoe`tks cf` @KK quk rkquokrk` u`e etk`coó` kspkcoel. ]ellkrks mk cepecotecoó cepecotecoó` ` pere trehejer trehejer y pråctoces pråctoces le o`clusovomem. ^rfhlkdes mk kdherezf k` emflksck`tks pfr ielte mk Frok`tecoó` fpfrtu`e fpfrtu`e y cuomemf mk su cukrpf. frok`tecoó`. ^emrks o`tkrksemfs k` kl hok`kster y iuturf mk sus bojfs. Les cfdu`omemks beck` qukde mk pestozelks eikcte`mf le ilfre Cf`cok`tozer mksmk le kscukle quk bey kspkcoks mk ilfre y le ieu`e. y ieu`e k` kstemf mk kxto`coó`. Kl egue k` le cfdu`omem ks kscese y sk skce k` le ïpfce mk Cf`struccoó` mk rkskrvfrofs pere e cfskcbe mk egue. skquäe. O`tkrïs mkl usf emkcuemf kl egue. Les cfdu`omemks `f kxplfte` les vk`tejes kcfturästoces mkl Ielte prfdfvkr turosdf vovk`coel. peosejk mk se` jue`. Cf`struccoó` mk vovok`mes cf` detkroelks `ktedk`tk kcflógoces pere rkckpcoó` mk turostes. Mkso`tkgrecoó` Mkso`tkgrecoó ` iedoloer. Ksck`oiocecoó` mk ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes. Hejf prkcof mk lfs prfmuctfs egrfpkcuerof egrfpkcuerofs. s. Detkdetoze`mf Detkdetoz e`mf lfs prkcofs mk sus prfmuctfs k` su vome cftomoe`e. Xksflvkr prfhlkdes mk dkmomes dkmomes mk lf`gotum, lf`gotum, kspecof y tokdpf. tokdpf. Xksflvkr prfhlkdes prfhlkdes mk dkmome mk lf`gotum, kspecof y tokdpf.
^ågo`e 5; mk 5; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ES^KC]FS
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Cerk`coe mk skrvocofs mk tklkcfdu`ocec tklkcfdu`ocecof`ks. of`ks. (toc) Le dogrecoó` mkl cedpf e le coumem. Uukde mk pestozelks eikcte`mf e le ilfre y le ieu`e. Mkscf`fcodok`tf Mkscf`fcodok `tf mk le bostfroe lfcel. ^ïrmome mk velfrks k` le sfcokmem.
^fce pråctoce mk båhotfs mk bogok`k. ^rfdoscuomem k` pemrks mk iedoloe.
]rehejer sfhrk hk`kiocofs y mksvk`tejes mkl o`tkr`kt. Xkvelfre`mf lfs rkcursfs mk le cfdu`omem pere mer velfr egrkgemf mk lfs prfmuctfs. Cf`cok`toze`mf Cf`cok`toze` mf e lfs kstumoe`tks y e le cfdu`omem e trevïs mk kscukle mk pemrks. Xkeloze`mf prfykctfs mk o`vkstogecoó`, kscrohok`mf le bostfroe y puhloce`mf. Kscukle mk pemrks Ifrtelkckr le tutfräe Ecukrmfs cf` le cfdu`omem. Ecukrmfs mk cf`vovk`coe. Sk`solozecoø` e trevïs mk kscukle mk pemrks. Cberles mk cf`cok`tozec cf`cok`tozecoó` oó` e ckrce cf`skcuk`coes.
mk
les
^ågo`e 59 mk 59 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
3.8.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Detroz gk`kremfre mk sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves (eprk`mozejk) MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE MKDE@ME
^ïrmome mk le gestrf`fdäe cfdu`el k` rklecoó` e le gestrf`fdäe kxógk`e.
^rfdfvkr kl cf`sudf mk lfs prfmuctfs lfcelks, quk sf` elodk`tfs tfteldk`tk frgå`ocfs y selumehlks.
Yelfr `utrotovf mk lfs elodk`tfs. ^råctoces culturelks. Xkcktes mk cfdomes.
¶Códf eprfvkcbedfs kl velfr `utrotovf mk lfs prfmuctfs vkrmks6
^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó`. ^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó` y le o`vesoó` mk les skctes rklogofses. Fhksomem y cf`sudf mkscf`trflemf mk prfmuctfs cbeterre.
Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le omk`tomem culturel e`mo`e. Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le rklogofsomem e`mo`e.
Xkgostrf mk sehomuräes lfcelks.
“^ertocopkdfs k` le croe`ze mk le pepe
^rfdfvkr u`e culture mk elodk`tecoó` se`e y mokte hele`ckeme skgú` les kmemks.
Ehusf o`ie`tol y mkscf`fcodok`tf mk lfs mkrkcbfs mk lfs y `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks. Yoflk`coe kscfler y mkså`odf pfr eprk`mkr.
^rfdfvkr u`e culture mkl kjkrcocof mk mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks. ^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk se`f y ecfgkmfr k` les eules pere prfvfcer u` cfdprfdosf vflu`terof mk lfs kstumoe`tks pfr su eprk`mozejk. ^rfdfvkr k` le pfhlecoó` u`e culture mk prkvk`coó` cf`tre les hejes tkdpkretures quk eikcte` e
^le` elodk`tocof. ^rkvk`coó` mk le fhksomem y kl cå`ckr. Cedpeões mk sk`soholozecoó` pfr u`e elodk`tecoó` selumehlk. Cf`fcodok`tf y moiusoó` mk `ukstrfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs.
Les hejes tkdpkretures eikcte` e lfs `oõfs y `oões, pfr lf dosdf, gk`kre mkskrcoó` kscfler.
^XFM[C]FS
^FSOHLK ]Ä][LF MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
`etove rkvelfre`mf les cfstudhrks y tremocof`ks—. Certolle mk les sehomuräes e`mo`es.
“^ertocopkdfs k` le firk`me e le
^ecbedede pere ifrtelkckr `ukstre omk`tomem—
Hofgreiäes. Moerofs mk vome Jukgfs tremocof`elks. ^rfykctfs mk vome. Certolle mk prkvk`coó` mk k`ikrdkmemks rksporetfroes y moerrkoces. Eccof`ks prkvk`toves. Cfdpeões mk sk`soholozecoó`.
“Mk le cbecre e le flle cf`s udodfs
prfmuctfs `eturelks pere u`e vome selumehlk—. O`vkstogedfs sfhrk lfs mkrkcbfs mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk lfs `oõfs k` le kscukle, le cfdu`omem y le iedoloe @fs prkperedfs pere le cf`vovk`coe erdf`ofse y ifrduledfs `ukstrf prfykctf mk vome.
@fs prkperedfs pere le tkdpfreme mk les hejes tkdpkretures.
^ågo`e 57 mk 57 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y cedhof clodåtocf.
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl egue, eork y suklf pfr ectovomemks kcf`ódoces.
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE MKDE@ME
^FSOHLK ]Ä][LF MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
lfs `oõfs, e`odelks y prfmuctfs egräcfles.
Depes mk roksgf clodåtocf. Cuemrf mk `kcksomemks pere les ïpfces mk hejes tkdpkretures.
]fder cf`cok`coe mk lfs cedhofs edhok`telks quk vok`k fcurrok`mf k` le cfdu`omem pfr prfcksfs mk mkifrkstecoó` y eccof`ks bude`es cftomoe`es. Mkserrfller u`e ectotum k cfkiocok`tk mk cuomemf mk lfs rkcursfs edhok`telks.
Mäptocfs. ]kxtfs o`structovfs. Lkdes.
Cf`fckdfs `ukstrf dkmof `eturel y cfdpertodfs códf cuomerlf
Eiocbks pere kl cuomemf mk lfs rkcursfs: egue, eork y suklf. Kxpfsocoó` mk lfs trehejfs rkelozemfs e lf lergf mk le u`omem. Iocbkrf cf` tkxtfs o`structovfs. Moccof`erof kcflógocf. Kxpfsocof`ks. Moskõf mk detkroelks. Kscroture mk u`e `ftocoe. ]kxtf o`structovf pere rkcocler. ]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs, ergudk`tetovfs k o`structovfs. Eiocbks. Cedpeõe. Mkhetk. Dequkte. Certolle o`ifrdetove =X. Crfquos f mohujf mk le vosoó` mkl jermä`. Dfmklfs mk emeptecoó`.
¶Códf sk cuomehe y sk cuome kl egue, kl eork y kl suklf6
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y egftedok`tf mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks.
Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks.
Cf`tedo`ecoó` edhok`tk.
dkmof
Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks.
Kxcksovf cf`sudf mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs `f rk`fvehlks y le cf`tedo`ecoó` edhok`tel.
Sk`soholozer y mkserrfller cf`cok`coe edhok`tel y usf recof`el mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs.
mkl
^XFM[C]FS
Omk`toiocedfs lfs rkcursfs `eturelks y prfpf`kdfs eccof`ks pere su cuomemf
@fs frge`ozedfs y cfdprfdktkdfs pere cuomer y cf`skrver kl edhok`tk mf`mk vovodfs
Kl hflktä` o`ifrdetovf. Klehfredfs hflkto`ks o`ifrdetovfs Cuemrf mk e`ålosos mk lfs prfmuctfs quk pere crker cf`cok`coe sfhrk kl usf cf`sudodfs k o`iluk`coe mk le puhlocomem. rkspf`sehlk mk le k`krgäe klïctroce. •
•
^ågo`e 52 mk 52 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le movkrsomem hoflógoce y culturel mkl cf`tkxtf mk Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le rkelomem lfcel y rkgof`el, quk lfs pkrdote ifrjer u`e cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k bostóroce. Les iedoloes `f tok`k` u` prfykctf mk vome quk lfs pukme ertoculer k`trk lfs dokdhrfs.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE MKDE@ME
^XFM[C]FS
^FSOHLK ]Ä][LF MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
Eiocbk mk sugkrk`coes mk cf`sudf • sfstk`ohlk y rkspf`sehlk k` le iedoloe. Ectovomem mk sk`soholozecoó` eckrce mkl • cf`sudf rkspf`sehlk. ^rfdfvkr kl cf`fcodok`tf mk le Ålhud tkdåtocf. O`vkstogedfs y klehfredfs u` ålhud tkdåtocf rkelomem kcf`ódoce, pflätoce, Ertäculf mk fpo`oó`. edhok`tel k bostóroce mk kstumoe`tks. Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe bostóroce y edhok`tel mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
Le Xkvoste
]kxtfs mkscroptovfs, guof`ks mk k`trkvoste, tkxtfs `erretovfs (Bostfroe mk su vome peseme), o`votecof`ks, ktc. f ^rfykctf mk vome. f Århfl mk vome. @frdes mk cf`vovk`coe. Hullyo` k`trk kstumoe`tks el o`ocof Mkserrfller dkce`osdfs • @fdhrk mk lfs skctfrks mkl eule. mk le lehfrks kmucetoves pfr ielte mkdfcråtocfs y `frdetovfs pere • Klkccoó` mkl mklkgemf mkl eule. mk sfcoelozecoó` y prksk`tecoó` dotoger le voflk`coe kscfler y • Kquopfs frge`ozemfs mk trehejf. k`trk kllfs. gk`krer les cf`mocof`ks pere u`e • • cf`vovk`coe mkdfcråtoce. Frge`ozecoó` mkpfr le hohloftkce mk eule. ]kxtfs kscrotfs lfs kstumoe`tks: ^rfdfvkr le ifrdulecoó` y mkserrfllf mk prfykctfs mk vome, quk lk mk` vkrmemkrf prfpósotf e le vome kscfler k` le kscukle.
Klehfredfs u`e rkvoste pere mer e cf`fckr les cerectkrästoces mk `ukstrf peäs Kscrohodfs y cfdpertodfs `ukstrf prfykctf mk vome
¡@fs frge`ozedfs pere cf`vovor mkdfcråtocedk`tk! —
•
^rfhlkdes mk gï`krf, heje eutfkstode k` prkjuocof mk les `oões k` rklecoó` e lfs `oõfs.
^ftk`coer le eutfkstode mk `oõfs y `oões k` cf`tkxtf mk huk`e cf`vovk`coe kscfler.
`erretovfs, o`ifrdetovfs, ktc. Cukstof`erof mk k`cukste. Mkscropcof`ks. • Certe. • Eutfrrktretf. • Xkgostrf mk o`ifrdecoó`. • Dequktes. • ^ukste k` cfdú` mk telk`tfs. •
•
¡@fs rkcf`fckdfs cfdf pkrsf`es ú`oces y velofses!
^ågo`e 5? mk 5? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE MKDE@ME
^XFM[C]FS
@oõfs y `oões mkscf`fck` sus cerectkrästoces y telk`tfs, pfr lf dosdf, tok`k` u` huk` eutf
]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs (eiocbks), ergudk`tetovfs, o`structovfs. Xkckterofs. De`uel mk le huk`e selum. Xkgostrfs mk o`ifrdecoó`. Dfmklfs. Durel mk cfdprfdosfs. ^rfdfvkr kl eutfcfdplktf y le ]kxtfs mkscroptovfs, `erretovfs (dotfs y lkyk`mes omk`tomem pkrsf`el mk lfs prfpoes mk su rkgoó`). Xkckterofs cf` pletfs täpocfs mk su kstue`tks pere gk`krer prfykctfs
cf`ckptf mk sä dosdf.
mk vome k` kl lergf plezf.
Eule mksfrge`ozeme cfdpeõkrfs mkscf`fcomfs.
y
^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk ecfgkmfr y frge`ozemf quk firkzce dkjfrks cf`mocof`ks pere kl eprk`mozejk, cf` skctfrks tfteldk`tk frge`ozemfs cf` pertocopecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
^ïrmome mk le movkrsomem culturel y lo`güästoce mk lfs pukhlfs mk le Bfye mk Se` Jue` Heutoste.
Xkvelfrecoó` mk lfs cf`fcodok`tfs y velfrks e`c e`ckstrelks kstrelks mk `ukstrfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs.
rkgoó`. Ifllktfs pere moiu`mor les cfstudhrks y les tremocof`ks mk su rkgoó`. ^rftftopf mk bfr`f sfler. De`ze`es mksbomretemes. Dfmklf mk e`mk`ks. Bfjes mk rkgostrf mk kxpkrok`coes. ]o`tk `eturel (ecboftk). ^rfykctfs mk vome. @frdes mk cf`vovk`coe. • @fdhrk mk lfs skctfrks mkl eule. • Klkccoó` mkl mklkgemf mkl eule. • Kquopfs frge`ozemfs mk trehejf. • Frge`ozecoó` mk le hohloftkce mk eule. • ]kxtfs kscrotfs pfr lfs kstumoe`tks: • `erretovfs, o`ifrdetovfs, ktc. ]kxtfs mkscroptovfs. ]räptocfs pere moiu`mor les roqukzes `eturelks mk le rkgoó`. Mohujfs y rkskões mk lfs epfrtks tkc`flógocfs mk les cultures prkbospå`oces. Durelks y dukstres mk cultovf mk ple`tes.
^FSOHLK ]Ä][LF MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE O`vkstogedfs sfhrk `ukstrfs mkrkcbfs pere cf`fckr `ukstres rkspf`seholomemks.
O`vkstogedfs y moiu`modfs k` u` ifllktf le culture vove
¡@fs frge`ozedfs pere mkdfcråtocedk`tk! —
cf`vovor
O`vkstogedfs y moiu`modfs les roqukzes `eturelks y culturelks mk `ukstre prfvo`coe
^ågo`e 8> mk 8> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE MKDE@ME
^XFM[C]FS
Bfjes mk rkgostrf y frge`ozemfrks vosuelks. Eiocbks pere moiu`mor lfs hk`kiocofs quk `fs epfrte` lfs e`odelks. Ftrfs. Sk`soholozer e le pfhlecoó` sfhrk kl ]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs, ergudk`tetovfs k cuomemf y cf`skrvecoó` mkl dkmof o`structovfs. Eiocbks. edhok`tk. Cedpeõe. Mkhetk. Dequkte. Certolle o`ifrdetove =X. Crfquos f mohujf mk le vosoó` mkl jermä`. Dfmklfs mk emeptecoó`. Mkserrfller u`e kveluecoó` pfr Xkelozecoó` mkl mäe mk Lfgrf cfdf pertk mkl cfdpktk`coes k` hesk e u`e cokrrk mkl eõf kscfler cf` lfs kstumoe`tks. Yolle`cocfs. • sotuecoó` sog`oiocetove. ^rfmuccoó` mk movkrsomem mk prfmuccoó` • mk tkxtfs. Xksflucoó` mk prukhes mk selome k` tfmes • les årkes pere ckrtoiocer lfs eprk`mozejks.
^FSOHLK ]Ä][LF MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk mkl cf`tkxtf mk Se` Jue`.
Lfs `oõfs y `oões `f mkdukstre` lf quk eprk`mk` mure`tk kl eõf, dkdfroze` sflf pere lfs kxådk`ks y lukgf sk flvome` les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk.
@fs frge`ozedfs y cfdprfdktkdfs pere cuomer y cf`skrver kl edhok`tk mf`mk vovodfs
Mkdfstredfs lf quk eprk`modfs y `fs prkperedfs pere rkcohor le `evomem.
Egrkger dås sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves sog`oiocetoves
^ågo`e 85 mk 85 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
3.3.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE ^ïrmome mk le gestrf`fdäe cfdu`el k` rklecoó` e le gestrf`fdäe kxógk`e.
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^rfdfvkr kl cf`sudf mk lfs prfmuctfs lfcelks, quk sf` elodk`tfs tfteldk`tk frgå`ocfs y selumehlks.
CF@]KR]F (¶Uuoï`ks6) Lfs `oõfs y `oões mkl 3kr y =tf gremf mk proderoe (¶Uuï kstuvokrf` eprk`mok`mf6) eprk`mokrf`, k` le u`omem e`tkrofr, ifrdes mk frge`ozecoó` cflkctove y trehejf pfr cfdotïs tfde`mf cfdf rkikrk`coe te`tf lfs sehkrks lfcelks cfdf ftres ifrdes mk mostrohucoó` mk iu`cof`ks (¶^ere quï6) pere u` huk` trehejf y cf`vovk`coe k` le kscukle y kl eule k`dercemfs k` le etk`coó` e lfs o`tkrksks cflkctovfs y kl huk` vovor k` le
^XFM[C]FS Yelfr `utrotovf mk lfs elodk`tfs. ^råctoces culturelks. Xkcktes mk cfdomes.
]O][LFS ¶Códf eprfvkcbedfs kl velfr `utrotovf mk lfs prfmuctfs vkrmks6
cfdu`omem, le kscukle y kl eule. (¶Uuï prfhlkde, `kcksomem f o`tkrïs bey ebfre6) So` kdhergf, ks u`e prkfcupecoó` quk le deyfräe mk le pfhlecoó`, kspkcoeldk`tk pemrks y demrks jóvk`ks, beye ehe`mf`emf mksmk beck tokdpf kl cf`sudf mk prfmuctfs vkrmks mk le tkdpfreme. K` ftrfs tokdpfs kstfs prfmuctfs vkrmks (cultovemfs y `f cultovemfs) cf`trohuäe` mk de`kre odpfrte`tk e le movkrsoiocecoó` mk le cfdome y le huk`e elodk`tecoó` mk le cfdu`omem, kspkcoeldk`tk mk `oõfs y `oões. (¶Uuï kstå gk`kre`mf6) Uuk e pkser mk quk k` kste tkdpfreme k` `ukstre cfdu`omem sk cfskcbe prfmuctfr vkrmk kstfs `f sf` cf`somkremfs mk`trf mk u`e mokte elodk`tocoe hele `ckeme, mksvelfre`mf su velfr `utrocoó` sfhrk tfmf k` bokrrf quk prfvkk e quok`ks lf cf`sudk`. Kste sotuecoó`, pfr le `f veroecoó` mk le cfdome, beck quk lfs `oõfs y `oões tk`ge` elgú` gremf mk e`kdoe o`iluyk`mf `kgetovedk`tk k` su `frdel crkcodok`tf y kl eprfvkcbedok`tf emkcuemf k` le kscukle. XK]F ¶Uuï sk pukmk beckr6 Irk`tk e kste sotuecoó` sk ple`tke kl rktf: ¶Códf pfmkdfs o`vkstoger kl velfr `utrotovf mk prfmuctfs vkrmks mk do cfdu`omem6 ¶Uuï prfmuctfs vkrmks sk cfskcbe` k` `ukstre cfdu`omem6 y ¶cuål ks su velfr `utrotovf quk tok`k` k` `ukstre elodk`tecoó`6, ¶Uuï pråctoces elodk`teroes cf` prfmuctfs vkrmks mk moikrk`tks pukhlfs y cultures pfmkdfs tfder k`
^ågo`e 88 mk 88 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
^XFHLKDE
^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó`.
Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le omk`tomem culturel e`mo`e.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE cuk`te6 ¶Uuï pfmkdfs beckr pere rkcupkrer kl cf`sudf mk prfmuctfs vkrmks mk le tkdpfreme y eyumer e le huk`e elodk`tecoó` mk le cfdu`omem6 ^XFM[C]F ¶Uuï sk kspkre6 Sk kspkre quk lfs kstumoe`tks epfyemfs k` sehoes y sehofs u ftres pkrsf`es omk`toioquk` lfs prfmuctfs vkrmks cfskcbemfs k` le cfdu`omem y klehfrk` u` rkckterof mk dk`ús hele`ckemfs pere prfpf`kr e les iedoloes y rkelozer u`e ikroe gestrf`ódoce k` hesk e prfmuctfs vkrmks. (¶Uuoï`ks6 Les `oões y lfs `oõfs tok`k` le `kcksomem mk eprk`mkr (¶quï eprk`mkrå` / rkvotelozere`6) kl prfcksf mk le sokdhre y le croe`ze mk le pepe `etove rkvelfre`mf les moikrk`tks cfstudhrks y tremocof`ks pere rkcupkrer `ukstre omk`tomem, dkjfrer `ukstre `utrocoó` y le erdf`äe pkrde`k`tk cf` le pkrsf`e, `eturelkze y kl prfmuctf quk kstå` mkholotemes k` le le cfdu`omem (¶pere quï6) pere rkvelfrer `ukstres cfstudhrks y tremocof`ks k` les moikrk`tks kspecofs mk eprk`mozejk dkmoe`tk vosotes y k`trkvostes,(¶cf` quï6) mk le kxpkrok`coe vovk`coel mk le sokdhre, kl cbeadey y le croe`ze mk le pepe. ^ere lfgrer kstf, (les prkgu`tes rktf mk le u`omem) lfs rktfs e rkspf`mkr skrå`: • ¶Uuï sehkrks lfcelks sk rkcupkrerå` k` le sokdhre, kl cbeadey y le croe`ze mk le pepe `etove6 (^rfiu`mozecoó` mk verofs sehkrks lfcelks) • ¶K` quï sk moikrk`coe le sokdhre, le rftulecoó` mk le tokrre y le croe`ze mk le pepe cf` ftrfs cf`tkxtfs6 (Cfdperecoó` mk klkdk`tfs culturelks moikrk`tks) • ¶Uuï epfrtks mk le lfcelomem y mk ftrfs pukhlfs sk pukmk` tfder k` cuk`te pere ifrtelkckr kl trehejf cflkctovf k` le cfdu`omem y le kscukle6 (Epfrtks mk moikrk`tks cultures irk`tk e u`e `kcksomem) Kl prfmuctf pro`copel mk kste u`omem skrå` lfs rkgostrfs mk sehomuräes lfcelks.
^XFM[C]FS
Xkgostrf mk sehomuräes lfcelks.
]O][LFS
“^ertocopkdfs k` le
croe`ze mk le pepe `etove rkvelfre`mf les cfstudhrks y tremocof`ks—.
^ågo`e 83 mk 83 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE ^ïrmome mk le tremocoó` culturel e`mo`e pfr kikctf mk le glfhelozecoó` y le o`vesoó` mk les skctes rklogofses.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE Xkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr les sehomuräes y le rklogofsomem e`mo`e.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE K` `ukstre cfdu`omem mk Se`te Xfse mk De`cure, pertocopedfs k` le rotuelomem frogo`eroe y e`mo`e, mk`fdo`emf “^ecbedede`cboade` Beyweroauy— esä `ukstres iedoloes pertocope` cf` heste`tk rkspktf, pfrquk ks u` ectf segremf y movo`f mk rkcoprfcomem k`trk `ukstre demrk tokrre, les mkomemks quk mkhkdfs k`tk`mkr quk le ^ecbedede ks u`e mofse ikdk`o`e mk le tokrre y mk le ikrtolomem, u`e movo`omem egräcfle, hk`og`e y cf`ckhome cfdf le demrk quk `utrk y sustk`te e lfs skrks vovfs y su rklecoó` cf` kl bfdhrk, kl pfhlemfr frogo`erof sk frge`oze e`ueldk`tk pere mer u` egremkcodok`tf e le ^ecbedede, e les mkomemks y e lfs edä`elks solvkstrks (Selqe), lugerks dostkrofses cfdf (Wea‟e) y e
^XFM[C]FS Certolle mk les sehomuräes e`mo`es.
]O][LFS “^ertocopkdfs k` le
firk`me e le ^ecbedede pere ifrtelkckr `ukstre omk`tomem—
ceme u`e mk les cfses y fhjktfs cf`somkremfs cfdf pkrsf`es, pere quk tfmfs quk mosirutk` k` erdf`äe pere k`cerger e cedhof vome, pez, edfr, selum, roqukze y ftrfs hk`kiocofs. Kl k`cergemf pere beckr kste segreme terke ks sflf u`e pkrsf`e mfteme mk sehkrks y k` elgu`fs cesfs u`e pkrsf`e cf` lock`coe segreme, mk`fdo`emf “_ecbeq`oyuq— f “Aureq yecbeq`oyuq—, kste ectovomem gk`kreldk`tk k` `ukstre zf`e sk rkeloze mure`tk le `fcbk, tedhoï` mk mäe, pertocope` tfmes y tfmfs lfs o`tkgre`tks mk le iedoloe “eyllu—. ^ere kste ckrkdf`oe sk rkquokrk mkspecbf “dose— quk cf`tok`k moik rk`tks o`sudfs cfdf: Deoz, u`tu, cfce, clevkl, sullu, vo`f, cbocbe y ftrfs cf` kl cuel kl yecbeq cf` kl epfyf mk u` eyume`tk “^ebo— f wey`ollu o`ocoe le ckrkdf`oe pomok`mf pkrdosf e le ^ecbedede “]‟o`aeauy – Cbålleroauy – Cbålleroauy pbuauroauy— mure`tk kl ectf egremkck` egremk ck` y el dosdf tokdpf odplfre` sus pktocof`ks, elce`ze`mf su “aä`tu—. Io`eldk`tk sk o`co`kre k` u` luger segremf mk le cese f mkl eyllu. K` elgu`fs ksck`erofs y fcesof`ks, kste ectovomem sk ecfdpeõe cf` ce`tfs, we`aes, heolks y dkrok`mes täpoces mk ceme zf`e. So` kdhergf, kstk sehkr mk `ukstrfs pukhlfs vok`k mkseperkcok`mf k` lfs últodfs eõfs pfr le o`iluk`coe mk le eculturecoó` mk le dfmkr`omem y skctes rklogofses.
^ågo`e 8= mk 8= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Fhksomem y cf`sudf mkscf`trflemf mk prfmuctfs cbeterre.
^rfdfvkr u`e culture mk elodk`tecoó` se`e y mokte hele`ckeme skgú` les kmemks.
Ehusf o`ie`tol y mkscf`fcodok`tf mk lfs mkrkcbfs mk lfs y `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks.
^rfdfvkr u`e culture mkl kjkrcocof mk mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE K` kste pkrspkctove, ¶Códf `fs prkperedfs pere kl rotuel mkl Beyweroauy6, ¶Códf lfgredfs ifrtelkckr les tremocof`ks e`ckstrelks6 Kl prfmuctf pro`copel skrå les certolles mk rkgostrf mk les sehomuräes e`mo`es. Sk be fhskrvemf quk lfs `oõfs cf`sudk` cfdomes cbeterres cfdf gellktes, cbosotfs, ceredklfs, rkirkscfs y ftrfs prfmuctfs quk cf`tok`k` cf`skrve`tks1 lf cuel rkpkrcutk `kgetovedk`tk k` le selum y `utrocoó`, fcesof`e`mf k`ikrdkmemks mk o`ikccoó` o`tksto`el k` le deyfräe mk les `oões y kl eusk`tosdf cfrrkspf`mok`tk, quk e su vkz fcesof`e gestfs kcf`ódocfs k` lfs pemrks. Kste sotuecoó` o`iluyk k` kl lfgrf mk lfs eprk`mozejks prkvostfs. Ks esä quk, k` kste u`omem sk ple`tke mkserrfller kl cf`fcodok`tf mk lfs prfmuctfs quk sk prfmuck` k` `ukstre cfdu`omem, kl velfr `utrotovf, lfs kikctfs pfsotovfs y lfs meõfs quk ceuse le cfdome cbeterre k` le selum y k` kl edhok`tk: ¶Códf eikcte kl cf`sudf kxcksovf mk les cfdomes cbeterres e `ukstre selum y el edhok`tk6 ¶Cuålks sf` lfs hk`kiocofs mkl cf`sudf mk lfs elodk`tfs selumehlks quk sk prfmuck` k` `ukstre lfcelomem6 ¶Códf pfmkdfs sustotuor kl kxcksf mk cf`sudf mk cfdome cbeterre cf` prfmuctfs mk `ukstre lfcelomem pere tk`kr u`e vome selumehlk6 ^fr tfmf kllf, sk pukmk cf`iorder quk les `oões prkiokrk` kl cf`sudf mk elodk`tfs prfcksemfs (cfdome cbeterre), rezó` quk justoioce le ple`oiocecoó` mkl prksk`tk prfykctf pere sk`soholozer e les `oões k` kl cf`sudf mk lfs prfmuctfs `eturelks mk `ukstre cfdu`omem, pfr skr `utrotovfs y se`fs. Lfs kstumoe`tks quk sk mksk`vuklvk` k` moikrk`tks ksck`erofs, mkhk` eprk`mkr e rkspktersk k`trk kllfs y cf` lfs dokdhrfs mk su cfdu`omem. ]fmfs tk`kdfs quk trehejer pere quk kl mkrkcbf mk lfs `oõfs e mkserrfllersk plk`edk`tk sk cf`vokrte k` u`e rkelomem, pfrquk ks rkspf`seholomem mk lfs emultfs lfgrer quk tfmes les `oões, lfs `oõfs y emflksck`tks tk`ge` plk`f eccksf e sus mkrkcbfs. Le kscukle ks u`f mk lfs kspecofs púhlocfs mf`mk lfs `oõfs mkhk` skr rkcf`fcomfs cfdf
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
^le` elodk`tocof. ^rkvk`coó` mk le fhksomem y kl cå`ckr. Cedpeões mk sk`soholozecoó` pfr u`e elodk`tecoó` selumehlk.
“Mk le cbecre e le fl le
Cf`fcodok`tf y moiusoó` mk `ukstrfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs.
O`vkstogedfs sfhrk lfs mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks mk lfs `oõfs k` le kscukle, le cfdu`omem y le iedoloe
cf`sudodfs prfmuctfs `eturelks pere u`e vome selumehlk—.
^ågo`e 8; mk 8; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
sujktfs mk mkrkcbf. Mkhk cf`vkrtorsk k` moiusfre mk kstfs mkrkcbfs, pere lf cuel `kcksote quk kllfs cf`fzce` y ske` cepecks mk rkcleder cue`mf sus mkrkcbfs sf` vul`kremfs k` moikrk`tks ksck`erofs y sotuecof`ks mk le vome cftomoe`e. ]edhoï` mkhk` sehkr quk kstfs mkrkcbfs trek` cf`sogf mkhkrks quk mkhk` skr cudplomfs pfr kllfs y klles. ¶Uuï suckmk cf` kl rkspktf pfr lfs mkrkcbfs mk `ukstrfs `oõfs k` le kscukle, le cfdu`omem y le iedoloe6 ¶¶^fr ^fr quï mkhkdfs cf`fckr `ukstrfs mkrkcbfs6 ¶Códf pfmräedfs beckr pere moiu`morlfs y prfdfvkrlfs6 K` kste u`omem lfs `oõfs y les `oões dfvolozerå` movkrsfs eprk`mozejks
Yoflk`coe kscfler y mkså`odf pfr eprk`mkr.
^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk se`f y ecfgkmfr k` les eules pere prfvfcer u` cfdprfdosf vflu`terof mk lfs kstumoe`tks pfr su eprk`mozejk.
vo`culemfs el lk`guejk frel y kscrotf, quk sk cf`vkrtorå` k` sus bkrredok`tes pere cf`fckr, moiu`mor y prfdfvkr eccof`ks k` ievfr mkl rkspktf e sus mkrkcbfs, k` lfs cf`tkxtfs mkl eule, kl bfger, le kscukle y cfdu`omem1 esä cfdf lfs mkhkrks quk kstfs mkrkcbfs cf`llkve`. ^le`oiocerå` ectovomemks pere moiu`mor lfs mkrkcbfs e pertor mk lfs tkxtfs quk be` lkämf y prfmucomf pere moiu`mor sus mkrkcbfs k`trk les iedoloes, mfck`tks, `oõfs y cfdu`omem k` gk`krel. Lfs `oõfs y `oões `f tok`k` u`e huk`e cf`vovk`coe erdf`ofse, suklk` pklker k`trk kllfs, kxostk kl burtf `f bey rkspktf k`trk kllfs `f cudplk` cf` les terkes kscflerks `f tok`k` ge`es pfr kl kstumof `f lks guste le lkcture dk`fs detkdåtoce, `f tok`k` cf`cok`coe mk velfrks crostoe`fs, k`trk ftres cfses. ¶Códf eyumedfs e lfs `oõfs e dkjfrer kl clode mkl eule y su mkskf pfr eprk`mkr6 K` kl årke mk pkrsf`el s fcoel rkelozerkdfs u`e esedhlke pere kstehlkckr ecukrmfs mk cf`vovk`coe y rkspf`seholomemks, k` kl årke mk cfdu`ocecoó` prfdfvkrkdfs lkctures rkcrketoves quk dås lks gustk, kscrohoïrkdfs sfhrk su hofgreiäe pkrsf`el pere velfrersk cfdf pkrsf`e, moerofs mk vome1 k` detkdåtoce cf`fckrkdfs kl usf mk lfs movkrsfs detkroelks e trevïs e mkl cf`tkxtf lúmocfs1 k` cok`coe y edhok`tk trehejerkdfs cf` lfs dómulfs mk lehfretfrof, k` rklogoó` rkelozerkdfs
Hofgreiäes. Moerofs mk vome Jukgfs tremocof`elks. ^rfykctfs mk vome.
@fs prkperedfs pere le cf`vovk`coe erdf`ofse y ifrduledfs `ukstrf prfykctf mk vome.
^ågo`e 89 mk 89 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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Les hejes tkdpkretures eikcte` e lfs `oõfs y `oões, pfr lf dosdf, gk`kre mkskrcoó` kscfler.
^rfdfvkr k` le pfhlecoó` u`e culture mk prkvk`coó` cf`tre les hejes tkdpkretures quk eikcte` e lfs `oõfs, e`odelks y prfmuctfs egräcfles.
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y cedhof clodåtocf.
]fder cf`cok`coe mk lfs cedhofs edhok`telks quk vok`k fcurrok`mf k` le cfdu`omem pfr prfcksfs mk mkifrkstecoó` y eccof`ks bude`es cftomoe`es.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE ectovomemks mk eyume el próxodf1 k` ertk prksk`terkdfs `ukstrfs telk`tfs mk ecukrmf e lfs moikrk`tks gustfs1 k` kmucecoó` iäsoce rkelozerkdfs moikrk`tks jukgfs mk rf`mes y dfvodok`tf cfrpfrel. Le heje tkdpkreture eikcte e lfs kstumoe`tks gk`krå`mflks movkrses k`ikrdkmemks rksporetfroes, dukrtk desove mk e`odelks mk cfrrelks1 y el dosdf tokdpf tedhoï` gk`kre ectovomemks prfmuctoves cfdf le klehfrecoó` mkl cbuõf, le pepe bkleme. ¶Códf prkvk`odfs les k`ikrdkmemks rksporetfroes61 ¶Códf eyumedfs e lfs kstumoe`tks e cf`fckr les movkrses ectovomemks quk sk rkeloze` k` le ïpfce mk le heje tkdpkreture6 K` kl årke mk cok`coe y edhok`tk o`megerkdfs sfhrk lfs kikctfs mk les kstecof`ks k` k` les ectovomemks bude`es y les pr prkvk`cof`ks kvk`cof`ks mk k`ikrdkmemks rksporetfroes1 k` pkrsf`el sfcoel moelfgerkdfs sfhrk les espkctfs mk prkvk`coó` prkvk`coó` mk le heje tk tkdpkreture dpkreture y pertocoperk pertocoperkdfs dfs k` ectovomemks mk sk`soholozecoó` mk le heje tkdpkreture1 k` cfdu`ocecoó` klehfredfs eiocbks mk prkvk`coó` k o`ifrdecoó`, tkxtfs o`structovfs mk prkvk`coó`, mäptocfs o`ifrdetovfs mk les k`ikrdkmemks1 k` detkdåtoce rksflvkrkdfs lfs cfstfs quk odploce k`ikrdersk, sotuecof`ks prfhlïdoces cf` ce`tomemks, k` rklogoó` pertocoperkdfs eyume`mf el prójodf1 k` ertk rkprksk`terkdfs mredetozecof`ks tketrfs mk sotuecoó` mk iedoloes quk sk eloste` pere prkvk`or kl iroejk y ftres quk `f prkvï`. Lfs `oõfs y les `oões be` omk`toiocemf k` le u`omem e`tkrofr les cerectkrästoces `eturelks y culturelks mk su cfdu`omem y rkilkxof`emf sfhrk lfs cedhofs quk kste be kxpkrodk`temf mksmk kl pesemf beste bfy. K` kste u`omem eprk`mkrå` les mo`ådoces quk sk me` k`trk lfs skrks vovfs y kl dkmof, sfhrk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks, kl pklogrf mk cf`tedo`erlfs y kl cuomemf quk mkhkdfs tk`kr cf` `ukstrf edhok`tk. K` ksk cf`tkxtf, sk prkgu`te`: ¶pfr quï kl edhok`tk `eturel k` kl quk vovodfs be cedhoemf y elgu`es kspkcoks kstå` k` pklogrf mk kxto`coó`6, ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr pere kvoterlf6, ¶quï eccof`ks pfmkdfs rkelozer pere cuomer y prftkgkr `ukstrfs rkcursfs `eturelks6 `eturelks6
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
Certolle mk prkvk`coó` mk k`ikrdkmemks rksporetfroes y moerrkoces. Eccof`ks prkvk`toves. Cfdpeões mk sk`soholozecoó`. Depes mk roksgf clodåtocf. Cuemrf mk `kcksomemks pere les ïpfces mk hejes tkdpkretures.
@fs prkperedfs pere le tkdpfreme mk les hejes tkdpkretures.
Mäptocfs. ]kxtfs o`structovfs. Lkdes.
Cf`fckdfs `ukstrf dkmof `eturel y cfdpertodfs códf cuomerlf
^ågo`e 87 mk 87 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl egue, eork y suklf pfr ectovomemks
Mkserrfller u`e ectotum k cfkiocok`tk mk cuomemf mk lfs
kcf`ódoces.
rkcursfs edhok`telks.
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk y egftedok`tf mk
Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE Cfdf rkspukste e kstes o`tkrrfge`tks, lfs `oõfs y les `oões fhskrverå` kl kcfsostkde mk su lfcelomem, omk`toioce`mf lfs cfdpf`k`tks vovfs y `f vovfs, códf sk k`cuk`tre`, quï klkdk`tfs lfs cf`tedo`e`1 rkcf`fckrå` le odpfrte`coe mk les årkes vkrmks y les eccof`ks quk sk pukmk` llkver e cehf pere `f cf`tedo`er kl edhok`tk1 y klehfrerå` lkdes, mäptocfs y tkxtfs o`structovfs k` prf mkl huk` usf mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks. `eturelks. Kl egue, kl eork y kl suklf sf` rkcursfs `eturelks e mospfsocoó` mk tfmes les pkrsf`es, y ks `kckserof quk lfs `oõfs y les `oões mk ^rodkr Gremf rkcf`fzce` quk cf` kllfs sk mkserrflle` movkrses ectovomemks sfcoelks y kcf`ódoces mk su cfdu`omem, y quk rkpkrcutk` k` le ifrde mk vome mk sus pfhlemfrks. Esodosdf, rksulte odpfrte`tk quk skpe` códf eprfvkcberlfs y rkelozer tfmf lf `kckserof pere su suhsostk`coe, pfr kjkdplf, dkmoe`tk le tfde mk cf`cok`coe mk u` usf rkspf`sehlk y mkl cf`fcodok`tf mk lfs roksgfs e lfs quk sk k`cuk`tre` kxpukstfs mkhomf e le cf`tedo`ecoó`. cf`tedo`ecoó`. K` kstk cf`tkxtf, surgk` les soguok`tks o`tkrrfge`tks: ¶quï rkcursfs sk k`cuk`tre` k` `ukstre cfdu`omem6, ¶códf sk cf`tedo`e` ksfs rkcursfs6, ¶códf pfmkdfs cf`trohuor e su cuomemf y huk` usf6 E pertor mk lf skõelemf, lfs kstumoe`tks dfvolozerå` sus eprk`mozejks utoloze`mf kl lk`guejk frel y kscrotf pere rkilkxof`er sfhrk lfs rkcursfs mk su cfdu`omem, sus cerectkrästoces, códf sk prksk`te` k` le `eturelkze y códf sk cf`tedo`e`, cf` kl io` mk prfdfvkr su cf`skrvecoó`. Lf quk sk husce ks gk`krer u` cedhof ectotumo`el pere u`e utolozecoó` kcfkiocok`tk mk lfs rkcursfs edhok`telks, e trevïs mk o`ifrdecoó` mkl usf quk sk becäe mk kstfs k` kl pesemf y códf sk rkeloze k` `ukstrfs mäes, y mk ectovomemks quk dftovk` e tfder ecukrmfs mk lf quk `fs tfce beckr pere prkskrverlfs. prkskrverlfs. Les `oões y lfs `oõfs be` eprk`momf códf kl kspecof k` kl quk vovk` be omf cedhoe`mf pfr les movkrses ectovomemks quk rkeloze` les pkrsf`es. So` kdhergf, elgu`es mk kstes ectovomemks kstå` ceuse`mf grevks prfhlkdes edhok`telks. ^fr kllf, mksmk le kscukle ks urgk`tk prfdfvkr kl
^XFM[C]FS
Eiocbks pere kl cuomemf mk lfs rkcursfs: egue, eork y suklf. Kxpfsocoó` mk lfs trehejfs
]O][LFS
¶Códf sk cuomehe y sk cuome kl egue, kl eork y kl suklf6
rkelozemfs e lf lergf mk le u`omem. Iocbkrf cf` tkxtfs o`structovfs.
Moccof`erof kcflógocf. Kxpfsocof`ks. Moskõf mk detkroelks. Kscroture mk u`e `ftocoe.
Omk`toiocedfs lfs rkcursfs `eturelks y prfpf`kdfs eccof`ks pere su cuomemf
^ågo`e 82 mk 82 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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lfs rkcursfs `eturelks.
y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks.
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk.
Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k` mkik`se mkl ple`ke y rkcupkrecoó` mk les årkes `eturelks.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE cf`fcodok`tf mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks quk kstå` sok`mf cf`tedo`emfs, cf` le io`elomem mk o`meger sfhrk kl lfs y ifdk`ter su cf`skrvecoó`. cf`skrvecoó`. K` kstk cf`tkxtf, le prksk`tk u`omem ple`tke cfdf rktfs les soguok`tks o`tkrrfge`tks: ¶cf` quï rkcursfs `eturelks cf`tedfs k` `ukstre lfcelomem6, ¶códf sk usehe` y sk use` kstfs rkcursfs6, ¶quï ectovomemks mkl bfdhrk les kstå` cf`tedo`e`mf6, ¶códf pfmkdfs cf`trohuor el cuomemf mk kstfs rkcursfs6, ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr cf` lfs detkroelks quk ye `f utolozedfs6 utolozedfs6 E pertor mk kstes prkgu`tes, les `oões y lfs `oõfs pfmrå` dfvolozer sus eprk`mozejks becok`mf usf mkl lk`guejk frel y kscrotf pere o`vkstoger, rkilkxof`er y eprk`mkr sfhrk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks prksk`tks k` su cfdu`omem, y prfdfvkr eccof`ks pere su cuomemf. ^ere kllf, moelfgerå`, lkkrå` y kscrohorå` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs1 fhskrverå` y rkgostrerå` metfs1 berå` pkqukõfs kxpkrodk`tfs1 pertocoperå` k` kxpfsocof`ks1 y eprk`mkrå` e rkcocler. rkcocler. Les `oões y lfs `oõfs, k` le u`omem e`tkrofr, kstehlkcokrf` rklecof`ks k`trk le ifrde cfdf voväe` sus e`tkpesemfs, códf sflucof`ehe` sus prfhlkdes y códf sk vo`culehe` cf` kl edhok`tk, k` cfdperecoó` cf` le ifrde cfdf lf beck` sus pemrks, iedoloerks y kllfs dosdfs k` le ectuelomem. Esodosdf, mkscuhrokrf` quk su lfcelomem, rkgoó` y peäs tok`k` roqukzes `eturelks y culturelks quk `f sf` cuomemes mk de`kre emkcueme (deltretf mk lfs skrks vovfs y cf`tedo`ecoó`) `o prftkgomes. Mkhomf e ksk pe`frede, esudokrf` cfdf rktf rkspf`mkr les soguok`tks prkgu`tes: ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr pere cuomer kl edhok`tk k` quï vovodfs6, ¶códf pfmkdfs sk`soholozer e les mkdås pkrsf`es pere utolozer lfs rkcursfs mk de`kre sfstk`ohlk6, ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr pere rkcupkrer y cultover movkrsomem mk ple`tes k` elgú` kspecof mktkrofremf mk le lfcelomem6 Ebfre, irk`tk e kste sotuecoó`, lfs kstumoe`tks, k` le prksk`tk u`omem, vosoterå` k omk`toiocerå` kl kstemf ectuel mk lfs kspecofs ckrce`fs e su o`stotucoó` kmucetove y mk su lfcelomem.
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
]kxtf o`structovf pere rkcocler.
]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs, ergudk`tetovfs k o`structovfs. Eiocbks. Cedpeõe. Mkhetk. Dequkte. Certolle o`ifrdetove =X. Crfquos f mohujf mk le vosoó` mkl jermä`. Dfmklfs mk emeptecoó`.
@fs frge`ozedfs y cfdprfdktkdfs pere cuomer y cf`skrver kl edhok`tk mf`mk vovodfs
^ågo`e 8? mk 8? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
Kl hflktä` o`ifrdetovf. Cuemrf mk e`ålosos • mk lfs prfmuctfs quk cf`sudodfs k o`iluk`coe mk le puhlocomem. Eiocbk mk • sugkrk`coes mk cf`sudf sfstk`ohlk y rkspf`sehlk k` le iedoloe. Ectovomem mk • sk`soholozecoó` eckrce mkl cf`sudf rkspf`sehlk.
Klehfredfs hflkto`ks o`ifrdetovfs pere crker cf`cok`coe sfhrk kl usf rkspf`sehlk mk le k`krgäe klïctroce.
Esodosdf, o`vkstogerå` k` movkrsfs tkxtfs espkctfs rklecof`emfs cf` lfs kcfsostkdes quk kxostk` k` su lfcelomem, lfs rksomufs sólomfs y sus kikctfs k` le prkskrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk k` quk vovodfs1 rkilkxof`erå` y sk`soholozerå` e sus cfdpeõkrfs, pemrks mk iedoloe y vkco`fs sfhrk kl rfl quk lks cfrrkspf`mk esudor cfdf coumeme`fs rkspf`sehlks k` le rkcupkrecoó` mk kstfs kspecofs (kscukle, bfger y lfcelomem), pere crker årkes vkrmks y vkler pfr su cuomemf. ^ere kllf, klehfrerå` eiocbks, tkxtfs ergudk`tetovfs k o`structovfs1 esodosdf, pertocoperå` k` mkhetks y sk cfdprfdktkrå` k` kl cuomemf y le cf`skrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk k` quk kllfs vovk`. Kxcksovf cf`sudf mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs `f rk`fvehlks y le cf`tedo`ecoó` edhok`tel.
Sk`soholozer y mkserrfller cf`cok`coe edhok`tel y usf recof`el mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs.
Ectueldk`tk bey u` eltf `ovkl mk cf`sudf mk k`krgäe prfdfvomf pfr le o`iluk`coe mk le puhlocomem y le dfme, lf quk gk`kre prfhlkdes edhok`telks1 emkdås, le pfhlecoó` mkl ple`kte eudk`te e pesfs egoge`temfs mäe e mäe, lf cuel odploce quk mkhk` cuhror dås `kcksomemks håsoces quk tk`kdfs lfs skrks bude`fs, cfdf elodk`tf, vovok`me, vkstodk`te, ktc. Kstes `kcksomemks supkre` edploedk`tk les `kcksomemks håsoces, lf quk prfmuck u` mkskquolohrof. Bey u` odpfrte`tk cf`sudf mk k`krgäe, k`tf`cks sk mkhk tfder cf`cok`coe mk quk kl kxcksf y su del usf cf`tedo`e` `ukstrf ple`kte. ^fr kllf lfs kstumoe`tks mkl 9¾ gremf sehk` lf quk cf`tedo`e kl kcfsostkde y egreve lfs prfhlkdes edhok`telks.
•
Emkdås, ks `kckserof ehsflvkr elgu`es o`tkrrfge`tks: ¶códf eikcte kl kxcksovf cf`sudf mk prfmuctfs plåstocfs, rfpe, cklulerks el dkmof edhok`tk6, ¶códf pfmrkdfs mktkrdo`er kl `ovkl mk cf`sudf recof`el mk lfs rkcursfs k`krgïtocfs6, ¶quï cfdprfdosf pfmkdfs esudor pere u` cf`sudf rkspf`sehlk6
^ågo`e 3> mk 3> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le movkrsomem hoflógoce y culturel mkl cf`tkxtf mk
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
^rfdfvkr kl cf`fcodok`tf mk le rkelomem kcf`ódoce, pflätoce, edhok`tel k bostóroce mk kstumoe`tks.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE K` kste u`omem, lfs kstumoe`tks rkspf`mkrå` kstes o`tkrrfge`tks, mk dfmf quk prectocerå` sus cepecomemks pere o`vkstoger, lkkr, y prfmucor tkxtfs frelks y kscrotfs cue`mf prksk`tk` su hflktä` o`ifrdetovf. ^ere kllf mkhk` rkcf`fckr les pro`copelks cerectkrästoces mk lfs klkdk`tfs quk cf`tok`k u` hflktä`. Lfs `oõfs y `oões kstå` pfr cf`cluor u`e mk les ktepes mk su kscfleromem1 be` etrevksemf pfr movkrses kxpkrok`coes mk eprk`mozejk lf quk lks pkrdotk mksk`vflvkrsk dkjfr k` kl ådhotf ecemïdocf y sfcoel. E pertor mk sus eprk`mozejks, pfr kjkdplf, sf` cepecks mk cfdprk`mkr mktkrdo`emes cetkgfräes tkdpfrelks, frmk`er le skcuk`coe mk les kmemks mk lfs dokdhrfs mk su iedoloe, rkcf`fckr bkcbfs y ecf`tkcodok`tfs k` sotuecof`ks `erretoves, de`kje` `fcof`ks mk frok`tecoó` kspecoel y tkdpfrel (ckrce`äes y moste`coes1 pesemf, prksk`tk y iuturf)1 so` kdhergf, k` su pk`sedok`tf tfmeväe kstå derceme le tk`mk`coe e pk`ser k` sä dosdfs, sotuecoó` k` le quk, gk`kreldk`tk, suklk` crkkr quk kl “yf— y kl “prksk`tk— sf` lf ú`ocf quk tok`k s og`oiocemf. og`oiocemf. Beckr quk lfs `oõfs sk pf`ge` k` cf`tectf cf` kl du`mf sfcoel, `eturel y gkfgråiocf ks odpfrte`tk pere mkserrfller sus `fcof`ks mk sfcokmem1 esodosdf, lf ks ifrder su sk`tomf rkilkxovf y crätocf, su cepecomem prfpfsotove, cf` kl io` mk quk pukme` epfrter dkjfr cfdf coumeme`fs y coumeme`es. ^fr kllf, k` le u`omem e`tkrofr, lfs kstumoe`tks be`
^XFM[C]FS
Ålhud tkdåtocf. Ertäculf mk fpo`oó`.
]O][LFS
O`vkstogedfs klehfredfs ålhud tkdåtocf
y u`
rkcf`fcomf kl kspecof gkfgråiocf mk `ukstrf peäs cf` sus cerectkrästoces y cf`iogurecof`ks. So` kdhergf, ks `kckserof tedhoï` eyumer e lfs `oõfs e mkspkrter su cf`cok`coe tkdpfrel k bostóroce, ye quk rkquokrk` cfdprk`mkr lf quk ecf`tkck k` kl du`mf k` kl quk vovk` y cf`fckr kl pfrquï mk sus cf`ste`tks cedhofs, y lfs movkrsfs prfhlkdes sfcoelks, pflätocfs, kcf`ódocfs y culturelks. K` kste u`omem, prfpf`kdfs quk lfs `oõfs cfdk`tk` sfhrk le rkelomem y prfhlkdåtoce ectuel mkl peäs y les e`elock`. ^ere etk`mkr kstk prfpósotf, ple`tkedfs veroes rkilkxof`ks: ¶quï espkctfs pfsotovfs pfmkdfs fhskrver k` `ukstrf peäs6, ¶quï moiocultemks k`cf`tredfs6, ¶códf kstå
^ågo`e 35 mk 35 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
`ukstre kcf`fdäe `ecof`el6, ¶quï rkcursfs `eturelks sustk`te` bfy le kcf`fdäe mkl peäs6, ¶k` kl pesemf tedhoï` behrå kxostomf movkrsomem mk rkcursfs `eturelks6, ¶cuålks be` somf ksfs rkcursfs quk sustk`terf` `ukstre kcf`fdäe6, ¶tfmeväe kxostk`6, ¶códf hk`kiocoó el peäs le kxplftecoó` mk kstfs rkcursfs6, ¶bkdfs ceusemf elgú` kikctf `kgetovf el kxplfterlfs6, ¶quï ftrfs rkcursfs k` le ectuelomem sf` kl sustk`tf mk `ukstre kcf`fdäe6, ¶kstedfs utoloze`mf le tkc`flfgäe pere le kxplftecoó` mk lfs rkcursfs6, ¶pfr quï `f pfmkdfs mkserrfller tkc`flfgäe6, ¶códf pfmräedfs utolozer le tkc`flfgäe pere kl hk`kiocof mkl crkcodok`tf kcf`ódocf y sfcoel mk `ukstrf peäs6 Mkscf`fcodok`tf mk le rkelomem lfcel y rkgof`el, quk lfs pkrdote ifrjer u`e cf`cok`coe edhok`tel k bostóroce.
Mkserrfller le cf`cok`coe bostóroce y edhok`tel mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
Lfs `oõfs e lf lergf mk le kmucecoó` proderoe be` mkserrfllemf su pk`sedok`tf k` rklecoó` e cetkgfräes kspecoelks. Mksmk lfs prodkrfs gremfs be` eprk`momf le rklecoó` mk prfxodomem, skperecoó`, frmk` y cf`to`uomem. Be` mkserrfllemf su pkrckpcoó` mkl kspecof mksmk mosto`tfs pu`tfs mk voste k` rklecoó` cf` le moste`coe y tedhoï` cf` le frok`tecoó`. _e sf` cepecks mk rkcf`fckr lfs ådhotfs kspecoelks ckrce`fs, lfs kspecofs iedoloerks: cese, cellk, herrof, pukhlf y coumem1 kstf lfs be eyumemf e tk`kr cf`cok`coe mkl luger mf`mk vovk` y e rkcf`fckr les modk`sof`ks mkl kspecof rkel. ^fr ftrf lemf, kl iåcol eccksf e lfs dkmofs mk cfdu`ocecoó` lks me fpfrtu`omem mk skguor cf`struyk`mf sus `fcof`ks mk kspecofs dås ehstrectfs, lkje`fs y ejk`fs el quk ye cf`fck`: (peäs, cf`to`k`tk). Kl bkcbf mk rkcf`fckr quk bey kspecofs dås lkje`fs e su coumem, gk`kre le `kcksomem mk kstehlkckr cf`kxof`ks y beckr cfdperecof`ks k`trk lf quk bey y fcurrk k` kstfs k`tfr`fs pere kllf ks `kckserof ehsflvkr elgu`es o`tkrrfge`tks: ¶E quï `fs rkikrodfs cue`mf behledfs mk rkgoó`6 ¶Uuï pfmkdfs mkcor mk les rkgof`ks `eturelks mk `ukstrf peäs6 ¶Uuï ectovomemks kcf`ódoces y prfmuctoves sk mkserrflle` k` le sokrre y sklve6 ¶Uuï cedhofs be` gk`kremf les ectovomemks prfmuctoves k` le sokrre y sklve6 ¶Uuï
Le Xkvoste
Klehfredfs u`e rkvoste pere mer e cf`fckr les cerectkrästoces mk `ukstrf peäs
^ågo`e 38 mk 38 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Les iedoloes `f tok`k` u` prfykctf mk vome quk lfs pukme ertoculer k`trk lfs dokdhrfs.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
^rfdfvkr le ifrdulecoó` y mkserrfllf mk prfykctfs mk vome, quk lk mk` vkrmemkrf prfpósotf e le vome kscfler k` le kscukle.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE prfhlkdåtoces edhok`telks kxostk` k` le sokrre y sklve6 ¶quï fpo`edfs eckrce mkl ectuer mk lfs ectfrks sfcoelks irk`tk e kstes prfhlkdåtoces6 K` kste u`omem lfs `oõfs rkspf`mkrå` e kstes o`tkrrfge`tks pf`ok`mf k` pråctoce sus cepecomemks pere o`vkstoger, lkkr, y prfmucor tkxtfs frelks y kscrotfs el prksk`ter u` etles mkl ^krú y Edïroce mkl sur k` kl quk rkcf`fzce` lfs gre`mks edhok`tks: rkgof`ks `eturelks, rklokvk, ectovomemks kcf`ódoces, mkscropcoó` mkl dfmf mk vome mk les pkrsf`es, rkcursfs quk lf cfdpf`k`. ^ere kllf mkhk` rkcf`fckr les pro`copelks cerectkrästoces mk lfs klkdk`tfs sfcoelks y `eturelks quk lfs cf`ifrde`, esä cfdf les ectovomemks kcf`ódoces quk sk rkeloze` k` kllfs, omk`toiocer les prfhlkdåtoces edhok`telks kxostk`tks k` le sokrre y sklve rkcf`fcok`mf les ceuses quk le gk`kre`, esä cfdf les cf`skcuk`coes. Lfs `oõfs y `oões o`ocoe` u` `ukvf eõf llk`f mk rktfs, pfrquk ks u` tokdpf quk sog`oioce kl io`el mk sus pesfs pfr le proderoe. K` eõfs e`tkrofrks be` tk`omf le fpfrtu`omem mk vovk`coer y kxpkrodk`ter veroes ifrdes mk frge`ozecoó` mk su eule y mk sus grupfs mk trehejf, be` emquoromf ducbes kxpkrok`coes y be` eprk`momf lf quk ks iu`cof`el pere kllfs.
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
]kxtfs mkscroptovfs, guof`ks mk k`trkvoste, tkxtfs `erretovfs (Bostfroe mk su vome peseme), o`votecof`ks, ktc. f ^rfykctf mk vome. f Århfl mk vome.
Kscrohodfs y cfdpertodfs `ukstrf prfykctf mk vome
K` kstk gremf, lfs vä`culfs mk pkrtk`k`coe cf` kl grupf mk edogfs cfhre deyfr odpfrte`coe1 pfr ftre pertk, kxpkrodk`te` cedhofs iäsocfs y mk cfdpfrtedok`tfs prfpofs mk le puhkrtem, lf quk pukmk fcesof`er k` kllfs cf`irf`tecoó` mk omkes y pukmk tfr`ersk k` cf`iloctfs k`trk perks cuye sflucoó` le k`cuk`trk` k`trk kllfs, eu`quk ftrfs `kcksoterå` mk le dkmoecoó` mk elgu`fs mk sus cfdpeõkrfs f mkl mfck`tk. Irk`tk e kllf, sk prkgu`te`: ¶quï `frdes sf` odpfrte`tks k` kste ktepe kscfler61 ¶códf pfmräedfs beckr pere ehfrmer lfs cf`iloctfs k`trk `fsftrfs61 ¶códf cfdu`ocedfs `ukstres kxpkctetoves6 Le prksk`tk u`omem tok`k pfr io`elomem mkserrfller les cfdpktk`coes coumeme`es y cfdu`ocetove Ks mk lfs kstumoe`tks e trevïs mk movkrses
^ågo`e 33 mk 33 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Hullyo` k`trk kstumoe`tks el o`ocof mk le lehfrks
Mkserrfller dkce`osdfs mkdfcråtocfs y `frdetovfs pere
kmucetoves pfr ielte mk sfcoelozecoó` y prksk`tecoó` k`trk kllfs.
dotoger le voflk`coe kscfler y gk`krer les cf`mocof`ks pere u`e cf`vovk`coe mkdfcråtoce.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE sotuecof`ks mk frelomem, lkcture y kscroture quk prfdukve` le pertocopecoó` y le rkilkxoó` crätoce mk ceme u`f mk lfs `oõfs y `oões el frge`ozersk y frge`ozer su eule, ifrtelkcok`mf esä u`e tfde mk mkcosof`ks quk eskgurk dkjfrks ectotumks coumeme`es, cfdf le pertocopecoó`, kl moålfgf, le tflkre`coe y kl rkspktf pere elce`zer u`e cf`vovk`coe mkdfcråtoce. Lfs kstumoe`tks, rktfr`e` e le kscukle y sk rkk`cuk`tre` mkspuïs mk sus vececof`ks, sk fhskrve` y sk me` cuk`te quk be` cedhoemf, u`fs be` crkcomf, ftrfs sk dukstre` dås sfcoehlks, ktc., pkrf tedhoï` cedhoe` les ifrdes k` quk sk rklecof`e`, k` elgu`fs cesfs cfdok`ze` e cflfcer epfmfs f rkcbezer e elgu`fs cfdpeõkrfs.
^XFM[C]FS
@frdes mk cf`vovk`coe. @fdhrk mk lfs • skctfrks mkl eule.
•
]O][LFS
¡@fs frge`ozedfs pere cf`vovor mkdfcråtocedk`tk! —
•
Klkccoó` mklkgemf mkl eule.mkl Kquopfs • Sk me` cuk`te quk ye `f sf` lfs dosdfs mkl eõf pesemf, sk dukstre` o`quoktfs y sk prkgu`te`: ¶códf skrå` les rklecof`ks mk cf`vovk`coe6 frge`ozemfs mk trehejf. Frge`ozecoó` mk le ¶Códf pfmkdfs frge`ozer `ukstrfs skctfrks y frge`ozer`fs pere • hohloftkce mk eule. cudplor moikrk`tks rflks6 Ebfre sk k`irk`te` e u`e movkrsomem mk rktfs, ]kxtfs kscrotfs k`trk kllfs: de`kjer sus kdfcof`ks, tfder mkcosof`ks, ks mkcor rksflvkr • pfr lfs kstumoe`tks: prfhlkdes y cf`iloctfs mk de`kre `f voflk`te, ifrtelkckr su eutf`fdäe `erretovfs, o`ifrdetovfs, y eskrtovomem. ktc. ^fr lf e`tkrofr, ks iu`medk`tel cfdk`zer kl eõf kstehlkcok`mf elgu`es peutes pere kl rkspktf mk lfs mkrkcbfs mk tfm fs y tfmes, quk lks eyumk` e cf`vovor mkdfcråtocedk`tk. ^rfpf`kdfs movkrses ectovomemks mk lkcture, kscroture y frelomem pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks tk`ge` le fpfrtu`omem mk cf`fckr k` quï cf`sostk le cf`vovk`coe y pertocopecoó` mkdfcråtoces1 esodosdf, skrå u` dftovf pere quk pertocopk` mk le frge`ozecoó` mkl eule y les mo`ådoces quk sk me` k` klle, mk de`kre quk ske u` kspecof k` kl quk eprk`me` y kxpkrodk`tk` le mkdfcrecoe cfdf u`e ifrde mk vome.
^ågo`e 3= mk 3= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^rfhlkdes mk gï`krf, heje eutfkstode k` prkjuocof mk les `oões k` rklecoó` e lfs `oõfs.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
^ftk`coer le eutfkstode mk `oõfs y `oões k` cf`tkxtf mk huk`e cf`vovk`coe kscfler.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE Le cf`vovk`coe k` kl eule y k` le kscukle emquokrk sk`tomf cue`mf `fs sk`todfs pertk mk u`e cfdu`omem. Lfs lezfs k`trk kstumoe`tks sk ifrje` cfdpertok`mf `frdes, ecukrmfs y dktes k` cfdú`. Les sksof`ks prksk`te` u`e skcuk`coe frok`teme e quk lfs kstumoe`tks kxpkrodk`tk` le cf`vovk`coe y pertocopecoó` k` kl eule y le kscukle. Lfs kstumoe`tks sk k`cuk`tre` k` u`e ktepe mk tre`socoó`: ye `f sk sok`tk` duy `oõfs, pkrf tedpfcf sf` emflksck`tks. Sk ve` mkspfje`mf mk su kgfck`trosdf y su o`tkrrklecoó` sfcoel kstå k` cf`struccoó`, pfrquk tfmeväe prksk`te` moiocultemks pere trehejer k` kquopf y de`kjer eskrtovedk`tk lfs cf`iloctfs mk cf`ioe`ze k` sä dosdfs y lfs mkdås. K` kste ktepe, lfs edogfs cfhre` gre` odpfrte`coe: lfs `oõfs s k egrupe` cf` lfs `oõfs y les `oões cf` les `oões. Mksmk le kscukle, sk beck `kckserof eyumerlfs e i frtelkckr su eutfodegk` pfsotove, cf`fcok`mf y eckpte`mf sus pfsoholomemks y lodotecof`ks, e pertor mk kxpkrok`coes quk lks eyumk` e rkcf`fckr sus cerectkrästoces iäsoces, cuelomemks y pftk`coelomemks cfdf skrks ú`ocfs y velofsfs. ^fr lf te`tf, kl mkseiäf quk sk lks ple`tke ks kl soguok`tk: ¶quï ectovomemks pfmkdfs mkserrfller pere rkcf`fckr`fs cfdf pkrsf`es ú`oces y velofses6 K` kstk dercf, le prksk`tk u`omem prfpocoe u`e skrok mk ectovomemks quk rkte` el kstumoe`tk e cf`fckrsk iäsocedk`tk, kdfcof`eldk`tk y e moikrk`coersk mk lfs mkdås e pertor mk rkilkxof`er sfhrk sä dosdfs, k`trkvoster e sus perks, kxprkser su pu`tf mk voste rkgule`mf sus kdfcof`ks, o`mege`mf e pertor mk le fhskrvecoó`, kl rkgostrf mk o`ifrdecoó`, kl dfmklemf y le rkvosoó` mk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs. K` le u`omem e`tkrofr, lfs kstumoe`tks mkl tkrckrf y cuertf gremf lfgrerf` mkscuhror sus cerectkrästoces, cuelomemks y telk`tfs, lf quk lks pkrdotoó cf`fckrsk y velfrersk dås. So` kdhergf, ducbfs mk kllfs kxogk` kl
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
•
Cukstof`erof mk k`cukste. Mkscropcof`ks. • Certe. • Eutfrrktretf. • Xkgostrf mk • o`ifrdecoó`. Dequktes. • ^ukste k` cfdú` • mk telk`tfs.
¡@fs rkcf`fckdfs cfdf pkrsf`es ú`oces y velofses!
]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs (eiocbks), ergudk`tetovfs, o`structovfs. Xkckterofs.
O`vkstogedfs sfhrk `ukstrfs mkrkcbfs pere cf`fckr
^ågo`e 3; mk 3; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE cudplodok`tf mk sus mkrkcbfs, so` tfder cf`cok`coe mk sus rkspf`seholomemks. Sk eprkcoe, pfr kjkdplf, quk k` le bfre mk rkcrkf elgu`fs kstumoe`tks sk llede` pfr sfhrk`fdhrks, tok`mk` el cf`sudf mk elodk`tfs pfcf `utrotovfs y prkiokrk` cfdprer elodk`tfs cbeterre cuyfs mkspkrmocofs sf` errfjemfs k` kl eule u ftrfs kspecofs mk le kscukle. ^fr ftrf lemf, elgu`fs `oõfs kvomk`coe` ce`se`cof pfr les bfres mk trehejf quk mkhk` esudor pere eyumer e sus pemrks y e`tk ksf sk prkgu`te`: ¶cuålks sf` dos mkrkcbfs6, ¶quï rkspf`seholomemks dk cfrrkspf`mk` cfdf `oõf f
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
De`uel mk le huk`e selum. Xkgostrfs mk o`ifrdecoó`. Dfmklfs. Durel mk cfdprfdosfs.
`ukstres rkspf`seholomemks.
]kxtfs mkscroptovfs, `erretovfs (dotfs y lkyk`mes prfpoes mk su rkgoó`). Xkckterofs cf` pletfs täpocfs mk su rkgoó`. Ifllktfs pere moiu`mor les cfstudhrks y les tremocof`ks mk su rkgoó`. ^rftftopf mk bfr`f sfler.
O`vkstogedfs moiu`modfs k` ifllktf le culture vove
`oõe6
@oõfs y `oões mkscf`fck` sus cerectkrästoces y telk`tfs, pfr lf dosdf, tok`k` u` huk` eutf cf`ckptf mk sä dosdf.
^rfdfvkr kl eutfcfdplktf y le omk`tomem pkrsf`el mk lfs kstue`tks pere gk`krer prfykctfs mk vome k` kl lergf plezf.
K` le prksk`tk u`omem, sk mkserrfllerå` ectovomemks quk pkrdote` e lfs `oõfs y `oões o`tkrectuer cf` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs pere o`vkstoger, mkhetor y ergudk`ter sfhrk le odpfrte`coe mk beckr rkspkter sus mkrkcbfs. Esodosdf, tfderå` cf`cok`coe quk irk`tk e u` mkrkcbf bey u`e rkspf`seholomem cfdf, pfr kjkdplf, kl rkspktf e sus cfdpeõkrfs, cuomemf mk sä dosdf y cf`skrvecoó` mk su selum, y mkl edhok`tk mf`mk sk mksk`vuklvk` (eule, kscukle, cfdu`omem) y cfdprfdktkrsk pere esudorlf rkspf`sehlkdk`tk.. Lfs kstumoe`tks, ebfre quk ye cf`fck` sus cerectkrästoces, velfre` sus cuelomemks y telk`tfs, esä cfdf cf`fck` sus mkrkcbfs y sk be` cfdprfdktomf e esudor sus rkspf`seholomemks. K` kstk pu`tf, surgk` les soguok`tks prkgu`tes: so sfdfs te` mosto`tfs, ¶quï cfses `fs omk`toioce` cfdf cfdu`omem61 ¶sf` les de`oikstecof`ks culturelks les quk `fs eyume` e sk`tor`fs pertk mk le cfdu`omem6 K` le prksk`tk u`omem, mkserrfllerkdfs ectovomemks quk lks pkrdote` rkcf`fckr les pråctoces culturelks mk su cfdu`omem1 ks mkcor, le culture vove. ^ere kstf, ve` e pf`kr k` pråctoce le o`vkstogecoó`, le lkcture, le
y u`
^ågo`e 39 mk 39 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
Eule mksfrge`ozeme y cfdpeõkrfs mkscf`fcomfs.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
^rfdfvkr u` edhok`tk ecfgkmfr y frge`ozemf quk firkzce dkjfrks cf`mocof`ks pere kl eprk`mozejk, cf` skctfrks tfteldk`tk frge`ozemfs cf` pertocopecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^XFM[C]FS
pertocopecoó` k` k`trkvostes, moålfgfs, kxpfsocof`ks, kxpkrodk`tecoó` cf` dfmklfs mk suklf, mkserrfllf mk tïc`oces tremocof`elks mk cf`skrvecoó` mk elodk`tfs (mksbomretemf), klehfrecoó` mk prftftopfs, mkhetks, rkmeccoó` mk tkxtfs (mkscroptovfs, `erretovfs, o`structovfs k o`ifrdetovfs), klehfrecoó` y moiusoó` mk ifllktfs pere mer e cf`fckr les cfstudhrks y tremocof`ks mk su rkgoó`. ]fmf kllf lks pkrdotorå omk`toiocer kl frogk` y sog`oiocemf mk les pråctoces culturelks, mk de`kre quk les velfrk` cfdf kxprksof`ks mk su vä`culf cf` le cfdu`omem.
De`ze`es mksbomretemes. Dfmklf mk e`mk`ks. Bfjes mk rkgostrf mk kxpkrok`coes. ]o`tk `eturel (ecboftk). ^rfykctfs mk vome. @frdes mk • cf`vovk`coe. @fdhrk mk lfs • skctfrks mkl eule. Klkccoó` mkl • mklkgemf mkl eule. Kquopfs • frge`ozemfs mk trehejf. Frge`ozecoó` mk le • hohloftkce mk eule. ]kxtfs kscrotfs • pfr lfs kstumoe`tks: `erretovfs, o`ifrdetovfs, ktc.
Lfs kstumoe`tks, rktfr`e` e le kscukle y sk rkk`cuk`tre` mkspuïs mk sus vececof`ks, sk fhskrve` y sk me` cuk`te quk be` cedhoemf, u`fs be` crkcomf, ftrfs sk dukstre` dås sfcoehlks, ktc., pkrf tedhoï` cedhoe` les ifrdes k` quk sk rklecof`e`, k` elgu`fs cesfs cfdok`ze` e cflfcer epfmfs f rkcbezer e elgu`fs cfdpeõkrfs. Sk me` cuk`te quk ye `f sf` lfs dosdfs mkl eõf pesemf, sk dukstre` o`quoktfs y sk prkgu`te`: ¶códf skrå` les rklecof`ks mk cf`vovk`coe6 ¶Códf pfmkdfs frge`ozer `ukstrfs skctfrks y frge`ozer`fs pere cudplor moikrk`tks rflks6 Ebfre sk k`irk`te` e u`e movkrsomem mk rktfs, k`trk kllfs: de`kjer sus kdfcof`ks, tfder mkcosof`ks, ks mkcor rksflvkr prfhlkdes y cf`iloctfs mk de`kre `f voflk`te, ifrtelkckr su eutf`fdäe y eskrtovomem.
]O][LFS
¡@fs frge`ozedfs pere cf`vovor mkdfcråtocedk`tk! —
^fr lf e`tkrofr, ks iu`medk`tel cfdk`zer kl eõf kstehlkcok`mf elgu`es peutes pere kl rkspktf mk lfs mkrkcbfs mk tfmfs y tfmes, quk lks eyumk` e cf`vovor mkdfcråtocedk`tk. ^rfpf`kdfs movkrses ectovomemks mk lkcture, kscroture y frelomem pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks tk`ge` le fpfrtu`omem mk cf`fckr k` quï cf`sostk le cf`vovk`coe y pertocopecoó` mkdfcråtoces1 esodosdf, skrå u` dftovf pere quk pertocopk` mk le frge`ozecoó` mkl eule y les mo`ådoces quk sk me` k`
^ågo`e 37 mk 37 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
klle, mk de`kre quk ske u` kspecof k` kl quk eprk`me` y kxpkrodk`tk` le mkdfcrecoe cfdf u`e ifrde mk vome. Le cf`vovk`coe k` kl eule y k` le kscukle emquokrk sk`tomf cue`mf `fs sk`todfs pertk mk u`e cfdu`omem. Lfs lezfs k`trk kstumoe`tks sk ifrje` cfdpertok`mf `frdes, ecukrmfs y dktes k` cfdú`.
^ïrmome
mk
le
movkrsomem culturel y lo`güästoce mk lfs pukhlfs mk le Bfye mk Se` Jue` Heutoste.
Xkvelfrecoó`
mk
lfs cf`fcodok`tfs y velfrks e`ckstrelks mk `ukstrfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs.
Les sksof`ks prksk`te` u`e skcuk`coe frok`teme e quk lfs kstumoe`tks kxpkrodk`tk` le cf`vovk`coe y pertocopecoó` k` kl eule y le kscukle. Lfs `oõfs y `oões velfre` códf le culture vove mk sus ehuklfs y pemrks k`cokrre sehomuräe pfpuler, le cuel, so ks rkspkteme, pfmräe sflucof`er prfhlkdes edhok`telks y mk selum quk vovodfs ectueldk`tk. Kllfs mkscuhrokrf` quk lfs sehkrks y pråctoces mk sus ehuklfs lks iukrf` bkrkmemfs pfr sus e`tkpesemfs mksmk le ïpfce prkbospå`oce1 pfr kllf sk prkgu`te`: ¶códf voväe` lfs pukhlfs f cultures mk le ïpfce prkbospå`oce6, ¶códf utolozerf` lfs rkcursfs `eturelks k` rklecoó` cf` kl usf ectuel6, ¶behrå` vovomf lfs dosdfs prfhlkdes6, ¶códf lfs supkrerf`6 K` kste u`omem, lfs `oõfs y les `oões o`tkrectuerå` cf` movkrsomem mk tkxtfs k o`megerå` k` le ifrde mk vome mk lfs pukhlfs k` le e`togükmem y kl usf quk bocokrf` mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks, cfdf les ple`tes y e`odelks, kl suklf y egue, k` rklecoó` cf` kl mkserrfllf sfstk`ohlk. ^ere velfrer y moiu`mor kstes pråctoces, lfs `oõfs klehfrerå` eiocbks, träptocfs, durelks, kxpkrok`coes mk cultovf mk ple`tes y rkskões, lfs cuelks skrå` prksk`temfs k` u`e gelkräe pere sk`soholozer y cf`cok`tozer e le cfdu`omem rkspkctf mkl cuomemf mkl dkmof `eturel k` kl quk vovodfs y pere prfdfvkr kl usf mk le tkc`flfgäe prkbospå`oce cfdf u` epfrtk e lfs prfhlkdes mk egroculture y suklf quk vovodfs ectueldk`tk.
]kxtfs mkscroptovfs.
O`vkstogedfs y
]räptocfs pere`eturelks moiu`mor les roqukzes mk le rkgoó`. Mohujfs y rkskões mk lfs epfrtks tkc`flógocfs mk les cultures prkbospå`oces. Durelks y dukstres mk cultovf mk ple`tes. Bfjes mk rkgostrf y frge`ozemfrks vosuelks. Eiocbks pere moiu`mor lfs hk`kiocofs quk `fs epfrte` lfs e`odelks. Ftrfs.
moiu`modfs les roqukzes `eturelks y culturelks mk `ukstre prfvo`coe
^ågo`e 32 mk 32 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
Cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk mkl cf`tkxtf mk Se` Jue`.
Sk`soholozer e le pfhlecoó` sfhrk kl cuomemf y cf`skrvecoó` mkl dkmof edhok`tk.
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE Les `oões y lfs `oõfs mkl xxxx gremf, k` le u`omem e`tkrofr, kstehlkcokrf` rklecof`ks k`trk le ifrde cfdf voväe` sus e`tkpesemfs, códf sflucof`ehe` sus prfhlkdes y códf sk vo`culehe` cf` kl edhok`tk, k` cfdperecoó` cf` le ifrde cfdf lf beck` sus pemrks, iedoloerks y kllfs dosdfs k` le ectuelomem. Esodosdf, mkscuhrokrf` quk su lfcelomem, rkgoó` y peäs tok`k` roqukzes `eturelks y culturelks quk `f sf` cuomemes mk de`kre emkcueme (deltretf mk lfs skrks vovfs y cf`tedo`ecoó`) `o prftkgomes. Mkhomf e ksk pe`frede, esudokrf` cfdf rktf rkspf`mkr les soguok`tks prkgu`tes: ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr pere cuomer kl edhok`tk k` quï vovodfs6, ¶códf pfmkdfs sk`soholozer e les mkdås pkrsf`es pere utolozer lfs rkcursfs mk de`kre sfstk`ohlk6, ¶quï pfmkdfs beckr pere rkcupkrer y cultover movkrsomem mk ple`tes k` elgú` kspecof mktkrofremf mk le lfcelomem6
^XFM[C]FS ]kxtfs o`ifrdetovfs, ergudk`tetovfs k o`structovfs. Eiocbks. Cedpeõe. Mkhetk. Dequkte. Certolle o`ifrdetove =X. Crfquos f mohujf mk le vosoó` mkl jermä`. Dfmklfs mk emeptecoó`.
]O][LFS @fs frge`ozedfs y cfdprfdktkdfs pere cuomer y cf`skrver kl edhok`tk mf`mk vovodfs
Ebfre, irk`tk e kste sotuecoó`, lfs kstumoe`tks, k` le prksk`tk u`omem, vosoterå` k omk`toiocerå` kl kstemf ectuel mk lfs kspecofs ckrce`fs e su o`stotucoó` kmucetove y mk su lfcelomem. Esodosdf, o`vkstogerå` k` movkrsfs tkxtfs espkctfs rklecof`emfs cf` lfs kcfsostkdes quk kxostk` k` su lfcelomem, lfs rksomufs sólomfs y sus kikctfs k` le prkskrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk k` quk vovodfs1 rkilkxof`erå` y sk`soholozerå` e sus cfdpeõkrfs, pemrks mk iedoloe y vkco`fs sfhrk kl rfl quk lks cfrrkspf`mk esudor cfdf coumeme`fs rkspf`sehlks k` le rkcupkrecoó` mk kstfs kspecofs (kscukle, bfger y lfcelomem), pere crker årkes vkrmks y vkler pfr su cuomemf. ^ere kllf, klehfrerå` eiocbks, tkxtfs ergudk`tetovfs k o`structovfs1 esodosdf, pertocoperå` k` mkhetks y sk cfdprfdktkrå` k` kl cuomemf y le cf`skrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk k` quk kllfs vov k`. k`.
^ågo`e 3? mk 3? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE Lfs `oõfs y `oões `f mkdukstre` lf quk eprk`mk` mure`tk kl eõf, dkdfroze` sflf pere lfs kxådk`ks y lukgf sk flvome` les sksof`ks mk eprkm`ozejk.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE Mkserrfller kveluecoó` cfdpktk`coes hesk e sotuecoó` sog`oiocetove.
u`e pfr k` u`e
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^XFM[C]FS
Xkelozecoó` mkl mäe mk Lfgrf cfdf pertk mkl cokrrk mkl eõf kscfler cf` lfs kstumoe`tks. Yolle`cocfs. • ^rfmuccoó` mk • movkrsomem mk prfmuccoó` mk tkxtfs. Xksflucoó` mk • prukhes mk selome k` tfmes les årkes pere ckrtoiocer lfs kdpkzer, mk o`ocoer `ukves cfstudhrks. _ k`trk les tremocof`ks, lfs rkgelfs, les ce`cof`ks, les pkrsf`es… k` eprk`mozejks.
Le @evomem… Cue`mf llkge` kstes ikcbes te` mkstecemes les coumemks sk k`gele`e` cf` lucks, cf` århflks vkstomfs mk iokste, cf` ksceperetks llk`fs mk cfpfs mk `okvk… `okvk… Sf` les iokstes mkl edfr y le iretkr`omem. @fs rku`odfs cf` `ukstres pkrsf`es dås qukromes, cklkhredfs pfmkr kster ju`tfs, ecfrmå`mf`fs mk quok`ks ielte`. Sf` les iokstes mk le elkgräe, k` les cuelks hro`medfs, ce`tedfs volle`cocfs y tfcedfs pe`mkrktes. Sf` les iokstes k` les quk doredfs becoe etrås, me`mf grecoes mk lf quk kstk eõf `fs be hro`memf, y k` les quk doredfs el iuturf eõf quk llkge cergemf mk mkskfs y huk`fs prfpósotfs. Ks le fpfrtu`omem mk vflvkr e
]O][LFS Mkdfstredfs lf quk eprk`modfs y `fs prkperedfs pere rkcohor le `evomem.
@evomem kl cfrezó` sk ve llk`e`mf mk kspkre`ze, mk olusoó`, mk edfr. Mksmk K`trk cultures tk prfpf`kdfs dorer u` pfquotf dås ellå, ecfrmer`fs mk ftres iedoloes y mk ftres pkrsf`es cf` les quk cfdpertodfs du`mf, mkjer quk le iretkr`omem `fs llkvk el cfdprfdosf. ]k prfpf`kdfs crkkr quk k` kstk `ukvf eõf pfmkdfs crker u` du`mf dås justf, llk`f mk fpfrtu`omemks pere tfmfs y tfmes. ^fr ftre pertk, ks u`e u`omem mk cf`s flomecoó` mk lfs eprk`mozejks, pere lf cuel sk rkifrzerå` k` les cfdpktk`coes quk kstå ` k` prfcksf. ]k prfpf`kdfs cklkhrer quk sk pukmk tre`sifrder le rkelomem, y quk le kmucecoó` ks kl dkjfr rkgelf pere lfgrerlf. ¶Códf mkdfstredfs lf quk eprk`modfs6 K` kste u`omem, lfs `oõfs y les `oões o`tkrectuerå` cf` movkrsomem mk tkxtfs k o`megerå` k` le ifrde mk vome mk lfs pukhlfs k` le e`togükmem y kl usf quk bocokrf` mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks, cfdf les ple`tes y e`odelks, kl suklf y egue, k` rklecoó` cf` kl mkserrfllf sfstk`ohlk. ^ere velfrer y moiu`mor kstes pråctoces, lfs `oõfs klehfrerå` eiocbks, träptocfs, durelks, kxpkrok`coes mk cultovf mk ple`tes y rkskões, lfs cuelks skrå` prksk`temfs k` u`e gelkräe pere sk`soholozer y cf`cok`tozer e le
^ågo`e => mk => mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
SO][ECOÓ@ y/f ^XFHLKDE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
MKDE@ME KM[CE]OYE
MKSCXO^COÓ@ MK LE SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE
^XFM[C]FS
]O][LFS
cfdu`omem rkspkctf mkl cuomemf mkl dkmof `eturel k` kl quk vovodfs y pere prfdfvkr kl usf mk le tkc`flfgäe prkbospå`oce cfdf u` epfrtk e lfs prfhlkdes mk egroculture y suklf quk vovodfs ectueldk`tk. EGXKGEX DÅS MKSCXO^COF@KS MK SO][ECOF@KS SOG@OEIOCE]OYES SOG@OEIOCE]OYES
^ågo`e =5 mk =5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
3.=.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cerectkrästoces, `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks mk lfs kstumoe`tks C[EMXF MK CEXEC]KXÄS]OCES K O@]KXÏS
COCLFS
CEXEC]KXÄS]OCES CEXEC]KX ÄS]OCES MK LFS KS][MOE@]KS MKL @OYKL ^XODEXOE K` kstk coclf, lfs kstumoe`tks mkserrflle` mkserrflle` sus cfdpktk`coes cfdu`ocetoves e le per quk cf`to`úe` cf` le eprfpoecoó` mkl sostkde mk kscroture, k` su lk`gue detkr`e y k` u`e skgu`me lk`gue. Esodosdf, cf`sflome` le cf`ckpcoó` mk “ce`tomem— k o`ocoe` le cf`struccoó` mkl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel. Kstfs eprk`mozejks eprk`mozejks tok`k` cfdf prkdose quk le eliehktozecoó` `udïroce y kscrote sf` fhjktfs sfcoelks, s fcoelks, mk lfs cuelks lfs `oõfs y les `oões ye tok`k` cf`fcodok` cf`fcodok`tf tf e`tks mk o`grkser e le o`stotucoó` kmucetove.
OOO Coclf
Sk mkhk cf`somkrer quk kl pk`sedok`tf mkl `oõf f mk le `oõe sk cf`struyk e pertor mk le de`opulecoó` mk fhjktfs cf`crktfs1 ks mkcor, k` kste ktepe sk corcu`scrohk el ple`f mk le rkelomem mk lfs fhjktfs, bkcbfs y metfs ectuelks, k` iu`co ó` mk le o`ifrdecoó` quk lk pr fpfrcof`e le iedoloe, le o`stotucoó` kmucetove y su k`tfr`f. ]edhoï`, sk mkhk tk`kr prksk`tk quk `f be ehe`mf`emf tfteldk`tk su ie`tesäe, y quk pfcf e pfcf ve o`cfrpfre`mf prfcksfs y prfckmodok`tfs sfcoelks. Kl kstumoe`tk sk cerectkroze pfr tk`kr u` crkcok`tk o`tkrïs pfr eltkr`er cf` `ukves pkrsf`es y pertocoper ectovedk`tk mkl k`tfr`f sfcoel mk sus iedoloerks y perks, rkgule`mf prfgrksove prfgrksovedk`tk dk`tk sus o`tkrksks. So` kdhergf, mkhkdf mkhkdfss tk`kr sokdprk prksk`tk quk lfs `oõfs k` kstk coclf rkspf`mk` e les rkgles sfhrk lf huk`f y lf delf mk su culture, pkrf o`tkrprkte` kstes rkgles k` tïrdo`fs mk les cf`skcuk`coes cf`crktes mk sus eccof`ks, pro`copeldk`tk les cf`skcuk`coes iäsoces f eikctoves, telks cfdf cestogfs, prkdofs, f o`tkrcedhofs mk ievfrks, f k` tïrdo`fs mkl pfmkr iäsocf mk equkllfs quk k`u`coe` les rkgles. Esodosdf, kl `oõf pese pfr u` pkräfmf mk tre`socoó`, k`trk sksof`ks mk pkräfmfs cfrtfs mk ectovomemks veroemes e ftrfs dås prflf`gemfs, pkrf `f mkhkdfs og`frer quk ks `kckserof quk kl `oõf soge eprk`mok`mf e trevïs mkl jukgf1 k` ksk sk`tomf lfs prfcksfs mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk mkhk` o`cfrpfrer kl ceråctkr lúmocf pere kl lfgrf mk eprk`mozejks.
OY Coclf
Kl kstumoe`tk sk cerectkroze pfr su crkcok`tk o`tkrïs pfr eltkr`er cf` `ukves pkrsf`es y pertocoper ectovedk`tk mkl k`tfr`f sfcoel mk sus iedoloerks y perks, pere lf cuel rkgule prfgrksovedk`tk sus o`tkrksks. ]edhoï`, rkspf`mk e rkgles sfhrk lf huk`f y lf delf mk su culture, pkrf les o`tkrprkte k` tïrdo`fs mk les cf`skcuk`coes cf`crktes mk sus eccof`ks, pro`copeldk`tk, les cf`skcuk`coes iäsoces f eikctoves. K` kstk coclf, lfs `oõfs y les `oões cf`to`úe` k` kl prfcksf mk cf`struccoó` mk su omk`tomem k o`cfrpfre` mk de`kre prfgrksove kstretkgoes mk eutfrrkgulecoó`, mk cf`trfl mk sus kdfcof`ks y mk rksflucoó` mk elgu`es sotuecof`ks mk cf`iloctf cf` sus perks, dkmoemfs pfr kl mfck`tk. Emkdås, mkserrflle` beholomemks beholomemks pkrsf`elks y sfcoelks, telks cfdf kl rkspktf, le cflehfrecoó`, le eyume dutue, ktc.
^ågo`e =8 mk =8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
COCLFS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
CEXEC]KXÄS]OCES CEXEC]KX ÄS]OCES MK LFS KS][MOE@]KS MKL @OYKL ^XODEXOE ^fr ftrf lemf, lfs kstumoe`tks eprk`mk` e trevïs mkl dfvodok`tf1 pfr ksf, k` kste ktepe, ks iu`medk`tel quk rkelock` ectovomemks iäsoces cfdf kl jukgf, klmk mkpfrtk u ftres quk sk`fcof`ks kjkcute` kspecoelks k` lfs movkrsfs cf`tkxtfsesä k`cfdf lfs quk sk mksk`vuklvk`. Kstes ectovomemks lks cf`cok`coe sä dosdfs, cf`struor y tkdpfrelks, mkserrfller cepecomemks sfcofdftrocks k` pkrdotorå` o`tkreccoó`tfder cf` kl edhok`tk y cf` les pkrsf`es mk su k`tfr`f. K` le o`tkreccoó` ceme vkz deyfr cf` kl k`tfr`f, lfs kstumoe`tks ve` o`tkrkså`mfsk pfr kl de`kjf mkl mo`krf, le cfdprk`soó` mk le kcf`fdäe mkl bfger y mk les ectovomemks kcf`ódoces kcf`ódoces mk sus dokdhrfs1 e le vkz, ve` cf`sflome`mf kl cf`fcodok`tf mk lfs `údkrfs y mk les fpkrecof`ks detkdåtoces. K` kspkcoel, de`kje` cf` cokrte mkstrkze kstretkgoes mk topf dk`tel quk lks pkrdotk` mksk`vflvkrsk cf` deyfr sflture k` tre`seccof`ks kcf`ódoces prfpoes mk su kmem y mk su culture. Eu`quk eve`ze` k` kl mkserrfllf mk su pk`sedok`tf ehstrectf, soguk` eprk`mok`mf y k`cf`tre`mf rklecof`ks detkdåtoces detkdåtoces y ftres, e pertor mk le de`opulecoó` cf`crkte mk fhjktfs k` sotuecof`ks mk s u cf`tkxtf. K` kste ktepe mk le kscfleromem, sk ve cf`sflome`mf u` pk`sedok`tf fpkretovf, ks mkcor, u`f quk iecolote e lfs kstumoe`tks ectuer sfhrk le rkelomem y lfs fhjktfs, e`elozerlfs y llkger e cf`clusof`ks e pertor mk lfs klkdk`tfs quk lfs cfdpf`k`. ^fr ftrf lemf, k` kste kmem ks cfdú` quk sk o`ocok` elgu`fs cedhofs iäsocfs y sk prksk`tk` cf`to`ufs cf`trestks k` les kdfcof`ks mk lfs kstumoe`tks, kstf e le per mk le húsqukme mk le eiordecoó` mk su pkrsf`elomem y sfcoeholomem. Kl eccksf ceme vkz deyfr e le o `ifrdecoó`, te`tf ecemïdoce cfdf rklecof`eme rklecof`eme cf` esu`tfs púhlocfs y elgu`es sotuecof`ks mk cf`iloctf dfrel, mkserrflle deyfr cf`cok`coe mk su eprk`mozejk y lfs eyume e pkrcohor mk ifrde dås cf`scok`tk kl du`mf quk lfs rfmke.
Y Coclf
K` kste ktepe, lfs kstumoe`tks dukstre` u` deyfr `ovkl mk mkserrfllf mk sus cfdpktk`coe cfdpktk`coes, s, qu k odploquk kdpetäe, deyfr eutfcf`fcodok`tf eutfcf`fcodok`tf,, cepecomem mk kxedo`er sus prfpoes eccof`ks k o`tk`cof`ks y kstretkgoes kstretkgoes mk eutfrrkgulecoó` dås cf`sflomemes pere beckr irk`tk e sus cedhofs kdfcof`elks, ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk les cf` kdfcof`ks prfpoes y kl mkde`kjf lfs mkdås. ]edhoï`, mkserrflle` beholomemks cfdfmkl le eskrtovomem k`omk`toioce`mf le cfdu`ocecoó`, beholomemks rklecof`emes le o`vkstogecoó`, mk metfs k o`ifrdecoó` movkrse, kl cuomemf edhok`tk, mk su selum k bogok`k mk su prfpof cukrpf, k`trk ftres. Memf quk le cffpkrecoó` sk vuklvk dås sog`oiocetove, lfs `oõfs y les `oões pertocope` k` kl gfhokr`f mkl eule y mk le kscukle pere prfdfvkr kxprksof`ks mkdfcråtoces eutï`toces.
^ågo`e =3 mk =3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
C[EMXF @¾8 MK @KCKSOMEMKS _ SE]OSIEC]FXKS @KCKSOMEMKS SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES EROFLÓGOCES 5. S[HSOS]K@COEL KS
8. ^XF]KCCOÓ@
@KCKSOMEMKS SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES KROS]K@COELKS SKX
]K@KX
Selum iäsoce, selum dk`tel, kquolohrof, sflomeromem, budfr, emepteholomem Cuomemf, emepteholomem, eutf`fdäe, kquolohrof, sflomeromem
BECKX
Elodk`tecoó`, ehrogf, trehejf
Elodk`ter, prfcrker,
3. EIKC]F
Eutfkstode, sflomeromem, rkspktf, tflkre`coe, gk`krfsomem, rkckptovomem,
=. K@]K@MODOK@] F
Cf`cok`coe crätoce, rkckptovomem, curofsomem esfdhrf, moscoplo`e, o`tuocoó`, recof`elomem
Lotkreture, dekstrfs, dïtfmf, pflätoces kmucecof`elks, pflätoces cfdu`ocecof`elk
Cffpkrer, Cf`tfr`f votel, prkvk`or, cf`tfr`f sfcoel, ple`oiocer, dfreme cuomer, curer, mkik`mkr
Ådhotfs mk o`tkreccof`ks ifrdetove, kscukles, u`ovkrsomemks, ecemkdoe, egrupecof`ks,
Beckr kl edfr, ecerocoer, kxprkser kdfcof`ks, cfdpertor, cuomer, cultover, eprkcoer O`vkstoger, kstumoer, kxpkrodk`ter, kmucer, e`elozer, dkmoter, o`tkrprkter
s Emepteholomem, rkckptoholomem, sflomeromem, mospfsocoó`, cf`voccoó`, k`trkge,
K`tfr`f votel, k`tfr`f sfcoel
mksce`ser, trehejf Sostkdes mk skgurfs, ebfrrf, skguromem sfcoel, sostkdes mk selum, lkgoslecof`ks, mkrkcbfs, iedoloe, trehejf Edostemks, perkjes, iedoloe, e`odelks mfdïstocfs, ple`tes, jermo`ks
;. ^EX]OCO^ECOÓ@
KS]EX
^rovecomem, o`todomem, bfger, kspecofs mk k`cuk`trf
cfdu`omemks, iedoloe
Mkrkcbfs, rkspf`seholomemk s, fhlogecof`ks, trehejf
Eioloersk, cffpkrer, prfpf`kr, cfdpertor, moscrkper, eceter,
Ådhotfs mk o`tkreccoó` pertocopetove, pertomfs, esfcoecof`ks, oglksoe,
^ågo`e == == mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR @KCKSOMEMKS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
@KCKSOMEMKS SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES KROS]K@COELKS
SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES EROFLÓGOCES
SKX
]K@KX
BECKX
rkspktf, pesoó`, budfr
KS]EX
moelfger, ecfrmer, fpo`er
cfdu`omemks, vkco`merofs, iedoloe
Moveger,
^rovecomem,
kspkctåculfs, rkckptovomem, odego`ecoó`, iokstes, celde mksprkfcupecoó `, budfr, tre`quolomem, sk`suelomem
ehstrekrsk, sfõer, eõfrer, ie`tesker, movkrtorsk, juger
o`todomem, kspecofs mk k`cuk`trf, tokdpf lohrk, edhok`tks, peosejks
7. CXKECOÓ@
^esoó`, vflu`tem, o`tuocoó`, odego`ecoó`, eumecoe, recof`elomem, eutf`fdäe, o`vk`tove, curofsomem
Beholomemks, mkstrkzes, dïtfmf, trehejf
]rehejer, o`vk`ter, cf`struor, omkes, cfdpf`kr, moskõer, o`tkrprkter
Ådhotfs mk prfmuccoó` y rktrfelodk`tecoó `, tellkrks, etk`coó`, egrupecof`ks, eumok`coes, kspecofs mk kxprksoó`, lohkrtem tkdpfrel
2. OMK@]OMEM
^krtk`k`coe, cfbkrk`coe, moikrk`coecoó`, eutfkstode, eskrtovomem
Cfdprfdktkrs k, o`tkgrersk, cf`irf`tersk, mkio`orsk, cf`fckrsk, rkcf`fckrsk, ectuelozersk, crkckr
Sfcof-rotdfs, k`tfr`fs mk le cftomoe`komem, ådhotfs mk pkrtk`kcäe, ktepes demuretoves
?. LOHKX]EM LOHKX]EM
Eutf`fdäe, eutfkstode, vflu`tem, pesoó`, eskrtovomem,
Sädhflfs, lk`guejks, båhotfs, cfstudhrks, grupfs mk rkikrk`coe, skxuelomem, velfrks, `frdes, rflks, dkdfroe bostóroce, trehejf Oguelmem mk mkrkcbfs
Moscrkper, fpter, moikrk`coersk, erroksger,
^lestocomem kspecof tkdpfrel
9. FCOF
Curofsomem,
Jukgfs,
-
^ågo`e =; =; mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR @KCKSOMEMKS SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES EROFLÓGOCES
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
@KCKSOMEMKS SKGÚ@ CE]KGFXOES KROS]K@COELKS SKX epkrture, mktkrdo`ecoó`,
]K@KX
BECKX cf`fckr,
KS]EX
esudorsk, mksfhkmkckr, dkmoter
eumecoe, rkhklmäe, tflkre`coe
^ågo`e =9 =9 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=. ^XFGXEDE C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL =.5.
^kriol mk kgrksf
Kl ^kriol mk kgrksf mk le Kmucecoó` Håsoce ks kl soguok`tk: s oguok`tk: 5• Kl kstumoe`tk sk rkcf`fck cfdf pkrsf`e velofse y sk omk`toioce cf` su culture k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs. Kl kstumoe`tk velfre, mksmk su o`movomuelomem k o`tkreccoó` cf` su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel, sus prfpoes cerectkrästoc cerectkrästoces es gk`krecof`elks, les mosto`tes omk`tomemks quk lf mkio`k`, y les reäcks bostóroces y culturelks quk lk me` sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe. ]fde mkcosof`ks cf` eutf`fdäe, cuome`mf mk sä dosdf y mk lfs ftrfs, prfcure`mf su hok`kster y kl mk lfs mkdås. Esudk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks. Xkcf`fck y velfre su moikrk`coe y le mk lfs mkdås. Yovk su skxuelomem kstehlkcok`mf vä`culfs eikctovfs selumehlks. 8• Kl kstumoe`tk kstumoe`tk prfpocoe le vome k` mkdfcrecoe e pertor mkl m kl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk sus
Esudk le o`tkrculturelomem, le kquomem mk gï`krf y le o`clusoó` cfdf ifrdes mk cf`vovk`coe pere u` k`roqukcodok`tf y eprk`mozejk dutuf. Sk rklecof`e erdó`ocedk`tk erdó`oced k`tk cf` kl edhok`tk, mklohkre sfhrk lfs esu`tfs púhlocfs, so`toï`mfsk o`vflucremf cfdf coumeme`f, y pertocope mk de`kre o`ifrdeme cf` lohkrtem y eutf`fdäe pere le cf`struccoó` mk u`e sfcokmem juste, jus te, mkdfcråtoce y kquotetove. 3• Kl kstumoe`tk prectoce u`e vome ectove y selumehlk pere su hok`kster, cuome su cukrpf k o`tkrectúe rkspktufsedk`tk k` le pråctoce mk mosto`tes ectovomemks iäsoces, cftomoe`es f mkpfrtoves. Kl kstumoe`tk tok`k u`e cfdprk`soó` y cf`cok`coe mk sä dosdf, quk lk pkrdotk o`tkrofrozer y dkjfrer le celomem mk sus dfvodok`tfs k` u` kspecof y tokdpf mktkrdo`emfs, mktkrdo`e mfs, esä cfdf kxprksersk y cfdu`ocersk cfrpfreldk`tk. Esudk u` kstolf mk vome ectovf, selumehlk y pleck`tkrf e trevïs mk le rkelozecoó` mk pråctoces quk
mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks y mk le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs y sfcoelks mk `ukstrf peäs y mkl du`mf. Kl kstumoe`tk ectúe k` le sfcokmem prfdfvok`mf le mkdfcrecoe cfdf ifrde mk gfhokr`f y cfdf u` dfmf mk cf`vovk`coe sfcoel1 tedhoï`, le mkik`se y kl rkspktf e lfs mkrkcbfs bude`fs y mkhkrks coumeme`fs. Xkilkxof`e crätocedk`tk sfhrk kl rfl quk cudplk ceme pkrsf`e k` le sfcokmem y eploce k` su vome lfs cf`fcodok`tfs vo`culemfs el covosdf, rkikromfs el iu`cof`edok`tf mk les o`stotucof`ks, les lkyks y lfs prfckmodok`tfs mk le vome pflätoce. E`eloze prfcksfs bostórocfs, kcf`ódocfs, edhok`telkss y gkfgråiocfs quk lk pkrdotk` cfdprk`mkr y kxplocer kl cf`tkxtf k` kl edhok`telk quk vovk y kjkrckr u`e coumeme`äe o`ifrdeme. O`tkrectúe mk de`kre ïtoce, kdpåtoce, eskrtove y tflkre`tk. Cflehfre cf` lfs ftrfs k` iu`coó` mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, rkgule`mf sus kdfcof`ks y cfdpfrtedok`tfs, sok`mf cf`scok`tk mk les cf`skcuk`coes mk su cfdpfrtedok`tf cfdpfrtedok`tf k` lfs mkdås y k` le `eturelkze.
cf`trohuyk` el mkserrfllf mk u`e ectotum crätoce becoe kl cuomemf mk su selum y e cfdprk`mkr códf odpecte` k` su hok`kster sfcoel, kdfcof`el, dk`tel y iäsocf. Mkdukstre beholomemks sfcofdftrocks cfdf le rksflucoó` mk cf`iloctfs, pk`sedok`tf kstretïgocf, oguelmem mk gï`krf, trehejf k` kquopf y lfgrf mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, k`trk ftrfs. =• Kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe de`oikstecof`ks eertästocf-culture rtästocf-culturelks lks pere cfdprk`mkr kl epfrtk mkl ertk e le culture y e le sfcokmem, y crke prfykctfs ertästocfs utoloze`mf lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk pere cfdu`ocer sus omkes e ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe cf` movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf- culturelks, mksmk les ifrdes dås tremocof`elks beste les ifrdes kdkrgk`tk kdkrgk`tkss y cf`tkdpfrå` cf`tkdpfrå`kes, kes, pere mkscoirer sus sog`oiocemfs y cfdprk`mkr le cf`trohucoó` quk beck` e le culture y e le sfcokmem. Esodosdf, use lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mk les ertks pere crker prfmuccof`ks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves, o`tkrprkter y rko`tkrprkter les mk ftrfs, lf ^ågo`e =7 mk =7 mk 8=7 8=7
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL OK @º RRRRRR e pertor mk lfs cuelks klehfre ergudk`tfs y cfdu`oce sus omkes dkmoe`tk kl quk lk pkrdotk cfdu`ocer dk`sejks, omkes y sk`todok`tfs pkrto`k`tk pkrto`k`tkss e su rkelomem lk`guejk detkdåtocf, detkdåtocf, esä cfdf movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y rkcursfs. pkrsf`el y sfcoel.
;• Kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce k` su lk`gue detkr`e, k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me sk gu`me lk`gue y k` o`glïs cfdf lk`gue kxtre`jkre mk de`kre eskrtove y rkspf`sehlk pere o`tkrectuer cf` ftres pkrsf`es k` movkrsfs cf`tkxtfs y cf` mosto`tfs prfpósotfs.
2 • Kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf kcf`ódocf f sfcoel mk de`kre ïtoce, quk lk pkrdotk` ertoculersk cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf y cf` kl mkserrfllf sfcoel, kcf`ódocf y edhok`tel mkl k`tfr`f.
Kl kstumoe`tk use kl lk`guejk pere cfdu`ocersk skgú` sus prfpósotfs k` sotuecof`ks mosto`tes, k` les quk sk prfmuck` y cfdprk`mk` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs. Kdplke rkcursfs y kstretkgoes k` su cfdu`ocecoó` frel, kscrote, dultodfme dultodfmell f k` sostkdes eltkr`etovfs y eudk`tetovfs cfdf kl hreollk. [toloze kl lk`guejk pere eprk`mkr,
Kl kstumoe`tk, mk ecukrmf e sus cerectkrästoces, rkeloze prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf cf` ïtoce y sk`tomf mk o`ocoetove, quk gk`kre` rkcursfs kcf`ódocfss f velfr sfcoel, culturel y edhok`tel cf` hk`kiocofs kcf`ódocf h k`kiocofs prfpofs y cflkctovfs, te`gohlks f o`te`gohlks, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrer su s u hok`kster detkroel f suhjktovf, esä
eprkcoer de`oikstecof`ks lotkreroes, mksk`vflvkrsk k` mosto`tfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks y cf`trohuor e le cf`struccoó` mk cfdu`omemks o`tkrculturelks, mkdfcråtocess k o`clusoves. mkdfcråtoce
cfdf les cf`mocof`ks sfcoelks, culturelks f kcf`ódoces mk su k`tfr`f. Dukstre beholomemks sfcofkdfcof`elks sfcofkdfcof`elks y tïc`oces quk iievfrkzce evfrkzce` ` su cf`kxoó` cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf e trevïs mk u` kdplkf mkpk`mok`tk, o`mkpk`mok`tk f eutfgk`kremf.
9 • Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege y cfdprk`mk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel utoloze`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs k` moålfgf cf` sehkrks lfcelks pere dkjfrer le celomem mk vome y cuome`mf le `eturelkze.
^rfpf`k omkes, ple`oioce ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y rkcursfs, me`mf sflucof`ks crketoves, ïtoces, sfstk`ohlks y rkspf`sehlks cf` kl edhok`tk y le cfdu`omem. Sklkccof`e les dås útolks, voehlks y pkrto`k`tks1 les kjkcute cf` pkrskvkre`coe y esudk roksgfs1 emepte k o``fve1 treheje cffpkretove y prfectovedk`tk. Kvelúe lfs prfcksfs y rksultemfs mk su prfykctf pere o`cfrpfrer dkjfres.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege sfhrk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel pere cfdprk cfdprk`mkr `mkr y eprkcoer su kstructure y iu`cof`edok`tf. K` cf`skcuk`coe, esudk pfstures crätoces y ïtoces pere tfder mkcosof`ks o`ifrdemes k` ådhotfs mk le vome y mkl cf`fcodok`tf rklecof`emfs cf` lfs skrks vovfs, le detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf. Skgú` sus cerectkrästoces, utoloze f prfpf`k sflucof`ks e prfhlkdes mkrovemfs mk sus prfpoes eccof`ks y `kcksomemks, cf`somkre`mf kl cuomemf rkspf`sehlk mkl edhok`tk y emeptecoó` el cedhof clodåtocf. [se prfckmodok`tfs cok`täiocfs pere prfher le velomkz mk sus bopótksos, sehkrks lfcelks u fhskrvecof`ks cfdf u`e de`kre mk rklecof`ersk cf` kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel. 7 • Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte le rkelomem y tfde mkcosof`ks e pertor mk cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs detkdåtocfs quk epfrtk` e su cf`tkxtf. Kl kstumoe`tk husce, sostkdetoze y e`eloze o`ifrdecoó` pere k`tk`mkr kl du`mf quk lf rfmke, rksflvkr prfhlkdes y tfder mkcosof`ks rklecof`emes cf` kl k`tfr`f. [se mk ifrde ilkxohlk kstretkgoes y cf`fcodok`tfs cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs k` movkrses sotuecof`ks,
? • Kl kstumoe`tk eprfvkcbe rkspf`sehlkdk`tk les tkc`flfgäes mk le o`ifrdecoó o`ifrdecoó` ` y mk le cfdu`ocecoó` (]OC) pere o`tkrectuer cf` le o`ifrdecoó`, gkstof`er su cfdu`ocecoó` y eprk`mozejk eprk`mozejk.. Kl kstumoe`tk moscrodo`e y frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` mk de`kre o`tkrectove1 sk kxprkse e trevïs mk le dfmoiocecoó` y crkecoó` mk detkroelks mogotelks1 sklkccof`e k o`stele eplocecof`ks skgú` sus `kcksomemks pere setosieckr `ukves mkde`mes y cedhofs k` su cf`tkxtf. Omk`toioce y klogk o`tkriecks skgú` sus cf`mocof`ks pkrsf`elks f mk su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel. ^ertocope y sk rklecof`e cf` rkspf`seholomem k` rkmks sfcoelks y cfdu`omemks vortuelks, e trevïs mk moålfgfs hesemfs k` kl rkspktf y kl mkserrfllf cflehfr cflehfretovf etovf mk prfykctfs. Emkdås, llkve e cehf tfmes kstes ectovomemks mk de`kre sostkdåtoce y cf` cepecomem mk eutfrrkgulecoó` mk sus eccof`ks.
^ågo`e =2 mk =2 mk 8=7 8=7
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL OK @º RRRRRR 5> • Kl kstumoe`tk mkserrflle prfcksfs prfcksf s eutó`fdfs mk eprk`mozejk k` ifrde
pkrde`k`tk pere le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk su prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk y mk sus rksultemfs. Kl kstumoe`tk tfde cf`cok`coe mk su eprk`mozejk cfdf u` prfcksf ectovf. Mk kste de`kre pertocope morkctedk`tk k` ïl, kvelue`mf pfr sä dosdf sus eve`cks, moiocultemks y esudok`mf kl cf`trfl mk su prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk, mk de`kre moscoplo`eme, rkspf`sehlk y cfdprfdktome rkspkctf mk le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk kstk y sus rksultemfs. Esodosdf Esodosdf,, kl kstumoe`tk frge`oze y pftk`coe pfr sä dosdf, e trevïs mk mosto`tes kstretkgoes, lfs mosto`tfs prfcksfs mk eprk`mozejk quk kdprk`mk k` su vome ecemïdoce.
55 • Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk y eprkcoe le modk`soó` ksporotuel y rklogofse k` le vome mk les pkrsf`es y mk les sfcokmemks.
Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk le tresck`mk`coe quk tok`k le modk`soó` ksporotuel y
rklogofse k` le vome dfrel, culturel y sfcoel mk les pkrsf`es. Kstf lk pkrdotk rkilkxof`er kl du`mf sk`tomf dås mk sujustf, vome,sflomerof kl cfdprfdosf ïtocfEsodosdf, y kxostk`coel k` le cf`struccoó`sfhrk mk u` y iretkr`f. dukstre rkspktf y tflkre`coe pfr les movkrses cfsdfvosof`ks, rklogof`ks y crkk`coes mk les pkrsf`es.
^ågo`e =? mk =? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.5.5.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cerectkrästoces mkl pkriol KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. ^KXIOL
Kl kstumoe`tk sk rkcf`fck cfdf pkrsf`e velofse y sk omk`toioce cf` su culture k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs.
CEXEC]KXÄS]OCES Kl kstumoe`tk velfre, mksmk su o`movomuelomem k o`tkreccoó` cf` su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel, sus prfpoes
cerectkrästoces cerectkrä stoces gk`krecof`elks, les mosto`tes omk`tomemks quk lf mkio`k`, y les reäcks bostóroces y culturelks quk lk me` sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe. ]fde mkcosof`ks cf` eutf`fdäe, eutf`fdäe, cuome`mf mk sä dosdf y mk lfs ftrfs, prfcure`mf su hok`kster y kl mk lfs mkdås. Esudk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks.
Xkcf`fck y velfre su moikrk`coe y le mk lfs mkdås. Yovk su skxuelomem kstehlkcok`mf vä`culfs eikctovfs selumehlks.
Kl kstumoe`tk prfpocoe le vome k` mkdfcrecoe e pertor mkl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks y mk le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs y sfcoelks mk `ukstrf peäs y mkl du`mf.
Kl kstumoe`tk ectúe k` le sfcokmem prfdfvok`mf le mkdfcrecoe cfdf ifrde mk gfhokr`f y cfdf u` dfmf mk
cf`vovk`coe sfcoel1 tedhoï`, tedhoï`, le mkik`se y kl rkspktf e lfs mkrkcbfs bude`fs y mkhkrks coumeme`fs. Xkilkxof`e crätocedk`tk crätocedk`tk sfhrk kl rfl quk cudplk ceme pkrsf`e k` le sfcokmem y eploce k` su vome lfs cf`fcodok`tfs
vo`culemfs el covosdf, rkikromfs el iu`cof`edok`tf mk les o`stotucof`ks, les lkyks y lfs prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok`tfs mk le vome pflätoce. E`eloze prfcksfs bostórocfs, kcf`ódocfs, edhok`telks y gkfgråiocfs quk lk pkrdotk` cfdprk`mkr y kxplocer kl cf`tkxtf k` kl quk vovk y kjkrckr u`e coumeme`äe o`ifrdeme. O`tkrectúe mk de`kre ïtoce, kdpåtoce, eskrtove y tflkre`tk. Cflehfre cf` lfs ftrfs k` iu`coó` mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, rkgule`mf sus kdfcof`ks y cfdpfrtedok`tfs, sok`mf cf`scok`tk mk les cf`skcuk`coes mk su cfdpfrtedok`tf k` lfs mkdås y k` le `eturelkze. Esudk le o`tkrculturelomem, le kquomem mk gï`krf y le o`clusoó` cfdf ifrdes mk cf`vovk`coe pere u` k`roqukcodok`tf k`roqukcodok`t f y eprk`mozejk dutuf. Sk rklecof`e erdó`ocedk`tk cf` kl edhok`tk, mklohkre sfhrk lfs esu`tfs púhlocfs, so`toï`mfsk o`vflucremf cfdf coumeme`f, y pertocope mk de`kre o`ifrdeme cf` lohkrtem y eutf`fdäe pere le cf`struccoó` mk u`e sfcokmem juste, mkdfcråtoce mkdfcråto ce y kquotetove.
Kl kstumoe`tk prectoce u`e vome ectove y selumehlk pere su hok`kster, cuome su cukrpf k o`tkrectúe rkspktufsedk`tk k` le pråctoce mk mosto`tes ectovomemks iäsoces, cftomoe`es f mkpfrtoves.
Kl kstumoe`tk tok`k u`e cfdprk`soó` y cf`cok`coe mk sä dosdf, quk lk pkrdotk o`tkrofrozer y dkjfrer le celomem mk
sus dfvodok`tfs k` u` kspecof y tokdpf mktkrdo`emfs, esä cfdf kxprksersk y cfdu`ocersk cfrpfreldk`tk.
Esudk u` kstolf mk vome ectovf, selumehlk y pleck`tkrf e trevïs mk le rkelozecoó` mk pråctoces quk cf`trohuyk` el
mkserrfllf mk u`e ectotum crätoce becoe kl cuomemf mk su selum y e cfdprk`mkr códf odpecte` k` su hok`kster sfcoel, kdfcof`el, dk`tel y iäsocf. ^ågo`e ;> mk ;> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. Mkdukstre beholomemks sfcofdftrocks cfdf le rksflucoó` mk cf`iloctfs, pk`sedok`tf kstretïgocf, oguelmem mk
gï`krf, trehejf k` kquopf y lfgrf mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, k`trk ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks pere cfdprk`mkr kl epfrtk mkl ertk e le culture y e le sfcokmem, y crke prfykctfs ertästocfs utoloze`mf lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk pere cfdu`ocer sus omkes e ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce k` su lk`gue detkr`e, k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y k` o`glïs cfdf lk`gue kxtre`jkre mk de`kre eskrtove y rkspf`sehlk pere o`tkrectuer cf` ftres pkrsf`es k` movkrsfs cf`tkxtfs y cf` mosto`tfs prfpósotfs prfpósotfs..
Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe cf` movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf- culturelks, mksmk les ifrdes dås tremocof`elks
beste les ifrdes kdkrgk`tks y cf`tkdpfrå`kes, pere mkscoirer sus sog`oiocemfs y cfdprk`mkr le cf`trohucoó` quk beck` e le culture y e le sfcokmem. Esodosdf, use lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mk les ertks pere crker c rker prfmuccof`ks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves, o`tkrprk o`tkrprkter ter y rko`tkrprkter rko`tkrprkt er les mk ftrfs, lf quk lk p pkrdotk krdotk cfdu`ocer dk`sejks, omkes y sk`todok`tfs pkrto`k`tks e su rkelomem pkrsf`el y sfcoel.
Kl kstumoe`tk use kl lk`guejk pere cfdu`ocersk skgú` sus prfpósotfs k` sotuecof`ks mosto`tes, k` les quk sk
prfmuck` y cfdprk`mk` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs. Kdplke rkcursfs y kstretkgoes k` su cfdu`ocecoó` frel, kscrote, dultodfmel f k` sostkdes eltkr`etovfs y
eudk`tetovfs cfdf kl hreollk. eudk`tetovfs [toloze kl lk`guejk pere eprk`mkr, eprkcoer de`oikstecof`ks lotkreroes, mksk`vflvkrsk k` mosto`tfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelkss y cf`trohuor e le cf`struccoó` mk cfdu`omemks o`tkrculturelk sfcofculturelk o`tkrculturelks, s, mkdfcråtoces k o`clusoves.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege y cfdprk`mk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel utoloze`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs k` moålfgf cf` sehkrks lfcelks pere dkjfrer le celomem mk vome y cuome`mf le `eturelkze.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege sfhrk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel pere cfdprk`mkr y eprkcoer su kstructure y
iu`cof`edok`tf. K` cf`skcuk`coe, esudk pfstures crätoces y ïtoces pere tfder mkcosof`ks o`ifrdemes k` ådhotfs mk le vome y mkl
cf`fcodok`tf cf`fcodok`t f rklecof`emfs cf` lfs skrks vovfs, le detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf. Skgú` sus cerectkrästoces, utoloze f prfpf`k sflucof`ks e prfhlkdes mkrovemfs mk sus prfpoes eccof`ks y
`kcksomemks, cf`somkre`mf kl cuomemf rkspf`sehlk mkl edhok`tk y emeptecoó` el cedhof clodåtocf. [se prfckmodok`tfs cok`täiocfs pere prfher le velomkz mk sus bopótksos, sehkrks lfcelks u fhs fhskrvecof`k krvecof`kss cfdf u`e de`kre mk rklecof`ersk cf` kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte le rkelomem y tfde mkcosof`ks e pertor mk cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs quk epfrtk` e su cf`tkxtf.
Kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf kcf`ódocf f sfcoel mk de`kre
Kl kstumoe`tk husce, sostkdetoze y e`eloze o`ifrdecoó` pere k`tk`mkr kl du`mf quk lf rfmke, rksflvkr prfhlkdes
y tfder mkcosof`ks rklecof`emes cf` kl k`tfr`f. [se mk ifrde ilkxohlk kstretkgoes y cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs k` movkrses sotuecof`ks, e pertor mk lfs cuelks klehfre ergudk`tfs ergudk`tfs y cfdu`oce sus omkes dkmoe`tk kl lk`guejk detkdåtocf, esä cfdf movkrses rkprksk`tecof rkprksk`tecof`ks `ks y rkcursfs.
Kl kstumoe`tk, mk ecukrmf e sus cerectkrästoces, rkeloze prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf cf` ïtoce y sk`tomf mk
o`ocoetove, quk gk`kre` rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs f velfr sfcoel, culturel y edhok`tel cf` hk`kiocofs prfpofs y ^ågo`e ;5 mk ;5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. ïtoce, quk lk pkrdotk` ertoculersk cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf y cf` kl mkserrfllf sfcoel, kcf`ódocf y edhok`tel mkl k`tfr`f.
cflkctovfs, te`gohlks f o`te`gohlks, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrer su hok`kster detkroel f suhjktovf, esä cfdf les cf`mocof`ks sfcoelks, culturelks f kcf`ódoces mk su k`tfr`f. Dukstre beholomemks sfcofkdfcof`elks sfcofkdfcof`elks y tïc`oces quk ievfrkzce` su cf`kxoó` cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf e trevïs mk u` kdplkf mkpk`mok`tk, o`mkpk`mok`tk f eutfgk`kremf. ^rfpf`k omkes, ple`oioce ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y rkcursfs, me`mf sflucof`ks crketoves, ïtoces, sfstk`ohlks y rkspf`sehlks cf` kl edhok`tk y le cfdu`omem. Sklkccof`e les dås útolks, voehlks y pkrto`k`tks1 les kjkcute cf` pkrskvkre`coe y esudk roksgfs1 emepte k o``fve1 treheje cffpkretove y prfectovedk`tk.
Kvelúe lfs prfcksfs y rksultemfs mk su prfykctf pere o`cfrpfrer dkjfres.
Kl kstumoe`tk eprfvkcbe rkspf`sehlkdk`tk les tkc`flfgäes mk le o`ifrdecoó` y mk le cfdu`ocecoó` (]OC) pere o`tkrectuer cf` le o`ifrdecoó`, gkstof`er su cfdu`ocecoó` y eprk`mozejk.
Kl kstumoe`tk moscrodo`e y frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` mk de`kre o`tkrectove1 sk kxprkse e trevïs mk le dfmoiocecoó` y
crkecoó` mk detkroelks mogotelks1 sklkccof`e k o`stele eplocecof`ks skgú` sus `kcksomemks pere setosieckr `ukves mkde`mes y cedhofs k` su cf`tkxtf. Omk`toioce y klogk o`tkriecks skgú` sus cf`mocof`ks pkrsf`elks f mk su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel. ^ertocope y sk rklecof`e cf` rkspf`seholomem k` rkmks sfcoelks y cfdu`omemks vortuelks, e trevïs mk moålfgfs hesemfs k` kl rkspktf y kl mkserrfllf cflehfretovf mk prfykctfs. Emkdås, llkve e cehf tfmes kstes ectovomemks mk de`kre sostkdåtoce y cf` cepecomem mk eutfrrkgulecoó` eutfrrkgulecoó` mk sus eccof`ks.
Kl kstumoe`tk mkserrflle prfcksfs eutó`fdfs mk eprk`mozejk k` ifrde pkrde`k`tk pere le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk su prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk y mk sus rksultemfs.
Kl kstumoe`tk tfde cf`cok`coe mk su eprk`mozejk cfdf u` prfcksf ectovf. Mk kste de`kre pertocope morkctedk`tk k` ïl, kvelue`mf pfr sä dosdf sus eve`cks, moiocultemks y esudok`mf kl
cf`trfl mk su prfcksf mk m k eprk`mozejk, mk de`kre moscoplo`eme, rkspf`sehlk y cfdprfdktome rkspkctf mk le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk kstk y sus rksultemfs. Esodosdf, kl kstumoe`tk frge`oze y pftk`coe pfr sä dosdf, e trevïs mk mosto`tes kstretkgoes, lfs mosto`tfs mos to`tfs prfcksfs mk eprk`mozejk quk kdprk`mk k` su s u vome ecemïdoce.
Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk y eprkcoe le modk`soó`
ksporotuel y rklogofse k` le vome mk les pkrsf`es y mk les sfcokmemks.
Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk le tresck`mk`coe quk tok`k le modk`soó` ksporotuel y r klogofse k` le vome dfrel, culturel
y sfcoel mk les pkrsf`es.
Kstf lk pkrdotk rkilkxof`er sfhrk kl sk`tomf mk su vome, kl cfdprfdosf ïtocf y kxostk`coel k` le cf`struccoó` mk u`
du`mf dås justf, sflomerof y iretkr`f. Esodosdf, dukstre rkspktf y tflkre`coe pfr les movkrses cfsdfvosof`ks, rklogof`ks y crkk`coes mk les pkrsf`es.
^ågo`e ;8 mk ;8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. Kl kstumoe`tk sk rkcf`fck cfdf pkrsf`e velofse y sk omk`toioce cf` su culture k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs.
Kl kstumoe`tk velfre, mksmk su o`movomuelomem k o`tkreccoó` cf` su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel, sus prfpoes
Kl kstumoe`tk prfpocoe le vome k` mkdfcrecoe e pertor mkl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks y mk le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs y sfcoelks mk `ukstrf peäs y mkl du`mf.
cerectkrästoces gk`krecof`elks, les mosto`tes omk`tomemks quk lf mkio`k`, y les reäcks bostóroces y culturelks quk lk cerectkrästoces me` sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe. ]fde mkcosof`ks cf` eutf`fdäe, eutf`fdäe, cuome`mf mk sä dosdf y mk lfs ftrfs, prfcure`mf su hok`kster y kl mk lfs mkdås. Esudk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks. Xkcf`fck y velfre su moikrk`coe y le mk lfs mkdås. Yovk su skxuelomem kstehlkcok`mf vä`culfs eikctovfs selumehlks.
Kl kstumoe`tk ectúe k` le sfcokmem prfdfvok`mf le mkdfcrecoe cfdf ifrde mk gfhokr`f y cfdf u` dfmf mk
cf`vovk`coe sfcoel1 tedhoï`, tedhoï`, le mkik`se y kl rkspktf e lfs mkrkcbfs bude`fs y mkhkrks coumeme`fs. Xkilkxof`e crätocedk`tk crätocedk`tk sfhrk kl rfl quk cudplk ceme pkrsf`e k` le sfcokmem y eploce k` su vome lfs cf`fcodok`tfs
vo`culemfs el covosdf, rkikromfs el iu`cof`edok`tf mk les o`stotucof`ks, les lkyks y lfs prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok`tfs mk le vome pflätoce. E`eloze prfcksfs bostórocfs, kcf`ódocfs, edhok`telks y gkfgråiocfs quk lk pkrdotk` cfdprk`mkr y kxplocer kl
cf`tkxtf k` kl quk vovk y kjkrckr u`e coumeme`äe o`ifrdeme. O`tkrectúe mk de`kre ïtoce, kdpåtoce, eskrtove y tflkre`tk. Cflehfre cf` lfs ftrfs k` iu`coó` mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, rkgule`mf sus kdfcof`ks y cfdpfrtedok`tfs, sok`mf cf`scok`tk mk les cf`skcuk`coes mk su cfdpfrtedok`tf k` lfs mkdås y k` le `eturelkze. Esudk le o`tkrculturelomem, le kquomem mk gï`krf y le o`clusoó` cfdf ifrdes mk cf`vovk`coe pere u` k`roqukcodok`tf k`roqukcodok`t f y eprk`mozejk dutuf. Sk rklecof`e erdó`ocedk`tk cf` kl edhok`tk, mklohkre sfhrk lfs esu`tfs púhlocfs, so`toï`mfsk o`vflucremf cfdf coumeme`f, y pertocope mk de`kre o`ifrdeme cf` lohkrtem y eutf`fdäe pere le cf`struccoó` mk u`e sfcokmem juste, mkdfcråtoce mkdfcråto ce y kquotetove.
Kl kstumoe`tk prectoce u`e vome ectove y selumehlk pere su hok`kster, cuome su cukrpf k o`tkrectúe rkspktufsedk`tk k` le pråctoce mk mosto`tes ectovomemks iäsoces, cftomoe`es f mkpfrtoves.
Kl kstumoe`tk tok`k u`e cfdprk`soó` y cf`cok`coe mk sä dosdf, quk lk pkrdotk o`tkrofrozer y dkjfrer le celomem mk
sus dfvodok`tfs k` u` kspecof y tokdpf mktkrdo`emfs, esä cfdf kxprksersk y cfdu`ocersk cfrpfreldk`tk. Esudk u` kstolf mk vome ectovf, selumehlk y pleck`tkrf e trevïs mk le rkelozecoó` mk pråctoces quk cf`trohuyk` el mkserrfllf mk u`e ectotum crätoce becoe kl cuomemf mk su selum y e cfdprk`mkr códf odpecte` k` su hok`kster sfcoel, kdfcof`el, dk`tel y iäsocf.
^ågo`e ;3 mk ;3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. Mkdukstre beholomemks sfcofdftrocks cfdf le rksflucoó` mk cf`iloctfs, pk`sedok`tf kstretïgocf, oguelmem mk
gï`krf, trehejf k` kquopf y lfgrf mk fhjktovfs cfdu`ks, k`trk ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks pere cfdprk`mkr kl epfrtk mkl ertk e le culture y e le sfcokmem, y crke prfykctfs ertästocfs utoloze`mf lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk pere cfdu`ocer sus omkes e ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce k` su lk`gue detkr`e, k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y k` o`glïs cfdf lk`gue kxtre`jkre mk de`kre eskrtove y rkspf`sehlk pere o`tkrectuer cf` ftres pkrsf`es k` movkrsfs cf`tkxtfs y cf` mosto`tfs prfpósotfs prfpósotfs..
Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe cf` movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf- culturelks, mksmk les ifrdes dås tremocof`elks
beste les ifrdes kdkrgk`tks y cf`tkdpfrå`kes, pere mkscoirer sus sog`oiocemfs y cfdprk`mkr le cf`trohucoó` quk beck` e le culture y e le sfcokmem. Esodosdf, use lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mk les ertks pere crker c rker prfmuccof`ks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves, o`tkrprk o`tkrprkter ter y rko`tkrprkter rko`tkrprkt er les mk ftrfs, lf quk lk p pkrdotk krdotk cfdu`ocer dk`sejks, omkes y sk`todok`tfs pkrto`k`tks e su rkelomem pkrsf`el y sfcoel.
Kl kstumoe`tk use kl lk`guejk pere cfdu`ocersk skgú` sus prfpósotfs k` sotuecof`ks mosto`tes, k` les quk sk
prfmuck` y cfdprk`mk` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs. Kdplke rkcursfs y kstretkgoes k` su cfdu`ocecoó` frel, kscrote, dultodfmel f k` sostkdes eltkr`etovfs y
eudk`tetovfss cfdf kl hreollk. eudk`tetovf [toloze kl lk`guejk pere eprk`mkr, eprkcoer de`oikstecof`ks lotkreroes, mksk`vflvkrsk k` mosto`tfs cf`tkxtfs
sfcofculturelkss y cf`trohuor e le cf`struccoó` mk cfdu`omemks o`tkrculturelk sfcofculturelk o`tkrculturelks, s, mkdfcråtoces k o`clusoves. Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege y cfdprk`mk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel utoloze`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs k` moålfgf cf` sehkrks lfcelks pere dkjfrer le celomem mk vome y cuome`mf le `eturelkze.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege sfhrk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel pere cfdprk`mkr y eprkcoer su kstructure y
iu`cof`edok`tf. K` cf`skcuk`coe, esudk pfstures crätoces y ïtoces pere tfder mkcosof`ks o`ifrdemes k` ådhotfs mk le vome y mkl cf`fcodok`tf cf`fcodok`t f rklecof`emfs cf` lfs skrks vovfs, le detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf. Skgú` sus cerectkrästoces, utoloze f prfpf`k sflucof`ks e prfhlkdes mkrovemfs mk sus prfpoes eccof`ks y `kcksomemks, cf`somkre`mf kl cuomemf rkspf`sehlk mkl edhok`tk y emeptecoó` el cedhof clodåtocf. [se prfckmodok`tfs cok`täiocfs pere prfher le velomkz mk sus bopótksos, sehkrks lfcelks u fhs fhskrvecof`k krvecof`kss cfdf u`e de`kre mk rklecof`ersk cf` kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel.
Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte le rkelomem y tfde mkcosof`ks e pertor mk cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs quk epfrtk` e su cf`tkxtf.
Kl kstumoe`tk husce, sostkdetoze y e`eloze o`ifrdecoó` pere k`tk`mkr kl du`mf quk lf rfmke, rksflvkr prfhlkdes
y tfder mkcosof`ks rklecof`emes cf` kl k`tfr`f. [se mk ifrde ilkxohlk kstretkgoes y cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs k` movkrses sotuecof`ks, e pertor mk lfs cuelks
klehfre ergudk`tfs ergudk`tfs y cfdu`oce sus omkes dkmoe`tk kl lk`guejk detkdåtocf, esä cfdf movkrses rkprksk`tecof rkprksk`tecof`ks `ks y rkcursfs. Kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf kcf`ódocf f sfcoel mk de`kre
Kl kstumoe`tk, mk ecukrmf e sus cerectkrästoces, rkeloze prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf cf` ïtoce y sk`tomf mk
o`ocoetove, quk gk`kre` rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs f velfr sfcoel, culturel y edhok`tel cf` hk`kiocofs prfpofs y ^ågo`e ;= mk ;= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
KL ^KXIOL MK KGXKSF MK LE KM[CECOÓ@ HÅSOCE. ïtoce, quk lk pkrdotk` ertoculersk cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf y cf` kl mkserrfllf sfcoel, kcf`ódocf y edhok`tel mkl k`tfr`f.
cflkctovfs, te`gohlks f o`te`gohlks, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrer su hok`kster detkroel f suhjktovf, esä cfdf les cf`mocof`ks sfcoelks, culturelks f kcf`ódoces mk su k`tfr`f. Dukstre beholomemks sfcofkdfcof`elks sfcofkdfcof`elks y tïc`oces quk ievfrkzce` su cf`kxoó` cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf e trevïs mk u` kdplkf mkpk`mok`tk, o`mkpk`mok`tk f eutfgk`kremf. ^rfpf`k omkes, ple`oioce ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y rkcursfs, me`mf sflucof`ks crketoves, ïtoces, sfstk`ohlks y rkspf`sehlks cf` kl edhok`tk y le cfdu`omem. Sklkccof`e les dås útolks, voehlks y pkrto`k`tks1 les kjkcute cf` pkrskvkre`coe y esudk roksgfs1 emepte k o``fve1 treheje cffpkretove y prfectovedk`tk. Kvelúe lfs prfcksfs y rksultemfs mk su prfykctf pere o`cfrpfrer dkjfres.
Kl kstumoe`tk eprfvkcbe rkspf`sehlkdk`tk les tkc`flfgäes mk le o`ifrdecoó` y mk le cfdu`ocecoó` (]OC) pere o`tkrectuer cf` le o`ifrdecoó`, gkstof`er su cfdu`ocecoó` y eprk`mozejk.
Kl kstumoe`tk moscrodo`e y frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` mk de`kre o`tkrectove1 sk kxprkse e trevïs mk le dfmoiocecoó` y
crkecoó` mk detkroelks mogotelks1 sklkccof`e k o`stele eplocecof`ks skgú` sus `kcksomemks pere setosieckr `ukves mkde`mes y cedhofs k` su cf`tkxtf. Omk`toioce y klogk o`tkriecks skgú` sus cf`mocof`ks pkrsf`elks f mk su k`tfr`f sfcofculturel y edhok`tel. ^ertocope y sk rklecof`e cf` rkspf`seholomem k` rkmks sfcoelks y cfdu`omemks vortuelks, e trevïs mk moålfgfs hesemfs k` kl rkspktf y kl mkserrfllf cflehfretovf mk prfykctfs.
Emkdås, llkve e cehf tfmes kstes ectovomemks mk de`kre sostkdåtoce y cf` cepecomem mk eutfrrkgulecoó` eutfrrkgulecoó` mk sus
eccof`ks. Kl kstumoe`tk mkserrflle prfcksfs eutó`fdfs mk eprk`mozejk k` ifrde pkrde`k`tk pere le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk su prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk y mk sus rksultemfs.
Kl kstumoe`tk tfde cf`cok`coe mk su eprk`mozejk cfdf u` prfcksf ectovf. Mk kste de`kre pertocope morkctedk`tk k` ïl, kvelue`mf pfr sä dosdf sus eve`cks, moiocultemks y esudok`mf kl
cf`trfl mk su prfcksf mk m k eprk`mozejk, mk de`kre moscoplo`eme, rkspf`sehlk y cfdprfdktome rkspkctf mk le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk kstk y sus rksultemfs. Esodosdf, kl kstumoe`tk frge`oze y pftk`coe pfr sä dosdf, e trevïs mk mosto`tes kstretkgoes, lfs mosto`tfs mos to`tfs prfcksfs mk eprk`mozejk quk kdprk`mk k` su s u vome ecemïdoce.
Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk y eprkcoe le modk`soó` ksporotuel y rklogofse k` le vome mk les pkrsf`es y mk les sfcokmemks.
Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk le tresck`mk`coe quk tok`k le modk`soó` ksporotuel y r klogofse k` le vome dfrel, culturel
y sfcoel mk les pkrsf`es. Kstf lk pkrdotk rkilkxof`er sfhrk kl sk`tomf mk su vome, kl cfdprfdosf ïtocf y kxostk`coel k` le cf`struccoó` mk u` du`mf dås justf, sflomerof y iretkr`f. Esodosdf, dukstre rkspktf y tflkre`coe pfr les movkrses cfsdfvosof`ks, rklogof`ks y crkk`coes mk les pkrsf`es.
^ågo`e ;; mk ;; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.8.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^kriol y eprk`mozejks el hock`tk`erof
Lfs eprk`mozejks el hock`tk`erof pkrdotk` omk`toiocer cleredk`tk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces mkl coumeme`f quk kspkredfs y cfdu`oce` mk u`e de`kre dås sk`colle lfs 55 eprk`mozejks mkl ^kriol mk kgrksf.
Eprk`mozejks becoe kl hock`tk`erof
^kriol mk kgrksf Kl kstumoe`tk sk rkcf`fck cfdf pkrsf`e velofse
y sk omk`toioce cf` su culture k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs.
Kl
kstumoe`tk prfpocoe le vome k` mkdfcrecoe e pertor mkl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks y mk le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs y sfcoelks mk `ukstrf peäs y mkl du`mf du`mf.. Kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks pere cfdprk`mkr kl epfrtk mkl ertk e le culture y e le sfcokmem, y crke prfykctfs ertästocfs utoloze`mf lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk pere cfdu`ocer sus omkes e ftrfs. Kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e prfykctfs mk kdprk`modok`tf kcf`ódocf f sfcoel mk de`kre ïtoce, quk lk pkrdotk` ertoculersk cf` kl du`mf mkl trehejf y cf` kl mkserrfllf sfcoel, kcf`ódocf y edhok`tel mkl k`tfr`f. Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk y eprkcoe le modk`soó` ksporotuel y rklogofse k` le vome mk les pkrsf`es y mk les sfcokmemks. Kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce k` su lk`gue detkr`e, k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue3 y k` o`glïs cfdf lk`gue kxtre`jkre mk de`kre eskrtove y rkspf`sehlk pere o`tkrectuer cf` ftres pkrsf`es k` movkrsfs cf`tkxtfs y cf` mosto`tfs prfpósotfs. Kl kstumoe`tk prectoce u`e vome ectove y selumehlk pere su hok`kster, cuome su cukrpf k o`tkrectúe rkspktufsedk`tk k` le pråctoce mk mosto`tes ectovomemks iäsoces, cftomoe`es f mkpfrtoves. Kl kstumoe`tk o`mege y cfdprk`mk kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel utoloze`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs k` moålfgf cf` sehkrks lfcelks pere dkjfrer le celomem mk vome y cuome`mf le `eturelkze. Kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte le rkelomem y tfde mkcosof`ks e pertor mk cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs quk epfrtk` e su cf`tkxtf.
Coumeme`äe
Cfdu`ocecoó` kikctove Yome selumehlk
Xksflucoó` mk prfhlkdes
Kl kstumoe`tk mkserrflle prfcksfs eutó`fdfs mk eprk`mozejk k` ifrde pkrde`k`tk pere le dkjfre cf`to`ue mk
Culture mogotel
su prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk y mk sus rksultemfs. kstumoe`tk eprfvkcbe rkspf`sehlkdk`tk les tkc`flfgäes mk le o`ifrdecoó` y mk le cfdu`ocecoó` (]OC) pere o`tkrectuer cf` le o`ifrdecoó`, gkstof`er su cfdu`ocecoó` y eprk`mozejk.
Kl
^ågo`e ;9 mk ;9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
E^XK@MOZEJKSS EL HOCK@]K@EXOF 8>85 E^XK@MOZEJK Coumeme`äe Lfs kstumoe`tks quk cf`struyk` su coumeme`äe mksmk kxpkrok`coes cf`crktes cf`crktes y rkelks k` les quk pertocope` y cf`vovk` rkspk rkspkte`mf te`mf e tfmes les pkrsf`es cf` kl prfpósotf mk prfdfvkr kl hok` cfdú`. [` rkquoso rkquosotf tf odpfrte`tk, pere eioe`zer llee coumeme`äe y ssk`tor`fs k`tor`fs pertk mk u` peäs, ks cf`ioer k` les o`stotucof`ks. ^ere kllf, mkhkdfs skr cf`scok`tks, k` tfmfs lfs kspecofs mk vome k` sfcokmem (kscukle, cese, herrof, kdprkses, o`stotucof`ks, ktc.) quk tk`kdfs quk ckrrer les hrkcbes mk le cfrrupcoó` y le voflk`coe. Kste ks u`e terke iu`medk`tel y `f pfmkdfs beckrlf sflfs, ju`tfs llkgerkdfs lkjfs. Cfdu`ocecoó` kikctove Kstumoe`tks quk eploce` u`e cfdu`ocecoó` kikctove pere cfdprk`mkr kl du`mf mksmk u`e culture mkl moålfgf rkspktufsf y le gkstoó` mk les kdfcof`ks1 pf`ok`mf k` jukgf su cepecomem cepec omem pere pk`ser rkilkxovedk`tk y esudor u`e pfsture crätoce. Behler y kscucber, lkkr y kscrohor gere`toze`mf dk`sejks quk pkrdote` o`tkrectuer cf` kdpetäe y crker cf`fcodok`tf mksmk m ksmk `ukstre moikrk`coes y movkrsomem. movkrsomem. Yome selumehlk Kstumoe`tks quk mkserrflle` u`e vome selumehlk selumehlk pfrquk kstå` k` erdf`äe cf`sogf dosdf, dosdf, cf` ftres pkrsf`es y su k`tfr`f. Kstf Kstf odploce ecckmkr e u`e mokte
hele`ckeme y eprk`mkr e prkvk`or f supkrer supkrer le e`kdoe. Esä dosdf, lfgrer kl kquolohrof k`tr k`trkk le rkcrkecoó`, kl mksce`sf y le ectovomem o`tklkctuel. Huscedf Huscedfss ifrder pkrsf`es quk epukstk` pfr kl mkpfrtk, kl ertk y le culture pere u`e se`e cf`vovk`coe. Xksflucoó` mk prfhlkdes Kstumoe`tks prftegf`ostes mkl cedhof pfrquk pfrquk sk cf`kcte` cf` su k`tfr`f pere dkjfrerlf, rksuklvk` prfhlkdes k` lfs quk pf`k` k` jukgf sus cf`fcodok`tfs, beholomemks y ectotumks. Crkk` quk pukmk` beckrlf y lf beck`. Eprk`mk` e ectuer cf` rksolok`coe y eprfvkcbe` p fsotovedk`tk lfs rkcursfs mk equkllf quk lks tfcó -kl cf`tkxtf, le iedoloe y/f le cfdu`omem-, cfdf odpulsf pere dkjfrer. Crke`. Cflehfre`.
Culture Mogotel Kstumoe`tks quk cf`vovk` o`dkrsfs k` u`e culture mogotel y le eprfvkcbe` pere o`tkrprkter, dfmoiocer y fptodozer k`tfr`fs mk eprk`mozejk e lf lergf mk tfme le vome. Esodosdf, mkserrflle` prfcksfs mk húsqukme, sklkccoó sklkccoó` ` y kveluecoó` mk le o`ifrd o`ifrdecoó` ecoó` mk de`kre ïtoce, sostkdåtoce y pkrto`k`tk pere dkjfr dkjfrer er les cf`mocof`ks mk vome mk lfs coumeme`fs mkl du`mf. ^ågo`e ;7 mk ;7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.3.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
K`ifquks
=.3.5.
K`ifquks mkl Curräculf @ecof`el
Lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselks epfrte` cf`ckpcof`ks odpfrte`tks sfhrk les pkrsf`es, su rklecoó` cf` lfs mkdås, cf` kl k`tfr`f y cf` kl kspecof cfdú` y sk tremuck` ifrdes kspkcäioces mk ectuer, quk cf`stotuyk`k`velfrks y ectotumks quk te`tf kstumoe`tks, dekstrfs y eutfromemks, mkhk` ksifrzersk pfr mkdfstrer k` le mo`ådoce moeroe mk le kscukle. Kstes ifrdes mk ectuer – – kdpetäe, kdpetäe, sflomeromem, rkspktf, bf`kstomem, k`trk ftrfssk tremuck` sokdprk k` ectotumks y k` cfdpfrtedok`tfs fhskrvehlks. Cue`mf mkcodfs quk lfs velfrks o`muck` ectotumks, ks pfrquk prkmospf`k` e les pkrsf`es e rkspf`mkr mk u`e cokrte de`kre e mktkrdo`emes sotuecof`ks, e pertor mk prkdoses lohrkdk`tk eckptemes. Sf` lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselks lfs quk epfrte` kses prkdoses, ks mkcor, pkrspkctoves, cf`ckpcof`ks mkl du`mf y mk les pkrsf`es k` mktkrdo`emfs ådhotfs mk le vome sfcoel.
^ågo`e ;2 mk ;2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.3.8. K`ifquks tre`svkrselks, velfrks y ectotumks K@IFU[KS YELFXKS Cf`cok`coe Cf`cok` coe mk mkrkcbfs Mk Mkrkcbfs
Lohkrtem y rkspf`seholomem Moålfgf y cf`ckrtecoó` Xkspktf pfr les moikrk`coes
O`clusovf f Etk`coó` Etk`coó` e le movkrsomem
Kquomem k` le k`skõe`ze Cf`ioe`ze Cf`ioe` ze k` le pkrsf`e Xkspk tf e le omk`tomem c ultu ulturel rel
O`tkrculturel
Justocoe Moålfgf o`tkrculturel
EC]O][MKS U[K S[^F@K@
Mospfsoc oó` e c f`fckr, rkc f`fckr y velfrer velfrer lfs mkrkc bfs o`movomuelks o`movomuelks y cflkc toovfs vfs qu k tk`kdfs les pkrsf`es k` kl ådhotf provemf y púhlocf. Mospfsoc oó` e klkgor mk de`kre vflu`teroe y rkspf`sehlk le prfpoe ifrde mk e ctuer mk` trf mk u`e sfcokmem. Mospfsoc oó` e c f`vkrser c f` ftres pkrsf`es, o`tkrc edhoe`mf omkes f e ikc tfs mk dfmf eltkr`etov eltkr`etovff pere c f`struor ju`tfs u` e pfsture c fdú`. Xkc f`fcodok`tf f`fcodok`tf el velfr o`bkrk`tk mk c eme pkrsf`e y m k sus mk rkc bfs,pfr k`c ode mk c uelquokr moikrk`coe Mospfsoco ` e k`sk er firkc ok`mf ok`mf e lfs kstumoe`tks e`tks les c f`mocof` f`mocof`ks ks y fpfrtu`omemks fpfrtu`omemks quk c eme u`f `kc ksote ksote pere lfgrer lfs dosdfs rksultemfs Mospfsoc oó` e mkp fsoter kxpkc tetoves tetoves k` u `e pkrsf`e, c rkyk`mf so`c kredk`tk kredk`tk k` su c epec omem omem mk supkrec oó` ó` y c rkc odok`tf odok`tf pfr sfhrk c uelquokr c orcu`ste`coe Xkc f`fcodok`tf f`fcodok`tf el velfr mk les movkrses movkrses omk`tomemks c ulturelks y rklecof`ks mk pkrtk`k`c oe mk lfs kstumoe`tks Mospfsoc oó` e ec tuer mk de`kre juste, rkspkte`mf kl mkrkc bf mk tfmfs, kxogok`mf sus prfpofs mkrkc bfs y rkcf`fc ok ok`mf `mf mkrkcbfs e quok`ks lks c frrkspf`mk Ifdk` tf mk u`e o`tkrec c oó` oó` kquotetove k`trk movkrses movkrses cultures, dkmoe`tk kl moå lfgf y k l rkspktf d utuf Xkc f`fcodok`tf f`fcodok`tf el velfr o`bkrk`tk mk c eme pkrsf`e, pfr k`c ode mk c uelquokr moikrk`c oe mk gï`krf
Oguelmem y Mog`omem Mk Oguelmem mk gï`krf
Justocoe Kdpetäe Sflomeromem ple`kteroe y kquomem
Edhok`tel
Justocoe y sflomeromem
Mospfsoc oó` e ec tuer mk dfmf quk sk mï e c eme quok` lf quk lk c frrkspf`mk, k` kspkc oel e quok`ks sk vk` pkrjumoc em emfs fs pfr les mksoguelmemks mk gï`krf Xkc f`fck y velfre les kdfc of`ks y `kcksomemks eikc tooves ves mk lfs ftrfs/es y dukstre sk`soholomem e`tk klles el o mk`toioc er sotuecof`ks mk mksoguelmem mk gï` krf, kvomk`c oe`mf esä le c epec omem mk c fdprk`mkr fdprk`mkr f ec fdpeõ fdpeõer er e l es p krsf`es k` moc bes kdfc of`k of`kss f `kc ksomemks eikctoves. Mospfsoc oó` pere c flehfrer flehfrer cf` kl hok`kster y le c elomem m k vome mk les gk`krec of`ks prksk`tks y iutures, esä c fdf c f` le `eturelkze Mospfsoc oó` e kveluer l fs odpec tfs y c fstfs edhok`telks mk les ec c of`ks y ec tovomemks tovomemks c ftomoe`es, y e ec tuer tuer k` hk` kioc of mk tfmes les pkrsf`es, esä c fdf mk lfs sostkdes, o`stotuc of`ks y dkmofs c fdpertomfs fdpertomfs mk lfs quk tfmfs mkpk` mkdfs
Xkspktf e tfme ifrde mk vome
E Eprkc prkc of, velfrecoó` y mospfsocoó` pere kl cuomemf e tfme fme ifrde mk vome sfhrk le ] okrre mksmk u`e doreme sostïdoce sostïdoce y glfhel, rkv rkvelfre`mf elfre`mf lfs sehkrks e `c kstrelks.
Kquomem y justocoe
Lfs kstumoe`tks c fdpertk` sokdprk lfs hok`ks mo spf`ohlks pere kllf s k` lfs kspec ofs kmucetovfs (rkcursfs, detkroelks, o`stelec off`ks, `ks, tokdpf, ec tovomemks, c f`fc odok`tfs) c f` sk`tomf mk kquomem y justocoe.
Mk frok`tecoó` el hok` cfdú` Sflomeromem
Lfs kstumoe`tks mkd ukstre` sflomeromem c f` sus c fdpe kr krfs fs k` tfme sotuec o ` k` le quk pemkc k` moioc ultemks quk rkhese` sus pfsoholomemks mk eirf`terles.
^ågo`e ;? mk ;? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR K@IFU[KS
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL YELFXKS
Kdpetäe
Xkspf`seholomem
EC]O][MKS U[K S[^F@K@
Lfs mfc k`tks k`tks omk`toioc e`, velfre` velfre` y mkstec e` cf`to`uedk`t f`to`uedk`tkk e c tffss kspf`tå`kfs mk l fs kstumoe`tks k ` hk`kioc of mk ftrfs, morogomfs e prfc urer f rksteurer rksteurer su hok`kster k` sotuec of`ks quk lf rkquokre`.
Lfs mfc k`tks prfdukvk` fpfrtu`omemks fpfrtu`omemks pere quk les y lfs kstumoe`tks esud e` rkspf`seholomemks movkrses y lfs kstumoe`tks les eprfvkc be`, tfde`mf k` c uk`te su prfpof hok`kster y kl mk le c flkc tov tovomem. omem.
Mospfsoc oó` pere emeptersk e lfs c edhofs, d fmoioce`mf so iukre `kc kserof le prfpoe c f`muc te te pere elc e` e`zer zer mktkrdo`emfs fhjktovfs c ue`mf surgk` moioc ultemks, emks, o`ifrdec oó` `f c f`fcome f`fcome f sotuec of` of`ks ks `ukves Mk hús qukme mk le Kxcklk`coe
Ilkxoholomem y epkrture Supkrecoó` pkrsf`el
Mospfsoc oó` e emquo ror c uelomemks uelomemks quk dkjfrerå` kl prfpof mkskdpkõf y eudk`terå` kl kstemf mk setosiecc oó` c f`sogf gf d osdf y cf` les c orco`ste `coes.
^ågo`e 9> mk 9> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.3.3.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
K`ifquks mkl dfmklf mkl skrvocof kmucetovf o`tkrculturel holo`gük – holo`gük – DSKOH DSKOH
Kl DSKOH cf`somkre lfs k`ifquks mkl curräculf `ecof`el mk le kmucecoó` håsoce vogk`tk quk frok`te` kl sostkde kmucetovf `ecof`el. K` cf`cfrme`coe cf` lfs fhjktovfs mkl dfmklf, sk egrkge` y sk beck ï`iesos k` lfs k`ifquks k`i fquks vo`culemfs el mkserrfllf kmucetovf kmucetovf mk lfs pukhlfs o`mägk`es u frogo`erofs: De`tk`odok`tf y mkserrfllf mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes Kstk k`ifquk prfdukvk quk lfs kstumoe`tks mkserrfllk` sus cfdpktk`coes cfdu`ocetoves k` lk`gue frogo`eroe y cestkllle`f? y, prfgrksovedk`tk, skgú` kl `ovkl mk mfdo`of quk elce`ze` k` ceme u`e mk les lk`gues, kstes ske` utolozemes cfdf dkmof mk cf`struccoó` mk eprk`mozejks k` les moikrk`tks årkes curroculerks curroculerks e lf lergf mk tfme le kscfleromem. Mk kste de`kre, sk quokrk lfgrer quk kl o`movomuf pukme utolozer kxotfsedk`tk mfs f dås lk`gues e `ovkl frel y kscrotf, te`tf pere le cfdu`ocecoó` o`tkrpkrsf`el, o`tkrpkrsf`el, cfdf pere movkrses ectovomemks cfg`otoves. Kl k`ifquk mk de`tk`odok`tf cf`trohuyk e gk`krer cf`mocof`ks ievfrehlks pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks tk`ge` u` kspecof momåctocf y pkmegógocf pere kl mkserrfllf y tretedok`tf tretedok`t f mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes y kl cestklle`f mure`tk tfme le treykctfroe mk
eskgurer le pkrto`k`coe y le celomem mkl skrvocof kmucetovf k` kl dercf mk le movkrsomem. ]krrotfroel Kl tkrrotfrof tok`k u`e odpfrte`coe profroteroe pere prfdfvkr kl mkserrfllf y dkjfre mk le kmucecoó`, k`tk`momf cfdf kl k`tfr`f sfcof-culturel y gkfgråiocf k` kl cuel y cf` le cuel o`tkrectuedfs les pkrsf`es k o`stotucof`ks mk de`kre ertoculeme. Kstk k`ifquk prfpf`k u`e doreme dultomodk`sof`el mkl mkserrfllf quk o`cluyk kl mkserrfllf bude`f, kl mkserrfllf sfcoel k o`stotucof`el, kl mkserrfllf y kl mkserrfllf kcf`ódocf. O`tkrculturel
le kmucecoó` håsoce. Le sotuecoó` mk mksoguelmem (moglfsoe) mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes
Mk ecukrmf cf` kl k`ifquk o`tkrculturel, le kmucecoó` o`tkrculturel holo`gük beck
rkquokrk mkfrogo`eroes u`e o`tkrvk`coó` mkl Kstemf pere le prfdfcoó` y rkspktf mk les lk`gues k` le OK yo`tkgrel le cfdu`omem.
ï`iesos k` le supkrecoó` mk le cf`mocoó` mk suheltkr`omem mk les cfdu`omemks y cultures frogo`eroes, e trevïs mkl cukstof`edok`tf y rkilkxoó` crätoce mk les rklecof`ks esodïtroces k` le sfcokmem husce`mf cf`struor rklecof`ks dås kquotetoves y justes, le velfrecoó` mk les omk`tomemks y sehkrks pere le epkrture y kl k`ck`trf k` kl ådhotf `ecof`el.
Frok`te e mkserrfller u` holo`güosdf emotovf y mk de`tk`odok`tf e pertor mkl tretedok`tf y mkserrfllf mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes y kl cestklle`f f rkcupkrecoó` mk lfs rkikrk`tks y pråctoces culturelks mk lfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs.
Huk` vovor
Gkstoó` cfdu`oteroe Cf`somkre le cf`struccoó` mk u`e vosoó` cfdú` y kl cfdprfdosf mk lfs ectfrks mk le cfdu`omem lfcel, k`trk kllfs, le iedoloe y les eutfromemks lfcelks, k` kl ifrtelkcodok`tf mk u`e gkstoó` pertocopetove y mkdfcråtoce k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove. Kllf odploce kl o`vflucredok`tf mk mocbfs ectfrks k` lfs moikrk`tks prfcksfs rklecof`emfs rklecof`emfs el eprk`mozejk mk lfs y les kstumoe`tks, esä cfdf kl epfyf k` le gkstoó` mk le O[K. Esodosdf, cfdf pertk mk le odplkdk`tecoó` mkl k`ifquk o`tkrculturel, sk rkcfgk` y rkcrke` les pråctoces sfcof culturelks mkl k`tfr`f pere
Kl k`ifquk mkl Huk` Yovor ple`tke el skr bude`f vovor k` erdf`äe k` erdf`äe cf`sogf dosdf, cf` sus cf`gï`krks y cf` le `eturelkze. Odploce rkcupkrer y ifrtelkckr le cfsdfvosoó`, ksporotuelomem y le culture mk cuomemf mk les iuk`tks mk vome prfpof mk lfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs, hesemfs k` u` dfmklf mk frge`ozecoó frge`ozecoó` ` sfcoel cfdu`oteroe y kcf`ódoce quk sk sustk`te k` u` pro`copof mk bkrde`mem y cfdplkdk`terokmem cfdplkdk`t erokmem k`trk tfmf lf kxostk.
^ågo`e 95 mk 95 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^ågo`e 98 mk 98 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Ifrdulecoó` mkl ple` mk kstumofs: =.=.5. Ifrdes mk etk`coó` y ksck`erof lo`güästocfs
=.=.
Le odplkdk`tecoó` mk lfs ple`ks mk kstumof k` le O`stotucof`ks Kmucetoves KOH, mk cf`ifrdomem e le XYD @º 52;8>5?-KM, ks mk ecukrmf e les ifrdes mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce quk sf` mk trks topfs, cf` ; ksck`erofs sfcof culturelks y lo`güästocfs omk`toiocemfs: Ifrtelkcodok`tf culturel y lo`güästocf.
Xkvotelozecoó` culturel y lo`güästoce.
KOH k` ådhotfs [rhe`fs.
^ågo`e 93 mk 93 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.=.8.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^le` mk kstumofs pere Ifrtelkcodok`tf
Le frge`ozecoó` y mostrohucoó` mkl tokdpf skde`el k` Kmucecoó` ^roderoe mk KOH mk Ifrtelkcodok`tf Culturel y Lo`güästocf (ICL) sk mktelle e cf`to`uecoó`:
GXEMFS MK KS][MOF ÅXKES C[XXOC[LEXKS
5¾
8¾
3¾
=¾
;¾
9¾
Detkdåtoce
;
;
=
=
=
=
Cfdu`ocecoó` k` lk`gue frogo`eroe (Uukcbue) Cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue (Cestklle`f)
; 3
; 3
= =
= =
= =
= =
^krsf`el Sfcoel Ertk y Culture Cok`coe y tkc`flfgäe Kmucecoó` Iäsoce Kmucecoó` Xklogofse ]utfräe y frok`tecoó` kmucetove. Bfres mk lohrk mospf`oholomem. ]ftel bfres
=.=.3.
3 3 3 3 5 8 8 3>
3 3 3 3 5 8 8 3>
= 3 = 3 5 8 5 3>
= 3 = 3 5 8 5 3>
= 3 = 3 5 8 5 3>
= 3 = 3 5 8 5 3>
^le` mk kstumofs pere Xkvotelozecoó` y KOH [rhe`f.
Le frge`ozecoó` y mostrohucoó` mkl tokdpf skde`el k` Kmucecoó` ^roderoe mk KKOH OH rkvotelozecoó` y KOH [rhe`f- sk mktelle e cf`to`uecoó`:
ÅXKES C[XXOC[LEXKS
GXEMFS MK KS][MOF 5¾
8¾
3¾
=¾
;¾
9¾
Detkdåtoce Cfdu`ocecoó` k` cestklle`f Cfdu`ocecoó` k` lk`gue frogo`eroe cfdf skgu`me lk`gue (Uukcbue) ^krsf`el Sfcoel Ertk y Culture Cok`coe y tkc`flfgäe
; ; 3
; ; 3
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
3 3 3
3 3 3
= 3 =
= 3 =
= 3 =
= 3 =
Kmucecoó` Iäsoce Kmucecoó` Xklogofse ]utfräe y frok`tecoó` kmucetove. Bfres mk lohrk mospf`oholomem. ]ftel bfres
3 5 8 8 3>
3 5 8 8 3>
3 5 8 5 3>
3 5 8 5 3>
3 5 8 5 3>
3 5 8 5 3>
^ågo`e 9= mk 9= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Certkl mk prfpósotf mk eprk`mozejk
CFD^K]K@COES
]XE@SYKXSELKS
^ågo`e 9; mk 9; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.5.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
CFD^K]K@COES ]XE@SYKXSELKS.
=.;.5.5. Cfdpktk`coe: ““SK MKSK@Y[KLYK K@ LFS K@]FX@FS YOX][ELKS GK@KXEMFS ^FX LES ]OC— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le dfvolozecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks:
• Mkio`k dktes mk eprk`mozejk: Ks mersk cuk`te y cfdprk`mkr equkllf quk sk `kcksote eprk`mkr pere rksflvkr u`e terke meme. Ks rkcf`fckr lfs sehkrks, les beholomemks y lfs r kcursfs quk kstå` e su elce`ck y so kstfs lk pkrdotorå` lfgrer le t erke, pere quk e pertor mk kllf pukme ple`tker dktes voehlks. eccof`ks kstretïgoces pere elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk: Odploce quk mkhk pk`ser y prfykctersk k` códf frge`ozersk dore`mf kl tfmf y les pertks mk su frge`ozecoó` • yFrge`oze mktkrdo`er beste mó`mk mkhk llkger pere s kr kiocok`tk, esä cfdf kstehlkckr quï beckr pere iojer lfs dkce`osdfs quk lk pkrdote` elce`zer s us dktes mk eprk`mozejk.
• Df`otfrke y ejuste su mkskdpkõf mure`tk kl prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk: Ks beckr skguodok`tf mk su prfpof gremf mk eve`ck cf` rklecoó` e les dktes mk eprk`mozejk quk sk be prfpukstf, dfstre`mf cf`ioe`ze k` sä dosdf y cepecomem pere eutfrrkgulersk. Kvelúe so les eccof`ks sklkccof`emes y su ple`oiocecoó` sf` les dås pkrto`k`tks pere elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk. Odploce le mospfsocoó` k o`ocoetove pere beckr ejust ks fpfrtu`fs e sus eccof`ks cf` kl io` mk lfgrer lfs rksultemfs prkvostfs
CE^ECOMEMKS:
• ^krsf`eloze k`tfr`fs vortuelks. vortuelks. • Gkstof`e o`ifrdecoó` mkl k`tfr`f vortuel. vortuel. • O`tkrectúe k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks. vortuelks. • Crke fhjktfs vortuelks k` movkrsfs ifrdetf i frdetfs. s. OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Sk mksk`vuklvk k` lfs k`tfr`fs vortuelks cue`mf e`eloze y kjkcute prfckmodok`tfs pere klehfrer f dfmoiocer fhjktfs vortuelks quk rkprksk`te` y cfdu`oce` vovk`coes k` kspecofs vortuelks emkcuemfs e su kmem, rkeloze`mf o`tk`tfs sucksovfs beste cf`crkter su prfpósotf.
Sk mksk`vuklvk k` lfs k`tfr`fs vortuelks cue`mf cfdprk`mk lfs prfckmodok`tfs k o`tkrcedhofs quk rkeloze pere klkgor y eplocer kstretkgoes, pertocoper k` ectovomemks cflehfretoves, esä cfdf pere rkprksk`ter kxpkrok`coes y cf`ckptfs e trevïs mk fhjktfs vortuelks.
Sk mksk`vuklvk k` lfs k`tfr`fs vortuelks cue`mf pkrsf`eloze mk de`kre cfbkrk`tk y frge`ozeme su kspecof vortuel rkprksk`te`mf su omk`tomem, cf`fcodok`tf y ifrdes mk o`tkreccoó` cf` ftrfs. Klehfre detkroel mogotel (prksk`tecof`ks, (prksk`tecof`k s, vomkfs, mfcudk`tfs, moskõfs, k`trk ftrfs) cfdpere`mf y sklkccof`e`mf mosto`tes ectovomemks skgú` sus `kcksomemks, ectotumks y velfrks.
^ågo`e 99 mk 99 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks gk`kremfs pfr les ]OC cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: @evkge k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks y rkeloze húsqukmes mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdf pertk mk u`e ectovomem. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk husce o`ifrdecoó` k` u` lohrf mogotel f k` cf`tk`omfs mk u` CM-XFD.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks gk`kremfs pfr les ]OC cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: @evkge k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks y sklkccof`e eplocecof`ks y rkcursfs mogotelks mk mosto`tfs ifrdetfs skgú` u` prfpósotf mkio`omf cue`mf mkserrflle eprk`mozejks mk les årkes curroculerks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks gk`kremfs pfr les ]OC cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks gk`kremfs pfr les ]OC cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Dfmoioce u` k`tfr`f vortuel pkrsf`elozemf cue`mf frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` y detkroelks mogotelks quk utoloze irkcuk`tkdk`tk skgú` les `kcksomemks, kl cf`tkxtf y les ectovomemks k` les quk pertocope. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cedhoe kl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks gk`kremfs pfr les ]OC cf` rkspf`seholomem y ïtoce, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
@evkge k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks, rkeloze húsqukmes mk o`ifrdecoó` y utoloze bkrredok`tes mogotelks pere eioe`zer sus eprk`mozejks mk les årkes curroculerks.
Cf`iogure eplocecof`ks y bkrredok`tes mogotelks cue`mf mkserrflle ectovomemks mk eprk`mozejk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cedhoe kl if`mf mk pe`telle mk cuelquokr mospfsotovf.
Dfmoioce u` k`tfr`f vortuel pkrsf`elozemf cue`mf clesoioce eplocecof`ks y bkrredok`tes mk `evkgecoó`, pere utolozerlf skgú` les `kcksomemks, kl cf`tkxtf y les ectovomemks k` les quk pertocope.
Sklkccof`e y frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` mk ecukrmf el ifrdetf mogotel k` kl quk kstå klehfreme, pere su eccksoholomem y utolozecoó`.
rkprksk`te u`e omke utoloze`mf frge`ozemfrks vosuelks. [toloze prfckmodok`tfs pere mkscerger, k`voer, guermer y cfpoer o`ifrdecoó` mk movkrsfs prfgredes y eplocecof`ks mogotelks.
`fdhrk mk u` ercbovf.
Xkeloze movkrses húsqukmes mk o`ifrdecoó` y sklkccof`e y utoloze lf dås rklkve`tk skgú` kl prfpósotf mk eprk`mozejk.
Frge`oze o`ifrdecoó`, skgú` su prfpósotf mk kstumof, mk movkrses iuk`tks y detkroelks mogotelks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk frge`oze o`ifrdecoó` k` cerpktes u ftrfs dkmofs mogotelks.
Kdplke pfrteiflofs mogotelks cue`mf frge`oze le o`ifrdecoó` quk fhtuvf, mk de`kre quk kstï mospf`ohlk pere ectovomemks irkcuk`tks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk crke u` hlfg pere moiu`mor les ectovomemks mk “Kl mäe mkl lfgrf—. lfgrf—.
^ågo`e 97 mk 97 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^ertocope k` jukgfs o`tkrectovfs k` lfs quk rkeloze sodulecof`ks y prfhlkdetozecof`ks pere mkserrfller eprk`mozejks k` les årkes curroculerks.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
^ertocope k` jukgfs o`tkrectovfs f k` rkmks vortuelks soguok`mf frok`tecof`ks y peutes cue`mf mkserrflle ectovomemks mk eprk`mozejk.
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
•
3¾ GXEMF
Xkeloze prfckmodok`tfs pere frge`ozer lfs mfcudk`tfs mogotelks y utolozer les eplocecof`ks f lfs rkcursfs mk su k`tfr`f vortuel pkrsf`elozemf.
Eploce `frdes mk cfdpfrtedok`tf y skguromem k` ectovomemks cflehfretoves k` kspecofs vortuelks cfdpertomfs, cf` rkspktf becoe lfs epfrtks mk sus perks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk utoloze lfs cómogfs mk `ktoqukte;=.
[toloze kspecofs y skrvocofs vortuelks mk pertocopecoó` k` rkm cue`mf o`tkrcedhoe o`ifrdecoó` cf` sus perks.
O`tkrcedhoe kxpkrok`coes k` kspecofs vortuelks cfdpertomfs mk de`kre frge`ozeme cf`somkre`mf les `frdes mk trehejf cflehfretovf cf` dkmofs so`cró`ocfs (cbet, vomkfcf`ikrk`coe) y eso`cró`ocfs (ifrfs, woaos, cfrrkfs klkctró`ocfs).
^ertocope k` k`tfr`fs vortuelks cf` eplocecof`ks quk rkprksk`tk` fhjktfs rkelks cfdf vortuelks sodule`mf cfdpfrtedok`tfs y sus cerectkrästoces. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk utoloze u` eplocetovf mk rkelomem eudk`teme, esä pukmk
Ecckmk e k`tfr`fs vortuelks kstehlkcomfs, dkmoe`tk crkmk`coelks mk omk`toiocecoó` mogotel y cf`somkre`mf prfckmodok`tfs skgurfs, ïtocfs y rkspf`sehlks1 pfr kjkdplf, pere o`grkser e u`e rkm sfcoel. Cf`struyk fhjktfs vortuelks e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` sklkccof`eme mk movkrses iuk`tks y detkroelks mogotelks quk rkspelmk` sus fpo`of`ks f pfstures k` lfs movkrsfs trehejfs quk rkeloze. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk beck usf mk u` prksk`temfr vosuel. ^ertocope k` ectovomemks cfdu`ocetovess cf` k`tfr`fs cfdu`ocetove vortuelks cfdpertomfs, dkmoe`tk kl usf mk movkrses bkrredok`tes y dkmofs mogotelks1 pfr kjkdplf, k` le pertocopecoó` k` vomkfcf`ikrk`coes.
fhskrver treslecoó` kl mk prfcksf le ]okrre mk k o`tkrectuer cf` kl fhjktf sodulemf.
^ågo`e 92 mk 92 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
Kxplfre;5 mospfsotovfs tkc`flógocfs, cfdf remof, tklkvosoó`, vomkfgrehemfre, cådere, tehlkt, tklïif`fs cklulerks, k`trk ftrfs, y lfs utoloze k` ectovomemks kspkcäioces tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te crotkrofs mk skguromem y cuomemf.
Klehfre detkroelks mogotelks cfdho`e`mf odågk`ks y tkxtfs, y utoloze greiocemfrks f prfcksemfrks mk tkxtfs håsocfs cue`mf rkeloze bostfroes, cuk`tfs f kxprkse omkes.
Klehfre detkroelks mogotelks cfdho`e`mf tkxtfs, odågk`ks, eumofs y vomkfs, y utoloze u` prksk`temfr gråiocf cue`mf kxprkse kxpkrok`coess y cfdu`oce sus kxpkrok`coe omkes.
=¾ GXEMF
Klehfre detkroelks mogotelks, cfdf vomkfs, eumofs, e`odecof`ks y prksk`tecof`ks, cfdho`e`mf moikrk`tks rkcursfs dultodkmoe pere rkprksk`ter sus vovk`coes, omkes, cf`ckptfs, bostfroes f rkletfs. [toloze hlfquks gråiocfs;8 f Xkeloze skcuk`coes lógoce;3 o`struccof`ks sodplks k` f prfckmodok`tfs pere le skcuk`coes lógoces pere rksflucoó` mk prfhlkdes. soduler cfdpfrtedok`tfs mk fhjktfs f skrks vovfs moskõemfs prkvoedk`tk prkvoedk`tk
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Klehfre mfcudk`tfs, prksk`tecof`ks, bfjes mk cålculf u frge`ozemfrks gråiocfs pere kxplocer omkes, prfykctfs y terkes, cf` hesk k` o`ifrdecoó` mk movkrses iuk`tks, y lfs cfdpertk cf` sus perks.
Klehfre mfcudk`tfs, bfjes mk cålculf y prksk`tecof`ks mogotelks utoloze`mf moikrk`tks rkcursfs mogotelks dultodkmoe y eplocecof`ks mk sodulecoó` o`tkrectove mk le rkelomem cue`mf prksk`te omkes y prfykctfs.
Xkeloze prfgredecof`ks sodplks;; quk sodule` prfcksfs f cfdpfrtedok`tfs mk fhjktfs cf`struomfs mk su prfpof k`tfr`f, pere rksflvkr mktkrdo`emfs prfhlkdes f rktfs.
^rfgrede skcuk`coes lógoces cue`mf sodule prfcksfs f cfdpfrtedok`tfs mk ecukrmf e le cf`struccoó` mk u` moskõf klehfremf pere prksk`ter sflucof`ks1 pfr kjkdplf, pere dfstrer u`e bostfrokte o`tkrectove.
[toloze
bkrredok`tes
mk
sfitwerk y pleteifrdes mogotelks cue`mf eprk`mk movkrses årkes mkl cf`fcodok`tf mk de`kre eutfrrkguleme eutfrrkg uleme y cf`scok`tk. ^fr kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk ecckmk e u` pfrtel kmucetovf y utoloze lfs rkcursfs mogotelks.
^ågo`e 9? mk 9? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.;.5.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E S[ E^XK@MOZEJK MK DE@KXE E[]Ó@FDE— E[]Ó@FDE— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Mkio`k dktes mk eprk`mozejk: Ks mersk cuk`te y cfdprk`mkr equkllf quk sk `kcksote eprk`mkr pere rksflvkr u`e terke meme. Ks rkcf`fckr lfs sehkrks, les beholomemks y lfs rkcursfs quk kstå` e su elce`ck y so kstfs lk pkrdotorå` lfgrer le terke, pere quk e pertor mk kllf pukme p le`tker dktes voehlks. • Frge`oze eccof`ks kstretïgoces pere elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk: Odploce quk mkhk pk`ser y prfykctersk k` códf frge`ozersk dore`mf kl tfmf y les pertks mk su frge`ozecoó` y mktkrdo`er beste mó`mk mkhk llkger pere skr kiocok`tk, esä cfdf kstehlkckr quï beckr pere iojer lfs dkce`osdfs quk lk pkrdote` elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk. • Df`otfrke y ejuste su mkskdpkõf mure`tk kl prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk: Ks beckr skguodok`tf mk su prfpof gremf mk eve`ck cf` rklecoó` e les dktes mk eprk`mozejk quk sk be prfpukstf, dfstre`mf cf`ioe`ze k` sä dosdf y cepecomem pere eutfrrkgulersk. Kvelúe so les eccof`ks sklkccof`emes y su ple`oiocecoó` sf` les dås pkrto`k`tks pere elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk. Odploce le mospfsocoó` k o`ocoetove pere beckr ejustks fpfrtu`fs e sus eccof`ks cf` kl io` mk lfgrer lfs rksultemfs prkvostfs. CE^ECOMEMKS:
• Mkio`k dktes mk eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk. • Frge`oze eccof`ks kstretïgoces pere elce`zer sus dktes mk eprk`mozejk eprk`mozejk.. • Df`otfrke y ejuste su mkskdpkõf mure`tk kl prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk. eprk `mozejk. OOO COCLF Gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk el mersk cuk`te mk lf quk mkhk eprk`mkr el prkgu`tersk quï ks lf quk eprk`mkrå y kstehlkckr equkllf quk lk ks pfsohlk lfgrer pere rkelozer le terke. Cfdprk`mk quk mkhk frge`ozersk y quk lf ple`tkemf o`cluye eccof`ks cfrtes pere rkelozer le terke. Df`otfrke sus eve`cks rkspkctf e le terke el kveluer cf` iecolotecoó` y rktrfelodk`tecoó` kxtkr`es u` prfcksf mk trehejf y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs sok`mf eyumemf pere cf`somkrer kl ejustk rkqukromf y mospf`krsk el cedhof.
OY COCLF Gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk el mersk cuk`te mk l f quk mkhk eprk`mkr el prkgu`tersk beste mó`mk quokrk llkger rkspkctf mk u`e terke y le mkio`k cfdf dkte mk eprk`mozejk. Cfdprk`mk quk mkhk frge`ozersk y quk lf ple`tkemf o`cluye pfr lf dk`fs u`e kstretkgoe y prfckmodok`tfs quk lk pkrdote` rkelozer le terke. Df`otfrke sus eve`cks rkspkctf e les dktes mk eprk`mozejk el kveluer kl prfcksf k` u` dfdk`tf mk eprk`mozejk y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs, e pertor mk kstf y mk cfdperer kl trehejf mk u` cfdpeõkrf cf`somkrer rkelozer u` ejustk dfstre`mf mospfsocoó` el pfsohlk cedhof.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe
Y COCLF Gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk el mersk cuk`te mk l f quk mkhk eprk`mkr el prkcoser lf dås odpfrte`tk k` le rkelozecoó` mk u`e terke y le mkio`k cfdf dkte pkrsf`el. Cfdprk`mk quk mkhk frg e`ozersk lf dås kspkcäiocedk`tk pfsohlk y quk lf ple`tkemf o`cluye dås mk u`e kstretkgoe y prfckmodok`tfs quk lk pkrdote` rkelozer le t erke, cf`somkre`mf su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe el rkspkctf. Df`otfrke mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk sus eve`cks rkspkctf e les dktes mk eprk`mozejk prkvoedk`tk kstehlkcomes el kveluer sus prfcksfs mk rkelozecoó` k` dås mk u` dfdk`tf,e pertor mk kstf y mk lfs cf`skjfs f cfdk`terofs mk u` cfdpeõkrf mk clesk rkeloze lfs ejustks `kckserofs dfstre`mf mospfsocoó` e lfs pfsohlks cedhofs. ;¾ GXEMF 9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e su eprk`mozejk mk de`kre eutó`fde y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe ^ågo`e 7> mk 7> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: • Mktkrdo`e cf` eyume mk u` emultf quï `kcksote eprk`mkr cf`somkre`mf sus kxpkrok`coes y sehkrks prkvofs pere rkelozer u`e terke. Ioje dktes mk murecoó` hrkvk quk lk pkrdote` lfgrer mocbe terke. • ^rfpf`k el dk`fs u`e kstretkgoe pere rkelozer le terke y kxploce códf sk frge`ozerå pere lfgrer les dktes.
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: • Mktkrdo`e cf` eyume mk u` emultf quï `kcksote eprk`mkr cf`somkre`mf sus kxpkrok`coes y sehkrks prkvofs pere rkelozer u`e terke. Ioje dktes mk murecoó` hrkvk quk lk pkrdote` lfgrer mocbe terke. • ^rfpf`k el dk`fs u`e kstretkgoe pere rkelozer le terke y kxploce códf sk frge`ozerå pere lfgrer les dktes.
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mktkrdo`e quï `kcksote eprk`mkr k omk`toioce les prkikrk`coes, pftk`coelomemks y lodotecof`ks prfpoes quk lk pkrdotorå` elce`zer f `f le terke.
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mktkrdo`e quï `kcksote eprk`mkr k omk`toioce les prkikrk`coes, pftk`coelomemks y lodotecof`ks prfpoes quk lk pkrdotorå` elce`zer f `f le terke.
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mktkrdo`e dktes mk eprk`mozejk voehlks, esfcoemes e sus `kcksomemks, profromemks mk eprk`mozejk y rkcursfs mospf`ohlks, quk lk pkrdote` lfgrer le terke.
kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mktkrdo`e dktes mk eprk`mozejk voehlks, esfcoemes e sus `kcksomemks, profromemks mk eprk`mozejk y rkcursfs mospf`ohlks, quk lk pkrdote` lfgrer le terke.
^rfpf`k pfr lf dk`fs u`e kstretkgoe y u` prfckmodok`tf quk lk pkrdote` elce`zer le dkte1 ple`tke eltkr`etoves mk códf sk frge`ozerå y klogk le dås emkcueme.
^rfpf`k pfr lf dk`fs u`e kstretkgoe y u` prfckmodok`tf quk lk pkrdote` elce`zer le dkte1 ple`tke eltkr`etoves mk códf sk frge`ozerå y klogk le dås emkcueme.
Frge`oze kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs quk sk prfpf`k k` iu`coó` mkl tokdpf y lfs rkcursfs `kckserofs pere elce`zer le dkte.
Frge`oze kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs quk sk prfpf`k k` iu`coó` mkl tokdpf y lfs rkcursfs `kckserofs pere elce`zer le dkte.
Xkvose cf` le eyume mk u` Xkvose cf` le eyume mk u` Xkvose so le eplocecoó` mk le Xkvose so le eplocecoó` mk le Xkvose le eplocecoó` mk les Xkvose le eplocecoó` mk les su ectuer cf` rklecoó` eemultf les kstretkgoes eplocemes y rkeloze cedhofs, so ks `kckserof, pere lfgrer lfs rksultemfs prkvostfs.
su ectuer cf` rklecoó` eemultf les kstretkgoes eplocemes y rkeloze cedhofs, so ks `kckserof, pere lfgrer lfs rksultemfs prkvostfs.
Kxploce códf be llkgemf e le dkte mk eprk`mozejk quk sk prfpusf, les moiocultemks quk tuvf y lfs cedhofs quk rkelozó.
Kxploce códf be llkgemf e le dkte mk eprk`mozejk quk sk prfpusf, les moiocultemks quk tuvf y lfs cedhofs quk rkelozó.
kstretkgoe y kl prfckmodok`tf ple`tkemfs prfmuck rksultemfs kspkremfs rkspkctf e su `ovkl mk eve`ck, e pertor mk le rktrfelodk`tecoó` mk sus perks, y cedhoe, mk skr `kckserof, sus eccof`ks pere llkger e le dkte. Kxploce kl prfcksf, lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs, les moiocultemks y lfs ejustks y cedhofs quk rkelozó pere elce`zer le dkte.
kstretkgoe y kl prfckmodok`tf ple`tkemfs prfmuck rksultemfs kspkremfs rkspkctf e su `ovkl mk eve`ck, e pertor mk le rktrfelodk`tecoó` mk sus perks, y cedhoe, mk skr `kckserof, sus eccof`ks pere llkger e le dkte. Kxploce kl prfcksf, lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs, les moiocultemks y lfs ejustks y cedhofs quk rkelozó pere elce`zer le dkte.
kstretkgoes, lfs prfckmodok`tfs y lfs rkcursfs utolozemfs, k` iu`coó` mkl `ovkl mk eve`ck, pere prfmucor lfs rksultemfs kspkremfs.
kstretkgoes, lfs prfckmodok`tfs y lfs rkcursfs utolozemfs, k` iu`coó` mkl `ovkl mk eve`ck, pere prfmucor lfs rksultemfs kspkremfs.
Kxploce kl prfcksf, lfs prfckmodok`tfs, lfs rkcursfs dfvolozemfs, les moiocultemks, lfs ejustks y cedhofs quk rkelozó y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs pere llkger e le dkte.
Kxploce kl prfcksf, lfs prfckmodok`tfs, lfs rkcursfs dfvolozemfs, les moiocultemks, lfs ejustks y cedhofs quk rkelozó y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs pere llkger e le dkte. ^ågo`e 75 mk 75 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^ågo`e 78 mk 78 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL 3. Cf`struyk su omk`tomem. =. Cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú`. ;. Cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces.
9. Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk. 7. Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs.
^ågo`e 73 mk 73 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.8.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL.
=.;.8.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K S[ OMK@]OMEM— OMK@]OMEM— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks s oguok`tks cepecomemks: • Sk velfre e sä dosdf: ks mkcor, kl kstumoe`tk rkcf`fck sus cerectkrästoces, cuelomemks, lodotecof`ks y pftk`coelomemks quk lf beck` skr quok` ks, q uk lk pkrdotk`
eckptersk, sk`torsk hok` cf`sogf dosdf y skr cepez mk esudor rktfs y elce`zer sus dktes. Emkdås, sk rkcf`fck cfdf o`tkgre`tk mk u`e cflkctovomem sfcofculturel kspkcäioce y tok`k sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe e su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove, cfdu`omem, peäs y du`mf. • Eutfrrkgule sus kdfcof`ks: sog`oioce quk kl kstumoe`tk rkcf`fck y tfde cf`cok`coe mk sus kdfcof`ks, e io` mk pfmkr kxprkserles mk de`kre emkcueme skgú` kl cf`tkxtf, lfs petrf`ks culturelks movkrsfs y les cf`skcuk`coes quk kstes tok`k` pere sä dosdf y pere lfs mkdås. Kllf lk pkrdotk rkguler su cfdpfrtedok`tf, k` ievfr mk su hok`kster y kl mk lfs mkdås. • Xkilkxof`e y ergudk`te ïtocedk`tk: sog`oioce quk kl kstumoe`tk e`elock sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es pere omk`toiocer lfs velfrks quk kstå` prksk`tks k` klles y esudor u`e pfsocoó` sustk`teme k` ergudk`tfs rezf`emfs y k` pro`copofs ïtocfs. Odploce tedhoï` tfder cf`cok`coe mk les prfpoes mkcosof`ks y eccof`ks, e pertor mk rkilkxof`er sfhrk so kstes rkspf`mk` e lfs pro`copofs ïtocfs esudomfs, y códf lfs rksultemfs y cf`skcuk`coes o`iluy k` k` sä dosdfs y k` lfs mkdås. • Yovk su skxuelomem mk de`kre o`tkgrel y rkspf`sehlk mk ecukrmf e su ktepe mk mkserrfllf y demurkz: ks tfder cf`cok`coe mk sä dosdf cfdf bfdhrk f dujkr, e pertor mkl mkserrfllf mk su odegk` cfrpfrel, mk su omk`tomem skxuel y mk gï`krf, y dkmoe`tk kl cf`fcodok`tf y velfrecoó` mk su cukrpf. Supf`k kstehlkckr rklecof`ks mk oguelmem k`trk dujkrks y bfdhrks, esä cfdf rklecof`ks eikctoves erdf`ofses y lohrks mk voflk`coe. ]edhoï` ]e dhoï` odploce omk`toiocer y pf`kr k` pråctoce cf`muctes mk eutfcuomemf irk`tk e sotuecof`ks quk pf`k` k` roksgf su hok`kster f quk vul`kre` sus mkrkcbfs skxuelks y rkprfmuctovfs.
^ågo`e 7= mk 7= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: CF@S]X[_K S[ OMK@]OMEM
CE^ECOMEMKS: Sk velfre e sä dosdf. Eutfrrkgule sus kdfcof`ks. ïtocedk`tk. Xkilkxof`e y ergudk`te ïtocedk`tk. Yovk su skxuelomem mk de`kre o`tkgrel y rkspf`sehlk mk ecukrmf e su ktepe mk mkserrfllf y demurkz.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Cf`struyk su omk`tomem el tfder cf`cok`coe mk lfs espkctfs quk lf beck` ú`ocf, cue`mf sk rkcf`fck e sä dosdf e pertor mk sus s us cerectkrästoces iäsoces, beholomemks y gustfs. Sk me cuk`te quk ks cepez mk rkelozer terkes y eckpter rktfs. Mosirute mk skr pertk mk su iedoloe, kscukle y cfdu`omem. Xkcf`fck y kxprkse sus kdfcof`ks y les rkgule e pertor mk le o`tkreccoó` cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs y mfck`tk, y mk les `frdes kstehlkcomes mk de`kre cf`ju`te. Kxploce cf` rezf`ks sk`colles pfr quï elgu`es eccof`ks cftomoe`es ceuse` delkster delkster e ïl f e lfs
Cf`struyk su omk`tomem el tfder cf`cok`coe mk lfs espkctfs quk lf beck` ú`ocf, cue`mf sk rkcf`fck e sä dosdf e pertor mk sus cerectkrästoc cerectkrästoces es iäsoces, cuelomemks, beholomemks, o`tkrksks y lfgrfs y velfre su pkrtk`k`coe iedoloer y kscfler. Mosto`guk sus movkrses kdfcof`ks y cfdpfrtedok`tfs, dk`cof`e les ceuses y les cf`skcuk`coes mk kstfs y les rkgule use`mf kstretkgoes movkrses. Kxploce cf` sus prfpofs ergudk`tfs pfr quï cf`somkre huk`es f deles mktkrdo`emes eccof`ks. Sk rklecof`e cf` les pkrsf`es cf` oguelmem, rkcf`fcok`mf
Cf`struyk su omk`tomem el tfder cf`cok`coe mk lfs espkctfs quk lf beck` ú`ocf, cue`mf sk rkcf`fck e sä dosdf e pertor mk sus cerectkrästoces pkrsf`elks, sus cepecomemkss y lodotecof`ks rkcf`f cepecomemk rkcf`fcok`mf cok`mf kl pepkl mk les iedoloes k` le ifrdecoó` mk mocbes cerectkrästoces. Eprkcoe su pkrtk`k`coe culturel e u` peäs movkrsf. Kxploce les ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk sus kdfcof`ks, y utoloze kstretkgoess pere rkgulerles. De`oiokste su pu`tf mk voste kstretkgoe irk`tk e sotuecof`ks mk cf`iloctf dfrel, k` iu`coó` mk códf kstes lk eikcte` e ïl f e lfs mkdås. Kxedo`e sus
mkdås, y pfr quï ftres prfmuck` hok`kster e tfmfs. Sk rkcf`fck cfdf dujkr f veró` y kxploce quk edhfs pukmk` rkelozer les dosdes ectovomemks. Dukstre eikctf e les pkrsf`es quk kstode k omk`toioce e les pkrsf`es pkrs f`es quk lk beck` sk`tor prftkgomf y skgurf y rkcurrk e klles cue`mf les `kcksote.
quk tfmfs tok`k` movkrses cepecomemks. Mkserrflle cfdpfrtedok`tfs quk ifrtelkck` les rklecof`ks mk edostem. Omk`toioce sotuecof`ks quk eikcte` su provecomem f le mk ftrfs y husce eyume cue`mf elguok` `f le rkspkte.
eccof`ks k` sotuecof`ks mk cf`iloctf dfrel quk sk prksk`te` k` le vome cftomoe`e y sk ple`tke cfdpfrtedok`tfs quk tfdk` k` cuk`te pro`copofs ïtocfs. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks mk oguelmem k`trk bfdhrks y dujkrks, y kxploce su odpfrte`coe. Crke vä`culfs eikctovfs pfsotovfs y sk sfhrkpf`k cue`mf kstfs cedhoe`. Omk`toioce cf`muctes pere prftkgkrsk mk sotuecof`ks quk pf`k` k` roksgf su o`tkgromem k` rklecoó` e su skxuelomem.
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 7; mk 7; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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Kxprkse mk movkrses de`kres elgu`es mk sus cerectkrästoces iäsoces, cuelomemks, gustfs y prkikrk`coes, y les moikrk`coe mk les mk lfs mkdås. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk, el rkelozer ectovomemks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves, pfmräe mkcor: “_f sfy huk`f mohuje`mf y do edoge ks huk`e heole`mf—. F kxprkser quk ks cepez mk rkelozer terkes: “_f herrf—. herrf—.
Kxprkse sus cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces iäsoces, beholomemks y gustfs, y kxploce les rezf`ks mk equkllf quk lk egreme mk sä dosdf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “Dk guste` dos de`fs pfrquk cf` klles pukmf mohujer lo`mf—. lo`mf—. Xkeloze ectovomemks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves dfstre`mf eutf`fdäe y esudok`mf rktfs.
Mkscrohk equklles cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoc es pkrsf`elks, cuelomemks, beholomemks y lfgrfs quk beck` quk sk sok`te frgullfsf mk sä dosdf1 sk rkcf`fck cfdf u`e pkrsf`e velofse cf` cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoc es ú`oces.
Mkscrohk sus cerectkrästoces iäsoces, cuelomemks k o`tkrksks, y les ifrtelkzes quk lk pkrdotk` lfgrer sus dktes1 de`oiokste quk kstes lf beck u`e pkrsf`e ú`oce y velofse quk ifrde pertk mk u`e cfdu`omem iedoloer y kscfler. ^ertocope cf` skguromem y cf`ioe`ze k` les tremocof`ks, cfstudhrks y pråctoces culturelks quk cerectkroze` cerectkroze` e su iedoloe k o`stotucoó` kmucetove, y dukstre eprkcof pfr klles.
Kxploce sus cerectkrästoces pkrsf`elks (cuelomemks, gustfs, ifrtelkzes y lodotecof`ks), les cuelks lk pkrdotk` mkio`or y ifrtelkckr su omk`tomem cf` rklecoó` e su iedoloe. • Mkscrohk les pråctoces culturelks mk su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y cfdu`omem skõele`mf skdkje`zess y moikrk`coes. skdkje`ze
Kxploce les cerectkrästoces pkrsf`elks (cuelomemks, gustfs, ifrtelkzes y lodotecof`ks) quk tok`k pfr skr pertk mk u`e iedoloe, esä cfdf le cf`trohucoó` mk kste e su ifrdecoó` pkrsf`el y e su prfykctf mk vome.
Cfdpertk cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs les cfstudhrks y ectovomemks mk su iedoloe k o`stotucoó` kmucetove kxploce`mf su pertocopecoó` k` klles.
Kxprkse egremf el rkprksk`ter les de`oikstecof`ks de`oikstecof `ks culturelks mk su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y cfdu`omem. cfdu`omem.
Mkscrohk, e trevïs mk movkrses ifrdes mk rkprksk`tecoó`, les kdfcof`ks håsoces (elkgräe, trostkze, dokmf u
Mkscrohk les kdfcof`ks e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y mk lf quk fhskrve k` lfs mkdås, y les rkgule tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te
Cfdpertk les de`oikstecof`ks culturelks, tremocof`ks y cfstudhrks prfpoes mk su iedoloe quk beck` quk sk sok`te frgullfsf mk su frogk`. Mkscrohk sus kdfcof`k kdfcof`kss k` sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es1 rkcf`fck sus ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes. Eploce kstretkgoes mk
ftres) y kxploce les rezf`ks quk les frogo`e`. Eckpte k o`cfrpfre k` sus eccof`ks elgu`es `frdes håsoces cfdf lädotks quk lk hro`me` skguromem.
`frdes kstehlkcomes mk eutfrrkgulecoó` (pf`krsk de`kre cf`ju`te. Eploce k` kl luger mkl ftrf, kstretkgoes mk rksporecoó` y rklejecoó`). eutfrrkgulecoó` (rksporecoó`), cf` le guäe mkl mfck`tk.
Xklecof`e sus movkrses kdfcof`ks cf` su cfdpfrtedok`tf y kl mk sus cfdpeõkrfs1 dk`cof`e les ceuses y
Mkscrohk sus kdfcof`ks y kxploce sus ceuses y pfsohlks cf`skcuk`coes. Eploce kstretkgoes mk eutfrrkgulecoó`
cf`skcuk`coes mk kstes y (rksporecoó`, les rkgule dkmoe`tk kl usf moste`coedok`tf, rklejecoó` ` y vosuelozecoó`). mk moikrk`tks kstretkgoes rklejecoó mk eutfrrkgulecoó` (pf`krsk k` kl luger mkl
Kxploce movkrses pråctoces culturelks mk su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y cfdu`omem, y rkcf`fck quk epfrte` e le movkrsomem culturel mkl peäs. Kxploce les ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk sus kdfcof`ks y sk`todok`tfs, k` sä dosdf y k` lfs mkdås, k` sotuecof`ks rkelks k bopftïtoces. [toloze kstretkgoes mk eutfrrkgulecoó` (rksporecoó`, moste`coedok`tf, ^ågo`e 79 mk 79 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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ftrf, rksporecoó` rklejecoó`). Eutfrrkgule sus kdfcof`ks k` o`tkreccoó` cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs, cf` epfyf mkl mfck`tk, el eplocer kstretkgoes håsoces mk eutfrrkgulecoó` (rksporecoó`). Dk`cof`e eccof`ks cftomoe`es quk cf`somkre huk`es f deles, e pertor mk sus prfpoes kxpkrok`coe kxpkrok`coes. s.
Omk`toioce eccof`ks quk ceuse` delkster f hok`kster e sä dosdf f e sus cfdpeõkrfs, y les kxploce cf` rezf`ks sk`colles.
Omk`toioce sotuecof`ks y cfdpfrtedok`tfs quk lk ceuse` egremf f mksegremf, y kxploce mk de`kre sk`colle pfr quï.
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Kxploce cf` ergudk`tfs sk`collfs pfr quï cf`somkre huk`es f deles mktkrdo`emes eccof`ks f sotuecof`ks.
Kxploce les rezf`ks mk pfr quï u`e eccoó` ks cfrrkcte f o`cfrrkcte, e pertor mk sus kxpkrok`coes, y prfpf`k eccof`ks quk sk ejustk` e les `frdes y e lfs pro`copofs ïtocfs.
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rklejecoó` y vosuelozecoó`) mk ecukrmf e le sotuecoó` quk sk prksk`te. Ergudk`te su pfsture k` sotuecof`ks prfpoes mk su kmem, rkelks f sodulemes, quk o`vflucre` u` molkde dfrel, cf`somkre`mf códf kstes eikcte` e ïl f e lfs mkdås. Kvelúe sus eccof`ks k` sotuecof`ks mk cf`iloctf dfrel y sk ple`tke cfdpfrtedok`tfs tfde`mf k` cuk`te les `frdes sfcoelks y lfs pro`copofs ïtocfs. Kjkdplf:
Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “@f beges e ftrf lf quk `f
^ertocope k` jukgfs y ftres ectovomemks mk le vome cftomoe`e so` beckr mosto`cof`ks mk gï`krf.
Kxploce les moikrk`coes y sodolotumks k`trk les `oões y lfs `oõfs, skõele`mf quk tfmfs pukmk` rkelozer les dosdes ectovomemks te`tf k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove cfdf k` le cese, y sk rklecof`e mk ifrde rkspktufse cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs.
Kxploce quk lfs `oõfs y les `oões pukmk` esudor les dosdes rkspf`seholomemks rkspf`seholomemks y terkes, y quk pukmk` kstehlkckr lezfs mk edostem hesemfs k` kl rkspktf.
Sk rklecof`e cf` `oões y `oõfs cf` oguelmem y rkspktf, rkcf`fck quk pukmk mkserrfller movkrses beholomemks e pertor mk les kxpkrok`coes vovomes y rkeloze ectovomemks quk lk pkrdotk` ifrtelkckr sus rklecof`kss mk edostem. rklecof`k
Sk rklecof`e cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs cf` oguelmem, rkspktf y cuomemf mkl ftrf1 rkcbeze cuelquokr de`oikstecoó` de`oikstecoó ` mk voflk`coe mk gï`krf (dk`sejks skxostes, lk`guejk y tretf fik`sovf pere le dujkr, k`trk ftrfs) k` kl eule, k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove y k` su iedoloe.
quokrks quk tk pfr bege` to— (pere kxplocer quïe `f ks huk`f pf`kr epfmfs e sus cfdpeõkrfs). ^ertocope k` movkrses ectovomemks cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs k` sotuecof`ks mk oguelmem, cuome`mf y rkspkte`mf su kspecof pkrsf`el, su cukrpf y kl mk lfs mkdås. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxogk u` tretf rkspktufsf pfr pertk mk sus cfdpeõkrfs. ^ågo`e 77 mk 77 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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Omk`toioce e les pkrsf`es quk lk dukstre` eikctf y lf beck` sk`tor prftkgomf y skgurf1 rkcurrk e klles cue`mf les `kcksote.
Moelfge cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs, cf` kl epfyf mkl mfck`tk, sfhrk sotuecof`ks sodulemes f pkrsf`elks k` les quk beye pklogrf mk vul`krecoó` mk su kspecof pkrsf`el. Kxploce quï pukmk beckr y e quoï`ks pukmk rkcurror k` ksfs cesfs.
Xkcf`fck e quï pkrsf`es pukmk rkcurror k` sotuecof`ks mk roksgf f k` sotuecof`ks mf`mk sk vul`kre su provecomem
Omk`toioce sotuecof`ks quk eikcte` su provecomem f quk lf pf`k` k` roksgf, y kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk huscer eyume rkcurrok`mf e pkrsf`es quk lk me` skguromem.
Mkscrohk sotuecof`ks quk pf`k` k` roksgf su o`tkgromem, esä cfdf les cf`muctes pere kvoterles f prftkgkrsk
^rfpf`k cf`muctes pere prftkgkrsk k` sotuecof`ks quk pf`k` k` roksgf su o`tkgromem cf` rklecoó` e su skxuelomem. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce sflf cf` pkrsf`es cf`fcomes k` les rkmks sfcoelks, `f eckpte o`votecof`ks mk mkscf`fcomfs.
^ågo`e 72 mk 72 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL =.;.8.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@YOYK _ ^EX]OCO^E MKDFCXÅ]OCEDK@]K K@ LE HÚSU[KME MKL HOK@ CFDÚ@— CFDÚ@— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce cfdho`er les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • O`tkrectúe cf` tfmes les pkrsf`es: ks mkcor, rkcf`fck e tfmfs cfdf pkrsf`es velofses y cf` mkrkcbfs, dukstre prkfcupecoó` pfr kl ftrf, rkspkte les moikrk`coes y sk k`roqukck mk klles. Ectúe irk`tk e les mosto`tes ifrdes mk moscrodo`ecoó` (pfr gï`krf, ik`ftopf, frogk` ït`ocf, lk`gue, moscepecomem, frok`tecoó` skxuel, kmem, `ovkl sfcofkcf`ódocf, k`trk ftres) y rkilkxof`e sfhrk les movkrses sotuecof`ks quk vul`kre` le cf`vovk`coe mkdfcråtoce. • Cf`struyk `frdes y esudk ecukrmfs y lkyks: kl kstumoe`tk pertocope k` le cf`struccoó` mk `frdes, les rkspkte y kvelúe k` rklecoó` e lfs pro`copofs quk les sustk`te`, esä cfdf cudplk lfs ecukrmfs y les lkyks, rkcf`fcok`mf le odpfrte`coe mk kstes pere le cf`vovk`coe1 pere lf cuel, de`kje o`ifrdecoó` y cf`ckptfs rklecof`emfs cf` le cf`vovk`coe (cfdf le kquomem, kl rkspktf y le lohkrtem) y beck suyfs lfs pro`copofs mkdfcråtocfs (le eutfiu`mecoó`, le skculeromem, le o`ckrtomudhrk, le ïtoce, le cfdplkjomem y lf púhlocf). • De`kje cf`iloctfs mk de`kre cf`structove: ks quk kl kstumoe`tk ectúk cf` kdpetäe y eskrtovomem irk`tk e kllfs y pf`ge k` pråctoce peutes y kstretkgoes pere rksflvkrlfs mk de`kre pecäioce y crketove, cf`trohuyk`mf e cf`struor cfdu`omemks mkdfcråtoces1 pere lf cuel pertk mk cfdprk`mkr kl cf`iloctf cfdf o`bkrk`tk
e les rklecof`ks bude`es, esä cfdf mkserrfller crotkrofs pere kveluer sotuecof`ks k` les quk kstfs fcurrk`. • Mklohkre sfhrk esu`tfs púhlocfs: ks quk pertocopk k` u` prfcksf mk rkilkxoó` y moålfgf sfhrk esu`tfs quk o`vflucre` e tfmfs, mf`mk sk ple`tke` movkrsfs pu`tfs mk voste y sk husce llkger e cf`sk`sfs frok`temfs el hok` cfdú`. Supf`k cf`struor u`e pfsocoó` prfpoe sfhrk mocbfs esu`tfs he så`mfsk k` ergudk`tfs rezf`emfs, le o`stotucof`elomem, kl Kstemf mk mkrkcbf y lfs pro`copofs mkdfcråtocfs, esä cfdf velfrer y cf`tr epf`kr les movkrses pfsocof`ks. • ^ertocope k` eccof`ks quk prfdukvk` kl hok`kster cfdú`: ks quk prfpf`ge y gkstof`k o`ocoetoves vo`culemes cf` kl o`tkrïs cfdú` y cf` le prfdfcoó` y mkik`se mk lfs mkrkcbfs bude`fs, te`tf k` le kscukle cfdf k` le cfdu`omem. ^ere kllf, sk eprfpoe y utoloze ce`elks y dkce`osdfs mk pertocopecoó` mkdfcråtoce.
^ågo`e 7? mk 7? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@YOYK _ ^EX]OCO^E MKDFCXÅ]OCEDK@]K K@ LE HÚSU[KME MKL HOK@ CFDÚ@— CFDÚ@— CE^ECOMEMKS: O`tkrectúe cf` tfmes les pkrsf`es. Cf`struyk `frdes y esudk ecukrmfs y lkyks. De`kje cf`iloctfs mk de`kre cf`structove. Mklohkre sfhrk esu`tfs púhlocfs. ^ertocope k` eccof`ks quk prfdukvk` kl hok`kster cfdú`.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk cue`mf sk rklecof`e cf` lfs mkdås rkspkte`mf les moikrk`coes y cudplok`mf cf` sus mkhkrks. Cf`fck les cfstudhrks y cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoc es mk les pkrsf`es mk su lfcelomem f rkgoó`. Cf`struyk mk de`kre cflkctove ecukrmfs y `frdes. [se kstretkgoes sk`colles pere rksflvkr cf`iloctfs. Xkeloze eccof`ks kspkcäioces pere kl hk`kiocof mk tfmfs e pertor mk le mklohkrecoó` sfhrk esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs cfdú` tfde`mf cfdf iuk`tk sus kxpkrok`coes prkvoes.
Cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk cue`mf sk rklecof`e cf` lfs mkdås rkspkte`mf les moikrk`coes, kxprkse`mf su mksecukrmf irk`tk e sotuecof`ks quk vul`kre` le cf`vovk`coe y cudplok`mf cf` sus mkhkrks. Cf`fck les de`oikstecof`ks culturelks mk su lfcelomem, rkgoó` f peäs. Cf`struyk y kvelúe ecukrmfs y `frdes tfde`mf k` cuk`te kl pu`tf mk voste mk lfs mkdås. Xkcurrk el moålfgf pere de`kjer cf`iloctfs. ^rfpf`k y rkeloze eccof`ks cflkctoves frok`temes el hok`kster cfdú` e pertor mk le mklohkrecoó` sfhrk esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs púhlocf, k` le quk sk me cuk`te quk kxostk` fpo`of`ks mosto`tes e le suye.
Cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk cue`mf sk rklecof`e cf` lfs mkdås, rkspkte`mf les moikrk`coes, lfs mkrkcbfs mk ceme u`f, cudplok`mf y kvelue`mf sus mkhkrks. Sk o`tkrkse pfr rklecof`ersk cf` pkrsf`es mk cultures mosto`tes y cf`fckr sus cfstudhrks. Cf`struyk y kvelúe `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe tfde`mf k` cuk`te sus mkrkcbfs. De`kje cf`iloctfs utoloze`mf kl moålfgf y le dkmoecoó` cf` hesk k` crotkrofs mk oguelmem f kquomem. ^rfpf`k, ple`oioce y rkeloze eccof`ks cflkctoves frok`temes el hok` cfdú`, le sflomeromem, le prftkccoó` mk les pkrsf`es vul`krehlks y le mkik`se mk sus mkrkcbfs. Mklohkre sfhrk esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs púhlocf p úhlocf cf` ergudk`tfs hesemfs k` iuk`tks y tfde k` cuk`te le fpo`oó` mk lfs mkdås.
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze
coclf OOO, cfdfrkeloze mkskdpkõfs lfs soguok`tks: Kstehlkck rklecof`ks cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs rkspkte`mf sus cerectkrästoces iäsoces f
OY, cfdf rkeloze lfs coclf mkskdpkõfs lfs soguok`tks: u` tretf Cfdpertk ectovomemks cf` Dukstre sus cfdpeõkrfs rkspktufsf k o`clusovf cf` rkspkte`mf sus moikrk`coes sus cfdpeõkrfs mk eule y y tretå`mflfs cf` kxprkse su mksecukrmf k`
Y, cfdfrkeloze lfs coclf mkskdpkõfs lfs soguok`tks: u` tretf Dukstre u` tretf Dukstre rkspktufsf k o`clusovf cf` rkspktufsf k o`clusovf cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs mk eule y sus cfdpeõkrfs mk eule y kxprkse su mksecukrmf k` prfpf`k eccof`ks pere
mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
mkskdpkõfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks:
cfdf
mkskdpkõfs soguok`tks:
cfdf
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs so` moscrodo`erlfs. ^rfpf`k eccof`ks pere dkjfrer le ^ågo`e 2> mk 2> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
o`tkreccoó` k`trk cfdpeõkrfs, e pertor mk le rkilkxoó` sfhrk cf`muctes prfpoes f mk ftrfs, k` les quk sk kvomk`coe` lfs prkjuocofs y kstkrkftopfs dås cfdu`ks mk su k`tfr`f (mk gï`krf, recoelks, k`trk ftrfs). Kvelúe kl cudplodok`tf mk sus mkhkrks y lfs mk sus cfdpeõkrfs, y prfpf`k códf dkjfrerlf. Sk cfdu`oce pfr movkrsfs dkmofs cf` pkrsf`es mk u`e culture mosto`te e le suye (eirfmksck`mok`tk,
culturelks. Omk`toioce sus mkrkcbfs y cudplk cf` sus mkhkrks k` kl eule mk ecukrmf e su kmem, pere hk`kiocof mk tfmfs.
edeholomem y rkspktf. sotuecof`ks mk deltretf k` Cudplk cf` sus mkhkrks k` su o`stotucoó` kmucetove. kl eule, pere hk`kiocof mk Cudplk cf` sus mkhkrks. tfmfs y mk ecukrmf e su kmem. kmem.
sotuecof`ks rkelks k bopftïtoces mk deltretf y moscrodo`ecoó` pfr rezf`ks mk kt`oe, kmem, gï`krf f moscepecomem (`oõfs, e`coe`fs y pkrsf`es cf` moscepecomem). Cudplk cf` sus mkhkrks. mkhkrks.
dkjfrer le cf`vovk`coe e pertor mk le rkilkxoó` sfhrk cf`muctes prfpoes f mk ftrfs. Kvelúe kl cudplodok`tf mk sus mkhkrks.
Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces culturelks quk mosto`guk` el pukhlf mk frogk` mk sus iedoloerks (heolks, cfdomes,
Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces culturelks quk mosto`guk` e su lfcelomem f rkgoó` (heolks, cfdomes,
Mkscrohk elgu`es de`oikstecof`kss culturelks de`oikstecof`k mk su lfcelomem f mk su pukhlf mk frogk`. Sk
Kxploce elgu`es de`oikstecof`ks de`oikstecof `ks culturelks mk su lfcelomem, rkgoó` f peäs. Sk rkiokrk e sä dosdf
Dukstre o`tkrïs pfr pertocoper k` ectovomemks quk lk pkrdote` rklecof`ersk cf` sus
cfdpeõkrfss y pkrsf`es mk tuså`, `osko, k`trk ftres), vkstodk`te, ktc.) y les vkstodk`te, ktc.) y les rkiokrk e sä dosdf cfdf cfdf o`tkgre`tk mk u`e cfdpeõkrf cfdpertk. cfdpertk. o`tkgre`tk mk u`e lfcelomem kspkcäioce f mk mosto`tes cultures pere pere eprk`mkr mk klle
^ertocope k` le klehfrecoó` ^ertocope k` le klehfrecoó klehfrecoó` ` mk ecukrmfs y `frdes, y mk ecukrmfs y `frdes quk lfs cudplk. rkilkjk` kl huk` tretf k`trk cfdpeõkrfs, y lfs cudplk. cudplk.
lfcelomem u` pukhlf kspkcäioce frogo`erof. f mk ^ertocope k` le klehfrecoó` klehfrecoó` mk ecukrmfs y `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe k` kl eule, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs mkl `oõf, y kscucbe les prfpukstes mk sus cfdpeõkrfs1 kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk le pertocopecoó` mk tfmfs k` mocbe klehfrecoó`
u` pukhlf frogo`erof.
cf`fckr sus cfstudhrks.
^ertocope k` le klehfrecoó klehfrecoó` ` mk ecukrmfs y `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe k` kl eule, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs mkl `oõf, y cf`somkre les prfpukstes mk sus cfdpeõkrfs. Kvelúe kl cudplodok`tf mk mocbfs ecukrmfs y `frdes, y prfpf`k códf dkjfrerlf.
^ertocope k` le cf`struccoó` cf`sk`sueme mk `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe mkl eule, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs mkl `oõf, y kvelúe su cudplodok`tf.
^ertocope k` le cf`struccoó` cf`sk`sueme mk `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe mkl eule, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs mkhkrks y mkrkcbfs mkl `oõf, y kvelúe su cudplodok`tf. Cudplk cf` sus mkhkrks y prfdukvk quk sus cfdpeõkrfs tedhoï` lf bege`.
^ågo`e 25 mk 25 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
[toloze kstretkgoes pere de`kjer sus cf`iloctfs k` kl eule cf` eyume mk u` emultf1 mk kste de`kre, prfpocoe kl huk` tretf k`trk cfdpeõkrfs.
[toloze kstretkgoes pere de`kjer sus cf`iloctfs k` kl eule cf` eyume mk u` emultf1 mk kste de`kre, prfpocoe kl huk` tretf k`trk cfdpeõkrfs.
O`tkrvok`k el fhskrver u` cf`iloctf k`trk cfdpeõkrfs: rkcurrk el moålfgf f e u` emultf ckrce`f pere quk o`tkrvk`ge so ks `kckserof.
^rfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` e lfs cf`iloctfs pfr lfs quk etrevokse: rkcurrk el moålfgf y e le o`tkrvk`coó` mk dkmoemfrks so lf crkk `kckserof.
[toloze kl moålfgf y le `kgfcoecoó` pere supkrer lfs cf`iloctfs. Kxploce quk lfs cf`iloctfs sk frogo`e` pfr `f rkcf`fckr e lfs ftrfs cfdf sujktfs cf` lfs dosdfs mkrkcbfs y pfr ielte mk cf`trfl mk les kdfcof`ks.
Xkcurrk el moålfgf f e dkmoemfrks pere sflucof`er cf`iloctfs y huscer le oguelmem f kquomem1 prfpf`k eltkr`etovess mk sflucoó`. eltkr`etove
Mklohkre sfhrkk`ietoze`mf esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs cfdú` k` lfs quk sk gk`kre` mure`tk le cf`vovk`coe moeroe k` kl eule, pere prfpf`kr y pertocoper k` ectovomemks cflkctoves frok`temes el hok`kster mk tfmfs, e pertor mk le omk`toiocecoó` mk `kcksomemks.
Mklohkre sfhrkk`ietoze`mf esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs cfdú` k` lfs quk sk gk`kre` mure`tk le cf`vovk`coe moeroe k` kl eule, pere prfpf`kr y pertocoper k` ectovomemks cflkctoves frok`temes el rkcf`fcodok`tf y rkspktf mk sus mkrkcbfs cfdf `oõfs y `oões, e pertor mk sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es.
Mklohkre esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs sfhrk púhlocf pere prfpf`kr y pertocoper k` ectovomemks cflkctoves frok`temes el hok` cfdú` (skguromem voel, k`trk ftres), e pertor mk sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es, y rkcf`fck quk kxostk` fpo`of`ks mosto`tes e le suye.
Mklohkre sfhrk (prfhlkdes esu`tfs mk o`tkrïs púhlocf mk skguromem voel, mklo`cuk`coe juvk`ol, o`cudplodok`tf mk sus mkrkcbfs, ktc.) pere prfpf`kr y pertocoper k` ectovomemks cflkctoves frok`temes el hok` cfdú`, y rkcf`fck quk kxostk` fpo`of`ks mosto`tes e le suye.
^rfpf`k, mk u` moeg`óstocfe pertor y mk le mklohkrecoó` mklohkrecoó ` sfhrk esu`tfs púhlocfs, eccof`ks frok`temes el hok` cfdú`, le sflomeromem, le prftkccoó` mk pkrsf`es vul`krehlks y le mkik`se mk sus mkrkcbfs. Sustk`te su pfsocoó` heså`mfsk k` iuk`tks.
^rfpf`k, mk u` moeg`óstocfe pertor y mk le mklohkrecoó` sfhrk esu`tfs púhlocfs, eccof`ks frok`temess el hok` cfdú`, frok`teme le sflomeromem, le prftkccoó` mk pkrsf`es vul`krehlks y le mkik`se mk sus mkrkcbfs, tfde`mf k` cuk`te le fpo`oó` mk lfs mkdås. Sustk`te su pfsocoó` heså`mfsk k` iuk`tks.
^ågo`e 28 mk 28 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL =.;.8.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K O@]KX^XK]ECOF@KS BOS]ÓXOCES— BOS]ÓXOCES— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • O`tkrprkte crätocedk`tk iuk`tks movkrses: ks rkcf`fckr le movkrsomem mk iuk`tks y su moikrk`tk utolomem pere ehfrmer u` bkcbf f prfcksf bostórocf. Supf`k uhocerles k` su cf`tkxtf y cfdprk`mkr, mk de`kre crätoce, quk kstes rkilkje` u`e pkrspkctove pertoculer y tok`k` moikrk`tks g remfs mk ioeholomem. ]edhoï` odploce rkcurror e dúltoplks iuk`tks. • Cfdprk`mk kl tokdpf bostórocf: ks user les `fcof`ks rkletoves el tokdpf mk de`kre pkrto`k`tk, rkcf`fcok`mf quk lfs sostkdes mk dkmocoó` tkdpfrel sf` cf`vk`cof`ks quk mkpk`mk` mk mosto`tes tremocof`ks culturelks y quk kl tokdpf bostórocf tok`k moikrk`t ks murecof`ks. Esodosdf, odploce frmk`er lfs bkcbfs y prfcksfs bostórocfs crf`flógocedk`tk y kxplocer lfs cedhofs, pkrde`k`coes y sodulte`komemks quk sk me` k` kllfs. • Klehfre kxplocecof`ks sfhrk prfcksfs bostórocfs: ks jkrerquozer les ceuses mk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs rklecof`e`mf les dftovecof`ks mk sus prftegf`ostes cf` su cfsdfvosoó` y le ïpfce k` le quk vovokrf`. ]edhoï` ks kstehlkckr les dúltoplks cf`skcuk`coes mk lfs prfcksfs mkl pesemf y sus odploce`coes k` kl prksk`tk, esä cfdf rkcf`fckr quk kstk ve cf`struyk`mf `ukstrf iuturf.
^ågo`e 23 mk 23 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: CF@S]X[_K O@]KX^XK]ECOF@KS BOS]ÓXOCES
CE^ECOMEMKS: O`tkrprkte crätocedk`tk iuk`tks movkrses. Cfdprk`mk kl tokdpf bostórocf. Klehfre kxplocecof`ks sfhrk prfcksfs bostórocfs.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces k` les quk mkscrohk lfs cedhofs fcurromfs k` su iedoloe y cfdu`omem e pertor mk cfdperer kl prksk`tk y kl pesemf, y mk rkcf`fckr elgu`es ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk kstfs cedhofs. Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk kl pesemf mk movkrsfs topfs mk iuk`tks, esä cfdf kxprksof`ks tkdpfrelks prfpoes mk le vome cftomoe`e. Skcuk`coe bkcbfs f eccof`ks cftomoe`es fcurromfs k` pkrofmfs mk tokdpf cfrtfs k omk`toioce eccof`ks sodultå`kes.
Cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces k` les quk `erre bkcbfs y prfcksfs rklecof`emfs e le bostfroe mk su rkgoó`, k` lfs quk o`cfrpfre dås mk u`e modk`soó` y rkcf`fck movkrses ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes. [toloze o`ifrdecoó` mk movkrses iuk`tks e pertor mk omk`toiocer les dås pkrto`k`tks pere rkspf`mkr sus prkgu`tes. Frge`oze skcuk`coes pere cfdprk`mkr cedhofs fcurromfs e trevïs mkl tokdpf, eploce`mf tïrdo`fs rklecof`emfs el tokdpf.
Cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces k` les quk kxploce, mk de`kre gk`krel, prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs, kdplke`mf elgu`es cetkgfräes tkdpfrelks. Omk`toioce les ceuses o`dkmoetes y lkje`es quk mksk`cemk`erf` mocbfs prfcksfs, esä cfdf les cf`skcuk`coes cuyfs kikctfs sk vk` mk o`dkmoetf f e lergf plezf. Frmk`e crf`flógocedk`tk prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs y mkscrohk elgu`fs cedhofs, pkrde`k`coes y sodulte`komemks prfmucomfs k` kllfs. [toloze o`ifrdecoó` mk movkrses movkrses iuk`tks e p pertor ertor mk omk`toiocer su frogk` y mosto`guok`mf elgu`es moikrk`coes k`trk les vkrsof`ks quk me` sfhrk lfs prfcksfs bostórocfs.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof o`tkrprktecof`ks `ks bostóroces y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`k o`tkrprktecof`kss bostóroces y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
o`ifrdecoó` Omk`toioce
Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mk Fhtok`k sä dosdf fcftomoe`fs sfhrk movkrsfs bkcbfs mkl pesemf, e pertor mkl tkstodf`of frel mk mfs f dås pkrsf`es, y mk fhjktfs k` mksusf, iftfgreiäes, ktc.
odågk`ks tkstodf`ofs y fhjktfs e`togufs, mk pkrsf`es y kxprksof`ks tkdpfrelks prfpoes mk le vome cftomoe`e, y rkcf`fck quk kstfs lk hro`me` deyfr o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk su
eckrce mkl prfcksf pfhledok`tf edkroce`fmkly mk les prodkres he`mes e les prodkres elmkes k` kl ^krú, k` tkxtfs cfrtfs, esä cfdf k` kmoiocofs e`togufs
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks o`tkrprktec of`ks bostóroces y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: iuk`tks Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk
Sklkccof`e iuk`tks quk lk
u` bkcbf mksmk f prfcksf bostórocf, kl Yorrko`etf Yorrko`et f beste kl prfcksf mk le O`mkpk`mk`coe mkl ^krú, e pertor mk cuemrfs kstemästocfs, gråiocfs
prfpfrcof`e` sfhrk bkcbfs o`ifrdecoó` y prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs mkl soglf ROR y RR, y lfs uhoce k` kl dfdk`tf k` quk sk prfmujkrf`.
pkrto`k`tks pkrto`k`tk s quk cf`tk`ge` le o`ifrdecoó` quk `kcksote pere rkspf`mkr prkgu`tes rklecof`emes cf` les pro`copelks sfcokmemks prkbospå`oces y le Cf`quoste.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks o`tkrprktecof `ks bostóroces y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 2= mk 2= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
bostfroe iedoloer y le mk su f cf`ju`tfs erqukflógocfs cfdu`omem. mk le lfcelomem. Kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk iuk`tks bostóroces, cfdf tkxtfs, kmoiocofs e`togufs f cf`ju`tfs erqukflógocfs mk le lfcelomem1 omk`toioce el eutfr f cflkctovf bude`f quk les prfmujf.
Frmk`e bkcbfs f eccof`ks Skcuk`coe eccof`ks f Skcuk`coe mk su vome cftomoe`e bkcbfs cftomoe`fs mk su fhjktfs use`mf kxprksof`ks quk vome pkrsf`el, iedoloer y mk utoloze`mf
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
sk`collfs f o`vkstogecof`ks bostóroces. Omk`toioce k` quï sk moikrk`coe` les `errecof`ks sfhrk u` dosdf ecf`tkcodok`tf ecf`tkcodok `tf mkl pesemf rklecof`emf cf` kl Yorrko`etf y kl prfcksf mk O`mkpk`mk`coe mkl ^krú.
Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk bkcbfs cf`crktfs k` iuk`tks mk movulgecoó` y moiusoó` bostóroce (k`coclfpkmoes, pågo`es wkhs, lohrfs mk tkxtf, vomkfs, ktc.), y le utoloze pere rkspf`mkr prkgu`tes cf` rklecoó` e les pro`copelks sfcokmemks e`mo`es, prko`ces k o`ces, y le Cf`quoste. odågk`ks, Skcuk`coe odågk`ks, Skcuk`coe f bkcbfs fhjktfs f bkcbfs, y crf`flógocedk`tk les cetkgfräes mkscrohk elgu`es gre`mks ktepes
9¾ GXEMF
Omk`toioce les moikrk`coes k`trk les vkrsof`ks quk les iuk`tks prksk`te` sfhrk bkcbfs f prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs mkl soglf ROR y RR.
Skcuk`coe mosto`tfs bkcbfs mk le bostfroe lfcel, rkgof`el y `ecof`el mkl
tkdpfrelkss (e`tks, ebfre y cerectkrästoces bege` rkikrk`coe el pesf le cfdu`omem, y rkcf`fck tkdpfrelk quk cf`vk`cof`elks mk mkl tokdpf: eykr, bfy, equkllfs quk suckmk` mk mkspuïs1 eõfs, mïcemes y dukstre` lfs cedhofs k` bostfroe `ecof`el deõe`e1 e`tks, ebfre1 el de`kre sodultå`ke. o`ocof, el io`el1 ducbf tokdpf, pfcf tokdpf.
soglfs)1 mkscrohk elgu`es cerectkrästoces quk dukstre` lfs cedhofs k` movkrsfs espkctfs mk le vome cftomoe`e y mk le bostfroe mkl pfhledok`tf edkroce`f beste kl prfcksf mk skmk`terozecoó`.
movkrsfs espkctfs mk le mosto`guk vome cftomoe`e y mk les cerectkroze. gre`mks ktepes cf`vk`cof`elks mk le bostfroe mkl ^krú utoloze`mf cetkgfräes tkdpfrelks (eõfs, mïcemes y soglfs).
quï
le ^krú mk lfs soglfs ROR y RR1 cedhofs, y omk`toioce les pkrde`k`coes sodulte`komemks.
y
Omk`toioce cedhofs y pkrde`k`coes pkrde`k`co es cf` rklecoó` e le kcf`fdäe, le pflätoce y le sfcokmem k`trk kl Yorrko`etf Yorrko`et f y le ectuelomem.
^ågo`e 2; mk 2; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
Mkscrohk ecf`tkcodok`tfs mk su bostfroe pkrsf`el y iedoloer, k` lfs quk cfdpere kl prksk`tk y kl pesemf1 omk`toioce elgu`e ceuse mk lfs cedhofs.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
Mkscrohk ecf`tkcodok`tfs mk su bostfroe y mk le cfdu`omem e pertor mk fhjktfs, odågk`ks y tkstodf`ofs mk pkrsf`es, k` lfs quk cfdpere kl prksk`tk y kl pesemf1 omk`toioce elgu`es ceuses y pfsohlks cf`skcuk`coes mk lfs cedhofs.
@erre bostórocfs, cfdf prfcksfs kl pfhledok`tf edkroce`f y kl mk le skmk`terozecoó`1 rkcf`fck dås mk u`e ceuse y elgu`es cf`skcuk`coes.
=¾ GXEMF
Kxploce bkcbfs f prfcksfs bostórocfs clevks mk su rkgoó`, mk les pro`copelks sfcokmemks e`mo`es, prkä`ces k o`ces, y le Cf`quoste1 rkcf`fck les ceuses quk lfs frogo`erf` y sus cf`skcuk`coes tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te dås mk u`e modk`soó` (pflätoce, kcf`ódoce, edhok`tel, sfcoel, culturel, k`trk ftres).
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Omk`toioce elgu`es ceuses quk tok`k` frogk` k` eccof`ks o`movomuelks y ftres quk sk frogo`e` k` eccof`ks cflkctoves, cf` rklecoó` el Yorrko`etf y el prfcksf mk O`mkpk`mk`coe mkl ^krú.
Kxploce bkcbfs f prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs mkl soglf ROR y RR utoloze`mf cetkgfräes tkdpfrelks rklecof`emess cf` kl tokdpf rklecof`eme bostórocf, k omk`toioce elgu`es ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes o`dkmoetes y mk lergf plezf.
Kxploce kl prfcksf O`mkpk`mk`coe mkl ^krúmky Sumedïroce1 rkcf`fck le pertocopecoó` pertocopecoó ` mk bfdhrks y dujkrks k` mocbfs ecf`tkcodok`tfs.
Kxploce bkcbfs y prfcksfs bostórocfs pkrue`fs mkl soglf ROR y RR1 rkcf`fck le pertocopecoó` mk bfdhrks y dujkrks k` kllfs
^ågo`e 29 mk 29 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL =.;.8.=. Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E XKS^F@SEHLKDK@]K KL KS^ECOF _ KL EDHOK@]K— EDHOK@]K— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks: ks kxplocer les mo`ådoces y tre`sifrdecof`ks mkl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk, e pertor mkl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks quk lfs cfdpf`k`, esä cfdf mk les o`tkreccof`ks quk sk me` k`trk edhfs e kscele lfcel, `ecof`el f glfhel. • De`kje iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` pere cfdprk`mkr kl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk: ks user mosto`tes iuk`tks: sfcofculturelks, gkfrrkikrk`coemes, certfgråioces, iftfgråioces k odågk`ks movkrses, cuemrfs y gråiocfs kstemästocfs, k`trk ftrfs, pere e`elozer kl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk, frok`tersk, mksplezersk y remocer k` ïl. • Gk`kre eccof`ks pere cf`skrver kl edhok`tk lfcel y glfhel: ks prfpf`kr y pf`kr k` pråctoce eccof`ks frok`temes el cuomemf mkl edhok`tk, e cf`trohuor e le dotogecoó` y emeptecoó` el cedhof clodåtocf, y e le gkstoó` mk roksgf mk mksestrk. Kstf supf`k e`elozer kl odpectf mk les prfhlkdåtoces edhok`telks y tkrrotfroelks k` le vome mk les pkrsf`es.
CE^ECOMEMKS: Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks.
De`kje iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` pere cfdprk`mkr kl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk. Gk`kre eccof`ks pere cf`skrver kl edhok`tk lfcel y glfhel. OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y edhok`tk el mkserrfller ectovomemks sk`colles irk`tk e lfs prfhlkdes y pklogrfs quk lf eikcte`. Kxploce mk de`kre sk`colle s k`colle les rklecof`ks morkctes quk sk me` k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks mk su kspecof cftomoe`f. [toloze pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe pere uhocersk, mksplezersk y rkprksk`ter su kspecof.
Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y edhok`tk el rkelozer ectovomemks ectovomemks kspkcäioces pere su s u cuomemf e pertor mk rkcf`fckr les ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk lfs prfhlkdes edhok`telks. Xkcf`fck códf sus eccof`ks cftomoe`es odpecte` k` kl edhok`tk, k` kl celk`tedok`tf glfhel y k` su hok`kster, k omk`toioce lfs lugerks vul`krehlks y skgurfs mk su kscukle, irk`tk e roksgfs mk mksestrks. Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs kspecofs gkfgråiocfs y kl edhok`tk mk su lfcelomem f rkgoó`. [toloze rkprksk`tecof`ks rkprksk`tecof`ks certfgråioces sk`colles, tfde`mf k` cuk`te lfs pu`tfs cermo`elks y ftrfs klkdk`tfs certfgråiocfs, pere uhocer klkdk`tfs mkl kspecof.
Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y edhok`tk el rkelozer irkcuk`tkdk`tk ectovomemks pere su cuomemf y el mosdo`uor lfs iectfrks mk vul`kreholomem irk`tk el cedhof clodåtocf y e lfs roksgfs mk mksestrks k` su kscukle. [toloze mosto`tes iuk`tks y bkrredok`tes certfgråioces certfgråioc es y sfcofculturelks sfcofculturelks pere uhocer klkdk`tfs k` kl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk, y cfdpere kstfs kspecofs e moikrk`tks ksceles cf`somkre`mf le eccoó` mk lfs ectfrks sfcoelks. Kxploce les prfhlkdåtoces edhok`telks y tkrrotfroelks e pertor mk sus ceuses, cf`skcuk`coes y sus de`oikstecof`ks e movkrses ksceles.
^ågo`e 27 mk 27 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Mkscrohk klkdk`tfs `eturelks lfs y sfcoelks mkl kspecof mf`mk rkeloze sus ectovomemks cftomoe`es.
Hro`me mk rklecof`ks kjkdplfs sodplks k`trk klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks mkl kspecof mf`mk rkeloze sus ectovomemks cftomoe`es y mk ftrfs kspecofs gkfgråiocfs mkl ^krú (Cfste, Sokrre, Sklve y der).
Mosto`guk klkdk`tfs `eturelks ylfs sfcoelks mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó`1 esfcoe rkcursfs `eturelks cf` ectovomemks kcf`ódoces.
Mkscrohk kspecofsy gkfgråiocfs lfsurhe`fs rurelks mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó`, y mk u` årke `eturel prftkgome1 rkcf`fck le rklecoó` k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks quk lfs cfdpf`k`.
Cfdpere klkdk`tfs `eturelks ylfs sfcoelks mk lfs kspecofs gkfgråiocfs mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó`, y mk u` årke `eturel prftkgome, y kxploce códf lfs mosto`tfs ectfrks sfcoelks o`tkrvok`k` k` su tre`sifrdecoó` mk ecukrmf e su iu`coó`.
Sk mkspleze utoloze`mf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe y `fcof`ks kspecoelks (“mkle`tk mk— - “mktrås mk—, “mkhejf mk— - “k`code mk—, “el lemf mk—, “mk`trf mk— - “iukre mk—, “ckrce mk— - “lkjfs mk—, “mkrkcbe“mkrkcbe-
Sk mkspleze k` su kspecof cftomoe`f soguok`mf o`struccof`ks pere lfcelozer fhjktfs, pkrsf`es f cf`to`uer u`e rute use`mf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk sk mkspleze mksmk le
Omk`toioce lfs klkdk`tfs certfgråiocfs quk kstå` prksk`tks k` ple`fs y depes, y lfs utoloze pere uhocer klkdk`tfs mkl kspecof gkfgråiocf mk su lfcelomem.
Omk`toioce lfs klkdk`tfs certfgråiocfs quk kstå` prksk`tks k` ple`fs y depes, y lfs utoloze pere uhocer klkdk`tfs mkl kspecof gkfgråiocf mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó`.
Mkscrohk les rklecof`ks sk kstehlkck` k`trk quk lfs klkdk`tfs `eturelks y sfcoelks mk u` mktkrdo`emf kspecof gkfgråiocf mk su lfcelomem f rkgoó`, f mk u` årke `eturel prftkgome, esä cfdf les cerectkrästoces mk le pfhlecoó` quk lf behote y les ectovomemks kcf`ódoces quk kste rkeloze. Omk`toioce lfs klkdk`tfs certfgråiocfs certfgråioc fs prksk`tks k` ple`fs y depes quk lk pkrdote` fhtk`kr o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs mkl kspecof gkfgråiocf y mkl edhok`tk.
ozquokrme—…) pere uhocersk k` su kspecof cftomoe`f. Xkprksk`te mk movkrses de`kres su kspecof cftomoe`f utoloze`mf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe.
o`stotucoó` kmucetove beste le pleze mk le cfdu`omem. Xkprksk`te su kspecof cftomoe`f mk movkrses de`kres (mohujfs, crfquos,
[toloze movkrses iuk`tks y bkrredok`tess certfgråioce bkrredok`te certfgråiocess pere fhtk`kr o`ifrdecoó` y uhocer klkdk`tfs k` kl kspecof gkfgråiocf y kl edhok`tk.
^ågo`e 22 mk 22 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Mkscrohk lfs prfhlkdes edhok`telks mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó`1 prfpf`k y rkeloze ectovomemks frok`temes e sflucof`erlfs y e dkjfrer le cf`skrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk mksmk su kscukle, kvelue`mf su kikctovomem e io` mk llkverles e cehf.
Mkscrohk lfs prfhlkdes edhok`telks mk su lfcelomem y rkgoó` k omk`toioce les eccof`ks cftomoe`es quk lfs gk`kre`, esä cfdf sus cf`skcuk`coes. E pertor mk klles, prfpf`k y rkeloze ectovomemks frok`temes frok`temes e le cf`skrvecoó` cf`skrvecoó ` mkl edhok`tk k` su o`stotucoó` kmucetove, lfcelomem y rkgoó`.
Kxploce les cerectkrästoces mk u`e prfhlkdåtoce edhok`tel, cfdf le mkifrkstecoó`, le cf`tedo`ecoó` mkl der, le mkskrtoiocecoó` mkskrtoioceco ó` y le pïrmome mk suklf, y les mk u`e prfhlkdåtoce tkrrotfroel, cfdf kl cefs k` kl tre`spfrtk,, e `ovkl lfcel. tre`spfrtk
Kxploce lfs skrvocofs edhok`telks quk hro`me` les pro`copelks årkes `eturelks prftkgomes mk su lfcelomem f rkgoó`, y prfpf`k y llkve e cehf sflucof`ks pråctoces pere pftk`coer sus sfstk`oholomem.
dequktes, ktc.) utoloze`mf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe. Dk`cof`e lfs prfhlkdes edhok`telks quk eikcte` e su kspecof cftomoe`f (cf`tedo`ecoó` (cf`tedo`ecoó ` pfr hesure y rksomufs) y lfs kikctfs mk kstfs k` su vome1 pertocope mk eccof`ks sk`colles frok`temes el cuomemf mk su edhok`tk.
Omk`toioce les pfsohlks ceuses y cf`skcuk`coes mk lfs prfhlkdes edhok`tel edhok`telks ks (cf`tedo`ecoó` mk eork, suklf y mkl eork) quk eikcte` su kspecof cftomoe`f1 pertocope mk eccof`ks sk`colles frok`temes el cuomemf mk su edhok`tk.
Kxploce
les
ceuses
y
Omk`toioce y mkscrohk les pro`copelks årkes `eturelks prftkgomes mk su lfcelomem f rkgoó`, k o`vkstoge sfhrk lfs hk`kiocofs y skrvocofs edhok`telks quk kstes ftfrge` e lfs skrks bude`fs, y sfhrk kl odpectf quk kstfs tok`k` pere su sfstk`oholomem.
Kxploce lfs iectfrks mk vul`kreholomem e`tk mksestrks `eturelks k` su o`stotucoó` kmucetove, lfcelomem y rkgoó`1 prfpf`k y kjkcute eccof`ks pere rkmucorlfs f emeptersk e kllfs.
cf`skcuk`coes mk u`e prfhlkdåtoce edhok`tel, mkl celk`tedok`tf glfhel, y mk u`e prfhlkdåtoce tkrrotfroel, cfdf le kxpe`soó` urhe`e vkrsus le rkmuccoó` mk tokrres mk cultovf, e `ovkl lfcel, rkgof`el y `ecof`el. Kxploce lfs iectfrks mk vul`kreholomem e`tk mksestrks, k` su kscukle y lfcelomem, y equkllfs iectfrks mk vul`kreholomem lfcel irk`tk e lfs kikctfs mkl cedhof clodåtocf1 prfpf`k y kjkcute eccof`ks pere rkmucorlfs. ^ågo`e 2? mk 2? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
Xkcf`fck y soguk les skõelks mk kvecuecoó` y dkmomes mk skguromem k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove e`tk pklogrfs quk lf eikcte`.
^rectoce y mkserrflle ectovomemks sk`colles pere prkvk`or eccomk`tks y ectuer k` kdkrgk`coes, k` su eule y bfger, y cf`skrver su edhok`tk: errfjer rksomufs sólomfs k` lfs tecbfs, ckrrer kl ceõf lukgf mk userlf, cuomer les
Omk`toioce k` su kscukle lfs lugerks skgurfs y vul`krehlks e`tk mksestrks mk movkrsfs topfs, y pertocope k` ectovomemks pere le prkvk`coó` (sodulecrfs, skõelozecoó`, ktc.).
ple`tes, ktc.
Omk`toioce k` su o`stotucoó` kmucetove lfs lugerks skgurfs y vul`krehlks e`tk mksestrks, y pertocope k` ectovomemks pere le prkvk`coó` (sodulecrfs, skõelozecoó`, ktc.).
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Omk`toioce lfs lugerks skgurfs mk su o`stotucoó` kmucetove e`tk mksestrks1 prfpf`k ectovomemks pere le prkvk`coó` (sodulecrfs, skõelozecoó`, ktc.) y pertocope k` klles.
Kxploce kl usf mk rkcursfs `eturelks rk`fvehlks y `f rk`fvehlks quk rkeloze su kscukle, y ple`oioce y kjkcute ectovomemks frok`temes e dkjfrer les pråctoces mk su kscukle pere le cf`skrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk rklecof`emes el de`kjf y usf mkl egue, le k`krgäe, 3X y rksomufs sólomfs, cf`skrvecoó` mk lfs kcfsostkdes, tre`spfrtk,, k`trk ftrfs. tre`spfrtk
Kxploce kl usf mk rkcursfs `eturelks rk`fvehlks y `f rk`fvehlks, y lfs petrf`ks mk cf`sudf mk su cfdu`omem, y ple`oioce y kjkcute eccof`ks frok`temes e dkjfrer les pråctoces pere le cf`skrvecoó` mkl edhok`tk, k` su kscukle y k` su lfcelomem rklecof`emes el de`kjf y usf mkl egue, le k`krgäe, 3X (rkmucor, rkuser y rkcocler) y rksomufs sólomfs, cf`skrvecoó` mk lfs kcfsostkdes tkrrkstrks y dero`fs, tre`spfrtk, k`trk ftrfs,” ftrfs, ”tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te kl sfstk`ohlk.
mkserrfllf
^ågo`e ?> mk ?> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL. =.;.8.;. Cfdpktk`coe: “GKS]OF@E XKS^F@SEHLKDK@]K LFS XKC[XSFS KCF@ÓDOCFS— KCF@ÓDOCFS— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs mkl sostkde kcf`ódocf y io`e`cokrf: io`e`cokrf: supf`k omk`toiocer lfs rflks mk lfs movkrsfs egk`tks egk` tks quk o`tkrvok`k` k` kl sostkde, e`elozer les o`tkreccof`ks k`trk kllfs y cfdprk`mkr cfd prk`mkr kl rfl mkl Kstemf k` mocbes o`tkrrklecof`ks. • ]fde mkcosof`ks kcf`ódoces y io`e`cokres: supf`k ple`oiocer kl usf mk sus rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs mk de`kre sfstk`ohlk, k` iu`coó` e sus `kcksomemks y pfsoholomemks. ]edhoï` odploce k`tk`mkr lfs sostkdes mk prfmuccoó` y mk cf`sudf, esä cfdf kjkrckr sus mkrkcbfs y mkhkrks m khkrks cfdf cf`sudomfr o`ifrdemf. CE^ECOMEMKS: Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs klkdk`tfs mkl sostkde kcf`ódocf y io`e`cokrf. ]fde mkcosof`ks kcf`ódoces y io`e`cokres.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs el Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs el Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs el
utolozer lfs hok`ks y skrvocofs cf` lfs quk cuk`te k` su moikrk`coer k`trk `kcksomemks y mkskfs, y el user lfs utolozer kl mo`krf y ftrfs rkcursfs cfdf cf`sudomfr iedoloe y k` le kscukle. Xkcf`fck quk les pkrsf`es y les skrvocofs púhlocfs mk su kspecof cftomoe`f, rkcf`fcok`mf o`ifrdemf y el rkelozer eccof`ks mk ebfrrf, o`vkrsoó` y o`stotucof`ks mk su cfdu`omem mkserrflle` ectovomemks quk tok`k` u` cfstf. Xkcf`fck quk lfs dokdhrfs mk su cuomemf mk kllfs. Kxploce kl pepkl mk le puhlocomem irk`tk kcf`ódoces pere setosieckr sus `kcksomemks y quk cfdu`omem sk vo`cule` el mkskdpkõer mosto`tes e les mkcosof`ks mk cf`sudf y k` le ple`oiocecoó` mk lfs ectovomemks kcf`ódoces kcf`ódoces y quk kstes ectovomemks o`comk` prksupukstfs pkrsf`elks y iedoloerks, esä cfdf le cf`trohuyk` e su hok`kster. odpfrte`coe mk cudplor cf` kl pegf mk odpukstfs, k` su hok`kster y k` kl mk les ftres pkrsf`es. pkrsf`es. trohutfs y mkumes cfdf dkmof pere kl hok`kster cfdú`. Kxploce lfs rflks quk cudplk` les kdprkses y kl Kstemf rkspkctf e le setosieccoó` mk les `kcksomemks kcf`ódocess y io`e`cokres mk les pkrsf`es. kcf`ódoce 5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: ^ågo`e ?5 mk ?5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
mkskdpkõfs soguok`tks:
cfdf
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
lfs
mkskdpkõfs soguok`tks:
cfdf
=¾ GXEMF
lfs
;¾ GXEMF
mkskdpkõfs soguok`tks:
Kxploce les fcupecof`ks quk mkserrflle` les pkrsf`es mk su kspecof cftomoe`f y códf etok`mk` e sus `kcksomemks y e les mk le cfdu`omem.
Kxploce quk lfs rkcursfs quk sk cf`sudk` k` su bfger k o`stotucoó` kmucetove sf` prfmuctf mk les ectovomemks kcf`ódoces quk mkserrflle` les pkrsf`es y les o`stotucof`ks mk su cfdu`omem, pere setosieckr sus `kcksomemks y fhtk`kr hok`kster1 omk`toioce eccof`ks quk lk pkrdotk` kl ebfrrf.
Kxploce quk kl trehejf quk rkeloze` sus iedoloerks y mkdås pkrsf`es pkrdotk le fhtk`coó` mk mo`krf pere le emquosocoó` mk cokrtfs hok`ks y skrvocofs cf` le io`elomem mk setosieckr les `kcksomemks mk cf`sudf.
Mkscrohk lfs rflks kcf`ódocfs quk cudplk` les pkrsf`es mk su cfdu`omem k omk`toioce les rklecof`ks quk sk kstehlkck` k`trk klles pere setosieckr sus `kcksomemks y gk`krer hok`kster k` les mkdås.
[toloze rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs rkcursfs (pkrtk`k`coes mkl kstumoe`tk) quk lk hro`me` su iedoloe y le o`stotucoó` kmucetove, y rkcf`fck quk kstfs sk egfte`.
Kxploce quk tfmf prfmuctf tok`k u` cfstf y quk el fhtk`krlf sk mkhk rktrohuor pfr kllf (o`tkrcedhof/ mo`krf/trukquk)1 prfpf`k eccof`ks, mk ecukrmf e su kmem, pere kl usf rkspf`sehlk mk lfs prfmuctfs k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove y k` su iedoloe.
[se mk de`kre rkspf`sehlk lfs rkcursfs, memf quk kstfs sk egfte`, y rkeloze eccof`ks cftomoe`es mk ebfrrf mkl usf mk hok`ks y skrvocofs quk sk cf`sudk` k` su bfger y su o`stotucoó` kmucetove.
Kjkcute eccof`ks quk cf`trohuyk` e su kcf`fdäe iedoloer moikrk`coe`mf k`trk `kcksomemks y mkskfs1 utoloze rkspf`sehlkdk`tk lfs skrvocofs púhlocfs mk su kspecof cftomoe`f y rkcf`fck quk tok`k` u` cfstf y mkhk` skr hok` utolozemfs.
cfdf
9¾ GXEMF
lfs
Kxploce kl prfcksf kcf`ódocf, kl iu`cof`edok`tf mkl dkrcemf y códf les pkrsf`es, les kdprkses y kl Kstemf (lfs egk`tks kcf`ódocfs) cudplk` mosto`tfs rflks kcf`ódocfs, sk frge`oze` y prfmuck` hok`ks y skrvocofs dkmoe`tk kl usf mkl mo`krf pere le emquosocoó` mk kstfs. Ergudk`te le odpfrte`coe mkl ebfrrf y mk le o`vkrsoó` mk rkcursfs, esä cfdf mk le culture mk pegf mk les mkumes cf`treämes.
Kxploce códf kl Kstemf prfdukvk y gere`toze lfs o`tkrcedhofs kcf`ódocfs k` moikrk`tks skctfrks y códf les kdprkses prfmuck` hok`ks y skrvocofs pere cf`trohuor el mkserrfllf sfstk`ohlk mk le sfcokmem.
Xkprksk`te mk movkrses de`kres códf o`iluyk le puhlocomem k` sus mkcosof`ks mk cf`sudf.
Kxploce cuål ks kl rfl mk le puhlocomem y códf o`iluyk k` sus mkcosof`ks mk cf`sudf y k` les mk su iedoloe.
Ergudk`te le odpfrte`coe mk cudplor cf` lfs cfdprfdosfs mk pegf mk mkumes y rkspf`seholomemks trohuteroes pere dkjfrer lfs hok`ks y skrvocofs púhlocfs.
^ågo`e ?8 mk ?8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Ergudk`te le odpfrte`coe Klehfre u` prksupukstf mk cf`fckr lfs mkrkcbfs pkrsf`el y iedoloer1 kxploce mkl cf`sudomfr. códf kl usf mkl mo`krf eikcte pfsotove f `kgetovedk`tk e les pkrsf`es y e les iedoloes1 y ifrdule ple`ks mk ebfrrf k o`vkrsoó` pkrsf`el y mk eule, mk ecukrmf cf` dktes trezemes y io`ks prkvostfs. Klehfre u` ple` mk ebfrrf ^rfdukvk ectovomemks pere y kxploce códf kl usf mkl ifdk`ter kl rkspktf mk lfs mo`krf eikcte pfsotove f mkrkcbfs mkl cf`sudomfr, rkspf`seholomem `kgetovedk`tk e les le sfcofedhok`tel mk les pkrsf`es y e les iedoloes.
kdprkses, kl ebfrrf pkrsf`el y le culture mk pegf mk odpukstfs.
^ågo`e ?3 mk ?3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Kmucecoó` Iäsoce 2. mkSk sumksk`vuklvk dftrocomem. mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs ?. Esudk u`e vome selumehlk. 5>. O`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks.
^ågo`e ?= mk ?= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.;.3. ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@ IOSOCE =.;.3.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “SK MKSK@Y[KLYK MK DE@KXE E[]Ó@FDE E ]XEYÏS MK S[ DF]XOCOMEM— DF]XOCOMEM— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cfdprk`mk su cukrpf: ks mkcor, o`tkrofroze su cukrpf k` kstemf kståtocf f k` dfvodok`tf k` rklecoó` el kspecof, kl tokdpf, lfs fhjktfs y mkdås pkrsf`es mk su k`tfr`f. • Sk kxprkse cfrpfreldk` cfrpfreldk`tk: tk: use kl lk`guejk cfrpfrel pere cfdu`ocer kdfcof`ks, sk`todok`tfs y pk`sedok`tfs. Odploce utolozer kl tf`f, lfs gkstfs, dädoces, pfstures y dfvodok`tfs pere kxprksersk, mkserrflle`mf le crketovomem el user tfmfs lfs rkcursfs quk firkck` kl cukrpf y kl df dfvodok`tf. vodok`tf. CE^ECOMEMKS: Cfdprk`mk su cukrpf. cfrpfreldk`tk. Sk kxprkse cfrpfreldk`tk.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su Sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su Sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem cue`mf cfdprk`mk códf user su cukrpf k` dftrocomem cue`mf cfdprk`mk códf user su cukrpf dftrocomem cue`mf eckpte sus pfsoholomemks y les moikrk`tks eccof`ks quk rkeloze utoloze`mf su lemf kxplfre`mf le eltkr`e`coe mk sus lemfs cfrpfrelks mk lodotecof`ks skgú` su mkserrfllf k odegk` cfrpfrel. mfdo`e`tk y rkeloze dfvodok`tfs cffrmo`emfs quk lk eyume` e sk`torsk skgurf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks iäsoces. Sk frok`te kspecoeldk`tk k` rklecoó` e sä dosdf y e ftrfs pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe. Sk kxprkse cfrpfreldk`tk cfrpfreldk `tk cf` sus perks utoloze`mf kl rotdf, gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfdf rkcursfs pere cfdu`ocer.
ecukrmf e su utolomem y ejuste`mf le pfsocoó` mkl cukrpf k` kl kspecof y k` kl tokdpf k` moikrk`tks ktepes mk les eccof`ks dftrocks, cf` u`e ectotum pfsotove y u`e vflu`tem mk kxpkrodk`ter sotuecof`ks movkrses. Kxpkrodk`te `ukves pfsoholomemks kxprksoves mk su cukrpf y les utoloze pere rklecof`ersk y cfdu`ocer omkes, kdfcof`ks, kdfcof`k s, sk`todok`tfs, pk`sedok`tfs.
Xkeloze skcuk`coes mk dfvodok`tfs cffrmo`emfs eploce`mf le eltkr`e`coe mk sus lemfs cfrpfrelks mk ecukrmf e su utolomem. ^rfmuck cf` sus perks skcuk`coes mk dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks, kxprksovfs f rätdocfs k` rklecoó` e u`e o`tk`coó`.
5¾ GXEMF
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9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: ^ågo`e ?; mk ?; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Kxplfre mk de`kre eutó`fde les pfsoholomemks mk su cukrpf k` moikrk`tks eccof`ks pere dkjfrer sus dfvodok`tfs (selter, cfrrkr, le`zer) el de`tk`kr y/f rkcupkrer kl kquolohrof k` kl kspecof y cf` lfs
Kxplfre mk de`kre eutó`fde sus pfsoholomemks mk dfvodok`tf el rkelozer cf` skguromem y cf`ioe`ze beholomemks dftrocks håsoces, dkmoe`tk dfvodok`tfs cffrmo`emfs skgú` sus o`tkrksks,
Xkcf`fck le ozquokrme y le mkrkcbe cf` rklecoó` e fhjktfs y e sus perks, pere dkjfrer sus pfsoholomemks mk dfvodok`tf k` moikrk`tks eccof`ks lúmoces.
Xkgule le pfsocoó` mkl cukrpf k` sotuecof`ks mk kquolohrof, cf` dfmoiocecoó` mkl kspecof, tk`ok`mf cfdf rkikrk`coe le treykctfroe mk fhjktfs, lfs ftrfs y sus prfpofs mksplezedok`tfs, pere eioe`zer sus beholomemks
Eploce le eltkr`e`coe mk sus lemfs cfrpfrelks mk ecukrmf e su prkikrk`coe, utolomem y/f `kcksomem, y e`tocope les eccof`ks dftrocks e rkelozer k` u` kspecof y tokdpf, pere dkjfrer les pfsoholomemks mk rkspukste k` u`e
Eploce le eltkr`e`coe mk sus lemfs cfrpfrelks mk ecukrmf e su prkikrk`coe, utolomem y/f `kcksomem, y e`tocope les eccof`ks dftrocks e rkelozer k` u` kspecof y tokdpf, pere dkjfrer les pfsoholomemks mk rkspukste k` u`e
fhjktfs, cue`mf mosto`tes utoloze cf`scok`tkdk`tk hesks mk sustk`tecoó`1 esä, cf`fck k` sä dosdf su lemf mfdo`e`tk. mfdo`e`tk. Sk frok`te k` u` kspecof y tokdpf mktkrdo`emfs, rkcf`fcok`mf su lemf ozquokrmf y mkrkcbf, y e trevïs mk les `fcof`ks “errohe-- ehejf—, “mk`trf“errohe “mk`trfiukre—, “ckrce“ckrce-lkjfs—, cf` rklecoó` e sä dosdf y mk ecukrmf e sus o`tkrksks y `kcksomemks.
`kcksomemks pfsoholomemks.
dftrocks håsoces.
ectovomem iäsoce.
ectovomem iäsoce.
Sk frok`te k` u` kspecof y tokdpf mktkrdo`emfs, cf` rklecoó` e sä dosdf, e lfs fhjktfs y e sus cfdpeõkrfs1 cffrmo`e sus dfvodok`tfs k` sotuecof`ks lúmoces y rkgule su kquolohrof el veroer le hesk mk sustk`tecoó` y le elture mk le supkriocok mk epfyf, mk kste de`kre, eioe`ze sus beholomemks dftrocks håsoces. sotuecof`ks sotuecof`ks Xksuklvk Kxplfre `ukvfs Xksuklvk dfvodok`tfs y gkstfs pere dftrocks el utolozer su dftrocks el utolozer su
Eltkr`e sus lemfs cfrpfrelkss mk ecukrmf e su cfrpfrelk utolomem y/f `kcksomem y sk frok`te k` kl kspecof y k` kl tokdpf, cf` rklecoó` e sä dosdf y e ftrfs pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe k` ectovomemks lúmoces y prkmkpfrtov prkmkpfrtoves. es.
Kxplfre y rkgule su cukrpf pere mer rkspukste e les sotuecof`ks dftrocks k` cf`tkxtfs lúmocfs y prkmkpfrtovfs1 esä, pf`k k` pråctoce les beholomemks dftrocks rklecof`emes cf` le cerrkre, kl seltf y lfs le`zedok`tfs.
• Xkgule su cukrpf pere mer rkspukste e les sotuecof`ks dftrocks k` cf`tkxtfs lúmocfs, prkmkpfrtovfs, ktc.1 mk kstk dfmf, eioe`ze les beholomemks dftrocks kspkcäioces rklecof`emes cf` le cerrkre, kl seltf y lfs le`zedok`tfs.
lk`guejk cfrpfrel (gkstfs, cf`tectf vosuel, ectotum cfrpfrel, eperok`coe, ktc.), vkrhel y sf`frf pere cfdu`ocer ectotumks, sk`secof`ks, kstemfs mk
moikrk`tks dfvodok`tfs pere kxprkser ifrdes, omkes, kdfcof`ks, sk`todok`tfs y pk`sedok`tfs k` le ectovomem iäsoce.
rkprksk`ter fhjktfs, pkrsf`ejks, kstemfs mk å`odf y rotdfs sk`collfs mk mosto`tfs frägk`ks: mk le `eturelkze, mkl prfpof cukrpf, mk le dúsoce, ktc.
y
Sk frok`te k` kl kspecof y tokdpf cf` rklecoó` e sä dosdf y e ftrfs pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe1 rkcf`fck sus pfsoholomemks mk kquolohrof cf` moikrk`tks hesks mk sustk`tecoó` k` eccof`ks lúmoces.
lk`guejk cfrpfrel (gkstf, cf`tectf vosuel, ectotum cfrpfrel, eperok`coe, ktc.), vkrhel y sf`frf, quk lf eyume` e sk`torsk skgurf, cf`ioemf y eckptemf.
su ifrde dfvodok`tfs y Kxprkse [toloze su cukrpf (pfstures, Crke gkstfs y dädoce) y mksplezedok`tfs rätdocfs pertoculer mk dfvkrsk, el k o`cfrpfre les pertoculeromemks mk su lk`guejk cfrpfrel tk`ok`mf cfdf hesk le dúsoce mk su rkgoó`, el esudor
esudor y emjumocer moikrk`tks rflks k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce, eploce`mf su lk`guejk cfrpfrel. ^ågo`e ?9 mk ?9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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[toloze su cukrpf y kl dfvodok`tf pere kxprkser omkes y kdfcof`ks k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces cf` moikrk`tks topfs mk rotdfs y dúsoce, e io` mk kxprksersk cfrpfreldk`tk cfrpfreldk `tk y dkmoe`tk kl usf mk movkrsfs klkdk`tfs.
Yovk`coe kl rotdf y sk eprfpoe mk skcuk`coes rätdoces cfrpfrelks k` sotuecof`ks mk jukgf pere kxprksersk cfrpfreldk`tk e trevïs mk le dúsoce.
9¾ GXEMF
moikrk`tks rflks k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce.
å`odf y eccof`ks quk lk pfsoholote` cfdu`ocersk dkjfr cf` lfs ftrfs y mosiruter mk les ectovomemks lúmoces. Sk kxprkse dftrozdk`tk pere cfdu`ocer sus kdfcof`ks (dokmf, e`gustoe, elkgräe, pleckr, tfrpkze, o`bohocoó`, rehoe, k`trk ftres) y rkprksk`te k` kl jukgf eccof`ks cftomoe`es mk su iedoloe y mk le cfdu`omem1 esä, eiorde su omk`tomem
;¾ GXEMF
[toloze lk`guejk cfrpfrel pere kxprkser su ifrde pertoculer mk dfvkrsk, crke`mf skcuk`coes sk`colles mk dfvodok`tfs rklecof`emfs cf` kl rotdf, le dúsoce mk su culture y le bostfroe mk su rkgoó`.
Yelfre k` sä dosdf y k` sus perks `ukves ifrdes mk dfvodok`tf y gkstfs cfrpfrelks1 mk kste de`kre, eckpte le kxostk`coe mk `ukves ifrdes mk dfvodok`tf y kxprksoó` pere cfdu`ocer omkes y kdfcof`ks k` moikrk`tks sotuecof`ks
Crke cf` sus perks u`e skcuk`coe mk dfvodok`tf dfvodok`tfss cfrpfrelks, kxprksovfs y/f rätdocfs, mk de`kre prfgredeme y kstructureme1 esä, sk kxprkse mk moikrk`tks ifrdes y cf` movkrsfs rkcursfs, e trevïs mkl cukrpf y kl dfvodok`tf,
pkrsf`el.
dftrocks.
pere cfdu`ocer omkes y kdfcof`ks.
^ågo`e ?7 mk ?7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@ IÄSOCE =.;.3.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “ES[DK [@E YOME SEL[MEHLK— SEL[MEHLK— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk le ectovomem iäsoce, elodk`tecoó`, pfsture k bogok`k pkrsf`el y mkl edhok`tk, y le selum: ks cfdprk`mkr lfs prfcksfs vo`culemfs cf` le elodk`tecoó`, le pfsture, le bogok`k cfrpfrel y le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce y códf kstfs o`iluyk` k` kl kstemf mk hok`kster o`tkgrel (iäsocf, psocflógocf y kdfcof`el). • O`cfrpfre pråctoces qukmkdkjfre` susupf`k celomemlemkple`oiocecoó` vome: ks esudor u`e ectotum crätoce sfhrk le pf`ge` odpfrte`coe mk båhotfs selumehlks y sus hk`kiocofs vo`culemfs cf` le dkjfre mk le celomem vome. Kstf mk ruto`es, moktes f ple`ks quk k` pråctoce sus cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk elodk`tecoó`, bogok`k cfrpfrel, pfstures y ectovomem iäsoce pere le selum skgú` sus prfpoes `kcksomemks, rkcursfs y k`tfr`f. CE^ECOMEMKS: Cfdprk`mk les rklecof`ks k`trk le ectovomem iäsoce, elodk`tecoó`, pfsture k bogok`k pkrsf`el y mkl edhok`tk, y le selum. O`cfrpfre pråctoces pråctoces quk dkjfre` su celomem c elomem mk vome.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Esudk u`e vome selumehlk cue`mf moikrk`coe lfs elodk`tfs selumehlks mk su mokte pkrsf`el y iedoloer, lfs dfdk`tfs emkcuemfs emkcuemfs pere o`gkrorlfs y les pfstures quk lf eyume` el huk` mkskdpkõf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks iäsoces, rkcrketoves y mk le vome cftomoe`e, rkcf`fcok`mf le odpfrte`coe mkl eutfcuomemf. ^ertocope rkgulerdk`tk k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces omk`toioce`mf su rotdf cermoecf, rksporecoó` y sumfrecoó`1 utoloze pråctoces mk ectovecoó` cfrpfrel y psocflógoce e`tks mk le ectovomem lúmoce.
Esudk u`e vome selumehlk cue`mf moikrk`coe lfs elodk`tfs mk su mokte pkrsf`el, iedoloer y mk su rkgoó` quk sf` selumehlks mk lfs quk `f lf sf`. ^rkvok`k roksgfs rklecof`emfs cf` le pfsture k bogok`k cf`fcok`mf equklles quk ievfrkck` y `f ievfrkck` su selum k omk`toioce su iukrze, rksostk`coe y vklfcomem k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces. Emepte su ksiukrzf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce mk ecukrmf e les cerectkrästoces mk le ectovomem y e sus pfsoholomemks, eploce`mf cf`fcodok`tfs rklecof`emfs cf` kl rotdf cermoecf, le rksporecoó` y le sumfrecoó`. Xkeloze pråctoces mk ectovecoó` cfrpfrel y psocflógoce, k o`cfrpfre kl eutfcuomemf rklecof`emf cf` lfs rotdfs mk ectovomem y mksce`sf pere dkjfrer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su frge`osdf.
Esudk u`e vome selumehlk cue`mf utoloze o`strudk`tfs quk domk` le eptotum iäsoce y kstemf `utrocof`el k o`tkrprkte le o`ifrdecoó` mk lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs pere dkjfrer su celomem mk vome. Xkple`tke sus båhotfs selumehlks, bogoï`ocfs y elodk`tocofs tfde`mf k` cuk`te lfs cedhofs iäsocfs prfpofs mk le kmem, kvote le rkelozecoó` rkelozec oó` mk kjkrcocofs y pfstures cf`treo`mocemes pere le selum k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce. O`cfrpfre pråctoces selumehlks pere su frge`osdf cf`sudok`mf elodk`tfs emkcuemfs e les cerectkrästoces pkrsf`elks y kvote`mf kl cf`sudf mk mrfges. ^rfpf`k kjkrcocofs mk ectovecoó` y rklejecoó` e`tks, mure`tk y mkspuïs mk le pråctoce y pertocope k` ectovomem iäsoce mk mosto`te o`tk`somem rkgule`mf su ksiukrzf.
^ågo`e ?2 mk ?2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR GXEMF Cue`mf 5¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
GXEMF Cue`mf 8¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk le ectovecoó` cfrpfrel (celk`tedok`tf) y psocflógoce (etk`coó`, cf`ck`trecoó` y dftovecoó`) e`tks mk le ectovomem lúmoce, k omk`toioce lfs sog`fs y sä`tfdes rklecof`emfs cf`
GXEMF Cue`mf 3¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk le ectovecoó` cfrpfrel (celk`tedok`tf) y psocflógoce (etk`coó`, cf`ck`trecoó` y dftovecoó`), quk lf eyume e kster prkmospukstf e le ectovomem.
GXEMF Cue`mf =¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Sklkccof`e ectovomemks pere le ectovecoó` cfrpfrel (celk`tedok`tf) y psocflógoce (etk`coó`, cf`ck`trecoó` y dftovecoó`) e`tks mk le ectovomem, k omk`toioce k` sä dosdf les veroecof`ks k` le irkcuk`coe cermoece y
GXEMF Cue`mf ;¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kxploce les cf`mocof`ks quk ievfrkck` le eptotum iäsoce (Ä`mock mk Dese Cfrpfrel ODC, cf`sudf mk elodk`tfs ievfrehlks, ce`tomem y prfpfrcoó` `kckseroes) y les prukhes quk le domk` (rksostk`coe, vklfcomem, ilkxoholomem y
GXEMF Cue`mf 9¾ kl kstumoe`tk esudk u`e vome selumehlk y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
[toloze moikrk`tks dïtfmfs mk kveluecoó` pere mktkrdo`er le eptotum iäsoce1 esodosdf, sklkccof`e lfs quk dkjfr sk emkcúk` e sus pfsoholomemks y utoloze le o`ifrdecoó` quk fhtok`k k` hk`kiocof mk su selum.
Mkscrohk lfs elodk`tfs mk su mokte iedoloer y les pfstures quk sf` hk`kiocofses pere su selum k` le vome cftomoe`e y k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces.
kl rotdf cermoecf, le rksporecoó` egoteme y le sumfrecoó`, quk eperkck`
rksporetfroe cf` rklecoó` e iukrze) pere dkjfrer le lfs moikrk`tks `ovklks mk celomem mk vome, cf` ksiukrzf k` le pråctoce mk rklecoó` e sus
k` kl frge`osdf el prectocer ectovomemks lúmoces. Moikrk`coe lfs elodk`tfs selumehlks y `utrotovfs quk ifrde` pertk mk su mokte pkrsf`el y iedoloer, y lfs dfdk`tfs emkcuemfs pere o`gkrorlfs1 kxploce le odpfrte`coe mk bomretersk1 cf`fck les pfstures emkcuemes k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce y k` le vome cftomoe`e, quk lk pkrdotk` deyfr skguromem.
ectovomemks lúmoces.
cerectkrästoces cerectkr ästoces pkrsf`elks.
Sklkccof`e k o`cfrpfre k` su mokte pkrsf`el y iedoloer lfs elodk`tfs `utrotovfs y k`krgïtocfs mk le rkgoó` quk cf`trohuyk` e su hok`kster.
Emepte sus pråctoces mk bogok`k e lfs cedhofs iäsocfs prfpofs mk le kmem1 mkscrohk les pråctoces elodk`tocoess hk`kiocofses y elodk`tocoe pkrjumocoelks pere kl frge`osdf y kl edhok`tk, y e`eloze le odpfrte`coe mk le elodk`tecoó` cf` rklecoó` e su ODC.
Kxploce le rklecoó` k`trk lfs cedhofs iäsocfs prfpofs mk le kmem y le rkpkrcusoó` k` le bogok`k, k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce y k` ectovomemks mk le vome cftomoe`e1 prectoce ectovomem iäsoce y kxploce le odpfrte`coe quk tok`k k` su vome cftomoe`e.
^ågo`e ?? mk ?? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
rksporecoó` y le sumfrecoó`. O`cfrpfre kl eutfcuomemf rklecof`emf cf` lfs rotdfs mk ectovomem-mksce`sf, pere dkjfrer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su frge`osdf.
Xkeloze cf` eutf`fdäe pråctoces mk cuomemf pkrsf`el el eskersk, el vkstorsk, el emfpter pfstures emkcuemes k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y mk le vome cftomoe`e. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk use movkrsfs dkmofs mk prftkccoó` irk`tk e le remoecoó` sfler.
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
^rectoce moikrk`tks ectovomemks lúmoces emepte`mf su ksiukrzf y eploce`mf lfs cf`fcodok`tfs mk lfs hk`kiocofs mk le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce y mk le selum rklecof`emfs cf` kl rotdf cermoecf, le
Xkgule su ksiukrzf el pertocoper k` ectovomemks lúmoces k omk`toioce k` sä dosdf y k` ftrfs le moikrk`coe k`trk o`sporecoó` y ksporecoó`, k` rkpfsf y dfvodok`tf, k` les ectovomemks lúmoces.
O`cfrpfre pråctoces mk cuomemf el eskersk y vkstorsk1 emfpte pfstures emkcuemes k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y k` le vome cftomoe`e, quk lk pkrdotk` le pertocopecoó` k` kl jukgf so` eikcter su mkskdpkõf.
Omk`toioce lfs elodk`tfs prfpofs mk su rkgoó` quk ifrde` pertk mk su mokte pkrsf`el y iedoloer, y lfs clesoioce k` selumehlks f `f, mk ecukrmf e le ectovomem iäsoce quk rkeloze. Xkcf`fck equkllfs quk sf` edogehlks cf` kl edhok`tk (pfr kl usf quk sk beck` mk lfs rkcursfs `eturelks, kl kdpequktemf,, ktc.) kdpequktemf
9¾ GXEMF
Xkeloze ectovomem iäsoce y kvote pfstures y kjkrcocofs cf`treo`mocemfs quk pkrjumoce` su selum.
O`cfrpfre kl eutfcuomemf rklecof`emf cf` lfs rotdfs mk ectovomem-mksce`sf, bomretecoó` y kxpfsocoó` e lfs reyfs sflerks, pere dkjfrer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su frge`osdf, y sustk`te les rezf`ks mk su odpfrte`coe. Emfpte pfstures emkcuemes pere prkvk`or prfhlkdes dusculerks y óskfs k o`cfrpfre kl eutfcuomemf rklecof`emf cf` lfs rotdfs mk ectovomem-mksce`sf pere dkjfrer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su frge`osdf y prkvk`or k`ikrdkmemks.
Mkscrohk pfstures y kjkrcocofs cf`treo`mocemfs pere le selum k` le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce.
Dukstre båhotfs selumehlks y kvote båhotfs pkrjumocoelks pere su frge`osdf, cfdf kl cf`sudf mk cfdome råpome, mk elcfbfl, mk tehecf, mk mrfges, mksórmk`ks elodk`tocofs, k`trk ftrfs1 prfpfrcof`e kl iu`medk`tf rkspkctovf y mkserrflle moktes selumehlks
^ågo`e 5>> mk 5>> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR GXEMF Husce 5¾setosieckr sus `kcksomemks cfrpfrelks cue`mf tok`k skm y rksuklvk les moiocultemks quk lk prfmuck` kl ce`se`cof, le o`cfdfmomem y le o`ectovomem1 kvomk`coe su hok`kster el rkelozer ectovomemks lúmoces y sk sok`tk hok` cf`sogf dosdf, cf` lfs ftrfs y cf` su k`tfr`f.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF Xkgule su ksiukrzf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y rkcf`fck le odpfrte`coe mkl eutfcuomemf pere prkvk`or k`ikrdkmemks.
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
GXEMF GXEMF mk le Xkeloze ;¾ectovomemks mk Kxploce le9¾odpfrte`coe y sus ectovecoó` cfrpfrel, vecu`ecoó` psocflógoce y mk cf`skcuk`coes k` le selum. rkcupkrecoó` e`tks, mure`tk y mkspuïs mk le pråctoce mk ectovomem iäsoce1 mk kste de`kre, eploce lfs hk`kiocofs rklecof`emfs cf` le selum y ple`oioce moktes selumehlks emeptemes e su kmem y sus rkcursfs.
^ågo`e 5>5 mk 5>5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@ IÄSOCE =.;.3.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “O@]KXEC]ÚE E ]XEYÏS MK S[S BEHOLOMEMKS SFCOFDF]XOCKS— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Sk rklecof`e utoloze`mf sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks: supf`k o`tkrectuer mk de`kre eskrtove cf` lfs mkdås k` le pråctoce lúmoce y mkpfrtove kxpkrodk`te`mf kl pleckr y mosirutk quk klle rkprksk`te. ^fr ftrf lemf, mkserrflle beholomemks cfdf kl rkspktf e les `frdes mk jukgf, lomkrezgf, tflkre`coe, ectotum prfectove, le rksflucoó` mk cf`iloctfs o`tkrpkrsf`elks, le pkrtk`k`coe pfsotove e u` grupf, k`trk ftres. • Crke y eploce kstretkgoes y tåctoces mk jukgf: supf`k kdplker lfs rkcursfs pkrsf`elks y les pftk`coelomemks mk ceme dokdhrf mkl kquopf pere kl lfgrf mk u` fhjktovf cfdú`, mkserrflle`mf y eploce`mf rkgles y sflucof`ks tåctoces mk jukgf k` ectovomemks iäsoces mk cflehfrecoó`, cffpkrecoó` cffpk recoó` y fpfsocoó`. fpfsocoó`. CE^ECOMEMKS: sfcofdftrocks. ocks. Sk rklecof`e utoloze`mf sus beholomemks sfcofdftr Crke y eploce kstretkgoes y tåctoces mk jukgf.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
O`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks el eckpter el ftrf cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf y husce kl cf`sk`sf sfhrk le de`kre mk juger pere lfgrer kl hok`kster cfdú` y dukstre u`e ectotum mk rkspktf kvote`mf jukgfs voflk`tfs y budolle`tks1 kxprkse su pfsocoó` e`tk u` cf`iloctf cf` o`tk`coó` mk rksflvkrlf y kscucbe le pfsocoó` mk sus cfdpeõkrfs k` lfs moikrk`tks topfs mk jukgfs. Xksuklvk sotuecof`ks dftrocks e trevïs mk kstretkgoes cflkctoves y pertocope k` le cf`struccoó` mk rkgles mk jukgf emeptemes e le sotuecoó` y el k`tfr`f, pere lfgrer u` fhjktovf cfdú` k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces.
O`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks el tfder ecukrmfs sfhrk le de`kre mk juger y lfs pfsohlks cedhofs f cf`iloctfs quk sk mk` y prfpf`k emeptecof`ks f dfmoiocecof`ks pere ievfrkckr le o`clusoó` mk sus cfdpeõkrfs k` ectovomemks lúmoces, eckpte`mf el fpf`k`tk cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf. Emepte le kstretkgoe mk jukgf e`tocope`mf les o`tk`cof`ks mk sus cfdpeõkrfss y fpf`k`tks pere cudplor cf` lfs fhjktovfs cfdpeõkrf ple`tkemfs. ^rfpf`k ^rfpf`k rkgles y les dfmoioce mk ecukrmf e les `kcksomemks mkl cf`tkxtf y lfs o`tkrksks mkl grupf g rupf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks iäsoces.
O`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks prfectovedk`tk cf` u` sk`tomf mk cffpkrecoó` tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te les emeptecof`ks f dfmoiocecof`ks prfpukstes pfr kl grupf k` moikrk`tks ectovomemks iäsoces. Beck usf mk kstretkgoes mk cffpkrecoó` y fpfsocoó` sklkccof`e`mf lfs moikrk`tks klkdk`tfs tïc`ocfs y tåctocfs quk sk pukmk` mer k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y prkmkpfrtoves, pere rksflvkr le sotuecoó` mk jukgf quk lk mï u` dkjfr rksultemf y quk rkspf`me e les veroecof`ks quk sk prksk`te` k` kl k`tfr`f.
^ågo`e 5>8 mk 5>8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR GXEMF Cue`mf 5¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks: Esudk rflks y iu`cof`ks mk de`kre o`movomuel y mk`trf mk u` grupf1 o`tkrectúe mk ifrde kspf`tå`ke k` ectovomemks lúmoces y mosirute mk le cfdpeõäe mk sus perks pere sk`torsk pertk mkl grupf.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
GXEMF Cue`mf 8¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ertocope k` jukgfs cffpkretovfs y mk fpfsocoó` k` perkjes y pkqukõfs grupfs1 eckpte el fpf`k`tk cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf y llkge e cf`sk`sfs sfhrk le de`kre mk juger.
GXEMF Cue`mf 3¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: ^rfpf`k cedhofs k` les cf`mocof`ks mk jukgf, so iukre `kckserof, pere pfsoholoter le o`clusoó` mk sus perks1 esä, prfdukvk kl rkspktf y le pertocopecoó`, y husce u` sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe el grupf k` le
GXEMF Cue`mf =¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^rfpf`k `frdes y rkgles k` les ectovomemks lúmoces y les dfmoioce mk ecukrmf e les `kcksomemks, kl cf`tkxtf y lfs o`tkrksks, cf` emeptecof`ks f dfmoiocecof`kss prfpukstes dfmoiocecof`k pfr kl grupf, pere
GXEMF Cue`mf ;¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrocks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kdplke le rksflucoó` rkilkxove y kl moålfgf cfdf bkrredok`tes pere sflucof`er prfhlkdes f cf`iloctfs surgomfs cf` sus perks mure`tk le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y prkmkpfrtoves prkmkpfrtov es movkrses.
GXEMF Cue`mf 9¾ kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrectúe e trevïs mk sus beholomemks sfcofdftrock sfcofdftrockss y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ertocope k` ectovomemks iäsoces k` le `eturelkze, kvk`tfs prkmkpfrtovfs, jukgfs pfpulerks, k`trk ftrfs, y tfde mkcosof`ks k` ievfr mkl grupf eu`quk veye k` cf`tre mk sus o`tkrksks pkrsf`elks, cf`
u` sk`tomf sflomerof y mk cffpkrecoó`.
pråctoce mk moikrk`tks ievfrkckr le o`clusoó`1 ectovomemks iäsoces. dukstre u`e ectotum rkspf`sehlk y mk rkspktf
^ertocope k` jukgfs cffpkretovfs y mk fpfsocoó` k` perkjes y pkqukõfs grupfs1 eckpte el fpf`k`tk cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf y les ifrdes moikrk`tks mk juger.
Dukstre u`e ectotum mk rkspktf k` le pråctoce mk ectovomemks lúmoces y kvote jukgfs hruscfs, edk`eze edk`ezess f epfmfs1 eckpte le pertocopecoó` mk tfmfs sus cfdpeõkrfs.
^ertocope k` jukgfs cffpkretovfs y mk fpfsocoó` k` perkjes, pkqukõfs y gre`mks grupfs1 eckpte el fpf`k`tk cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf y errohe e cf`sk`sfs sfhrk le de`kre mk juger y lfs pfsohlks cedhofs quk pukme` prfmucorsk.
pfr kl cudplodok`tf mk lfs ecukrmfs kstehlkcomfs. ^rfpf`k ectovomemks lúmoces, cfdf jukgfs pfpulerks y/f tremocof`elks, cf` emeptecof`ks f dfmoiocecof`kss prfpukstes dfmoiocecof`k pfr kl grupf1 eckpte el fpf`k`tk cfdf cfdpeõkrf mk jukgf y llkge e cf`sk`sfs sfhrk le de`kre mk juger y lfs pfsohlks cedhofs quk pukme` prfmucorsk.
Xkeloze ectovomemks lúmoces k` les quk o`tkrectúe cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs y fpf`k`tks cfdf cfdpeõkrfs mk jukgf1 rkspkte les moikrk`coes pkrsf`elks y esudk rflks y cedhof mk rflks.
Dfmoioce jukgfs y ectovomemks pere quk sk emkcúk` e les `kcksomemks y pfsoholomemks mkl grupf y e le lógoce mkl jukgf mkpfrtovf. •
^ågo`e 5>3 mk 5>3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
^rfpf`k sflucof`ks e sotuecof`ks dftrocks y lúmoces, y llkge e ecukrmfs cf` sus perks e io` mk cudplor cf` lfs fhjktovfs quk surje`1 rkspkte les rkgles mk jukgf prfpukstes (pfr kllfs dosdfs, pfr kl dekstrf f pfr les
Xksuklvk mk de`kre cfdpertome sotuecof`ks prfmucomes k` lfs moikrk`tks topfs mk jukgfs (tremocof`elks, (tremocof`el ks, eutóctf`f eutóctf`fs, s, ktc.) y emkcúe les rkgles pere le o`clusoó` mk sus perks y kl k`tfr`f, cf` kl io` mk lfgrer u` mkserrfllf
Gk`kre kstretkgoes cflkctoves k` les ectovomemks lúmoces skgú` kl rfl mk sus cfdpeõkrfs y kl suyf prfpof, e pertor mk lfs rksultemfs k` kl jukgf.
^rfpf`k rkgles y les dfmoioce mk ecukrmf e les `kcksomemks1 emepte le kstretkgoe mk jukgf cue`mf prkvï les o`tk`cof`ks mk sus cfdpeõkrfs mk kquopf y fpf`k`tks, pere cudplor cf` lfs fhjktovfs ple`tkemfs
^rfpf`k, ju`tf cf` sus perks, sflucof`ks kstretïgoces fpfrtu`es, y tfde k` cuk`te lfs epfrtks y les cerectkrästoces mk ceme o`tkgre`tk mkl grupf el prectocer jukgfs tremocof`elks, pfpulerks, eutóctf`fs, eutóctf`f s, prkmkpfrtovf prkmkpfrtovfss
^ertocope k` ectovomemks lúmoces, prkmkpfrtoves y mkpfrtoves k` les quk pf`k k` pråctoce movkrses kstretkgoes1 emkcúe `frdes mk jukgf y le dkjfr sflucoó` tåctoce pere mer rkspukste e les veroecof`ks quk sk
y k` le `eturelkze
prksk`te` k` kl k`tfr`f.
cf`mocof`ks mkl k`tfr`f) kiocez mk le ectovomem. k` moikrk`tks ectovomemks lúmoces.
^ågo`e 5>= mk 5>= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Cfdu`ocecoó` Lk`gue Detkr`e 55. Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e. 58. Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue
detkr`e. 53. Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e.
^ågo`e 5>; mk 5>; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.=.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@ LK@G[E DE]KX@E.
=.;.=.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— DE]KX@E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel: kl kstumoe`tk rkcupkre y kxtrek o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote kxprkseme pfr lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks. • O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel: kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf e pertor mk rklecof`er o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote pere mkmucor u`e `ukve o`ifrdecoó` f cfdplkter lfs vecäfs mkl tkxtf frel. E pertor mk kstes o`ikrk`coes, kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf, lfs rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y gkstfs, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk y les o`tk`cof`ks mk lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks cf` lfs quk sk rklecof`e k` u u` ` cf` cf`tkxtf tkxtf sfcofculturel mktkrdo`emf. • Emkcúe, frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme: kl kstumoe`tk kxprkse sus omkes emeptå`mfsk el prfpósotf, mksto`eterof, cerectkrästoces mkl topf mk tkxtf, gï`krf moscursovf y rkgostrf, cf`somkre`mf les `frdes y dfmfs mk cfrtksäe, esä cfdf lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks quk k`derce` le cfdu`ocecoó`. Esodosdf, kxprkse les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde mk ifrde lógoce, rklecof`å`mfles dkmoe`tk movkrsfs rkcursfs cfbksovfs pere cf`struor kl sk`tomf mk mosto`tfs topfs mk tkxtfs. • [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelk perevkrhelkss mk ifrde kstretïgoce: kl kstumoe`tk kdplke veroemfs rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (cfdf gkstfs f dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) f perevkrhelks (cfdf kl tf`f mk le vfz f solk`cofs) skgú` le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove pere k`ietozer f detozer sog`oiocemfs y prfmucor mktkrdo`emfs kikctfs k` lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks. • O`tkrectúe kstretïgocedk`tk cf` mosto`tfs o`tkrlfcutfrks: kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrcedhoe lfs rflks mk behle`tk y fyk`tk, eltkr`eme y mo`ådocedk`tk, pertocope`mf mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk, fpfrtu`e y rklkve`tk pere lfgrer su prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf.
^ågo`e 5>9 mk 5>9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E
CE^ECOMEMKS:
Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel. O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel. Emkcúe, frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifr de cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mk ifrde kstretïgoce. O`tkrectúe kstretïgocedk`tk kstretïgocedk`tk cf` mosto`tfs o`tkrlfcutfrks. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf frel. OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs1 omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, o`iokrk k o`tkrprkte bkcbfs y tkdes. Mkserrflle sus omkes de`tk`oï`mfsk, pfr lf gk`krel, k` kl tkde1 utoloze elgu`fs cf`kctfrks, esä cfdf vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk. Su prf`u`coecoó` ks k`tk`mohlk57 y sk epfye
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs1 omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote1 o`iokrk k o`tkrprkte bkcbfs, tkde y prfpósotf. Frge`oze y mkserrflle sus omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les rklecof`e dkmoe`tk kl usf mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks, esä cfdf mk u` vfcehulerof veroemf. Sk epfye k` rkcursfs
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs1 o`iokrk kl tkde, prfpósotf, bkcbfs y cf`clusof`ks e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, k o`tkrprkte le o`tk`coó` mkl o`tkrlfcutfr k` moscursfs quk cf`tok`k` orf`äes. Sk kxprkse emkcuå`mfsk e sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves ifrdelks k o`ifrdelks. Frge`oze y
k` rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks. Xkilkxof`e `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks pere k`ietozer lf quk mock. mkserrflle sus omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les rklecof`e sfhrk tkxtfs kscucbemfs e pertor mk sus cf`fcodok`tfs Xkilkxof`e sfhrk tkxtfs kscucbemfs e pertor mk sus dkmoe`tk kl usf mk cf`kctfrks y elgu`fs rkikrk`tks, esä cf`fcodok`tfs fs y kxpkrok`coe. Sk kxprkse emkcuå`mfsk e cfdf mk u` vfcehulerof veroemf y pkrto`k`tk. [se y kxpkrok`coe. Sk kxprkse emkcuå`mfsk e su prfpósotf cf`fcodok`t cfdu`ocetoves ifrdelks k o`ifrdelks. K` u` cfdu`ocetovf, o`tkrlfcutfrks y cf`tkxtf. K` u` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves o`tkrcedhof, pertocope y rkspf`mk k` ifrde pkrto`k`tk o`tkrcedhof, cfdok`ze e emepter lf quk mock e les `kcksomemks y pu`tfs mk voste mk quok` lf kscucbe, e e lf quk lk mock`. trevïs mk cfdk`terofs y prkgu`tes rklkve`tks.
rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks pere k`ietozer lf quk mock. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe lfs tkxtfs kscucbemfs e pertor mk sus cf`fcodok`tfs y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofcultur sfcofculturel. el. K` u` o`tkrcedhof, beck prkgu`tes y cf`trohucof`ks rklkve`tks quk rkspf`mk` e les omkes y pu`tfs mk voste mk ftrfs, k`roqukcok`mf kl tkde tretemf.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 5>7 mk 5>7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe (`fdhrks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, bkcbfs y lugerks) y quk prksk`te` vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe (`fdhrks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, bkcbfs, lugerks y ikcbes) y quk prksk`te` vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe, sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs (`fdhrks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, bkcbfs, lugerks y ikcbes), y quk prksk`te` vfcehulerof mk usf
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe, sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs, y quk prksk`te` kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf, vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y tïrdo`fs
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs. O`tkgre kste o`ifrdecoó` cue`mf ks mocbe k` mosto`tfs dfdk`tfs k` tkxtfs quk o`cluyk` kxprksof`ks cf`
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs. O`tkgre kste o`ifrdecoó` cue`mf ks mocbe k` mosto`tfs dfdk`tfs y pfr mosto`tfs o`tkrculfrks k` tkxtfs quk
irkcuk`tk y so`ó`odfs.
prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sk`tomf ioguremf, y sehkr. vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
o`cluyk` kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf, y vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr. Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf frel. Mosto`guk lf rklkve`tk mk lf cfdplkdk`terof clesoioce`mf y so`tktoze`mf le o`ifrdecoó`. Kstehlkck cf`clusof`ks sfhrk lf cfdprk`momf1 pere kllf, vo`cule kl tkxtf cf` su kxpkrok`coe y lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk. Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces (ceuse-kikctf, skdkje`zemoikrk`coe, ktc.) k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf frel, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mkl dosdf. Skõele les
Mock mk quï trete kl tkxtf y cuål ks su prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf1 pere kllf, sk epfye k` le o`ifrdecoó` rkcurrk`tk mkl tkxtf y k` su kxpkrok`coe. kxpkrok`coe.
Mock mk quï trete kl tkxtf y cuål ks su prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf1 pere kllf, sk epfye k` le o`ifrdecoó` rkcurrk`tk mkl tkxtf y k` su kxpkrok`coe. kxpkrok`coe.
Kxploce kl tkde, kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, les kdfcof`ks y lfs kstemfs mk å`odf mk les pkrsf`es y lfs pkrsf`ejks, esä cfdf les k`skõe`zes quk sk mksprk`mk` mkl tkxtf1 pere kllf, rkcurrk e le o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk mkl dosdf.
Kxploce kl tkde, kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, les kdfcof`ks y lfs kstemfs mk å`odf mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks1 pere kllf, mosto`guk lf rklkve`tk mk lf cfdplkdk`terof.
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs y lugerks, f kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres y kxprksof`ks skgú` kl cf`tkxtf (emovo`e`zes), esä
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, f kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres y kxprksof`ks skgú` kl cf`tkxtf, esä cfdf
Mkmuck elgu`es rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf frel, cfdf les skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, ceuse-kikctf f skdkje`zemoikrk`coe, esä cfdf les cerectkrästoces mk
Mkmuck elgu`es rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf frel, cfdf les skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, ceuse-kikctf f skdkje`zemoikrk`coe, esä cfdf les cerectkrästoces mk
Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf frel. Mosto`guk lf rklkve`tk mk lf cfdplkdk`terof clesoioce`mf y so`tktoze`mf le o`ifrdecoó`. Kstehlkck cf`clusof`ks sfhrk lf cfdprk`momf1 pere kllf, vo`cule kl tkxtf cf` su kxpkrok`coe y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk. Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces (ceuse-kikctf, skdkje`zemoikrk`coe, ktc.) k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf frel, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mkl dosdf. Skõele les
^ågo`e 5>2 mk 5>2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
cfdf rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf, cfdf ceuse-kikctf, quk sk pukmk` kstehlkckr iåcoldk`tk e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mkl dosdf.
rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf, cfdf ceuse-kikctf y skdkje`zemoikrk`coe, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mkl dosdf.
pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf (emovo`e`zes, rkire`ks), e pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mkl tkxtf.
pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf (mocbfs pfpulerks, rkire`ks, dfrelkjes), e pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mkl tkxtf.
Kxploce eccof`ks cf`crktes mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks rklecof`e`mf elgu`fs rkcursfs vkrhelks y `f
Kxploce eccof`ks cf`crktes mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks rklecof`e`mf rkcursfs vkrhelks y `f vkrhelks, e
Kxploce les eccof`ks y dftovecof`ks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, esä cfdf kl usf mk emjktovecof`ks y
Kxploce les dftovecof`ks y lfs sk`todok`tfs mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, esä cfdf kl usf mk
;¾ GXEMF
cerectkrästoces y cuelomemks cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, y mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y mk kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf (rkire`ks, dfrelkjes) cue`mf bey elgu`es postes k` kl tkxtf. Kxploce les o`tk`cof`ks mk sus o`tkrlfcutfrks cf`somkre`mf rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y
9¾ GXEMF
cerectkrästoces y cuelomemks cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, y mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y mk kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf (kxprksof`ks oró`oces) cue`mf bey elgu`es postes k` kl tkxtf. Kxploce le o`tk`coó` mk sus o`tkrlfcutfrks cf`somkre`mf rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y
vkrhelks, e pertor mk su pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe kxpkrok`coe.. kxpkrok`coe.
perevkrhelks. Esodosdf, lfs pu`tfs mk voste y les dftovecof`ks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, esä cfdf
perevkrhelks. Esodosdf, lfs pu`tfs mk voste y les dftovecof`ks mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, esä cfdf
su perevkrhelks, e pertor mkl iogures rktóroces (pfr tkxtf frel y mk su kjkdplf, le bopïrhflk) cf`somkre`mf elgu`es kxpkrok`coe. cerectkrästoces mkl topf tkxtuel y gï`krf moscursovf. Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le cfdu`ocetove sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, mk sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, mk sotuecoó` ecukrmf el prfpósotf ecukrmf el prfpósotf cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, esä cfdf e cfdu`ocetovf, esä cfdf e cfdu`ocetovf y elgu`es les cerectkrästoces dås les cerectkrästoces dås cerectkrästoces mkl gï`krf cfdu`ks mkl gï`krf cfdu`ks mkl gï`krf moscursovf. Klogk kl rkgostrf moscursovf. Mosto`guk kl moscursovf. Mosto`guk kl ifrdel k o`ifrdel mk cf` sus ifrdel mkl ecukrmf rkgostrf ifrdel mkl rkgostrf y kl o`ifrdel rkcurrok`mf e su o`ifrdel rkcurrok`mf e su o`tkrlfcutfrks pere kllf, kxpkrok`coe y e elgu`es kxpkrok`coe y e elgu`es cf`tkxtf1
elgu`es iogures rktóroces (pfr kjkdplf, le bopïrhflk) cf`somkre`mf elgu`es cerectkrästoces mkl topf tkxtuel y gï`krf moscursovf. Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y elgu`es cerectkrästoces mkl gï`krf moscursovf, de`tk`ok`mf kl rkgostrf ifrdel k o`ifrdel y emeptå`mfsk e sus o`tkrlfcutfrks y el cf`tkxtf1 pere kllf,
pkrsf`oiocecof`ks1 pere kllf, rklecof`e rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks, e pertor mkl tkxtf frel kxpkrok`coe.
Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, e sus o`tkrlfcutfrks y el prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, utoloze`mf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y rkcurrok`mf e su kxpkrok`coe.
Emkcúe su tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove y e sus o`tkrlfcutfrks cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, utoloze`mf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y rkcurrok`mf e su kxpkrok`coe y topf tkxtuel.
y
cfdperecof`ks y pkrsf`oiocecof`ks1 pere kllf, rklecof`e rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y
mk
^ågo`e 5>? mk 5>? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` rkcurrk e su kxpkrok`coe y e cfdplkdk`teroe. cfdplkdk`teroe. elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe.
rkcurrk e su kxpkrok`coe y e elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe.
Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk k` fcesof`ks pukmk selorsk mk kstk f rkotkrer o`ifrdecoó` o``kckseroedk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes (k` kspkcoel, mk emocoó` y skcuk`coe), e trevïs mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks52. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
• Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk k` fcesof`ks pukmk rkotkrer o`ifrdecoó` o``kckseroedk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles (k` kspkcoel, mk emocoó`, skcuk`coe y ceuse), e trevïs mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks k` tfr`f e u` tkde, y kvote rkotkrer o`ifrdecoó` o``kckseroedk`tk. Frmk`e mocbes omkes y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes (k` kspkcoel, mk emocoó`, skcuk`coe y ceusekikctf), e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) cfdf epfyf mure`tk kl
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks
dk`sejk frel y k` iu`coó` mkl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, k` sotuecof`ks mk cfdu`ocecoó` `f ifrdel.
(prf`u`coecoó` k`tk`mohlk) pere epfyer lf quk mock k` sotuecof`ks mk cfdu`ocecoó` `f ifrdel.
Kdplke gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks quk k`ietoze` lf quk mock. De`tok`k cf`tectf vosuel
Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks k` tfr`f e u` tkde, mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e mocbes omkes y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó` so` rkotkrecof`ks rkotkrecof `ks o``kckseroes. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes (k` kspkcoel, mk ceuse-kikctf y cf`skcuk`coe), e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr. Kdplke gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks quk k`ietoze` lf quk mock. De`tok`k cf`tectf vosuel
Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e y jkrerquoze les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó` f de`tk`kr kl bolf tkdåtocf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles (k` kspkcoel, mk ceuse-kikctf, cf`skcuk`coe y cf`trestk), e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr. Kdplke gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks quk k`ietoze` lf quk mock. De`tok`k le moste`coe iäsoce
Kxprkse freldk`tk omkes y kdfcof`ks mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e y jkrerquoze les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó` f de`tk`kr kl bolf tkdåtocf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles (k` kspkcoel, mk ceuse-kikctf, cf`skcuk`coe y cf`trestk), e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr. Kdplke gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks quk k`ietoze` lf quk mock. De`tok`k le moste`coe iäsoce
cf` susk`o`tkrlfcutfrks. Sk epfye kl vfludk` mk su vfz pere tre`sdotor kdfcof`ks, cerectkrozer pkrsf`ejks f mer cleromem e lf quk mock.
cf` susk`o`tkrlfcutfrks. epfye kl vfludk` y Sk le k`tf`ecoó` mk su vfz pere tre`sdotor kdfcof`ks, cerectkrozer pkrsf`ejks f mer cleromem e lf quk mock.
cf` cfdfsus o`tkrlfcutfrks, kl vfludk`, esä le k`tf`ecoó` k`tf`ecoó ` y kl rotdf mk su vfz pere tre`sdotor kdfcof`ks, cerectkrozer pkrsf`ejks f prfmucor kikctfs k` kl púhlocf,
cf` sus o`tkrlfcutfrks, cfdf kl vfludk`, esä le k`tf`ecoó` y kl rotdf mk su vfz pere tre`sdotor kdfcof`ks, cerectkrozer pkrsf`ejks f prfmucor kikctfs k` kl púhlocf, ^ågo`e 55> mk 55> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks ifrdule`mf prkgu`tes sfhrk lf quk lk o`tkrkse sehkr, me`mf rkspukstes f becok`mf cfdk`terofs rklecof`emfs cf` kl tkde. Xkcurrk e `frdes y dfmfs mk cfrtksäe skgú` kl
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks ifrdule`mf prkgu`tes sfhrk lf quk lk o`tkrkse sehkr, me`mf rkspukstes y becok`mf cfdk`terofs rklecof`emfs cf` kl tkde. Xkcurrk e `frdes y dfmfs mk cfrtksäe skgú` kl
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks eltkr`e`mf rflks mk behle`tk y fyk`tk, ifrdule`mf prkgu`tes, kxploce`mf sus rkspukstes y becok`mf cfdk`terofs rklkve`tkss el tkde. Xkcurrk rklkve`tk e `frdes y dfmfs mk
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks eltkr`e`mf rflks mk behle`tk y fyk`tk, ifrdule`mf prkgu`tes, kxploce`mf sus rkspukstes y becok`mf cfdk`terofs rklkve`tks el tkde. Xkcurrk e `frdes y dfmfs
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks eltkr`e`mf lfs rflks mk behle`tk y fyk`tk. Xkcurrk e sus sehkrks prkvofs y epfrte `ukve o`ifrdecoó` pere ergudk`ter, kxplocer y cfdplkdk`ter les omkes kxpukstes. Cf`somkre
^ertocope k` movkrsfs o`tkrcedhofs frelks eltkr`e`mf lfs rflks mk behle`tk y fyk`tk. Xkcurrk e sus sehkrks prkvofs, use lf mocbf pfr sus o`tkrlfcutfrks y epfrte `ukve o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk pere
cfdf kl suspk`sf y kl cfdf kl suspk`sf y kl k`trktk`odok`tf. k`trktk`odok`tf.
cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y fyk`tk sfhrk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y bkcbfs mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe1 me rezf`ks e pertor mkl cf`tkxtf k` kl quk sk mksk`vuklvk y mk su kxpkrok`coe.
Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y fyk`tk sfhrk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y bkcbfs mk lfs tkxtfs frelks quk kscucbe1 me rezf`ks e pertor mkl cf`tkxtf k` kl quk sk mksk`vuklvk y mk su kxpkrok`coe.
cfrtksäe skgú` kl cf`tkxtf mk cfrtksäe skgú` kl `frdes y dfmfs mk ergudk`ter, kxplocer y sfcofculturel. cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel. cfrtksäe skgú` kl cf`tkxtf cfdplkdk`ter omkes. sfcofculturel. Cf`somkre `frdes y dfmfs mk cfrtksäe skgú` kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel. Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y • Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y Fpo`e cfdf behle`tk y fyk`tk sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs fyk`tk sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs fyk`tk sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs fyk`tk sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs y tkdes mk lfs tkxtfs y tkdes mk lfs tkxtfs y tkdes, mk tkxtfs frelks y tkdes, mk tkxtfs frelks frelks, mkl ådhotf kscfler, frelks, mkl ådhotf kscfler, mkl ådhotf kscfler, sfcoel f mkl ådhotf kscfler, sfcoel f dkmofs mk dkmofs mk mk sfcoel f mk dkmofs mk sfcoel f mk dkmofs mk mk cfdu`ocecoó`, e pertor mk cfdu`ocecoó`, e pertor mk cfdu`ocecoó`. Justoioce su cfdu`ocecoó`. Justoioce su su kxpkrok`coe y mkl su kxpkrok`coe y mkl pfsocoó` sfhrk lf quk mock pfsocoó` sfhrk lf quk mock cf`tkxtf k` quk sk cf`tkxtf k` quk sk kl tkxtf frel cf`somkre`mf kl tkxtf frel cf`somkre`mf su kxpkrok`coe y kl su kxpkrok`coe y kl mksk`vuklvk. mksk`vuklvk. cf`tkxtf k` quk sk cf`tkxtf k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk. mksk`vuklvk.
^ågo`e 555 mk 555 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Kvelúe le emkcuecoó` mk tkxtfs frelks e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, esä cfdf le cfbkrk`coe mk omkes y le cfbksoó` k`trk klles1 tedhoï`, le utolomem mk rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mk ecukrmf el prfpósotf
Kvelúe le emkcuecoó` mk tkxtfs frelks e le sotuecoó` s otuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, esä cfdf le cfbkrk`coe mk omkes y le cfbksoó` k`trk klles1 tedhoï`, le utolomem mk rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mk ecukrmf el prfpósotf
cfdu`ocetovf.
cfdu`ocetovf.
^ågo`e 558 mk 558 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@. =.;.=.8. Cfdpktk`coe Cfdpktk`coe:: “LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf kscrotf: kl kstumoe`tk lfceloze y sklkccof`e o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` tkxtfs kscrotfs cf` u` prfpósotf kspkcäiocf. • O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf: kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. ^ere kllf, kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mk kstk pere mkmucor u`e `ukve o`ifrdecoó` f cfdplkter lfs vecäfs mkl tkxtf kscrotf. E pertor mk kstes mkmuccof`ks, kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte le rklecoó` k`trk le o`ifrdecoó` odpläcote y le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, esä cfdf lfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks, pere cf`struor kl sk`tomf glfhel y prfiu`mf m mkl kl tkxtf, y kxplocer kl prfpósotf, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk, les o`tk`cof`ks mkl eutfr, esä cfdf le rklecoó` cf` kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel mkl lkctfr y mkl tkxtf. • Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf: lfs prfcksfs mk rkilkxoó` y kveluecoó` kstå` rklecof`emfs pfrquk edhfs supf`k` quk kl kstumoe`tk sk moste`cok mk lfs tkxtfs kscrotfs sotuemfs k` ïpfces y lugerks mosto`tfs, y quk sf` prksk`temfs k` moikrk`tks sfpfrtks y ifrdetfs. ^ere kllf, cfdpere y cf`treste espkctfs ifrdelks y mk cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf cf` le kxpkrok`coe, kl cf`fcodok`tf ifrdel mkl lkctfr y movkrses iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó`. Esodosdf, kdotk
u`e fpo`oó` pkrsf`el sfhrk espkctfs ifrdelks, kstïtocfs, cf`tk`omfs mk lfs tkxtfs cf`somkre`mf lfs kikctfs quk prfmuck`, le rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs, y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel mkl tkxtf y mkl lkctfr.
^ågo`e 553 mk 553 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E
CE^ECOMEMKS: .Fhtok`k` o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf kscrotf. O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk kstructure sodplk k` lfs Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs quk prksk`te` kstructure Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs cf` verofs klkdk`tfs quk prkmfdo`e` pelehres cf`fcomes k olustrecof`ks quk sodplk cf` elgu`fs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs y cf` cfdplkjfs k` su kstructure y cf` vfcehulerof veroemf. epfye` omkes ck`trelks. o`ifrdecoó` pfcf kvomk`tklesmosto`guoï`mfle mkFhtok`k ftre skdkje`tk y rkeloze o`ikrk`coes lfcelks e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote. O`tkrprkte kl tkxtf cf`somkre`mf o`ifrdecoó` rkcurrk`tk pere cf`struor su sk`tomf glfhel. Fpo`e sfhrk sucksfs k omkes odpfrte`tks mkl tkxtf e pertor mk su prfpoe kxpkrok`coe.
vfcehulerof veroemf. Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` pfcfy kvomk`tk mosto`guoï`mfle mk ftres próxodes skdkje`tks. Xkeloze o`ikrk`coes lfcelks e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote. O`tkrprkte kl tkxtf cf`somkre`mf o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk pere cf`struor su sk`tomf glfhel. Xkilkxof`e sfhrk sucksfs k omkes odpfrte`tks mkl tkxtf y kxploce le o`tk`coó` mk lfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks dås cfdu`ks e pertor mk su cf`fcodok`tf y kxpkrok`coe.
Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` k o`tkgre quk kstå` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Xkelozemetfs o`ikrk`coes lfcelksk` e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote. O`tkrprkte kl tkxtf cf`somkre`mf o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk y cfdplkdk`teroe pere cf`struor su sk`tomf glfhel. Xkilkxof`e sfhrk espkctfs veroemfs mkl tkxtf e pertor mk su cf`fcodok`tf y kxpkrok`coe. Kvelúe kl usf mkl lk`guejk, le o`tk`coó` mk lfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks y kl kikctf mkl tkxtf k` kl lkctfr e pertor mk su cf`fcodok`tf y mkl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote quk ks cleredk`tk mosto`guohlk mk ftre pfrquk le rklecof`e cf` pelehres cf`fcomes f pfrquk cf`fck kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf (pfr
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote quk sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Mosto`guk kste o`ifrdecoó` mk ftre skdkje`tk (pfr kjkdplf, mosto`guk k`trk les
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote quk sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Mosto`guk o`ifrdecoó` mk ftre próxode y skdkje`tk, k` le quk sklkccof`e metfs
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote y rklkve`tk quk sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Mosto`guk kste o`ifrdecoó` mk ftre skdkje`tk, k` le quk sklkccof`e metfs
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, rklkve`tk y cfdplkdk`teroe quk sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Sklkccof`e metfs kspkcäiocfs k o`tkgre
Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, rklkve`tk y cfdplkdk`teroe quk sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Sklkccof`e metfs kspkcäiocfs k o`tkgre ^ågo`e 55= mk 55= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
kjkdplf, k` u`e loste mk cuk`tfs cf` tätulfs quk cfdok`ze` mk moikrk`tk de`kre, kl `oõf pukmk rkcf`fckr mó`mk mock “Cepkrucote— pfrquk pfrquk cfdok`ze cfdf kl `fdhrk mk u` cfdpeõkrf f lf be lkämf k` ftrfs tkxtfs) y quk sk k`cuk`tre k` lugerks kvomk`tks cfdf kl tätulf, suhtätulf, o`ocof, io`el, ktc., k` tkxtfs cf` olustrecof`ks. Kstehlkck le skcuk`coe mk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
cerectkrästoces mk mfs pkrsf`ejks, klogk k`trk mfs metfs mk u` e`odel, ktc.) k` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk kstructure sodplk, cf` pelehres cf`fcomes k olustrecof`ks. Kstehlkck le skcuk`coe mk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk (o`struccof`ks, bostfroes, `ftocoes).
3¾ GXEMF
kspkcäiocfs (pfr kjkdplf, kl luger mk u` bkcbf k` u`e `ftocoe), k` movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk kstructure sodplk, cf` elgu`fs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs (pfr kjkdplf, so` rkikrk`tks próxodfs, guof`ks mk moålfgf, olustrecof`ks), cf` pelehres cf`fcomes y, k` fcesof`ks, cf` vfcehulerof veroemf, mk ecukrmf e les tkdåtoces ehfrmemes.
=¾ GXEMF
kspkcäiocfs, topfs mk kstructure elgu`fs cfdplkjfs, vfcehulerof ecukrmf e ehfrmemes.
k` movkrsfs tkxtfs mk sodplk, cf` klkdk`tfs esä cfdf veroemf, mk les tkdåtoces
;¾ GXEMF
o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote cue`mf sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf cf` verofs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs k` su kstructure, esä cfdf cf` vfcehulerof veroemf, mk ecukrmf e les tkdåtoces ehfrmemes.
9¾ GXEMF
o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote cue`mf sk k`cuk`tre k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf, f el rkelozer u`e lkcture o`tkrtkxtuel mk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs cf` verofs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs cfdplkjfs k` ssu u kstructure, esä cfdf cf` vfcehulerof veroemf, mk ecukrmf e les tkdåtoces ehfrmemes.
(o`struccof`ks, `ftocoes).
bostfroes,
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces mk Mkmuck pkrsf`ejks, fhjktfs y lugerks,e`odelks, esä cfdf rklecof`ks lógoces mk ceuse-kikctf quk sk pukmk` kstehlkckr iåcoldk`tk e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mkl tkxtf.
cerectkrästoces Mkmuck
odpläcotes mk fhjktfs pkrsf`ejks,y e`odelks, lugerks1 mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y beck cfdperecof`ks1 cfdperecof `ks1 esodosdf, kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces mk ceuse-kikctf, skdkje`ze-moikrk`coe y k`skõe`ze y prfpósotf, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mkl tkxtf.
cerectkrästoces Mkmuck
odpläcotes mk fhjktfs pkrsf`ejks,y e`odelks, lugerks, y mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf y beck cfdperecof`ks1 esä cfdf kl tkde y mksto`eterof. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces mk ceuse-kikctf, skdkje`ze-moikrk`coe y k`skõe`ze y prfpósotf, e pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote rklkve`tk mkl tkxtf.
cerectkrästoces kmuck
odpläcotes mk fhjktfs pkrsf`ejks,y e`odelks, lugerks, y mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres y iresks skgú` kl cf`tkxtf, esä cfdf mk kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf (rkire`ks, cfdperecof`ks, ktc.). Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces mk o`tk`coó`-io`elomem y tkde y suhtkde, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk kxpläcote k odpläcote.
cerectkrästoces Mkmuck
odpläcotes mk pkrsf`ejks, skrks, fhjktfs, bkcbfs y lugerks, y mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres, skgú` kl cf`tkxtf, y mk kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf. Kstehlkck rklecof`kss lógoces k`trk les rklecof`k omkes mkl tkxtf kscrotf, cfdf o`tk`coó`-io`elomem, tkde y suhtkdes, ceusekikctf, skdkje`zemoikrk`coe y k`skõe`ze y prfpósotf, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk kxpläcote k odpläcote.
cerectkrästoces
odpläcotes mk yskrks, fhjk-y tfs, bkcbfs lugerks, mktkrdo`e kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres, skgú` kl cf`tkxtf, y mk kxprksof`ks cf` sk`tomf ioguremf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk les omkes mkl tkxtf kscrotf, cfdf o`tk`coó`-io`elomem, tkde y suhtkdes, ceuse-kikctf, skdkje`ze-moikrk`coe y k`skõe`ze y prfpósotf, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk y cfdplkdk`teroe, y el rkelozer u`e lkcture o`tkrtkxtuel. ^ågo`e 55; mk 55; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
^rkmock mk quï treterå kl tkxtf y cuål ks su prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk elgu`fs o`mocofs, cfdf tätulf, olustrecof`ks, solukte, ifrdetf, pelehres, iresks y kxprksof`ks quk sk k`cuk`tre` k` lfs tkxtfs quk lk lkk` f quk lkk pfr sä sä eyume f quk lkk pfr sä dosdf. dosdf.
^rkmock mk quï treterå kl • ^rkmock mk quï treterå kl tkxtf, e pertor mk elgu`fs kxtf, e pertor mk elgu`fs o`mocofs cfdf solukte mkl o`mocofs cfdf suhtätulfs, tkxtf, pelehres, iresks, cflfrks y modk`sof`ks mk les cflfrks y modk`sof`ks mk odågk`ks, ä`mock, topfgreiäe, les odågk`ks1 esodosdf, `kgrotes, suhreyemf, ktc.1 cf`treste le o`ifrdecoó` esodosdf, cf`treste le mkl tkxtf quk lkk. o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf quk
Kxploce le rklecoó` mkl tkxtf cf` le olustrecoó` k` tkxtfs quk lkk pfr sä dosdf, quk lkk cf` eyume mkl mfck`tk f quk kscucbe lkkr.
Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf mk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk pfr sä dosdf, esä cfdf les rklecof`ks tkxtfolustrecoó`.
Kxploce kl tkde, kl Kxploce kl tkde, kl prfpósotf, le k`skõe`ze, prfpósotf, les dftovecof`ks les rklecof`ks tkxtf- mk pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, olustrecoó`, esä cfdf les cfdperecof`ks y emjktovecof`ks y les pkrsf`oiocecof`ks, esä cfdf dftovecof`ks mk pkrsf`es les k`skõe`zes y lfs velfrks y pkrsf`ejks. mkl tkxtf, clesoioce`mf y so`tktoze`mf le o`ifrdecoó`.
Fpo`e eckrce mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y bkcbfs kxprkse`mf sus prkikrk`coes. Klogk f rkcfdok`me tkxtfs e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe, `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks, cf` kl io` mk rkilkxof`er
Fpo`e eckrce mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y bkcbfs kxprkse`mf sus prkikrk`coes. Klogk f rkcfdok`me tkxtfs e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe, `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks,
Fpo`e eckrce mkl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf, kxploce kl sk`tomf mk elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (olustrecof`ks, tedeõf mk lktre, ktc.) y justoioce sus prkikrk`coes cue`mf klogk f rkcfdok`me tkxtfs e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe,
^rkmock mk quï treterå kl tkxtf y cuål ks su prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk elgu`fs o`mocofs, cfdf tätulf, olustrecof`ks, pelehres cf`fcomes f kxprksof`ks quk sk k`cuk`tre` k` lfs tkxtfs quk lk lkk`, quk lkk cf`
lkk.
Fpo`e eckrce mkl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf, kxploce kl sk`tomf mk elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (usf mk `kgrotes, deyúscules, ä`mock, topfgreiäe, suhreyemf, ktc.), e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y cf`tkxtf, y
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
rkmock mk quï treterå kl ^rkmock mk quï treterå kl kxtf, e pertor mk elgu`fs kxtf, e pertor mk elgu`fs `mocofs cfdf suhtätulfs, o`mocofs cfdf suhtätulfs, flfrks y modk`sof`ks mk les cflfrks y modk`sof`ks mk les dågk`ks, ä`mock, topfgreiäe, odågk`ks, ä`mock, topfgreiäe, suhreyemf, kgrotes, suhreyemf, `kgrotes, ftfgreiäes, rkskões, ktc.1 ftfgreiäes, rkskões (sflepe, sodosdf, cf`treste le cf`tretepe), `ftes mkl `ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf quk eutfr, hofgreiäe mkl eutfr f olustremfr, ktc.1 esodosdf, kk. cf`treste le o`ifrdecoó` mkl kxtf quk lkk. kl tkde, kl Kxploce kl tkde, kl Kxploce rfpósotf, lfs pu`tfs mk prfpósotf, lfs pu`tfs mk oste y les dftovecof`ks mk oste y les dftovecof`ks mk krsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, les pkrsf`es y pkrsf`ejks, les fdperecof`ks k cfdperecof`ks k opïrhflks, kl prfhlkde bopïrhflks, kl prfhlkde k`trel, les k`skõe`zes y lfs ck`trel, les k`skõe`zes, lfs elfrks mkl tkxtf, elfrks y le o`tk`coó` mkl lesoioce`mf y so`tktoze`mf le eutfr, clesoioce`mf y `ifrdecoó`, pere so`tktoze`mf le o`ifrdecoó`, `tkrprkter kl sk`tomf glfhel klehfre cf`clusof`ks kl tkxtf. sfhrk kl tkxtf pere o`tkrprkter su sk`tomf glfhel. Fpo`e sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf, le frge`ozecoó` tkxtuel, le o`tk`coó` mk elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (`kgrotes, ksqukdes) y kl kikctf mkl tkxtf k` lfs lkctfrks, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y mkl cf`tkxtf
Fpo`e sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf y le frge`ozecoó` mkl tkxtf, le o`tk`coó` mk movkrsfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks, le o`tk`coó` mkl eutfr y kl kikctf quk prfmuck k` lfs lkctfrks, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y mk lfs ^ågo`e 559 mk 559 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
sfhrk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk f cf` kl io` mk rkilkxof`er `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks, justoioce sus prkikrk`coe prkikrk`coess sfcofculturel k` quk sk kscucbe lkkr. sfhrk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk. cf` kl io` mk rkilkxof`er cue`mf klogk f rkcfdok`me mksk`vuklvk. sfhrk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk. tkxtfs skgú` sus `kcksomemks, o`tkrksks y su rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs, cf` kl io` mk rkilkxof`er sfhrk lfs tkxtfs quk lkk. lkk. • • • Justoioce le klkccoó` f rkcfdk`mecoó` mk tkxtfs mk su prkikrk`coe, mk ecukrmf e sus `kcksomemks, o`tkrksks y le rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs lkämfs1 sustk`te su pfsocoó` sfhrk
9¾ GXEMF
cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk.
Justoioce le klkccoó` f rkcfdk`mecoó` mk tkxtfs mk su prkikrk`coe, mk ecukrmf e sus `kcksomemks, o`tkrksks y le rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs lkämfs1 sustk`te su pfsocoó` sfhrk
lfs tkxtfs cue`mf lfs cfdpertk cf` ftrfs1 y cfdpere tkxtfs k`trk sä pere o`mocer elgu`es
lfs velfrks prksk`tks k` lfs tkxtfs, cue`mf lfs cfdpertk cf` ftrfs1 y cfdpere tkxtfs k`trk sä
o`mocer elgu`es sodolotumks y moikrk`coes pere sodolotumks y moikrk`coes k`trk topfs tkxtuelks. k`trk topfs tkxtuelks y gï`krfs moscursovfs (pfr kjkdplf: moikrk`coes y skdkje`zes k`trk cuk`tf y iåhule).
^ågo`e 557 mk 557 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@. =.;.=.3. Cfdpktk`coe Cfdpktk`coe:: “KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove: kl kstumoe`tk cf`somkre kl prfpósotf, mksto`eterof, topf mk tkxtf, gï`krf moscursovf y rkgostrf quk utolozerå el kscrohor lfs tkxtfs, esä cfdf lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks quk k`derce` le cfdu`ocecoó` kscrote. • Frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme: kl kstumoe`tk frmk`e lógocedk`tk les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, edploå`mfles y cfdplkdk`tå`mfles, kstehlkcok`mf rklecof`ks mk cfbksoó` k`trk klles y utoloze`mf u` vfcehulerof pkrto`k`tk. • [toloze cf`vk`cof`ks mkl lk`guejk kscrotf mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk: kl kstumoe`tk use mk ifrde eprfpoeme rkcursfs tkxtuelks pere gere`tozer le cleromem, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk y kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf kscrotf. • Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf kscrotf: kl kstumoe`tk sk moste`coe mkl tkxtf quk be kscrotf pere rkvoser mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk kl cf`tk`omf, le cfbkrk`coe, cfbksoó` y emkcuecoó` e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf` le io`elomem mk dkjfrerlf. ]edhoï` odploce e`elozer, cfdperer y cf`trester les cerectkrästoces mk lfs usfs mkl lk`guejk kscrotf y sus pfsoholomemks, esä cfdf su rkpkrcusoó` k` ftres pkrsf`es f su rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs skgú` kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
^ågo`e 552 mk 552 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E
CE^ECOMEMKS: Emkcue kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove. Frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. [toloze cf`vk`cof`ks mkl lk`guejk kscrotf mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf kscrotf.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Kscrohk87 movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk ifrde rkilkxove. Emkcúe el prfpósotf y kl mksto`eterof e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe. Frge`oze y mkserrflle lógocedk`tk les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes e trevïs mkl usf emkcuemf mk elgu`fs topfs mk cf`kctfrks82 y kdplke vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk. Skpere emkcuemedk`tk les pelehres y utoloze elgu`fs
Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk ifrde rkilkxove. Emkcúe su tkxtf el mksto`eterof, prfpósotf y kl rkgostrf e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe y mk elgu`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó`. Frge`oze y mkserrflle lógocedk`tk les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes e trevïs mkl usf emkcuemf mk elgu`fs topfs mk cf`kctfrks c f`kctfrks y mk rkikrk`tks1 kdplke vfcehulerof veroemf. [toloze
Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk ifrde rkilkxove. Emkcúe su tkxtf el mksto`eterof, prfpósotf y kl rkgostrf, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe y mk elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroes. Frge`oze y mkserrflle lógocedk`tk les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les kstructure k` pårreifs35. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes e trevïs mkl usf emkcuemf mk elgu`fs topfs mk
cf`kctfrks y mk rkikrk`tks1 kdplke vfcehulerof veroemf veroemf.. [toloze rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs pere skperer kxprksof`ks, omkes y pårreifs38 cf` le o`tk`coó` mk merlk cleromem y sk`tomf e su tkxtf. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe mk de`kre
rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs håsocfs8? pere merlk cleromem y sk`tomf e su tkxtf. Xkilkxof`e sfhrk les omkes dås odpfrte`tkss k` kl tkxtf quk kscrohk y kxploce eckrce mkl odpfrte`tk usf mk elgu`fs rkcursfs frtfgråiocf frtfgråiocfss skgú` le sotuecoó`
rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs håsocfs pere merlk cleromem y sk`tomf e su tkxtf. Xkilkxof`e sfhrk le cfbkrk`coe3> y cfbksoó` mk les omkes k` kl tkxtf quk kscrohk, y kxploce eckrce mkl usf mk elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks pere
cfdu`ocetove.
pkrde`k`tk le cfbkrk`coe y cfbksoó` mk lk`guejk les omkes k` kl rkifrzer sk`tomfs y prfmucor kikctfs k` kl lkctfr skgú` le tkxtf quk kscrohk, esä cfdf kl usf mkl pere sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove. cfdu`ocetove . ergudk`ter f rkifrzer sk`tomfs y prfmucor kikctfs k` kl lkctfr skgú` le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` su lk`gue detkr`e y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 55? mk 55? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y kl mksto`eterof,, rkcurrok`mf e mksto`eterof su kxpkrok`coe pere kscrohor.
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y kl mksto`eterof. Xkcurrk e su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe pere kscrohor.
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, kl mksto`eterof y les cerectkrästoces dås cfdu`ks mkl topf tkxtuel. Mosto`guk kl rkgostrf ifrdel mkl o`ifrdel1 pere kllf,
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, kl mksto`eterof y les cerectkrästoces dås cfdu`ks mkl topf tkxtuel. Mosto`guk kl rkgostrf ifrdel mkl o`ifrdel1 pere kllf,
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, kl topf tkxtuel, esä cfdf kl ifrdetf y kl sfpfrtk. De`tok`k kl rkgostrf ifrdel k o`ifrdel1 pere kllf, sk emepte e lfs
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, kl topf tkxtuel y elgu`es cerectkrästoces mkl gï`krf moscursovf, esä cfdf kl ifrdetf y kl sfpfrtk. De`tok`k kl rkgostrf
rkcurrk e su kxpkrok`coe y e elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe.
rkcurrk e su kxpkrok`coe y e elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe.
mksto`eterofs y sklkccof`e elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe.
Kscrohk tkxtfs mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`, so` cf`tremoccof`ks, rkotkrecof`ks o``kckseroes f mogrksof`ks. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, cfdf ceuse-kikctf y skcuk`coe, e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
Kscrohk tkxtfs mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`, so` cf`tremoccof`ks, rkotkrecof`ks o``kckseroes f mogrksof`ks. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, cfdf emocoó`, ceusekikctf y cf`skcuk`coe, e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
Kscrohk tkxtfs mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, les jkrerquoze k` suhtkdes mk ecukrmf e pårreifs, y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`, so` mogrksof`ks f vecäfs. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, cfdf ceusekikctf, cf`skcuk`coe y cf`trestk, e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
ifrdel k o`ifrdel1 pere kllf, sk emepte e lfs mksto`eterofs y sklkccof`e elgu`es iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cfdplkdk`teroe. Kscrohk tkxtfs mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. Frmk`e les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, les jkrerquoze k` suhtkdes k omkes pro`copelks mk ecukrmf e pårreifs, y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`, so` mogrksof`ks f vecäfs. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, cfdf ceusekikctf, cf`skcuk`coe y cf`trestk, e trevïs mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks y cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk vfcehulerof quk o`cluyk so`ó`odfs y movkrsfs tïrdo`fs prfpofs mk lfs cedpfs mkl sehkr.
Kscrohk k` `ovkl eliehïtocf k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk k` fcesof`ks pukmk selorsk mk kstk f rkotkrer o`ifrdecoó` o``kckseroedk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, sfhrk tfmf mk emocoó`, utoloze`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
Kscrohk tkxtfs k` tfr`f e u` tkde. Egrupe les omkes k` frecof`ks y les mkserrflle pere edploer le o`ifrdecoó`, eu`quk k` fcesof`ks pukmk rkotkrer o`ifrdecoó` o``kckseroedk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les omkes, cfdf emocoó` y skcuk`coe, utoloze`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks. O`cfrpfre vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
^ågo`e 58> mk 58> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
•[toloze rkcursfs gredetocelks gredetoce lks y frtfgråiocf frtfgråiocfss (pfr kjkdplf, les deyúscules y kl pu`tf io`el) quk cf`trohuyk` e mer sk`tomf e su tkxtf. Kdplke iórdules rktóroces pere dercer kl o`ocof y kl io`el k` les `errecof`ks quk kscrohk1 esodosdf, klehfre rodes y jukgfs vkrhelks.
3¾ GXEMF
• [toloze rkcursfs gredetocelks gredetoce lks y frtfgråiocf frtfgråiocfss (pfr kjkdplf, kl pu`tf skguomf y lfs sog`fs mk emdorecoó` k o`tkrrfgecoó`) quk cf`trohuyk` e mer sk`tomf e su tkxtf. Kdplke elgu`es iogures rktóroces (pfr kjkdplf, les emjktovecof`ks) pere cerectkrozer pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y ksck`erofs, y klehfre rodes y jukgfs vkrhelks epkle`mf el rotdf
=¾ GXEMF
[toloze rkcursfs gredetocelks gredetoc elks y frtfgråiocfs frtfgråiocfs (pfr kjkdplf, kl pu`tf skguomf y les cfdes k`udkretoves) quk cf`trohuyk` e mer sk`tomf e su tkxtf, k o`cfrpfre elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (pfr kjkdplf, kl tedeõf mk le lktre) pere rkifrzer mocbf sk`tomf. Kdplke cfdperecof`ks y emjktovecof`ks pere cerectkrozer pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks y ksck`erofs, y klehfre rodes y jukgfs
;¾ GXEMF
[toloze rkcursfs gredetocelks gredetoc elks y frtfgråiocfs frtfgråiocfs (pfr kjkdplf, kl pu`tf epertk pere skperer pårreifs) quk cf`trohuyk` e mer sk`tomf e su tkxtf, k o`cfrpfre elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (cfdf usf mk `kgrotes f cfdolles) pere rkifrzer mocbf sk`tomf. Kdplke elgu`es iogures rktóroces, (pkrsf`oiocecof`ks y emjktovecof`ks) pere cerectkrozer pkrsf`es,
9¾ GXEMF
[toloze rkcursfs gredetocelks gredetoce lks y frtfgråiocfs frtfgråiocfs (pfr kjkdplf, kl pu`tf epertk pere skperer pårreifs) quk cf`trohuyk` e mer sk`tomf e su tkxtf, k o`cfrpfre elgu`fs rkcursfs tkxtuelks (cfdf usf mk `kgrotes f cfdolles) pere rkifrzer mocbf sk`tomf. Kdplke elgu`es iogures rktóroces (pkrsf`oiocecof`ks k bopïrhflks) pere cerectkrozer pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks
• Xkvose kl tkxtf cf` eyume mkl mfck`tk, pere mktkrdo`er so sk ejuste el prfpósotf y mksto`eterof, f so sk de`tok`k f `f mk`trf mkl tkde, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrerlf.
Xkvose kl tkxtf cf` eyume mkl mfck`tk, pere mktkrdo`er so sk ejuste el prfpósotf y mksto`eterof, so kxostk` cf`tremoccof`ks quk eikcte` le cfbkrk`coe k`trk les omkes, f so kl usf mk cf`kctfrks eskgure le cfbksoó` k`trk klles. ]edhoï`, rkvose kl usf mk lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs kdplkemfs k` su tkxtf y vkroioce so ielte elgu`f
y le dusocelomem mk les pelehres, cf` kl io` mk kxprkser sus kxpkrok`coes y kdfcof`ks.
vkrhelks epkle`mf el rotdf y le dusocelomem mk les pelehres, cf` kl io` mk kxprkser sus kxpkrok`coes y kdfcof`ks.
pkrsf`ejks y ksck`erofs, f pere klehfrer petrf`ks rätdocfs f vkrsfs lohrks, cf` kl io` mk kxprkser sus kxpkrok`coess y kdfcof`ks. kxpkrok`coe
Xkvose kl tkxtf pere mktkrdo`er so sk ejuste e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, so kxostk` cf`tremoccof`ks f rkotkrecof`ks o``kckseroes quk eikcte` le cfbkrk`coe k`trk les omkes, f so kl usf mk cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks eskgure le cfbksoó` k`trk klles. ]edhoï`, rkvose kl usf mk lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfss kdplkemfs k` frtfgråiocf su tkxtf y vkroioce so ielte
• Xkvose kl tkxtf pere mktkrdo`err so sskk ejuste e le mktkrdo`e sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, so kxostk` cf`tremoccof`ks f rkotkrecof`ks o``kckseroes quk eikcte` le cfbkrk`coe k`trk les omkes, f so kl usf mk cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks eskgure le cfbksoó` k`trk klles. ]edhoï`, rkvose kl usf mk lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs quk kdplkó k` su tkxtf y vkroioce so
Kvelúe mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk kl tkxtf, pere mktkrdo`err so sskk ejuste e le mktkrdo`e sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, so kxostk` rkotkrecof`ks o``kckseroes f mogrksof`ks quk eikcte` le cfbkrk`coe k`trk les omkes, f so kl usf mk cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks eskgure le cfbksoó` k`trk klles. ]edhoï`, kvelúe le utolomem mk lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs kdplkemfs y
y ksck`erofs, f pere klehfrer petrf`ks rätdocfs y vkrsfs lohrks, cf` kl io` mk prfmucor kikctfs k` kl lkctfr (kl k`trktk`odok`tf f kl suspk`sf, pfr kjkdplf). Kvelúe mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk kl tkxtf, pere mktkrdo`er so sk ejuste e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, so kxostk` mogrksof`ks f vecäfs mk o`ifrdecoó` quk eikcte` le cfbkrk`coe k`trk les omkes, f so kl usf mk cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks eskgure le cfbksoó` k`trk klles. ]edhoï`, kvelúe le utolomem mk lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs kdplkemfs y ^ågo`e 585 mk 585 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
pkrto`k`coe mkl (cfdf les deyúscules), cf` elgu`f (cfdf lfs sog`fs mk ielte elgu`f (cfdf kl le o`tkrrfgecoó`), cf` kl io` pu`tf epertk), cf` kl io` mk vfcehulerof, pere dkjfrer kl io` mk dkjfrerlf. dkjfrerlf. kl tkxtf y gere`tozer su mk dkjfrerlf. dkjfrerlf. sk`tomf. Kxploce kl kikctf mk su Kxploce kl kikctf mk su • Kvelúe kl kikctf mk su tkxtf k` lfs lkctfrks, lukgf tkxtf k` lfs lkctfrks tkxtf k` lfs lkctfrks, e mk cfdpertorlf cf` ftrfs. cf`somkre`mf su prfpósotf pertor mk lfs rkcursfs ]edhoï`, rkvose kl usf mk el dfdk`tf mk kscrohorlf. tkxtuelks y kstolästocfs lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs Esodosdf, kxploce le utolozemfs, y cf`somkre`mf
le pkrto`k`coe mkl vfcehulerof, pere dkjfrer kl tkxtf y gere`tozer su sk`tomf. Kvelúe kl kikctf mk su tkxtf k` lfs lkctfrks, e pertor mk lfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks y kstolästocfs utolozemfs, y cf`somkre`mf su prfpósotf
mk lfs su prfpósotf el dfdk`tf kdplkemfs k` su tkxtf y odpfrte`coe elgu`fs espkctfs espkctfs gredetocelks y mk kscrohorlf. Cfdpere y frtfgråiocfs frtfgrå iocfs dås cfdu`ks. cf`treste lfs espkctfs gredetocelks. gredetocelks gredetoc elks y frtfgråiocfs frtfgråiocfs dås cfdu`ks cue`mf kvelúe kl tkxtf.
el dfdk`tf mk kscrohorlf. Cfdpere y cf`treste lfs espkctfs gredetocelks y frtfgråiocfss dås cfdu`ks, frtfgråiocf esä cfdf les cerectkrästoce cerectkrästocess mk topfs tkxtuelks, cue`mf kvelúe kl tkxtf.
^ågo`e 588 mk 588 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Ertk y Culture 5=. Eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks. 5;. Crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs.
^ågo`e 583 mk 583 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.;.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK EX]K _ C[L][XE
=.;.;.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “E^XKCOE MK DE@KXE CXÄ]OCE DE@OIKS]ECOF@KS EX]ÄS]OCF C[L][XELKS— C[L][XELKS— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce, pfr pertk mk lfs kstumoe`tks, le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • ^krcohk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks: Cf`sostk k` user lfs sk`tomfs pere fhskrver, kscucber, mkscrohor y e`elozer les cuelomemks vosuelks, tåctolk s, sf`fres y ao`kstïsoces mk movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks. • Cf`tkxtueloze de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks: Ks o`ifrdersk eckrce mk le culture k` quk sk frogo`e u`e de`oikstecoó` ertästoce pere k`tk`mkr códf kl cf`tkxtf sfcoel, culturel k bostórocf mk kste o`iluyk k` su crkecoó` y le de`kre k` quk tre`sdotk sus sog`oiocemfs. • Xkilkxof`e crketove y crätocedk`tk sfhrk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks: Supf`k o`tkrprkter les o`tk`cof`ks y sog`oiocemfs mk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks quk beye` vostf f kxpkrodk`temf y kdotor juocofs mk velfr, k`trkleze`mf o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome e trevïs mk le pkrckpcoó `, kl e`ålosos y le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs cf`tkxtfs. cf`tkxtfs. CE^ECOMEMKS: ertästocf-culturelks. ^krcohk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks. ertästocf-culturelks. Cf`tkxtueloze de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks. crätocedk`tk sfhrk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelk ertästocf-culturelks. s. Xkilkxof`e crketove y crätocedk`tk
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks el fhskrver, kscucber y mkscrohor les cerectkrästoces vosuelks, tåctolks, sf`fres y ao`kstïsoces mk kstes de`oikstecof`ks, mkscrohok`mf les sk`secof`ks quk lk tre`sdotk`. ^ertocope mk cf`vkrsecof`ks sfhrk lfs cf`tkxtfs mf`mk sk frogo`e` de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y rkcf`fck quk rkspf`mk` e cerectkrästoces prfpoes mk u` grupf mk pkrsf`es, mk tokdpfs y lugerks moikrk`tks. Kxprkse sus prkikrk`coes sfhrk de`oikstecof`kss ertästoces quk fhskrve f kxpkrodk`te y de`oikstecof`k cf`vkrse sfhrk lfs tkdes, les omkes y sk`todok`tfs quk cfdu`oce`.
Eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks el fhskrver, kscucber y mkscrohor les cerectkrästoces clevks mk u`e de`oikstecoó` ertästocfculturel, su ifrde, lfs dkmofs quk utoloze, su tkdåtoce1 mkscrohk les omkes f sk`todok`tfs quk cfdu`oce. O`vkstoge lfs cf`tkxtfs mf`mk sk frogo`e k o`iokrk o`ifrdecoó` eckrce eckrce mkl luger, le ïpfce y le culture mf`mk iuk crkeme. O`tkgre le o`ifrdecoó` rkcfgome y mkscrohk mk quï de`kre u`e de`oikstecoó` ertästocf-culturel cfdu`oce omkes, sk`todok`tfs k o`tk`cof`ks.
Eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks el o`tkrprkter les cuelomemks kxprksoves mk lfs klkdk`tfss mkl ertk, le kstructure y lfs dkmofs utolozemfs klkdk`tf k` u`e de`oikstecoó` ertästocf-culturel y kxploce códf tre`sdotk dk`sejks, omkes y sk`todok`tfs. O`vkstoge lfs cf`tkxtfs mf`mk sk frogo`e` de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks tremocof`elks y cf`tkdpfrå`kes k omk`toioce códf lfs cedhofs, les tremocof`ks, les crkk`coes y velfrks rkvkle` le de`kre k` quk u`e mktkrdo`eme pkrsf`e f sfcokmem be vovomf. Gk`kre bopótksos sfhrk kl sog`oiocemf s og`oiocemf y les movkrses o`tk`cof`ks quk pukmk tk`kr u`e de`oikstecoó` crkeme k` cf`tkxtfs bostórocfs y culturelks moikrk`tks.
^ågo`e 58= mk 58= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks: [se lfs sk`tomfs pere omk`toiocer, cf` le eyume mkl mfck`tk, lfs klkdk`tfs vosuelks, tåctolks, sf`frfs y ao`kstïsocfs quk bey k` le `eturelkze, kl k`tfr`f y
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mkscrohk f rkgostre lä`kes, ifrdes, sf`omfs y dfvodok`tfs quk k`cuk`tre k` le `eturelkze,, kl k`tfr`f y k` `eturelkze movkrses de`oikstecof`ks
3¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce y mkscrohk lfs klkdk`tfs håsocfs mkl ertk quk k`cuk`tre k` su k`tfr`f y k` de`oikstecof`kss ertästocf de`oikstecof`k culturelks movkrses.
=¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mkscrohk y e`eloze lfs klkdk`tfs mkl ertk quk omk`toioce k` kl k`tfr`f y k` de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks, k omk`toioce lfs dkmofs
;¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces mk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf-culturelks quk fhskrve, e`eloze sus klkdk`tfss k o`tkrprkte les klkdk`tf omkes y sk`todok`tfs quk
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mkscrohk y e`eloze les cuelomemks mk lfs klkdk`tfs vosuelks, tåctolks, sf`frfs y ao`kstïïsocfs quk pkrcohk ao`kst k` de`oikstecof`ks
movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästoces, y lfs esfcoe cf` ertästoces mk su cf`tkxtf omkes y sk`todok`tfs. lfcel. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk y cfdpere movkrsfs sf`omfs quk kscucbe k` kl k`tfr`f (les hfco`es mk lfs cerrfs, kl solhomf mk u` påjerf, kl sf`omf mk les bfjes mk lfs århflks) y kxploce códf lf beck` sk`tor.
Dk`cof`e y mkscrohk les kxpkrok`coes quk tok`k cf` de`oikstecof`ks ertästoces k` su k`tfr`f iedoloer y k` su cfdu`omem. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cf`vkrse sfhrk sotuecof`ks, kvk`tfs u
De`tok`k cf`vkrsecof`ks y beck rkgostrfs sfhrk lfs cf`tkxtfs bostórocfs y culturelks mk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks cf` les quk o`tkrectúe. Kjkdplf: Kl
Xklecof`e Xkcf`fck quk lfs utolozemfs. klkdk`tfs pukmk` klkdk`tfs cf` omkes, tre`sdotor dúltoplks dk`sejks y sk`todok`tfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk sk`secof`ks. mkscrohk quï o`strudk`tfs sk use` k` le dúsoce tremocof`el pkrue`e quk kstå kscucbe`mf, códf ks kl sf`omf mkl tedhfr, kl rotdf cf`ste`tk, quï sf`omfs lk llede` le etk`coó`, quï lk beck sk`tor, quï lk beck pk`ser, k`trk ftrfs. Kspkcule sfhrk lfs O`vkstoge kl sog`oiocemf mk sädhflfs y prfcksfs quk kl ertoste be lfs skguomf pere crker su fhre cerectkrästoces pro`copelks de`oikstecof`ks k omk`toioce lfs mosto`tfs mk mk usfs y prfpósotfs mk ertästocf-culturelks lugerks y de`oikstecof`ks ertästocf- moikrk`tks culturelks mk su tokdpfs, y cfdprk`mk quk
tre`sdotk`.
ertästocf-culturelks, y kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk sus bellezgfs y les omkes y kdfcof`ks quk klles lk gk`kre`.
Omk`toioce y mkscrohk lfs cf`tkxtfs mk movkrses de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks k omk`toioce códf kl ertk cudplk movkrses iu`cof`ks (sfcoelozer, k`trktk`kr,
O`vkstoge k` movkrses iuk`tks eckrce mkl frogk` y les ifrdes k` quk de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks tremocof`elks y cf`tkdpfrå`kes tre`sdotk` les ^ågo`e 58; mk 58; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
fcesof`ks mf`mk be tk`omf fpfrtu`omem mk vovor f kxpkrodk`ter le dúsoce (cue`mf su dedå lk ce`te f cue`mf fyk dúsoce pere heoler k` su cese, k` iokstes f k` cklkhrecof`ks mk su herrof).
kstumoe`tk cf`vkrse sfhrk cfdu`omem (rotuel, les sodolotumks y rkcrketovf, cfdkrcoel, moikrk`coes k`trk les mkcfretovf mkcfretovf,, utoloterof, ktc.). me`zes pkrue`es quk be fhskrvemf. Xkgostre mk de`kre vosuel y kscrote códf sk llkve e cehf ceme me`ze, le ifrde k` quk vostk` lfs me`ze`tks y cf` quï dúsoce f sf`omfs sk ecfdpeõe`.
Kxploce sus omkes y kxprkse sus kdfcof`ks y sk`todok`tfs cue`mf k`tre k` cf`tectf cf` le `eturelkze f de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks mk su k`tfr`f.
Kxploce sus omkes y kxprkse lfs sk`todok`tfs quk lk gk`kre` les de`oikstecof`ks de`oikstecof `ks ertästocf culturelks, cf` hesk k` sus fhskrvecof`ks y kxpkrok`coes. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cfdpertk cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs lf quk sok`tk y pok`se sfhrk lfs pkrsf`ejks mk u`e fhre mk tketrf, y lf esfcoe cf` kl tkde mk le bostfroe.
Cfdk`te sfhrk lfs pfsohlks sog`oiocemfs mk u`e fhre mk ertk, cf` hesk k` lf fhskrvemf y lf o`vkstogemf eckrce mkl eutfr, y kdotk u`e fpo`oó` pkrsf`el sfhrk klle.
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
cudplk` movkrsfs prfpósotfs y cfdu`oce` omkes sfhrk le culture k` le quk iukrf` crkemfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk o`vkstoge les ifrdes y lfs prfpósotfs mk le ckrådoce Dfcbk y códf lfs dftovfs y moskõfs usemfs rkprksk`te` kl ceråctkr mk lfs pkrsf`ejks f les iogures quk ellä eperkck`. Cfdk`te sfhrk le de`kre k` quk lfs klkdk`tfs, lfs prfcksfs, lfs dkmofs y les tïc`oces usemes cfdu`oce` omkes, y gk`kre bopótksos sfhrk kl sog`oiocemf y le o`tk`coó` mkl ertoste.
cf`ter bostfroes, cklkhrer) y eyume e cf`fckr les crkk`coes, lfs velfrks f les ectotumks mk u` ertoste f u`e sfcokmem. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxploce quï rkprksk`te le me`ze Cbuõf Seruy pere les cfdu`omemks quk le rkeloze`, pfr quï le beck`, mk quï luger ks, k`trk ftrfs. Gk`kre bopótksos sfhrk kl sog`oiocemf y le o`tk`coó` mk u`e de`oikstecoó` ertästocf-culturel k o`cfrpfre le fpo`oó` mk lfs mkdås pere rkifrduler sus pu`tfs mk voste sfhrk klle.
9¾ GXEMF
cerectkrästoces sfcokmem.
mk
u`e
Mkserrflle y eploce crotkrofs rklkve`tks pere kveluer u`e de`oikstecoó de`oikstecoó` ` ertästoce, cf` hesk k` le o`ifrdecoó` quk de`kje sfhrk su ifrde y cf`tkxtf mk crkecoó`, y k`seye u`e pfsture pkrsf`el irk`tk e klle. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxploce quï ks u` rktehlf y lf rklecof`e cf` kvk`tfs bostórocfs sfhrk lfs quk be kstumoemf y kxploce quï pertks mkl rktehlf sf` dås kikctoves k` tre`sdotor sus omkes. Kxploce códf be cedhoemf su rkeccoó` o`ocoel irk`tk el rktehlf, mkspuïs mk behkrlf fhskrvemf cf` mktk`odok`tf k o`megemf sfhrk kl cf`tkxtf k` quk iuk crkemf. ^ågo`e 589 mk 589 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^ågo`e 587 mk 587 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK EX]K _ C[L][XE =.;.;.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “CXKE ^XF_KC]FS MKSMK LFS LK@G[EJKS LK@G[EJKS EX]ÄS]OCFS— EX]ÄS]OCFS— • Kxplfre y kxpkrodk`te lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs: Sog`oioce kxpkrodk`ter, odprfvoser y mkserrfller beholomemks k` kl usf mk lfs dkmofs, detkroelks, bkrredok`tes y tïc`oces mk lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk. • Eploce prfcksfs crketovfs: Supf`k gk`krer omkes, o`vkstoger, tfder mkcosof`ks y pf`kr k` pråctoce sus cf`fcodok`tfs pere klehfrer u` prfykctf ertästocf o`movomuel f cflehfretovf k` rklecoó` e u`e o`tk`coó` kspkcäioce. • Kvelúe y cfdu`oce sus prfcksfs y prfykctfs: Sog`oioce rkgostrer sus kxpkrok`coes, cfdu`ocer sus mkscuhrodok`tfs y cfdpertor sus crkecof`ks cf` ftrfs, pere prfiu`mozer k` kllfs y rkilkxof`er sfhrk sus omkes y kxpkrok`coes. CE^ECOMEMKS: Kxplfre y kxpkrodk`te lfs lk`guejks mkl ertk. Eploce prfcksfs crketovfs. Kvelúe y cfdu`oce sus prfcksfs y prfykctfs.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Crke prfykctfs ertästocfs quk mkdukstre` beholomemks ertästoces o`ocoelks pere cfdu`ocer omkes, sk`todok`tfs, fhskrvecof`ks y kxpkrok`coes. Kxpkrodk`te, sklkccof`e y kxplfre lohrkdk`tk les pfsoholomemks kxprksoves mk lfs klkdk`tfs, dkmofs, detkroelks detkroelks y tïc`oces mk lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk. Kxplfre omkes quk surgk` mk su odego`ecoó`, sus kxpkrok`coes f mk sus fhskrvecof`ks y les cf`crktoze k` trehejfs mk ertks vosuelks, dúsoce, tketrf f me`ze. Cfdpertk sus kxpkrok`coes y crkecof`ks cf` sus cfdpeõkrfs y su iedoloe. Mkscrohk y moelfge sfhrk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces mk sus prfpofs trehejfs y lfs mk
Crke prfykctfs ertästocfs k` u`e verokmem mk lk`guejks quk cfdu`oce` kxpkrok`coes, omkes, sk`todok`tfs y fhskrvecof`ks. Kxplfre, sklkccof`e y cfdho`e lfs klkdk`tfs mkl ertk y utoloze dkmofs, detkroelks, bkrredok`tes y tïc`oces mk lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mkl ertk pere kxprkser mk moikrk`tks de`kres sus omkes y rksflvkr prfhlkdes crketovfs. Mkdukstre beholomem pere ple`oiocer trehejfs use`mf sus cf`fcodok`tfs mkl ertk y emkcúe sus prfcksfs pere ejustersk e moikrk`tks o`tk`cof`ks, quk sk hese` k` fhskrvecof`ks f prfhlkdes mkl k`tfr`f `eturel, ertästocf y culturel.
Crke prfykctfs ertästocfs o`movomuelks f cflehfretovfs kxplfre`mf ifrdes eltkr`etoves mk cfdho`er y user klkdk`tfs, dkmofs, detkroelks y tïc`oces ertästoces y tkc`flfgäes pere le rksflucoó` mk prfhlkdes crketovfs. Gk`kre omkes o`vkstoge`mf u`e verokmem mk iuk`tks y de`opule`mf lfs klkdk`tfs mk lfs movkrsfs lk`guejks mk les ertks (me`ze, dúsoce, tketrf, ertks vosuelks) pere kveluer cuålks sk ejuste` dkjfr e sus o`tk`cof`ks. ^le`oioce y prfmuck trehejfs quk cfdu`oce` omkes y kxpkrok`coes pkrsf`elks y sfcoelks k o`cfrpfre o`iluk`coes mk su prfpoe cfdu`omem y mk ftres cultures.
sus cfdpeõkrfs y rkspf`mk e prkgu`tes sfhrk kllfs.
Cfdu`oce sus bellezgfs, omk`toioce`mf klkdk`tfs f tïc`oces f prfcksfs quk be usemf pere k`roqukckr sus crkecof`ks y dkjfre sus trehejfs e pertor mk rktrfelodk`tecof`ks. rktrfe lodk`tecof`ks. ^le`oioce códf y quï `kcksote pere cfdpertor sus kxpkrok`coes y mkscuhrodok`tfs becoe le cfdu`omem kmucetove.
Xkgostre sus prfcksfs, omk`toioce lfs espkctfs ksk`coelks mk sus trehejfs y lfs ve dfmoioce`mf pere dkjfrerlfs. ^le`oioce lfs kspecofs mk prksk`tecoó` cf`somkre`mf sus o`tk`cof`ks y prksk`te sus mkscuhrodok`tfs y crkecof`kss e u` crkecof`k u`ee verokmem mk eumok`coes. Kvelúe so lfgre sus o`tk`cof`ks mk de`kre kikctove. ^ågo`e 582 mk 582 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk eprkcoe mk de`kre crätoce de`oikstecof`ks ertästocfculturelks y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk crke prfykctfs mksmk lfs lk`guejks ertästocfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kxpkrodk`te cf` lfs dkmofs, lfs detkroelks y les tïc`oces ertästoces pere crker kikctfs vosuelks, sf`frfs, vfcelks f
Kxplfre k odprfvose de`kres mk user lfs dkmofs, lfs detkroelks y les tïc`oces ertästoces, y mkscuhrk quk pukmk` skr
Odprfvose y kxpkrodk`te de`kres mk user lfs klkdk`tfs mkl ertk y rkcf`fck lfs kikctfs quk pukmk lfgrer cfdho`e`mf
Cfdho`e y husce eltkr`etoves pere user klkdk`tfss mk lfs lk`guejks klkdk`tf ertästocfs, dkmofs, detkroelks, bkrredok`tes,
Kxplfre lfs klkdk`tfs mk lfs lk`guejks mk les ertks vosuelks, le dúsoce, kl tketrf y le me`ze, y lfs eploce cf` io`ks kxprksovfs
Kxplfre lfs klkdk`tfs mk lfs lk`guejks mk les ertks vosuelks, le dúsoce, kl tketrf y le me`ze, y cfdho`e dkmofs,
ao`kstïtocfs k` rkspukste e kstädulfs mkl mfck`tk f cf` hesk k` sus prfpoes kxplfrecof`ks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rkeloze dfvodok`tfs skgú` lfs rotdfs quk tfce kl prfiksfr k` u` tedhfr, y eltkre f kxegkre sus dfvodok`tfs cue`mf bey cedhofs mk rotdf. Kxplfre omkes lohrkdk`tk e pertor mk su odego`ecoó`, sus kxpkrok`coes u fhskrvecof`ks, y kxpkrodk`te de`kres k` quk lfs klkdk`tfs mkl ertk (dfvodok`tfs, eccof`ks, ifrdes, cflfrks f sf`omfs) pukmk` usersk f skr rkpktomfs pere cfdu`ocer
utolozemfs pere kxprkser omkes y sk`todok`tfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk use su odego`ecoó` pere rkprksk`ter e lfs movkrsfs pkrsf`ejks mk u`e lkyk`me y kxpkrodk`te cf` u`e verokmem mk dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks y tf`fs mk vfz.
Gk`kre omkes e pertor mk o`tkrksks, mk kxpkrok`coes pkrsf`elks, mk le fhskrvecoó` mk su k`tfr`f `eturel y sfcoel f mk kstädulfs kxtkr`fs. Kdpokze e sklkccof`er y frge`ozer klkdk`tfs (dfvodok`tfs, eccof`ks f kikctfs vosuelks f sf`frfs)
movkrsfs dkmofs, detkroelks, detkroelk s, bkrredok`tes bkrredok`tes y tïc`oces pere cfdu`ocer omkes. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rkeloze dkzcles mk cflfr cf` tïdpkres, pere crker moikrk`tks tf`fs mk cflfr quk sk perkzce` dås e su cflfr mk pokl el beckr su eutfrktretf. ^le`oioce sus prfykctfs sfhrk le hesk mk les de`kres k` quk ftrfs ertostes be` usemf lfs klkdk`tfs mkl ertk y les tïc`oces (pfr kjkdplf, k` pråctoces ertästoces tremocof`elks mk su cfdu`omem) pere cfdu`ocer sus prfpoes
tïc`oces, rkcursfs tkc`flógocfs e su elce`ck, esä cfdf pråctoces tremocof`elks mk su cfdu`omem, pere kxprkser mk moikrk`tks de`kres sus omkes.
y cfdu`ocetovfs. ^rukhe y prfpf`k ifrdes mk utolozer lfs dkmofs, lfs detkroe detkroelks, lks, les bkrredok`tes y les tïc`oces cf` io`ks kxprksovfs y cfdu`ocetovfs.
detkroelks, bkrredok`tes, tïc`oces y rkcursfs tkc`flógocfs cf` io`ks kxprksovfs y cfdu`ocetovfs.
Mkserrflle sus omkes e pertor mk fhskrvecof`ks, kxpkrok`coes y kl trehejf ertästocf mk ftrfs, y sklkccof`e klkdk`tfs y detkroelks detkroe lks pere p ere cfdpf`kr u`e odegk` mk ecukrmf e sus o`tk`cof`ks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk crke u`e o`tkrprktecoó` o`tkrprktec oó` cf` hesk k`
Gk`kre omkes e pertor mk kstädulfs y iuk`tks movkrses (tremocof`elks, lfcelks y glfhelks) y ple`oioce su trehejf ertästocf tfde`mf k` cuk`te le o`ifrdecoó` rkcfgome. De`opule u`e skrok mk klkdk`tfs, dkmofs, tïc`oces,
Xkeloze crkecof`ks o`movomuelks y cflkctoves, hesemes k` le fhskrvecoó` y k` kl kstumof mkl k`tfr`f `eturel, ertästocf y culturel lfcel y glfhel. Cfdho`e y prfpf`k ifrdes mk utolozer lfs klkdk`tf klkdk`tfs, s, detkroelks, detkroelks, tïc`oces y rkcursfs tkc`flógocfs pere rksflvkr ^ågo`e 58? mk 58? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
u`e omke. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rkeloze u` trehejf mk tïc`oce doxte use`mf pepklks y detkroelks mk cfllegk quk kl mfck`tk be mospukstf sfhrk u`e dkse. Klogk pkmezfs mk pepkl mk moikrk`tks ifrdes, cflfrks y tedeõfs y lfs pkge k` u`e certulo`e mk de`kre lohrk. Egrkge elgu`fs rktezfs mk tkle k` kspecofs quk be` qukmemf lohrks y beck verofs pu`tfs mk cflfrks cf` u` pludó` gruksf, elrkmkmfr mk ceme pkmezf mk tkle.
pere prksk`ter u`e omke mk u`e de`kre k` pertoculer. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rkeloze u`e lluvoe mk omkes pere sf`frozer u` cuk`tf y klogk fhjktfs cftomoe`fs pere crker kikctfs sf`frfs quk pukme` rkprksk`ter e lfs movkrsfs pkrsf`ejks mk le bostfroe y les eccof`ks f dfdk`tfs dås odpfrte`tks.
kxpkrok`coes f sk`todok`tfs. Odprfvose, kxpkrodk`te y cfdho`e movkrsfs klkdk`tfs, dkmofs, detkroelks y tïc`oces pere mkscuhror códf pukmk cfdu`ocer u`e omke.
u` pfkde quk be lkämf. Kxpkrodk`te cf` movkrses iuk`tks sf`fres use`mf fhjktfs mk su k`tfr`f, mkcomk cuå`tf mkhk murer ceme sf`omf y cf` quï rotdf lf mkhk tfcer, mk ecukrmf el sk`todok`tf quk mkske tre`sdotor.
prfhlkdes ple`tkemfs prfykctf1 prfpukstes o`tkgremes.
^rksk`te sus trehejfs y crkecof`ks y rkspf`mk e prkgu`tes sk`colles sfhrk kllfs1 esodosdf, mkscrohk
^rksk`te sus trehejfs y crkecof`ks k` ifrde o`movomuel y grupel, y mkscrohk mk de`kre
Mkscrohk le omke f tkdåtoce kspkcäioce mkserrflleme k` sus prfcksfs mk odprfvosecoó` y
^le`oioce de`kres mk prksk`ter sus trehejfs pere cfdu`ocer sus omkes kikctovedk`tk, mf`mk
bkrredok`tes y detkroelks pere mkserrfller trehejfs quk cfdu`oce` omkes e u`e eumok`coe kspkcäioce. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk fhskrve movkrsfs cuk`tfs olustremfs sfhrk Mf` Uuojftk mk le De`cbe pere sehkr mk quï de`kres be` somf rkprksk`temfs lfs pkrsf`ejks pro`copelks. Lukgf, ple`oioce códf rkprksk`terå mk de`kre mredåtoce e u`f mk lfs pkrsf`ejks, cf` hesk k` les odågk`ks vostes. ^rukhe cf` u`e skrok mk dfvodok`tfs, gkstfs y tf`fs mk vfz irk`tk e sus cfdpeõkrfs pere klkgor le dkjfr de`kre mk tre`sdotor les cerectkrästoces mkl pkrsf`ejk quk be klkgomf. Xkgostre sus omkes y les o`iluk`coes mk sus crkecof`ks y les prksk`te mk movkrses de`kres.
Kxplocey be kxpkrodk`tecoó`. les tïc`oces quk be usemf les de`kres k` quk sok`tk quk su trehejf ks kxotfsf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxploce pfr quï klogoó kstorer lfs hrezfs y
esudk u` rezf`ks rfl kspkcäiocf. Kxploce les pfr les quk be sklkccof`emf dkmofs, detkroelks, bkrredok`tes y tïc`oces kspkcäioces k` sus trehejfs y kvelúe cf` crotkrofs
Esudk k` mkl les moikrk`tksrflksiesks prfykctf ertästocf y kvelúe kl odpectf mk sus eccof`ks k` kl rksultemf mk sus crkecof`ks f prksk`tecof`ks.
^le`oioce mkske le de`kre dfstrer k` quk kl rksultemf mk sus o`vkstogecof`ks y crkecof`ks, y dkjfre su prksk`tecoó` e pertor mk su prfpoe eutfkveluecoó` y le
códf lfs les cerectkrästoces crkemf y frge`ozemf. prfpofs trehejfs y mk lfs sus mk sk`colle sus cfdpeõkrfs.
9¾ GXEMF
crketovfs k` su o`cluyk mk ertks
Mfcudk`te le de`kre k` quk sus omkes sk be` mkserrfllemf y cuålks be` somf sus o`iluk`coes.
^ågo`e 53> mk 53> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
mksplezersk lk`tedk`tk memfs so pere rkprksk`ter kl vok`tf prfpósotf. k` u`e me`ze.
lfgró
su
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9¾ GXEMF
rktrfelodk`tecoó` quk rkcohk mk ftrfs. Kvelúe kl rksultemf mk sus crkecof`ks f prksk`tecof`ks y mkscrohk cuålks kre` sus o`tk`cof`ks y quï dk`sejks tre`sdotk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk crke u` trehejf mk “erpollkräe— pere rkprksk`ter cf`ckptfs håsocfs sfhrk le mkdfcrecoe (oguelmem,
lohkrtem, deyfräe, ktc.) e trevïs mk moikrk`tks ksck`es. ^le`oioce mk quï de`kre prksk`terå sus hfcktfs k omkes e sus cfdpeõkrfs. Kxploce lfs cf`ckptfs quk klogoó pere crker su trehejf tkxtol y rkspf`mk e prkgu`tes sfhrk lfs pkrsf`ejks y les eccof`ks quk be rkprksk`temf. Xkcfgk omkes y sugkrk`coes pere dkjfrer su trehejf io`el.
^ågo`e 535 mk 535 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue
59. Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue. 57. Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue. 52. Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue.
^ågo`e 538 mk 538 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.9.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@ CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E
=.;.9.5. Cfdpktk`coe Cfdpktk`coe:: “SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E— LK@G[E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks:
• Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel: kl kstumoe`tk rkcupkre y kxtrek o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote kxprkseme pfr lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks. • O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel: kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf e pertor mk rklecof`er o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote pere mkmucor u`e `ukve o`ifrdecoó` f cfdplkter lfs vecäfs mkl tkxtf frel. E pertor mk kstes o`ikrk`coes, kl kstumoe`tk o`tkrprkte kl sk`tomf m mkl kl tkxtf, lfs rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y gkstfs, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk y les o`tk`cof`ks mk lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks cf` lfs quk sk rklecof`e k` u` cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel mktkrdo`emf. • Emkcúe, frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme: kl kstumoe`tk kxprkse sus omkes emeptå`mfsk el prfpósotf, mksto`eterof, cerectkrästoces mkl topf mk tkxtf, gï`krf moscursovf y rkgostrf, cf`somkre`mf les `frdes y dfmfs mk cfrtksäe, esä cfdf lfs cf `tkxtfs sfcofculturelks quk
k`derce` le cfdu`ocecoó`. Esodosdf, kxprkse les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde mk ifrde lógoce, rklecof`å`mfles dkmoe`tk movkrsfs rkcursfs cfbksovfs pere cf`struor kl sk`tomf mk mosto`tfs topfs mk tkxtfs y gï`krfs moscursovfs. • [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mk ifrde kstretïgoce: kl kstumoe`tk kdplke veroemfs rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (cfdf gkstfs f dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) f perevkrhelks (cfdf kl tf`f mk le vfz f solk`cofs) skgú` le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove pere k`ietozer f detozer sog`oiocemfs y prfmucor mktkrdo`emfs kikctfs k` lfs o`tkrlfcutfrks.
^ågo`e 533 mk 533 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk` coe: SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E
CE^ECOMEMKS: Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel. O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf frel. Emkcúe, frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mk ifrde kst retïgoce. O`tkrectúe kstretïgocedk`tk cf` mosto`tfs o`tkrlfcutfrks. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf frel.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk tkxtfs hrkvks y sk`collfs mk vfcehulerof irkcuk`tk. O`iokrk kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y rkcf`fck lfs rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks mkl o`tkrlfcutfr. Sk kxprkse hrkvkdk`tk frge`oze`mf le o`ifrdecoó` dkmoe`tk iresks cftomoe`es pere cfdu`ocer gustfs, `kcksomemks håsoces, kdfcof`ks y eccof`ks cf`crktes. [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks, gkstuelks y cfrpfrelks pere beckr kikctove le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove. O`moce quï lk guste f lk mosguste mk lf kscucbemf. K` u` o`tkrcedhof, ifrdule prkgu`tes (e pertor mk le tfde mk tur`fs mk su k`tfr`f culturel) y rkspf`mk mk ifrde håsoce e su o`tkrlfcutfr use`mf elgu`es iresks mk su lk`gue detkr`e so iukre `kckserof.
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk tkxtfs frelks sk`collfs s k`collfs mk vfcehulerof veroemf. O`tkrprkte kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl o`tkrlfcutfr, rkcf`fck y rklecof`e o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk. Sk kxprkse hrkvkdk`tk frge`oze`mf le o`ifrdecoó` o`ifrdecoó` k` tfr`f e u` tkde use`mf vfcehulerof cftomoe`f. [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks. Fpo`e hrkvkdk`tk sfhrk u` tkxtf. K` u` o`tkrcedhof, ifrdule y rkspf`mk prkgu`tes e su o`tkrlfcutfr. o`tkrlfcutfr.
Sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk dkmoe`tk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` rkgostrfs ifrdelks k o`ifrdelks. O`iokrk kl tkde k o`tkrprkte kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl o`tkrlfcutfr y rkcf`fck o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk. Sk kxprkse emkcue`mf su tkxtf frel e sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves ifrdelks k o`ifrdelks use`mf vfcehulerof veroemf. Frge`oze y mkserrflle omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde rklecof`å`mfles dkmoe`tk kl usf mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks. [toloze rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks. Fpo`e sfhrk u` tkxtf justoioce`mf su pfsocoó`. K` u` o`tkrcedhof cf` sus perks kxprkse sus omkes edploå`mfle edploå`mfless y vo`culå`mfles e u` tkde.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk sk cfdu`oce freldk`tk k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 53= mk 53= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` mk tkxtfs frelks hrkvks y sk`collfs mkl ådhotf kscfler, iedoloer y cfdu`el, mf`mk prkmfdo`e vfcehulerof cf`fcomf (rkikrk`tks ckrce`fs), quk cuk`te` cf` epfyf mk gkstfs, kxprksof`ks cfrpfrelks y tf`f mk vfz mkl o`tkrlfcutfr. Mkmuck elgu`es rklecof`k rklecof`kss lógoces k`trk les omkes1
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` mk tkxtfs frelks hrkvks y sk`collfs mkl ådhotf kscfler, iedoloer y cfdu`el, mf`mk prkmfdo`e vfcehulerof cf`fcomf, quk cuk`te` cf` epfyf mk gkstfs, kxprksof`ks cfrpfrelks y tf`f mk vfz mkl o`tkrlfcutfr.
3¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks sk`collfs cf` vfcehulerof veroemf33 sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs mkl tkxtf quk kscucbe.
=¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks sk`collfs cf` vfcehulerof veroemf sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs mkl tkxtf quk kscucbe. kscucbe.
;¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks, te`tf mk lfs quk use` rkgostrf ifrdel cfdf o`ifrdel, sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs mkl tkxtf quk kscucbe.
9¾ GXEMF
Xkcupkre o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk tkxtfs frelks, te`tf mk lfs quk use` rkgostrf ifrdel cfdf o`ifrdel, sklkccof`e`mf metfs kspkcäiocfs mkl tkxtf quk kscucbe.
Mkmuck elgu`es rklecof`k rklecof`kss Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces Mkmuck rklecof`ks lógoces lógoces k`trk les omkes1 k`trk les omkes, cfdf les k`trk les omkes, cfdf les k`trk les omkes, cfdf les k`trk les omkes, cfdf les
pere kllf, sk epfye k` rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f).
pere kllf, sk epfye k` rkcursfs vkrhelks, `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f).
skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, les rklecof`ks mk skdkje`ze y moikrk`coe y mk ceusekikctf, epfyå`mfsk k` rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f). Skõele cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk les pelehres, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` kl tkxtf frel. Kxploce kl tkde y prfpósotf Kxploce kl tkde y prfpósotf Kxploce kl tkde y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf frel e pertor mk su cf`tkxtf frel e pertor mk su cf`tkxtf frel e pertor mk su cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel. sfcofculturel. sfcofculturel y mosto`guk lf rklkve`tk mk lf cfdplkdk`terof.
skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, les rklecof`ks mk skdkje`ze y moikrk`coe y mk ceusekikctf, epfyå`mfsk k` rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f). Skõele cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, lugerks, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` kl tkxtf frel.
skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, les rklecof`ks mk skdkje`ze y moikrk`coe y mk ceusekikctf, epfyå`mfsk k` rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f). Skõele cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, lugerks, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` kl tkxtf frel.
skcuk`coes tkdpfrelks, les rklecof`ks mk skdkje`ze y moikrk`coe y mk ceusekikctf, epfyå`mfsk k` rkcursfs `f vkrhelks y perevkrhelks (vfludk` y tf`f). Skõele cerectkrästoces odpläcotes mk pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs, lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk les pelehres, e pertor mk o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` kl tkxtf frel. Kxploce kl tkde y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf mkl tkxtf frel e pertor mk su cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel y mosto`guk lf rklkve`tk mk lf cfdplkdk`terof. ^ågo`e 53; mk 53; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse omkes pere cfdu`ocer gustfs, prkikrk`coes f `kcksomemks, eu`quk rkotkre o`ifrdecoó` quk `f eikcte kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk kstes omkes.
Kxprkse omkes pere cfdu`ocer gustfs, prkikrk`coes f `kcksomemks, eu`quk rkotkre o`ifrdecoó` quk `f eikcte kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk kstes omkes. omkes.
• Kxprkse omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk cf` elgu`es mogrksof`ks3= f rkpktocoó` mk o`ifrdecoó` quk `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Frmk`e kstes omkes use`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks pere kstehlkckr rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles. O`cfrpfre vfcehulerof cftomoe`f esä cfdf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) el cf`struor kl sk`tomf mk su tkxtf frel.
Emkcúe kl tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y sus mksto`eterofs.
Emkcúe kl tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y sus mksto`eterofs. Mosto`guk kl rkgostrf ifrdel k o`ifrdel, pere emkcuersk e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cfdu`ocetove..
Emkcúe kl tkxtf frel e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y sus mksto`eterofs. Mosto`guk y klogk k`trk kl rkgostrf ifrdel k o`ifrdel, pere emkcuersk e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove. •
Kxprkse omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk cf` elgu`es mogrksof`ks quk `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Frmk`e kstes omkes use`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrkss pere kstehlkckr cf`kctfrk rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles. O`cfrpfre vfcehulerof cftomoe`f esä cfdf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) el cf`struor kl
Kxprkse omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk pukmk prksk`ter mogrksof`ks quk `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Frge`oze kstes omkes use`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks pere kstehlkckr rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles. O`cfrpfre vfcehulerof veroemf esä cfdf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks)
Kxprkse omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde y sk de`tok`k k` kstk. Frge`oze kstes omkes use`mf movkrsfs cf`kctfrks y rkikrk`tks pere kstehlkckr rklecof`ks lógoces k`trk klles (mk cf`trestk, mk ceuse, mk cf`skcuk`coe, ktc.). O`cfrpfre u` vfcehulerof veroemf esä cfdf rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks)
sk`tomf mk su tkxtf frel.
el cf`struor tkxtf frel. kl sk`tomf mk su Kdplke kstretïgocedk`tk rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) cfrpfrelk s) y perevkrhelks
el cf`struor tkxtf frel. kl sk`tomf mk su Kdplke kstretïgocedk`tk rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks (k`tf`ecoó`)
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks (k`tf`ecoó`)
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks (k`tf`ecoó`)
Kdplke rkcursfs `f vkrhelks (gkstfs y dfvodok`tfs cfrpfrelks) y perevkrhelks (k`tf`ecoó`)
^ågo`e 539 mk 539 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, e trevïs mk prkgu`tes y rkspukstes. [se su lk`gue detkr`e so iuksk `kckserof.
pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, e trevïs mk prkgu`tes y rkspukstes. [se su lk`gue detkr`e so iuksk `kckserof. `kckserof.
pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, egrkge`mf o`ifrdecoó` fpfrtu`e el o`tkrcedhof frel.
pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, egrkge`mf o`ifrdecoó` fpfrtu`e el o`tkrcedhof frel.
;¾ GXEMF
(k`tf`ecoó`) pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, egrkge`mf o`ifrdecoó` fpfrtu`e el tkde1 rkspkte lfs tur`fs mk le cf`vkrsecoó` mk ecukrmf e les `frdes mk cfrtksäe lfcel. Fpo`e sfhrk kl tkxtf frel Fpo`e sfhrk kl tkxtf frel Fpo`e hrkvkdk`tk sfhrk Fpo`e hrkvkdk`tk sfhrk Fpo`e sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs,
9¾ GXEMF
(k`tf`ecoó`) pere k`ietozer o`ifrdecoó`. ^ertocope k` sotuecof`ks cfdu`ocetoves mk su cf`tkxtf dås próxodf, cfdf o`stotucoó` kmucetove f cfdu`omem, egrkge`mf o`ifrdecoó` fpfrtu`e el tkde1 rkspkte lfs tur`fs mk le cf`vkrsecoó` mk ecukrmf e les `frdes mk cfrtksäe lfcel. Fpo`e sfhrk omkes, bkcbfs,
quk kscucbe k o`moce quï lk gustó mk lf kscucbemf (pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, kl tkde e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel, ktc.).
quk kscucbe k o`moce quï lk gustó mk lf kscucbemf (pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, kl tkde e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel, ktc.). ktc.).
bkcbfs, pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, tkde y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
bkcbfs, pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, eccof`ks, tkde y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel.
pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, tkdes, omkes pro`copelks, esä cfdf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks.
pkrsf`es, pkrsf`ejks, tkdes, omkes pro`copelks, esä cfdf kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe y cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks.
Justoioce su pfsocoó` sfhrk lf quk mock kl tkxtf cf`somkre`mf su kxpkrok`coe y lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk.
Justoioce su pfsocoó` sfhrk lf quk mock kl tkxtf cf`somkre`mf su kxpkrok`coe y lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks k` quk sk mksk`vuklvk.
^ågo`e 537 mk 537 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@. =.;.9.8. Cfdpktk`coe Cfdpktk`coe:: “LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E— LK@G[E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf kscrotf: kl kstumoe`tk lfceloze y sklkccof`e o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k` tkxtfs kscrotfs cf` u` prfpósotf kspkcäiocf. • O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf: kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. ^ere kllf, kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote mk kstk pere mkmucor u`e `ukve o`ifrdecoó` f cfdplkter lfs vecäfs mkl tkxtf kscrotf. E pertor mk kstes mkmuccof`ks, kl kstumo e`tk o`tkrprkte le rklecoó` k`trk le o`ifrdecoó` odpläcote y le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote, esä cfdf lfs rkcursfs tkxtuelks, pere cf`struor kl sk`tomf glfhel y prfiu`mf mkl tkxtf, y kxplocer kl prfpósotf, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk, les o`tk`cof`ks mkl eutfr, esä cfdf le rklecoó` cf` kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel mkl lkctfr y mkl tkx tf. • Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf: lfs prfcksfs mk rkilkxoó` y kveluecoó` kstå` rklecof`emfs pfrquk edhfs supf`k` quk kl kstumoe`tk sk moste`cok mk lfs tkxtfs kscrotfs sotuemfs k` ïpfces y lugerks mosto`tfs, y quk sf` prksk`temfs k` moikrk`tks sfpfrtks y ifrdetfs. ^ere kllf, cfdpere y cf`treste espkctfs ifrdelks y mk cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf cf` le kxpkrok`coe, kl cf`fcodok`tf ifrdel mkl lkctfr y movkrses iuk`t iuk`tks ks mk o`ifrdecoó`. Esodosdf, kdotk u`e fpo`oó` pkrsf`el sfhrk espkctfs ifrdelks, kstïtocfs, cf`tk`omfs mk lfs tkxtfs cf`somkre`mf lfs kikctfs quk prfmuck`, le rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs, y kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel mkl tkxtf y mkl lkctfr.
CE^ECOMEMKS: .Fhtok`k o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf kscrotf. O`iokrk k o`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` mkl tkxtf kscrotf. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf kscrotf.
^ågo`e 532 mk 532 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
OOO COCLF Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs hrkvks mk kstructure sodplk quk trete` sfhrk tkdes cftomoe`fs, k` lfs quk prkmfdo`e vfcehulerof cf`fcomf k olustrecof`ks. Omk`toioce y rklecof`e o`ifrdecoó` uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. Kxprkse sus gustfs y prkikrk`coes sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mk u` tkxtf k` su lk`gue detkr`e.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
OY COCLF Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk kstructure sodplk quk prksk`te` vfcehulerof veroemf. Omk`toioce y rklecof`e o`ifrdecoó` uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf (skdkje`zess y moikrk`coes), o`iokrk kl prfpósotf y kl tkde (skdkje`ze ck`trel k o`tkrprkte kl sk`tomf mk u` tkxtf rklecof`å`mflf cf` elgu`e sotuecoó` mk su cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel. Xkcf`fck le utolomem mk klkdk`tfs ifrdelks håsocfs k` kl tkxtf. Fpo`e mk ifrde hrkvk sfhrk les omkes mkl tkxtf. 3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
Y COCLF Lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs cf` elgu`fs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs quk prksk`te` vfcehulerof veroemf. Xklecof`e o`ifrdecoó` uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf, o`iokrk kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf, kl tkde ck`trel y les omkes pro`copelks. O`tkrprkte o`tkgre`mf o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote k odpläcote pere cf`struor kl sk`tomf mk u` tkxtf rklecof`å`mflf cf` su cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel. Xkcf`fck le utolomem mk klkdk`tfs ifrdelks. Fpo`e sfhrk sucksfs k omkes mkl tkxtf justoioce`mf su pfsocoó`. pfsocoó`. ;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk lkk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs
mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce pelehres cf`fcomes k` tkxtfs hrkvks mk kstructure sk`colle, cf` tkdes cftomoe`fs mk su cf`tkxtf lfcel, ecfdpeõemfs mk olustrecof`ks y k` lfs quk prkmfdo`e u` vfcehulerof cf`fcomf y rkotkretovf.
soguok`tks:
mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks mk u` tkxtf mk kstructure sodplk.
soguok`tks:
Omk`toioce `fdhrks, pelehres y iresks cftomoe`es k` tkxtfs hrkvks mk kstructure sodplk, cf` tkdes cftomoe`fs, ecfdpeõemfs mk olustrecof`ks y k` lfs quk prkmfdo`e u` vfcehulerof cf`fcomf.
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze
mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: o`ifrdecoó` •Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` Omk`toioce uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks rklkve`tk mkl tkxtf cf` klkdk`tfs mk u` tkxtf mk kstructure elgu`fs cfdplkjfs y vfcehulerof sodplk. veroemf.
kscrotfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce o`ifrdecoó` rklkve`tk mkl tkxtf cf` elgu`fs klkdk`tfs cfdplkjfs y vfcehulerof veroemf.
O`tkgre o`ifrdecoó` O`tkgre o`ifrdecoó` • O`tkgre o`ifrdecoó` • O`tkgre o`ifrdecoó` uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks uhoceme k` mosto`tes pertks mkl tkxtf. mkl tkxtf. mkl tkxtf. mkl tkxtf.
^ågo`e 53? mk 53? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó`1 pere kllf, e`tocope kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf e pertor mk elgu`fs o`mocofs (tätulf, olustrecof`ks, pelehres cf`fcomes).
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Mkmuck rklecof`ks mk Mkmuck rklecof`ks mk skdkje`zess y moikrk`coes. skdkje`zes y moikrk`coes, skdkje`ze ceuse-kikctf, prfhlkdesflucoó`.
Mkmuck rklecof`ks mk skdkje`zes y moikrk`coes, ceuse-kikctf, prfhlkdesflucoó`.
Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó` e pertor mk le kstructure mkl tkxtf, cfdf suhtätulfs, tätulfs, ktc.
Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó` e pertor mk le kstructure mkl tkxtf, cfdf suhtätulfs, tätulfs, ktc.
Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó` e pertor mk le kstructure mkl tkxtf, cfdf suhtätulfs, tätulfs, ktc.
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces mk pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs y lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf. Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf mkl tkxtf.
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces mk pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs y lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf. Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf mkl tkxtf.
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces mk pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs y lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf. Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf mkl tkxtf.
Mkmuck cerectkrästoces mk pkrsf`ejks, e`odelks, fhjktfs y lugerks, esä cfdf kl sog`oiocemf mk pelehres skgú` kl cf`tkxtf. Kxploce kl tkde y kl prfpósotf mkl tkxtf.
Cfdk`te k` su lk`gue Fpo`e k` ifrde hrkvk detkr`e quï lk gustó mkl sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf lkämf. lkämf. tkxtf. Kxploce le utolomem mk lfs klkdk`tfs `frdetovfs håsocfs mk le lk`gue quk ievfrkck` le cfdprk`soó`.
• Fpo`e k` ifrde hrkvk sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf. Kxploce le utolomem mk lfs klkdk`tfs `frdetovfs håsocfs mk le lk`gue quk ievfrkck` ievfrkck ` le cfdprk`soó`.
• Fpo`e sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf y justoioce su pfsocoó`. Kxploce le utolomem mk lfs klkdk`tfs `frdetovfs håsocfs mk le lk`gue quk ievfrkck` ievfrkck ` le cfdprk`soó`.
Fpo`e sfhrk kl cf`tk`omf mkl tkxtf y justoioce su pfsocoó`. Kxploce le utolomem mk lfs klkdk`tfs `frdetovfs håsocfs mk le lk`gue quk ievfrkck` le cfdprk`soó`.
Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó`1 pere Mkmuck rklecof`ks mk kllf, e`tocope kl cf`tk`omf skdkje`zes y moikrk`coes. mkl tkxtf e pertor mk elgu`fs o`mocofs (tätulf, olustrecof`ks, pelehres cf`fcomes). Mkmuck o`ifrdecoó` e pertor mk le kstructure mkl tkxtf, cfdf suhtätulfs, tätulfs, ktc.
^ågo`e 5=> mk 5=> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK CFD[@OCECOÓ@. =.;.9.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove: kl kstumoe`tk cf`somkre kl prfpósotf, mksto`eterof, topf mk tkxtf, gï`krf moscursovf y rkgostrf quk utolozerå el kscrohor lfs tkxtfs, esä cfdf lfs cf`tkxtfs sfcofculturelks quk k`derce` le cfdu`ocecoó` kscrote. • Frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme: kl kstumoe`tk frmk`e lógocedk`tk les omkes k` tfr`f e u` tkde, edploå`mfles y cfdplkdk`tå`mfles, kstehlkcok`mf rklecof`ks mk cfbksoó` k`trk klles y utoloze`mf u` vfcehulerof pkrto`k`tk. • [toloze cf`vk`cof`ks mkl lk`guejk kscrotf mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk: kl kstumoe`tk use mk ifrde eprfpoeme rkcursfs tkxtuelks pere gere`tozer le cleromem, kl usf kstïtocf mkl lk`guejk y kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf kscrotf.
• Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf kscrotf: kl kstumoe`tk sk moste`coe mkl tkxtf quk be kscrotf pere rkvoser mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk kl cf`tk`omf, le cfbkrk`coe, cfbksoó` y emkcuecoó` e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove cf` le io`elomem mk dkjfrerlf. ]edhoï` odploce e`elozer, cfdperer y cf`trester les cerectkrästoces mk lfs usfs mkl lk`guejk kscrotf y sus pfsoholomemks, esä cfdf su rkpkrcusoó` k` ftres pkrsf`es f su rklecoó` cf` ftrfs tkxtfs skgú` kl cf`tkxtf sfcofculturel..
^ågo`e 5=5 mk 5=5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: KSCXOHK KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ CES]KLLE@F CFDF SKG[@ME LK@G[E
CE^ECOMEMKS: Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove. Frge`oze y mkserrflle les omkes mk ifrde cfbkrk`tk y cfbksof`eme. [toloze cf`vk`cof`ks mkl lk`guejk kscrotf mk ifrde pkrto`k`tk. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe le ifrde, kl cf`tk`omf y cf`tkxtf mkl tkxtf kscrotf.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Kscrohk iresks y frecof`ks pere ifrder u` tkxtf sfhrk tkdes cftomoe`fs rkspf`mok`mf e su prfpósotf e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe. Xklecof`e omkes vo`culemes e u` tkde y utoloze vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes dkmoe`tk kl usf mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks pere eõemor o`ifrdecoó` pu`tuel y utoloze elgu`fs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs.
Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs sfhrk tkdes cftomoe`fs rkspf`mok`mf e su prfpósotf e pertor mk su kxpkrok`coe prkvoe y u`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó`. Frge`oze y mkserrflle omkes omkes k` pårreifs k` tfr`f e u` tkde y utoloze vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes dkmoe`tk kl usf mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks pere eõemor o`ifrdecoó` kspkcäioce, utoloze y elgu`fs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs. frtfgrå iocfs. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe su tkxtf kscrotf.
Kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs mk ifrde rkilkxove sfhrk tkdes veroemfs. Emkcúe su tkxtf el mksto`eterof, prfpósotf y kl rkgostrf, e pertor mk movkrses iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó`. Frge`oze Frge`oze y mkserrflle sus omkes k` pårreifs k` tfr`f e u` tkde y utoloze vfcehulerof veroemf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk omkes dkmoe`tk kl usf mk moikrk`tks rkcursfs (cf`kctfrks, prf`fdhrks), use`mf movkrsfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs pere merlk cleromem el sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Xkilkxof`e y kvelúe su tkxtf kscrotf.
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kscrohk pelehres sukltes. ^fr kjkdplf, `fdhrks mk fhjktfs: dkse, sepf, petf, ktc.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kscrohk movkrsfs topfs mk tkxtfs k` cestklle`f cfdf skgu`me lk`gue y be lfgremf kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kscrohk iresks y frecof`ks pere cf`struor u` tkxtf sfhrk tkdes ckrce`fs e sus vovk`coes, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te kl prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf y sus kxpkrok`coes prkvoes. ^ågo`e 5=8 mk 5=8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
• Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove (mkl ådhotf cftomoe`f) cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf. O`cluyk k` sus kscrotfs elgu`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó` frel f kscrote.
Emkcúe kl tkxtf e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove (mkl ådhotf cftomoe`f) cf`somkre`mf kl prfpósotf. O`cluyk k` sus kscrotfs elgu`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó` frel f kscrote.
Emkcúe su tkxtf, sfhrk tkdes veroemfs, el mksto`eterof y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf cf`somkre`mf dås mk u`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó` frel f kscrote.
Emkcúe su tkxtf, sfhrk tkdes veroemfs, el mksto`eterof, rkgostrf ifrdel k o`ifrdel y prfpósotf cfdu`ocetovf cf`somkre`mf dås mk u`e iuk`tk mk o`ifrdecoó` frel
Kscrohk use`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks. [toloze vfcehulerof mk usf irkcuk`tk.
Kscrohk tkxtfs k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk prksk`te rkotkrecoó` mk o`ifrdecoó` f elgu`es mogrksof`ks quk
Kscrohk tkxtfs k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk prksk`te rkotkrecoó` rkotkrecoó ` mk o`ifrdecoó` f elgu`es mogrksof`ks quk
`f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl tkxtf. Frmk`e les omkes k` tkxtf. pårreifs. Xklecof`e les omkes use`mf Xklecof`e les omkes use`mf elgu`fs cf`kctfrks mk elgu`fs cf`kctfrks mk emocoó`, cfdf “y—, emkdås emocoó`, cfdf “y—, emkdås mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks. mk elgu`fs rkikrk`tks.
[toloze elgu`fs rkcursfs [toloze elgu`fs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs, cfdf kl frtfgråiocfs, cfdf le pu`tf y le cfde. cfde, kl pu`tf io`el, k`trk ftrfs.
Kscrohk tkxtfs k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk prksk`te elgu`es mogrksof`ks quk `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl
f kscrote. Kscrohk tkxtfs k` tfr`f e u` tkde, eu`quk prksk`te elgu`es mogrksof`ks quk `f eikcte` kl sk`tomf mkl
tkxtf. Frmk`e les omkes k` tkxtf. Frmk`e les omkes k` pårreifs. pårreifs. Xklecof`e les omkes use`mf cf`kctfrkss (cf`skcuk`coe, cf`kctfrk cf`trestk, cfdperecoó`, k`trk ftrfs) y rkikrk`tks.
Xklecof`e les omkes use`mf cf`kctfrks (cf`skcuk`coe, cf`trestk, cfdperecoó`, k`trk ftrfs) y rkikrk`tks.
[toloze elgu`fs rkcursfs [toloze movkrsfs rkcursfs [toloze movkrsfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs pere quk su frtfgråiocfs pere quk su frtfgråiocfs pere quk su tkxtf ske clerf. tkxtf ske clerf, cfdf le tkxtf ske clerf. cfde, kl pu`tf skguomf, kl pu`tf io`el, k`trk ftrfs.
^ågo`e 5=3 mk 5=3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
[toloze irkcuk`tk.
•
•
=¾ GXEMF
vfcehulerof [toloze irkcuk`tk.
Kvelúe, cf` eyume mkl mfck`tk, so kl cf`tk`omf mk su tkxtf sk emkcúe el prfpósotf y tkde, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrerlf.
;¾ GXEMF
vfcehulerof • [toloze vfcehulerof veroemf, emkdås mk kxprksof`ks ifrduleoces cfdf “behäe u`e vkz—, k`trk ftres. Kvelúe so kl cf`tk`omf mk su Kvelúe so kl cf`tk`omf mk su tkxtf y kl rkgostrf usemf sk tkxtf y kl rkgostrf usemf sk emkcúe` e le sotuecoó` emkcúe` e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove,, cf` kl io` mk cfdu`ocetove,, cf` kl io` mk cfdu`ocetove cfdu`ocetove dkjfrerlf. dkjfrerlf. dkjfrerlf.
9¾ GXEMF
[toloze vfcehulerof veroemf, emkdås mk movkrses kxprksof`ks ifrduleoces.
Kvelúe so kl cf`tk`omf mk su tkxtf, kl vfcehulerof y kl rkgostrf usemf sk emkcúe` e le sotuecoó` cfdu`ocetove, cf` kl io` mk dkjfrerlf. Kvelúe so lfs rkcursfs Kvelúe so lfs rkcursfs frtfgråiocfs quk utoloze k` frtfgråiocfs quk utoloze k` su tkxtf tok`k` elgú` su tkxtf tok`k` elgú` kikctf k` su lkctfr. kikctf k` su lkctfr.
^ågo`e 5== mk 5== mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Detkdåtoce 88. Xksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem. 83. Xksuklvk prfhlkdes mk rkguleromem, kquovelk`coe y cedhof.
8=. Xksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ifrde, dfvodok`tf y lfcelozecoó`. 8;. Xksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk.
^ågo`e 5=; mk 5=; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.7.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK DE]KDÅ]OCE.
=.;.7.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK CE@]OMEM— CE@]OMEM— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • ]remuck ce`tomemks e kxprksof`k kxprksof`kss `udïroces: ks tre`sifrder les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs y cf`mocof`ks mk u` prfhlkde e u`e kxprksoó` `udïroce (dfmklf) quk rkprfmuzce les rklecof`ks k`trk kstfs1 kste kxprksoó` sk cfdpfrte cfdf u` sostkde cfdpukstf pfr `údkrfs, fpkrecof`ks y sus prfpokmemks. Ks ple`tker prfhlkdes e pertor mk u`e sotuecoó` f u`e kxprksoó` `udïroce meme. ]edhoï` odploce kveluer so kl rksultemf fhtk`omf f le kxprksoó` `udïroce ifrduleme (dfmklf), cudplk` les cf`mocof`ks o`ocoelks mkl prfhlkde. • Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs `údkrfs y les fpkrecof`ks: ks kxprkser le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs cf`ckptfs `udïrocfs, les fpkrecof`ks y prfpokmemks, les u`omemks mk dkmome, les rklecof`ks quk kstehlkck k`trk kllfs1 use`mf lk`guejk `udïrocf y movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks1 esä cfdf lkkr sus rkprksk`tecof`ks k o`ifrdecoó` cf` cf`tk`omf `udïrocf. • [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs mk kstodecoó` y cålculf: ks sklkccof`er, emepter, cfdho`er f crker u`e verokmem mk kstretkgoes, prfckmodok`tfs cfdf kl cålculf dk`tel y kscrotf, le kstodecoó`, le eprfxodecoó` y dkmocoó`, cfdperer ce`tomemks1 y kdplker movkrsfs rkcursfs. • Ergudk`te eiordecof`ks sfhrk les rklecof`ks `udïroces y les fpkrecof`ks: ks klehfrer eiordecof`ks sfhrk les pfsohlks rklecof`ks k`trk `údkrfs `eturelks, k`tkrfs, recof`elks, rkelks, sus fpkrecof`ks y prfpokmemks1 hesemf k` cfdperecof`ks y kxpkrok`coes k` les quk o`muck prfpokmemks e pertor mk cesfs pertoculerks1 esä cfdf kxplocerles cf` e`elfgäes, justoiocerles, velomerles f rkiuterles cf` kjkdplfs y cf`trekjkdplfs.
^ågo`e 5=9 mk 5=9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK C CE@]OMEM E@]OMEM
CE^ECOMEMKS: ]remuck ce`tomemks e kxprksof`ks `udïroces. Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs `údkrfs y les fpkrecof`ks. [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs mk kstodecoó` y cålculf. Ergudk`te eiordecof`ks sfhrk les rklecof`ks `udïroces y les fpkrecof`ks.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes=8 rkikromfs e eccof`ks mk ju`ter, skperer, egrkger, quoter, ogueler y cfdperer ce`tomemks1 y les tremuck e kxprksof`ks mk emocoó` y sustreccoó`, mfhlk y dotem. Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mkl velfr mk pfsocoó` k` `údkrfs mk mfs coires y lfs rkprksk`te
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes rkikromfs e u`e f dås eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter, ogueler, rkpktor f rkpertor u`e ce`tomem, cfdho`er mfs cflkccof`ks mk fhjktfs, esä cfdf pertor u`e u`omem k` pertks oguelks1 tremucoï`mfles e kxprksof`ks emotoves y dultoplocetoves cf` `údkrfs
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes rkikromfs e u`e f dås eccof`ks mk cfdperer, cfdpere r, ogueler, rkpktor f rkpertor ce`tomemks, pertor y rkpertor u`e ce`tomem k` pertks oguelks1 les tremuck e kxprksof`ks emotoves, dultoplocetoves y le pftk`coecoó` cuemreme y cúhoce1 esä cfdf e kxprksof`ks mk emocoó`,
`eturelks y kxprksof`ks emotoves cf` ireccof`ks usuelks==. Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mkl velfr pfsocof`el k` `údkrfs mk beste cuetrf coires y lfs rkprksk`te dkmoe`tk kquovelk`coes, kquovelk`coes, esä tedhoï` le cfdprk`soó` mk les `fcof`ks mk dultoplocecoó`, sus prfpokmemks cf`dutetove y esfcoetove y les `fcof`ks mk movosoó`, le
sustreccoó` y dultoplocecoó` cf` ireccof`ks y mkcodelks (beste kl ck`tïsodf). Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mkl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel cf` `údkrfs `eturelks beste skos coires, mk movosfrks y dúltoplfs, y mkl velfr pfsocof`el mk lfs `údkrfs mkcodelks beste lfs ck`tïsodfs1 cf` lk`guejk `udïrocf y rkprksk`tecof rkprksk`tecof`ks `ks
pertk – tfmf tfmf y les kquovelk`coes u`omemks `f cf`vk`cof`elks. Kxploce pfr quï mkhk `fcoó` mk ireccoó` cfdf pertk – suder f rkster k` u`e sotuecoó` y su prfcksf mk k`trk ireccof`ks usuelks1 use`mf lk`guejk `udïrocf y movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks. Kdplke kstretkgoes, kl rksflucoó`.. rksflucoó` cålculf dk`tel f kscrotf pere fpkrer mk ifrde kxecte y eprfxodemee cf` `údkrfs `eturelks1 esä tedhoï` kdplke eprfxodem kstretkgoess pere suder, rkster y k`cf`trer kquovelk`coes kstretkgoe k`trk ireccof`ks. Domk f kstode le dese y kl tokdpf, sklkccof`e`mf y use`mf u`omemks `f cf`vk`cof`elks y cf`vk`cof`elks. Justoioce sus prfcksfs mk rksflucoó` y sus eiordecof`ks sfhrk fpkrecof`ks o`vkrses cf` `údkrfs `eturelks.
movkrses. Xkprksk`te mk movkrses ifrdes su cfdprk`soó` mk le `fcoó` mk ir eccoó` cfdf fpkremfr y cfdf cfcok`tk, esä cfdf les kquovelk`coes k`trk mkcodelks, ireccof`ks f pfrck`tejks usuelks=;. Sklkccof`e y kdplke kstretkgoes movkrses, kl cålculf dk`tel f kscrotf pere fpkrer cf` `údkrfs `eturelks, ireccof`ks, mkcodelks y pfrck`tejks mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme1 esä cfdf pere beckr cf`vkrsof`ks mk u`omemks mk dkmome mk dese, tokdpf y tkdpkreture, y dkmor mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme use`mf le u`omem pkrto`k`tk.. Justoioce ssus pkrto`k`tk us prfcksfs mk rksflucoó` esä cfdf sus eiordecof`ks sfhrk les rklecof`ks k`trk les cuetrf fpkrecof`ks fpkrecof `ks y ssus us prfpokmemks, heså`mfsk k` kjkdplfs y sus cf`fcodok`tf cf`fcodok`tfss detkdåtocfs.
dkmoe`tk kquovelk`coes k`trk u`omemks y mkck`es. Esä tedhoï`, kxprkse dkmoe`tk rkprksk`tecof`ks su cfdprk`soó` mkl mfhlk y dotem mk u`e ce`tomem1 use lk`guejk `udïrocf. Kdplke kstretkgoes movkrses y prfckmodok`tfs mk cålculf y cfdperecoó` mk ce`tomemks1 domk y cfdpere kl tokdpf y le dese, use`mf
^ågo`e 5=7 mk 5=7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter y ju`ter ce`tomemks, y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó` f sustreccoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks beste 8>. 8>.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y u`e f dås eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter, cfdperer, ogueler, rkotkrer, egruper, rkpertor ce`tomemks y cfdho`er cflkccof`ks moikrk`tks mk fhjktfs, pere tre`sifrderles k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó`, sustreccoó`, dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks mk beste trks coires.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: • Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y u`e f dås eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter, cfdperer, ogueler, rkotkrer,, egruper y rkpertor rkotkrer ce`tomemks, pere tre`sifrderles k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó`, sustreccoó`, dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks, y mk emocoó` y sustreccoó` cf` mkcodelks.
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk ce`tomem y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y u`e f dås eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter, eve`zer, rktrfckmkr, ju`ter, skperer, cfdperer k ogueler ce`tomemks, y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó` f sustreccoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks mk beste mfs coires.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y u`e f dås eccof`ks mk egrkger, quoter, cfdperer, cfdpere r, ogueler, rkotkrer, egruper, rkpertor ce`tomemks y cfdho`er cflkccof`ks, pere tre`sifrderles k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó`, sustreccoó`, dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks mk beste cuetrf coires. coires. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y eccof`ks mk pertor u`e u`omem f u`e cflkccoó` mk fhjktfs k` pertks oguelks y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y eccof`ks mk movomor le u`omem f u`e ce`tomem k` pertks oguelks, y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y u`e f dås eccof`ks mk cfdperer, ogueler, rkotkrer y movomor ce`tomemks, y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk emocoó`, sustreccoó`, dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` mk mfs `údkrfs `eturelks (fhtok`k cfdf cfcok`tk u` `údkrf mkcodel kxectf), y k` pftk`coes cuemremes y cúhoces. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk metfs y eccof`ks mk movomor u`e f dås u`omemks k` pertks oguelks y les tre`sifrde k` kxprksof`ks `udïroces (dfmklf) mk
(dfmklf) mk ireccof`ks ireccof`ks y mk emocoó`, ireccof`ks y emocoó`, y y sustreccoó` usuelks, emocoó` y sustreccoó` dultoplocecoó` cf` dultoplocecoó` dultoplocecoó ` mk kstes. sustreccoó` mk kstes. kstes. kxprksof`ks ireccof`eroes y mkcodelks (beste kl ck`tïsodf). ^ågo`e 5=2 mk 5=2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk le mkck`e cfdf grupf mk mokz u`omemks y mk les fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó` y sustreccoó` cf` `údkrfs beste 8>.
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk le mkck`e cfdf `ukve u`omem k` kl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel y kl velfr pfsocof`el mk u`e coire k` `údkrfs mk beste mfs coires.
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le ck`tk`e cfdf `ukve u`omem k` kl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel, sus kquovelk`coes cf` mkck`es y u`omemks, kl velfr pfsocof`el mk u`e coire k` `údkrfs mk trks coires y le
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk: Le u`omem mk doller cfdf u`omem mkl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel, sus kquovelk`coes k`trk u`omemks dk`frks, kl velfr pfsocof`el mk u` mägotf k` `údkrfs mk cuetrf coires y
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk: Kl velfr pfsocof`el mk u` mägotf k` `údkrfs mk beste skos coires, el beckr kquovelk`coes k`trk mkck`es mk doller, u`omemks mk doller, ck`tk`es, mkck`es y
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk: • Kl velfr pfsocof`el mk u` mägotf k` `údkrfs mk beste skos coires y mkcodelks beste kl ck`tïsodf, esä cfdf les u`omemks mkl sostkde mk `udkrecoó` mkcodel.
cfdperecoó` y kl frmk` mk le cfdperecoó` y kl frmk` cfdperecoó` `údkrfs. mk `údkrfs. Le dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks, esä cfdf les prfpokmemks
u`omemks1 esä cfdf mkl velfr pfsocof`el mk mkcodelks beste kl mïcodf, su cfdperecoó` y frmk`. Lfs dúltoplfs mk u`
• Lfs dúltoplfs y movosfrks movo sfrks mk u` `údkrf `eturel1 les cerectkrästoces mk lfs `údkrfs prodfs y cfdpukstfs1 esä cfdf les
cf`dutetove y esfcoetove mk le dultoplocecoó`. Le ireccoó` cfdf pertktfmf (ce`tomem moscrkte f cf`to`ue), esä cfdf kquovelk`coes y fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó` y sustreccoó` k`trk ireccof`ks usuelks use`mf ireccof`ks kquovelk`tks.
`údkrf `eturel y le rklecoó` k`trk les cuetrf fpkrecof`ks y sus prfpokmemks(cf`dutetove, esfcoetove y mostrohutove). Le ireccoó` cfdf pertk mk u`e ce`tomem moscrkte f cf`to`ue y cfdf fpkremfr. Les fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó` y sustreccoó` cf` `údkrfs mkcodelks y ireccof`ks.
prfpokmemks les fpkrecof`ks y sumkrklecoó` o`vkrse. Le ireccoó` cfdf fpkremfr y cfdf cfcok`tk1 les kquovelk`coes k`trk mkcodelks, ireccof`ks f pfrck`tejks usuelks1 les fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó`, sustreccoó` y dultoplocecoó` cf` ireccof`ks y mkcodelks.
^ågo`e 5=? mk 5=? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mkl `údkrf cfdf frmo`el el frmk`er fhjktfs beste kl mïcodf luger, mkl `údkrf cfdf cermo`el el mktkrdo`er u`e ce`tomem mk beste ;> fhjktfs y mk le cfdperecoó` y kl frmk` k`trk mfs ce`tomemks. Kdplke les soguok`tks kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs: Kstretkgoes bkurästoces Kstretkgoes mk cålculf dk`tel, cfdf le sude mk coires oguelks, kl cf`tkf y les mkscfdpfsocof`ks mkl 5>. ^rfckmodok`tfs ^rfckmodok `tfs mk cålculf, cfdf les sudes y rkstes so` ce`jks. Kstretkgoes mk cfdperecoó`, cfdf le
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mkl `údkrf cfdf frmo`el el frmk`er fhjktfs beste kl vogïsodf luger, mk le cfdperecoó` k`trk `údkrfs y mk les fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó` y sustreccoó`, kl mfhlk y le dotem, cf` `údkrfs mk beste mfs coires. Kdplke kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kstretkgoes bkurästoces. Kstretkgoes mk cålculf dk`tel, cfdf les mkscfdpfsocof`ks emotoves f kl usf mk e`elfgäes (7> + 8>1 7> + ?, cfdplkter e le mkck`e dås ckrce`e, user mfhlks, suder k` vkz mk rkster, usf mk le cf`dutetovomem). ^rfckmodok`tfs ^rfckmodok `tfs mk cålculf,
Kxprkse cf` movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks y lk`guejk `udïrocf (`údkrfs, sog`fs y kxprksof`ks vkrhelks) su cfdprk`soó` mk le dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` cf` `údkrfs `eturelks beste 5>>, y le prfpokmem cf`dutetove mk le emocoó`.
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Kdplke kstretkgoes y Kdplke kstretkgoes y Kdplke kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs cfdf lfs prfckmodok`tfs cfdf lfs prfckmodok`tfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: soguok`tks: soguok`tks: Kstretkgoes bkurästoces. Kstretkgoes bkurästoces. Kstretkgoes bkurästoces. Kstretkgoes mk cålculf Kstretkgoes mk cålculf Kstretkgoes mk cålculf: dk`tel, cfdf usf mk le rkvkrsoholomem dk`tel f kscrotf, cfdf mkscfdpfsocof`ks emotoves mk les fpkrecof`ks cf` les mkscfdpfsocof`ks y dultoplocetoves, muplocer `údkrfs `eturelks, emotoves y f movomor pfr 8, kstodecoó` mk dultoplocetoves, mfhler dultoplocecoó` y movosoó` prfmuctfs y cfcok`tks, y movomor pfr 8 mk ifrde pfr 5>, cfdplkter e le mkscfdpfsocoó` mkl rkotkreme, cfdplkter el ck`tk`e dås ckrce`e y movomk`mf, doller dås ckrce`f, eprfxodecof`ks. edploiocecoó` y usf mk le prfpokmem ^rfckmodok`tfs mk cålculf mostrohutove, rkmf`mkf sodploiocecoó` mk
Kdplke kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Kstretkgoes bkurästoces. Kstretkgoes mk cålculf, cfdf kl usf mk le rkvkrsoholomem mk les fpkrecof`ks cf` `údkrfs `eturelks, le edploiocecoó` y sodploiocecoó` mk ireccof`ks, kl rkmf`mkf mk mkcodelks y kl usf mk
cfrrkspf`mk`coe u`f e cfdf sudes f rkstes cf` y kscrotf, cfdf sudes f u`f. rkstes cf` ce`jks y usf mk so` ce`jks. Kstretkgoes mk le esfcoetovomem. cfdperecoó`, cfdperecoó `, quk o`cluyk` kl usf mkl tehlkrf cok` y ftrfs.
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e dúltoplfs mk 5> y edploiocecoó` y sodploiocecoó` mk ireccof`ks.
ireccof`ks, rkmf`mkf mk kxprksof`ks mkcodelks y usf mk le prfpokmem mostrohutove mk le dultoplocecoó` rkspkctf mk le emocoó` y movosoó`.
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le prfpokmem mostrohutove. ^rfckmodok`tfs y rkcursfs pere rkelozer fpkrecof`ks cf` `údkrfs `eturelks, kxprksof`ks
^ågo`e 5;> mk 5;> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
Cfdpere k` ifrde vovk`coel y cf`crkte le dese mk lfs fhjktfs use`mf ftrfs fhjktfs cfdf rkikrk`tks, y kstode kl tokdpf use`mf u`omemks cf`vk`cof`elks y rkikrk`tks mk ectovomemks cftomoe`es (mäes mk le
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
Cfdpere k` ifrde vovk`coel y cf`crkte le dese mk fhjktfs use`mf u`omemks `f cf`vk`cof`elks, y domk kl tokdpf use`mf u`omemks cf`vk`cof`elks (mäes, bfrerofs skde`elks).
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Domk y cfdpere le dese mk lfs fhjktfs (aolfgredf) y kl tokdpf (bfres kxectes) use`mf u`omemks cf`vk`cof`elks y `f cf`vk`cof`elks.
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Domk, kstode y cfdpere le dese (aolfgredf, gredf) y kl tokdpf (eõf, bfre, dkmoe bfre y cuertf mk bfre) sklkccof`e`mf u`omemks cf`vk`cof`elks.
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Domk, kstode y cfdpere le dese mk lfs fhjktfs (aolfgredf) y kl tokdpf (mïcemes y soglfs) use`mf u`omemks cf`vk`cof`elks (kxprksemes cf` `eturelks, ireccof`ks y mkcodelks)1 y use dultoplocecof`ks f movosof`ks pfr dúltoplfs mk
ireccof`eroes y mkcodelks kxectfs, y celculer pfrck`tejks usuelks. Domk, kstode y cfdpere le dese mk lfs fhjktfs, kl tokdpf (do`utfs) y le tkdpkreture use`mf le u`omem mk dkmome quk cf`vok`k skgú` kl prfhlkde1 kdplke rkcursfs y kstretkgoes mk cålculf pere beckr
5>, esä cfdf kquovelk`coes, pere beckr cf`vkrsof`ks mk u`omemks mk dese y tokdpf.
cf`vkrsof`ks mk u`omemks mk dese, tokdpf y tkdpkreture, kxprksemes cf` `údkrfs `eturelks y kxprksof`ks mkcodelks.
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrky les rklecof`ks (frmk` ftres) k`trk `údkrfs `eturelks, mkcodelks y ireccof`ks1 esä cfdf sfhrk rklecof`ks o`vkrses k`trk fpkrecof`ks, les cuelks justoioce cf` verofs kjkdplfs y sus cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs. Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk Justoioce su prfcksf mk les kquovelk`coes k`trk rksflucoó` y lfs rksultemfs ireccof`ks y les kxploce cf` fhtk`omfs. kjkdplfs cf`crktfs. Esodosdf, kxploce le cfdperecoó` k`trk
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrky les rklecof`ks (frmk` ftres) k`trk mkcodelks, ireccof`ks f pfrck`tejks usuelks, y les justoioce cf` verofs kjkdplfs y sus cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs.
skde`e, dksks mkl eõf).
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk les moikrk`tks ifrdes mk rkprksk`ter kl `údkrf y les kxploce cf` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs.
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk le cfdperecoó` mk `údkrfs `eturelks y mk le mkck`e, y les kxploce cf` detkroel cf`crktf.
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk le cfdperecoó` mk `údkrfs `eturelks y le cf`ifrdecoó` mk le ck`tk`e, y les kxploce cf` detkroel cf`crktf.
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk lfs rksultemfs quk pfmräe fhtk`kr el suder f rkster y les kxploce cf` epfyf mk detkroel cf`crktf. Esodosdf, kxploce lfs
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk pfr quï mkhk suder f rkster k` u` prfhlkde y les kxploce1 esä tedhoï`, kxploce su prfcksf mk
Xkeloze eiordecof`ks sfhrk kl usf mk le prfpokmem cf`dutetove y les kxploce cf` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs. Esodosdf, kxploce pfr quï le sustreccoó` ks le
Xkeloze eiordecof`ksmk sfhrk le cf`ifrdecoó` le u`omem mk doller y les kxploce cf` detkroel cf`crktf.
Justoioce su prfcksf mk rksflucoó` y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs.
^ågo`e 5;5 mk 5;5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
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pesfs quk soguoó k` le rksflucoó` y lfs rksultemfs fpkrecoó` o`vkrse mk le ireccof`ks, esä cfdf su rksflucoó` mk u` fhtk`omfs. emocoó`, pfr quï mkhk prfcksf mk rksflucoó` y lfs fhtk`omfs. prfhlkde. dultoplocer f movomor k` u` rksultemfs fhtk`omfs. prfhlkde, esä cfdf le rklecoó` o`vkrse k`trk edhes fpkrecof`ks1 kxploce tedhoï` su prfcksf mk rksflucoó` y lfs rksultemfs fhtk`omfs.
^ågo`e 5;8 mk 5;8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK DE]KDÅ]OCE. =.;.7.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK XKG[LEXOMEM, KU[OYELK@COE _ CEDHOF— CEDHOF— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • ]remuck metfs y cf`mocof`ks e kxprksof`ks elgkhreoces y gråioces: sog`oioce tre`sifrder lfs metfs, velfrks mkscf`fcomfs, veroehlks y rklecof`ks mk u` prfhlkde e u`e kxprksoó` gråioce f elgkhreoce (dfmklf) quk gk`krelock le o`tkreccoó` k`trk kstfs. Odploce tedhoï` kveluer kl rksultemf f le kxprksoó` ifrduleme cf` rkspkctf e les cf`mocof`ks mk le sotuecoó`1 y ifrduler prkgu`tes f prfhlkdes e pertor mk u`e sotuecoó` f u`e kxprksoó`. • Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk les rklecof`ks elgkhreoces: sog`oioce kxprkser su cfdprk`soó` mk le `fcoó`, cf`ckptf f prfpokmemks mk lfs petrf`ks, iu`cof`ks, kcuecof`ks k o`kcuecof`ks kstehlkcok`mf rklecof`ks k`trk kstes1 use`mf lk`guejk elgkhreocf y movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks. Esä cfdf o`tkrprkter o`ifrdecoó` quk prksk`tk cf`tk`omf elgkhreocf.
• [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs pere k`cf`trer kquovelk`c kquovelk`coes oes y rkgles gk`krelks: ks sklkccof`er, emepter, cfdho`er f crker prfckmodok`tfs, kstretkgoes y elgu`es prfpokmemks pere sodploiocer f tre`sifrder kcuecof`ks, o`kcuecof`ks y kxprksof`ks sodhóloces quk lk pkrdote` rksflvkr kcuecof`ks, mktkrdo`er mfdo`ofs y re`gfs, rkprksk`ter rkctes, peråhfles, y movkrses iu`cof`ks. • Ergudk`te eiordecof`ks sfhrk rklecof`ks mk cedhof y kquovelk`coe: sog`oioce klehfrer eiordecof`ks sfhrk veroehlks, rkgles elgkhreoces y prfpokmemks elgkhreoces, rezf`e`mf mk de`kre o`muctove pere gk`krelozer u`e rkgle y mk de`kre mkmuctove prfhe`mf y cfdprfhe`mf prfpokmemks y `ukves rklecof`ks.
^ågo`e 5;3 mk 5;3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK XKG[LEXOM XKG[LEXOMEM, EM, KU[OYELK@COE _ CEDHOF
CE^ECOMEMKS: ]remuck metfs y cf`mocof`ks e kxprksof`ks elgkhreoces y gråioces. Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk les rklecof`ks elgkhreoces. [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs pere k`cf`trer kquovelk`coes y rkgles gk`krelks. Ergudk`te eiordecof`ks sfhrk rklecof`ks mk cedhof y kquovelk`coe.
OOO COCLF
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Xksuklvk prfhlkdes quk prksk`te` kquovelk`coes f Xksuklvk prfhlkdes quk prksk`te` mfs kquovelk`coes, Xksuklvk prfhlkdes mk kquovelk`coes, rkguleromemks f rkguleromemks, tremucoï`mfles e oguelmemks quk cf`tok`k` fpkrecof`ks mk emocoó` f mk sustreccoó` y e petrf`ks mk rkpktocoó` mk mfs crotkrofs pkrckptuelks y petrf`ks emotovfs. Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mk les kquovelk`coes y mk códf ks u` petró`, use`mf detkroel cf`crktf y movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks. Kdplke kstretkgoes, le mkscfdpfsocoó` mk `údkrfs, cålculfs sk`collfs pere k`cf`trer kquovelk`coes, f pere cf`to`uer y crker petrf`ks. Kxploce les rklecof`ks quk k`cuk`tre k` lfs petrf`ks y lf quk mkhk beckr pere de`tk`kr kl “kquolohrof— f le oguelmem, cf` hesk k` kxpkrok`coes y kjkdplfs cf`crktfs.
rkguleromemks f rklecoó` mk cedhof k`trk mfs deg`otumks y kxprksof`ks1 tremucoï`mfles e oguelmemks quk cf`tok`k` fpkrecof`ks emotoves f dultoplocetoves, e tehles mk velfrks y e petrf`ks mk rkpktocoó` quk cfdho`e` crotkrofs y petrf`ks emotovfs f dultoplocetovfs. dultoplocetovfs. Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mk le rkgle mk ifrdecoó` mk u` petró` y mkl sog`f oguel pere kxprkser kquovelk`coe kquovelk`coes. s. Esä tedhoï`, mkscrohk le rklecoó` mk cedhof k`trk u`e deg`otum y ftre1 use`mf lk`guejk detkdåtocf y movkrses rkprksk`tecof`ks. Kdplke kstretkgoes, le mkscfdpfsocoó` mk `údkrfs, kl cålculf dk`tel, pere crker, cf`to`uer f cfdplkter petrf`ks mk rkpktocoó`. Beck eiordecof`ks sfhrk petrf`ks, le kquovelk`coe k`trk kxprksof`ks y sus veroecof`ks y les prfpokmemks mk le oguelmem, les justoioce cf` ergudk`tfs y kjkdplfs cf`crktfs.
rklecof`ks mk cedhof k`trk mfs deg`otumks f k`trk kxprksof`ks1 tremucoï`mfles e kcuecof`ks quk cfdho`e` les cuetrf fpkrecof`ks, e kxprksof`ks mk mksoguelmem f e rklecof`ks mk prfpfrcof`elomem morkcte, y petrf`ks mk rkpktocoó` quk cfdho`e` crotkrofs gkfdïtrocfs y cuye rkgle mk ifrdecoó` sk esfcoe e le pfsocoó` mk sus klkdk`tfs. Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` cfdprk`soó` mkl tïrdo`f gk`krel mk u` petró`, les cf`mocof`ks mk mksoguelmem kxprksemes kxprksemes cf` lfs sog`fs 0 y (mk 5 k` 5 y 8 k` 8).
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cflkccof`ks f ce`tomemks, esä cfdf quk u` petró` pukmk rkprksk`tersk mk moikrk`tks ifrdes.
prfpfrcof`elomem lomem cfdf u` cf`mocof`ks mk sog`f oguel, prfpfrcof`e mksoguelmem kxprksemes mosto`guoï`mflf mk su usf cedhof cf`ste`tk. cf` lfs sog`fs 0 y mk 59> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
• Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs fhjktfs mkl k`tfr`f y les esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes gkfdïtroces tromodk`sof`elks y
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rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs fhjktfs mkl k`tfr`f, les esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes gkfdïtroces tromodk`sof`elks (cukrpfs
• Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs fhjktfs mkl k`tfr`f, les esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes gkfdïtroces homodk`sof`elks (iogures
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rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk fhjktfs rkelks f odego`erofs, lfs esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes homodk`sof`elks
• Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk fhjktfs rkelks f odego`erofs, lfs esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes homodk`sof`elks
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk les cerectkrästoces mk fhjktfs rkelks f odego`erofs, lfs esfcoe y rkprksk`te cf` ifrdes homodk`sof`elks
homodk`sof`elks quk cf`fck, esä cfdf cf` le dkmome cuelotetove mk su lf`gotum.
quk rukme` y `f rukme`) y homodk`sof`elks (cuemremf, rkctå`gulf, cärculf, troå`gulf), esä cfdf cf` les dkmomes mk su lf`gotum (lergf y e`cbf).
rkgulerks f orrkgulerks), sus klkdk`tfs y cf` sus dkmomes mk lf`gotum y supkriocok1 y cf` ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (cukrpfs rkmf`mfs y cfdpukstfs), sus klkdk`tfs y su cepecomem.
(pflägf`fs) y sus klkdk`tfs, esä cfdf cf` su pkrädktrf, dkmomes mk lf`gotum y supkriocok1 y cf` ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (cuhfs y prosdes mk hesk cuemre`guler), sus klkdk`tfss y su cepecomem. klkdk`tf
(cuemrolåtkrfs) y sus klkdk`tfs, esä cfdf cf` su pkrädktrf y dkmomes mk le supkriocok1 y cf` ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (prosdes rkctfs), sus klkdk`tfs y su cepecomem.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk fhjktfs y pkrsf`es mkl k`tfr`f, y lfs kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf f hfsqukjfs y mksplezedok`tfs, mksplezedok`t fs, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te su cukrpf cfdf pu`tf mk rkikrk`coe u fhjktfs k` les cuemräcules.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk fhjktfs y pkrsf`es mkl k`tfr`f, y lfs kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf y hfsqukjfs f gråiocfs, pfsocof`ks y mksplezedok`tfs, mksplezedok`tf s, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe k` les cuemräcules.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk lfs fhjktfs y pkrsf`es mkl k`tfr`f, y lfs kxprkse k` u` gråiocf, tk`ok`mf e lfs fhjktfs iojfs cfdf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe1 esodosdf, cf`somkre kl kjk mk sodkträe mk u` fhjktf f u`e iogure.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk lfs fhjktfs, pkrsf`es y lugerks ckrce`fs, esä cfdf le treslecoó` mk lfs fhjktfs f iogures, y lfs kxprkse k` gråiocfs f crfquos tk`ok`mf e lfs fhjktfs y lugerks iojfs cfdf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk lfs fhjktfs, pkrsf`es y lugerks ckrce`fs, y les kxprkse k` u` crfquos tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te rkikrk`coes cfdf, pfr kjkdplf, cellks f evk`omes.
(troå`gulfs, cuemrolåtkrfs cuemrolåtkrfs y cärculfs), sus klkdk`tfs, pkrädktrfss y supkriocoks 1 y pkrädktrf cf` ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (prosdes rkctfs y colo`mrfs), sus klkdk`tfs y kl vfludk` mk lfs prosdes rkctfs cf` hesk rkcte`guler. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs mk uhocecoó` y rkcfrromf mk lfs fhjktfs, pkrsf`es f lugerks, y les kxprkse k` u` crfquos f ple`f sk`collf tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te rkikrk`coes cfdf, pfr kjkdplf, cellks f evk`omes.
^ågo`e 595 mk 595 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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Kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf y mohujfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk elgu`fs klkdk`tfs mk les ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (ceres y vïrtocks) y homodk`sof`elks (lemfs, lä`kes rkctes y curves).
Kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf y mohujfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk elgú` klkdk`tf mk les ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks (`údkrf mk pu`tes, `údkrf mk ceres, ifrdes mk sus ceres) y homodk`sof`elks
Kxprkse cf` mohujfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs mk les ifrdes tromodk`sof`elks y homodk`sof`elks (`údkrf mk lemfs, vïrtocks, kjk mk sodkträe).
Kxprkse cf` mohujfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs mk cuhfs y prosdes mk hesk cuemre`guler: ceres, vïrtocks, erostes1 tedhoï`, su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs mk lfs
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Esodosdf, mkscrohk fhjktfs rukme`, so lfs sk sfstok`k`, `f sk sfstok`k` f tok`k` pu`tes f ksquo`es use`mf lk`guejk cftomoe`f y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs gkfdïtrocfs.
(`údkrf mk lemfs, lemfs curvfs y vïrtocks, rkctfs). Esodosdf, mkscrohk so lfs fhjktfs rukme`, sk sfstok`k`, `f sk sfstok`k` f tok`k` pu`tes f ksquo`es use`mf lk`guejk cftomoe`f y elgu`fs tïrdo`fs gkfdïtrocfs.
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pflägf`fs: å`gulfs rkctfs,y `údkrf mk lemfs vïrtocks1 esä cfdf su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lä`kes pkrpk`moculerks y perelkles use`mf lk`guejk gkfdïtrocf.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs cedhofs mk tedeõf y uhocecoó` mk lfs fhjktfs cf` les edploecof`ks, rkmuccof`ks y gorfs k` kl ple`f certksoe`f. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kstehlkck les cffrmk`emes k` les quk sk k`cuk`tre u` luger mktkrdo`emf. detkroel Kxprkse cf` mohujfs su Kxprkse cf` mohujfs su Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs cedhofs mk tedeõf mk lfs fhjktfs cf` les edploecof`ks, edploecof`k s, rkmuccof`ks y rkilkxof`ks mk u`e iogure ple`e.
Kxprkse
cf`
detkroel Kxprkse
cf`crktf su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le lf`gotum cfdf u`e mk les prfpokmemks quk sk pukmk dkmor k` elgu`fs fhjktfs1 esodosdf, su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le dkmome mk le lf`gotum mk
cf`
detkroel Kxprkse
cf`crktf su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le dkmome mk le lf`gotum el mktkrdo`er cuå`tes vkcks ks dås lergf u` fhjktf cf` rklecoó` e ftrf. Kxprkse tedhoï` quk kl fhjktf de`tok`k su
cf`
detkroel Kxprkse
cf`crktf su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk les dkmomes mk lf`gotumks mk u` dosdf fhjktf cf` moikrk`tks u`omemks. Esodosdf, su cfdprk`soó` mk le dkmome mk le supkriocok mk fhjktfs
cf`
cf`crktf f gråiocfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk kl pkrädktrf y le dkmome mk cepecomem mk lfs rkcopok`tks pere mktkrdo`er cuå`tes vkcks sk pukmk llk`er u`f cf` kl
cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs mk prosdes rkctfs y cuemrolåtkrfs (å`gulfs, vïrtocks, hesks), y prfpokmemks (lemfs perelklfs y
cfdprk`soó` sfhrk lfs klkdk`tfs y prfpokmemks mkl prosde, troå`gulf, cuemrolåtkrf y cärculf use`mf lk`guejk gkfdïtrocf. ^ågo`e 598 mk 598 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
fhjktfs mk de`kre cuelotetove cf` rkprksk`tecof`ks cf`crktes, y kstehlkck “ks dås lergf quk— f “ks dås cfrtf quk—. quk—.
lf`gotum e pkser mk suiror tre`sifrdecof`ks cfdf rfdpkr, k`rfller f ilkxof`er (cf`skrvecoó` mk le lf`gotum). Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk, lukgf mk k`rfller y mksk`rfller sfrhktks mk moikrk`tks tedeõfs, lfs frmk`e pfr su lf`gotum, mksmk kl dås lergf beste kl dås cfrtf, y vockvkrse.
ple`fs mk de`kre cuelotetove cf` rkprksk`tecof`ks cf`crktes, kstehlkcok`mf “ks dås kxtk`sf quk—, “ks dk`fs kxtk`sf quk— (supkriocok esfcoeme e le `fcoó` mk kxtk`soó`) y su cf`skrvecoó`.
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ftrf. Esodosdf, su pkrpk`moculerks) use`mf cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le lk`guejk gkfdïtrocf. dkmome mk le supkriocok mk fhjktfs ple`fs, mk de`kre cuelotetove y cf` rkprksk`tecof`ks cf`crktes kstehlkcok`mf “ks dås kxtk`sf quk—, “ks dk`fs kxtk`sf quk— (supkriocok esfcoeme e le `fcoó` mk kxtk`soó`) y su cf`skrvecoó`.
9¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf y hfsqukjfs lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs f pkrsf`es tfde`mf cfdf pu`tf mk rkikrk`coe su prfpoe pfsocoó`1 beck usf mk kxprksof`ks cfdf
Kxprkse cf` detkroel cf`crktf, hfsqukjfs f gråiocfs lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs f pkrsf`es cf` rklecoó` e u` pu`tf mk rkikrk`coe1 beck usf mk kxprksof`ks cfdf
Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk le cepecomem cfdf u`e mk les prfpokmemks quk sk pukmk dkmor k` elgu`fs rkcopok`tks, kstehlkck “cf`tok`k dås
Kxprkse cf` gråiocfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk kl pkrädktrf y le dkmome mk lf`gotum1 emkdås, sfhrk le dkmome mk cepecomem mk lfs rkcopok`tks y le dkmome
quk—, “cf`tok`k dk`fs quk— k omk`toioce quk le ce`tomem cf`tk`ome k` u` rkcopok`tk pkrde`kck o`veroe`tk e pkser mk quk sk mostrohuye k` ftrfs mk mosto`te ifrde y tedeõf (cf`skrvecoó` mk le cepecomem). Kxprkse cf` gråiocfs lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs f pkrsf`es cf` rklecoó` e fhjktfs iojfs cfdf pu`tfs mk rkikrk`coe1 beck usf mk elgu`es kxprksof`ks mkl lk`guejk gkfdïtrocf.
mk le supkriocok mk fhjktfs ple`fs cfdf le pfrcoó` mk ple`f fcupemf y rkcuhrodok`tf mk kspecof, y su cf`skrvecoó cf`skrvecoó`. `.
Kxprkse cf` gråiocfs f crfquos lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs, pkrsf`es y lugerks ckrce`fs, esä cfdf sus treslecof`kss cf` rklecoó` e treslecof`k fhjktfs iojfs cfdf pu`tfs
Kxprkse cf` u` crfquos lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs f pkrsf`es cf` rklecoó` e u` sostkde mk rkikrk`coe cfdf, pfr kjkdplf, cellks f evk`omes. Esodosdf, mkscrohk lfs cedhofs mk
Kxprkse cf` gråiocfs su cfdprk`soó` sfhrk kl pkrädktrf, kl vfludk` mk u` cukrpf sólomf y kl årke cfdf prfpokmemks dkmohlks mk lfs fhjktfs.
Kxprkse cf` u` crfquos f ple`f sk`collf lfs mksplezedok`tfs y pfsocof`ks mk fhjktfs f pkrsf`es cf` rklecoó` e lfs pu`tfs cermo`elks (sostkde mk rkikrk`coe). Esodosdf, mkscrohk lfs cedhofs mk ^ågo`e 593 mk 593 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
“errohe—, “ehejf—, “mktrås mk—, “k`code mk—, “mkhejf mk—, “el lemf—, “mk`trf—, “iukre—, “k` kl hfrmk—. hfrmk—.
“suhk—, “k`tre—, “becoe emkle`tk—, “becoe errohe—, “e le mkrkcbe—, “pfr kl hfrmk—, “k` irk`tk mk—, ktc., epfyå`mfsk cf` cómogfs mk ilkcbes.
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mk rkikrk`coe. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mer o`struccof`ks e pertor mk fhjktfs mkl k`tfr`f pere uhocer ftrfs, f e pertor mk lugerks mkl k`tfr`f pere uhocersk f uhocer e ftrfs.
tedeõf mk lfs fhjktfs dkmoe`tk les edploecof`ks, edploecof`k s, rkmuccof`ks y rkilkxof`ks mk u`e iogure ple`e k` kl ple`f certksoe`f.
tedeõf y uhocecoó` mk lfs fhjktfs dkmoe`tk edploecof`ks, rkmuccof`ks y gorfs k` kl ple`f certksoe`f. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk `fdhre pfsocof`ks tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te sostkdes mk cffrmk`emes lfs depes. prksk`tks k`
Kdplke kstretkgoes bkurästoces, rkcursfs y prfckmodok`tfs mk cfdperecoó` pere dkmor morkctedk`tk le lf`gotum mk mfs fhjktfs cf` u`omemks `f cf`vk`cof`elks (mkmfs, de`fs, poks, pesfs, hrezfs, y fhjktfs cfdf clops, låpocks, pelollfs, ktc.) y le vosuelozecoó` pere cf`struor fhjktfs cf` detkroel cf`crktf.
Kdplke kstretkgoes, rkcursfs y prfckmodok`tfs hesemfs k` le de`opulecoó` y vosuelozecoó`, pere cf`struor fhjktfs y dkmor su lf`gotum use`mf u`omemks `f cf`vk`cof`elks (de`fs, pesfs, poks, ktc.).
Kdplke kstretkgoes bkurästoces y prfckmodok`tfs cfdf le cfdpfsocoó` y mkscfdpfsocoó`, kl mfhlemf, kl rkcfrtk, le vosuelozecoó` y movkrsfs rkcursfs pere cf`struor ifrdes y iogures sodïtroces (e pertor mk o`struccof`ks kscrotes u frelks). Esodosdf, use movkrses kstretkgoes pere dkmor mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme (kstoder) le lf`gotum (ck`tädktrf, dktrf) y kl cf`tfr`f mk
Kdplke kstretkgoes, rkcursfs y prfckmodok`t prfckmodok`tfs fs cfdf le cfdpfsocoó` y mkscfdpfsocoó`, le vosuelozecoó`, esä cfdf kl usf mk les cuemräcules, pere cf`struor ifrdes sodïtroces, uhocer fhjktfs y treslemer iogures, use`mf rkcursfs. Esä tedhoï`, use movkrses kstretkgoes pere dkmor, mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme (kstoder), le dkmome mk lfs å`gulfs rkspkctf el å`gulf rkctf, le lf`gotum, kl pkrädktrf (dktrf y ck`tädktrf), le
Kdplke kstretkgoes mk cålculf, le vosuelozecoó` y lfs prfckmodok`tfs mk cfdpfsocoó` y mkscfdpfsocoó` pere cf`struor ifrdes, å`gulfs, rkelozer edploecof`ks, rkmuccof`ks y rkilkxof`ks mk les iogures, esä cfdf pere beckr trezfs k` kl ple`f certksoe`f. ^ere kllf, use movkrsfs rkcursfs k o`strudk`tfs mk mohujf. ]edhoï`, use movkrses kstretkgoes pere dkmor, mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme (kstoder), le
Kdplke kstretkgoes bkurästoces, kstretkgoes mk cålculf, le vosuelozecoó` y lfs prfckmodok`tfs mk cfdpfsocoó` y mkscfdpfsocoó` pere cf`struor ifrdes mksmk pkrspkctoves, mkserrfllf mk sólomfs, rkelozer gorfs k` kl ple`f, esä cfdf pere trezer rkcfrromfs. [se movkrses kstretkgoes pere cf`struor å`gulfs, dkmor le lf`gotum (cd) y le supkriocok (d8, cd8), y cfdperer kl årke mk mfs supkriocoks f le cepecomem mk lfs fhjktfs,
u`e iogure, y cfdperer le cepecomem y supkriocok mk lfs fhjktfs kdplke`mf le u`omem mk dkmome, `f cf`vk`cof`el f cf`vk`cof`el, skgú` cf`vk`ge, esä cfdf
supkriocok (u`omemks petró`) y le cepecomem (k` lotrf y cf` ireccof`ks) mk lfs fhjktfs, y beck cf`vkrsof`ks mk u`omemks mk lf`gotum. Kdplke le u`omem mk dkmome,
dkmome mk å`gulfs, le lf`gotum (pkrädktrf, aolódktrf, dktrf), le supkriocok (u`omemks petró`), le cepecomem (k` lotrfs y k` mkcodelks) mk lfs fhjktfs1 emkdås,
mk de`kre kxecte f eprfxodeme. Xkeloze cålculfs `udïrocfs pere beckr cf`vkrsof`ks mk dkmomes (u`omemks mk lf`gotum). Kdplke le u`omem mk dkmome `f ^ågo`e 59= mk 59= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
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elgu`fs o`strudk`tfs mk cf`vk`cof`el f `f dkmocoó`. cf`vk`cof`el, skgú` cf`vk`ge, esä cfdf elgu`fs o`strudk`tfs mk dkmocoó` (co`te dïtroce, rkgle, k`vesks f rkcopok`tks).
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rkeloze cf`vkrsof`ks mk u`omemks mk lf`gotum dkmoe`tk cålculfs `udïrocfs y use le prfpokmem tre`sotove pere frmk`er fhjktfs skgú` su lf`gotum. Kdplke le u`omem `f cf`vk`cof`el f cf`vk`cof`el, skgú` cf`vk`ge, esä cfdf elgu`fs o`strudk`tfs mk dkmocoó`.
cf`vk`cof`el f cf`vk`cof`el, skgú` cf`vk`ge, esä cfdf o`strudk`tfs mk mohujf (cfdpås, tre`spfrtemfr) y mk dkmocoó`, y movkrsfs rkcursfs.
• Beck eiordecof`ks sfhrk elgu`es prfpokmemks iäsoces f skdkje`zes mk lfs fhjktfs y les prukhe cf` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs. Esä tedhoï`, kxploce kl
• Beck eiordecof`ks sfhrk les skdkje`zes y moikrk`coes k`trk les ifrdes gkfdïtroces, y les kxploce cf` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs y cf` hesk k`
Beck eiordecof`ks sfhrk elgu`es rklecof`ks k`trk klkdk`tfs mk les ifrdes, su cfdpfsocoó` f mkscfdpfsocoó`, y les kxploce cf` kjkdplfs
Beck eiordecof`ks sfhrk elgu`es rklecof`ks k`trk klkdk`tfs mk les ifrdes y su mkserrfllf k` kl ple`f, y kxploce sus skdkje`zes y moikrk`coes dkmoe`tk
^le`tke eiordecof`ks sfhrk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs fhjktfs, k`trk lfs fhjktfs y les ifrdes gkfdïtroces, y k`trk les ifrdes gkfdïtroces, esä
^le`tke eiordecof`ks sfhrk les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs fhjktfs, k`trk lfs fhjktfs y les ifrdes gkfdïtroces, y k`trk les ifrdes gkfdïtroces, esä
prfcksf skguomf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “Elgu`fs fhjktfs cf` pu`tes `f rukme`—, “Kstfs “K stfs mfs fhjktfs tok`k` le dosde ifrde (pklfte y ce`oce)—, ktc. ktc.
sus cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs. Esodosdf, kxploce kl prfcksf skguomf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk eiorde quk tfmes les iogures quk tok`k` trks lemfs sf` troå`gulfs f quk u`e ifrde gkfdïtroce soguk sok`mf le dosde eu`quk cedhok mk pfsocoó`. pfsocoó`.
cf`crktfs f mohujfs. Esodosdf, kxploce kl prfcksf skguomf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “]fmfs lfs cuemremfs sk pukmk` ifrder cf` mfs troå`gulfs oguelks—. oguelks—.
kjkdplfs cf`crktfs f mohujfs cf` hesk k` su kxplfrecoó` f vosuelozecoó`. Esä tedhoï`, kxploce kl prfcksf skguomf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “[` cuhf sk pukmk cf`struor cf` u`e ple`tolle quk cf`tk`ge 9 cuemremfs mkl dosdf tedeõf—. tedeõf—.
cfdf su mkserrfllf k` kl ple`f, y les kxploce cf` ergudk`tfs hesemfs k` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs, gråiocfs y k` sus cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs cf` hesk k` su kxplfrecoó` f vosuelozecoó`. Esä tedhoï`, kxploce kl prfcksf skguomf.
cfdf su mkserrfllf k` kl ple`f certksoe`f, k`trk kl pkrädktrf y le supkriocok mk u`e ifrde gkfdïtroce, y les kxploce cf` ergudk`tfs hesemfs k` kjkdplfs cf`crktfs, gråiocfs, prfpokmemks y k` sus cf`fcodok`tfs detkdåtocfs cf` hesk k` su kxplfrecoó` f vosuelozecoó`, use`mf kl rezf`edok`tf o`muctovf. Esä tedhoï`, kxploce kl prfcksf skguomf. Kjkdplf: “Mfs rkctå`gulfs pukmk` tk`kr moikrk`tk årke pkrf ^ågo`e 59; mk 59; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
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kl dosdf pkrädktrf—, “Kl “Kl årke mk u` troå`gulf le pukmf fhtk`kr movomok`mf pfr le dotem kl årke mk u` perelklfgredf—.
^ågo`e 599 mk 599 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK DE]KDÅ]OCE. =.;.7.=. Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK GKS]OÓ@ MK ME]FS K O@CKX]OM[DHXK— O@CKX]OM[DHXK— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Xkprksk`te metfs cf` gråiocfs y dkmomes kstemästoces f prfheholästoces: ks rkprksk`ter kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk u` cf`ju`tf mk metfs, sklkccof`e`mf tehles f gråiocfs kstemästocfs, dkmomes mk tk`mk`coe ck`trel, mk lfcelozecoó` f mospkrsoó`. Xkcf`fckr veroehlks mk le pfhlecoó` f le dukstre el ple`tker u` tkde mk kstumof. Esä tedhoï` odploce kl e`ålosos mk sotuecof`ks elketfroes y rkprksk`ter le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs dkmoe`tk kl velfr m k le prfheholomem. • Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` mk lfs cf`ckptfs kstemästocfs y prfheholästocfs: ks cfdu`ocer su cfdprk`soó` mk cf`ckptfs kstemästocfs y prfheholästocfs k` rklecoó` e le sotuecoó`. Lkkr, mkscrohor k o`tkrprkter o`ifrdecoó` kstemästoce cf`tk`ome k` gråiocfs f tehles prfvk`ok`tks mk moikrk`tks iuk`tks.
• [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs pere rkcfpoler y prfckser metfs: ks sklkccof`er, emepter, cfdho`er f crker u`e verokmem mk prfckmodok`tfs, kstretkgoes y rkcursfs pere rkcfpoler, prfckser y e`elozer metfs, esä cfdf kl usf mk tïc`oces mk dukstrkf y kl cålculf mk les dkmomes kstemästoces y prfheholästoces. • Sustk`te cf`clusof`ks f mkcosof`ks cf` hesk k` le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome: ks tfder mkcosof`ks, beckr prkmoccof`ks f klehfrer cf`clusof`ks y sustk`terles cf` hesk k` le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome mkl prfcksedok`tf y e`ålosos mk metfs, esä cfdf mk le rkvosoó` f velfrecoó` mk lfs prfcksfs.
^ågo`e 597 mk 597 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: “XKS[KLYK ^XFHLKDES MK GKS]OÓ@ MK ME]FS K O@CKX]OM[DHXK— O@CKX]OM[DHXK— CE^ECOMEMKS: Xkprksk`te metfs cf` gråiocfs y dkmomes kstemästoces f prfheholästoces. Cfdu`oce su cfdprk`soó` mk lfs cf`ckptfs kstemästocfs y prfheholästocfs. [se kstretkgoes y prfckmodok`tfs pere rkcfpoler y prfckser metfs. Sustk`te cf`clusof`ks f mkcosof`ks cf` hesk k` le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes rklecof`emfs cf` metfs cuelotetovfs c uelotetovfs k` sotuecof`ks mk su o`tkrïs, rkcflkcte metfs e trevïs mk mk prkgu`tes sk`colles, lfs rkgostre k` lostes f tehles mk cf`tkf sodplk (irkcuk`coe) y lfs frge`oze k` poctfgredes bfrozf`telks y gråiocfs mk herres sodplks. Lkk le o`ifrdecoó` cf`tk`ome k` kstes tehles f gråiocfs omk`toioce`mf kl metf f metfs quk tuvokrf` deyfr f dk`fr irkcuk`coe y kxploce sus mkcosof`ks heså`mfsk k` le o`ifrdecoó` prfmucome. Kxprkse le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs use`mf les `fcof`ks mk pfsohlk f odpfsohlk y justoioce su rkspukste.
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes rklecof`emfs cf` metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs (moscrktfs) sfhrk u` tkde mk kstumof, rkcflkcte metfs e trevïs mk k`cukstes y k`trkvostes sk`colles, rkgostre k` tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplks y lfs rkprksk`te k` poctfgredes, poctfgredes, gråiocfs mk herre sodplk cf` kscele (dúltoplfs mk mokz). O`tkrprkte o`ifrdecoó` cf`tk`ome k` gråiocfs mk herres sodplks y mfhlks y tehles mk mfhlk k`treme, cfdpere`mf irkcuk`coes y use`mf kl sog`oiocemf mk le dfme mk u` cf`ju`tf mk metfs1 e pertor mk kste o`ifrdecoó`, klehfre elgu`es cf`clusof`ks y tfde mkcosof`ks. Kxprkse le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs use`mf les `fcof`ks mk skgurf, dås prfhehlk, dk`fs prfhehlk, y justoioce su rkspukste.
Xksuklvk prfhlkdes rklecof`emfs rklecof`emfs cf` tkdes mk kstumof, k` lfs quk rkcf`fck veroehlks cuelotetoves f cue`totetoves moscrktes, rkcflkcte metfs e trevïs mk k`cukstes y mk movkrses iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó`. Sklkccof`e tehles mk mfhlk k`treme, gråiocfs mk herres mfhlks y gråiocfs mk lä`kes, sklkccof`e`mf kl dås emkcuemf pere rkprksk`ter lfs metfs. [se kl sog`oiocemf mk le dfme pere o`tkrprkter o`ifrdecoó` cf`tk`ome k` gråiocfs y k` movkrses iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó`. Xkeloze kxpkrodk`tfs elketfrofs, rkcf`fck sus pfsohlks rksultemfs y kxprkse le prfheholomem mk u` kvk`tf rklecof`e`mf rklecof`e `mf kl `údkrf mk cesfs ievfrehlks y kl tftel mk cesfs pfsohlks. Klehfre y justoioce prkmoccof`ks, mkcosof`ks y cf`clusof`ks, heså`mfsk k` le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome k` kl e`ålosos mk metfs f k` le prfheholomem mk u` kvk`tf.
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y sk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y lfgre kl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y sk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y lfgre kl
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y sk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk rksuklvk prfhlkdes mk gkstoó` mk metfs k o`ckrtomudhrk y lfgre kl
k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf coclf OOO, rkeloze lfs soguok`tks: mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf coclf OY, rkeloze lfs soguok`tks: mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf coclf Y, rkeloze lfs soguok`tks: mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 592 mk 592 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
• Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces y kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk metfs cuelotetovfs (pfr kjkdplf, cflfr mk lfs fjfs: permfs, `kgrfs1 pletf ievfrotf: ckhocbk, errfz cf` pfllf, ktc.) mk u`e pfhlecoó`, e trevïs mk poctfgredes bfrozf`telks (kl sädhflf rkprksk`te u`e u`omem) y gråiocfs mk herres
• Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces y kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk metfs cuelotetovfs (pfr kjkdplf, cflfr mk lfs fjfs: permfs, `kgrfs1 pletf ievfrotf: ckhocbk, errfz cf` pfllf, ktc.) mk u`e pfhlecoó`, e trevïs mk poctfgredes bfrozf`telks (kl sädhflf rkprksk`te u`e f mfs u`omemks) y gråiocfs mk
Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces y kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk metfs cuelotetovfs (pfr kjkdplf, cflfr mk lfs fjfs: permfs, `kgrfs1 pletf ievfrotf: ckhocbk, errfz cf` pfllf, ktc.) y cue`totetovfs moscrktfs (pfr kjkdplf: `údkrf mk bkrde`fs: 3, 81 ce`tomem mk gflks: 8, =, ;, ktc.) mk u`e pfhlecoó`, e
• Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces y kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk metfs cuelotetovfs (pfr kjkdplf, cflfr mk fjfs: permfs, `kgrfs1 prfiksoó`: dïmocf, ehfgemf, ktc.) y cue`totetovfs moscrktfs (pfr kjkdplf: `údkrf mk bkrde`fs: 3, 81 ce`tomem mk gflks: 8, =, ;, ktc.) mk u`e pfhlecoó`, e trevïs mk
Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces mk u`e pfhlecoó` k` kstumof, les quk esfcoe e veroehlks cuelotetoves (pfr kjkdplf, cflfr mk fjfs: permfs, `kgrfs1 prfiksoó`: dïmocf, ehfgemf, ktc.) y cue`totetovess mos cue`totetove moscrktes crktes (pfr kjkdplf, `údkrf mk bkrde`fs: 3, 81 ce`tomem mk gflks: 8, =, ;, ktc.), esä
Xkprksk`te les cerectkrästoces mk u`e pfhlecoó` k` kstumof sfhrk sotuecof`ks mk o`tkrïs f elketfroes, esfcoå`mfles e veroehlks cuelotetoves (pfr kjkdplf: vólky, tk`os) y cue`totetoves moscrktes (pfr kjkdplf: 3, =, ; bojfs), esä cfdf tedhoï` kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mkl cf`ju`tf mk metfs, e trevïs
vkrtocelks sodplks (so` kscele), k` sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es mk su o`tkrïs pkrsf`el f mk sus perks
herres vkrtocelks sodplks (so` kscele), k` sotuecof`ks cftomoe`es mk su o`tkrïs pkrsf`el f mk sus perks
trevïs mk poctfgredes vkrtocelks y bfrozf`telks (kl sädhflf rkprksk`te dås mk u`e u`omem) y gråiocfs mk herres bfrozf`telks (sodplks y kscele meme mk 8
poctfgredes vkrtocelks y bfrozf`telkss (ceme sädhflf bfrozf`telk rkprksk`te dås mk u`e u`omem), gråiocfs mk herres cf` kscele meme (dúltoplfs mk 5>) y le dfme cfdf le
cfdf tedhoï` kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mkl cf`ju`tf mk metfs, e trevïs mk poctfgredes vkrtocelks y bfrozf`telkss (ceme sädhflf bfrozf`telk rkprksk`te dås mk u`e
mk gråiocfs mk herres mfhlks, gråiocfs mk lä`kes, le dfme y le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf rkpertf kquotetovf.
k` 8, ; k` ; y 5> k` 5>), k` deyfr irkcuk`coe, k` u`omem), gråiocfs mk herres sotuecof`ks mk su o`tkrïs f sotuecof`ks mk o`tkrïs f u` cf` kscele meme (dúltoplfs mk 5>), le dfme cfdf le tkde mk kstumof. u` tkde mk kstumof. deyfr irkcuk`coe y le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf pu`tf mk kquolohrof. • Mktkrdo`e tfmfs lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk u`e sotuecoó` elketfroe e trevïs mk su prfheholomem cfdf ireccoó`.
^ågo`e 59? mk 59? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse le fcurrk`coe mk Kxprkse le fcurrk`coe mk Kxprkse le fcurrk`coe mk Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mk le dfme cfdf le deyfr ecf`tkcodok`tfs ecf`tkcodok`tfs ecf`tkcodok`tfs cftomoe`fs use`mf les cftomoe`fs use`mf les cftomoe`fs use`mf les irkcuk`coe y le dkmoe “skgurf—, erotdïtoce cfdf pu`tf mk `fcof`ks “sokdprk—, “e `fcof`ks “pfsohlk— k `fcof`ks kquolohrof1 esä cfdf tfmfs “pfsohlk— k “odpfsohlk—. “odpfsohlk—. “odpfsohlk—. “odpfsohlk—. vkcks— y “`u`ce—. “`u`ce—. lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs use`mf les
Lkk le o`ifrdecoó` cf`tk`ome k` tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplk (cf`tkf sodplk), poctfgredes bfrozf`telks y gråiocfs mk herres vkrtocelks sodplks1 o`moce le deyfr irkcuk`coe y rkprksk`te lfs metfs cf` detkroel cf`crktf f gråiocf.
Lkk o`ifrdecoó` cf`tk`ome k` tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplk (cf`tkf sodplk), poctfgredes bfrozf`telks y gråiocfs mk herres vkrtocelks sodplks1 o`moce le deyfr f dk`fr irkcuk`coe y cfdpere lfs metfs, lfs cuelks rkprksk`te cf` detkroel cf`crktf y gråiocf.
Lkk tehles mk irkcuk`coes sodplks (ehsflutes), gråiocfs mk herres bfrozf`telks sodplks cf` kscele y poctfgredes mk irkcuk`coes cf` kquovelk`coes, pere o`tkrprkter le o`ifrdecoó` kxpläcote mk lfs metfs cf`tk`omfs k` moikrk`tks ifrdes mk rkprksk`tecoó`.
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mk le dfme cfdf le deyfr irkcuk`coe y le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf pu`tf mk kquolohrof1 esä cfdf tfmfs lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs use`mf les
• Kxprkse su cfdprk`soó` mk le dfme cfdf le deyfr irkcuk`coe y le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf rkpertf kquotetovf1 esä cfdf tfmfs lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk u`e sotuecoó` elketfroe k` ifrde frel use`mf les
`fcof`ks “dås `fcof`ks “dås `fcof`ks prfhehlks—y prfhehlk— “skgurf—, y “dk`fs prfhehlk— “skgurf—, y “dk`fs f “dk`fs“dås prfhehlks—, prfhehlk—. prfhehlk—. prfhehlk—. prfhehlk—. `udïrocedk`tk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “K` mfs mk lfs co`cf cesfs, kl rksultemf ks ievfrehlk: 8/;—. 8/;—. Lkk gråiocfs mk herres cf` Lkk gråiocfs mk herres cf` Lkk tehles mk mfhlk kscele, tehles mk mfhlk kscele, tehles mk mfhlk k`treme y gråiocfs mk k`treme y poctfgredes mk k`treme y poctfgredes mk herres mfhlks, esä cfdf irkcuk`coes cf` irkcuk`coes cf` o`ifrdecoó` prfvk`ok`tk kquovelk`coes, pere kquovelk`coes, pere mk movkrses iuk`tks o`tkrprkter le o`ifrdecoó` o`tkrprkter le o`ifrdecoó` (pkroómocfs, rkvostes, e pertor mk lfs metfs mkl dosdf cf`ju`tf mk k`trkvostes, kxpkrodk`tfs, cf`tk`omfs k` moikrk`tks metfs cf`tk`omfs k` ktc.), pere o`tkrprkter le ifrdes mk rkprksk`tecoó` moikrk`tks ifrdes mk o`ifrdecoó` quk cf`tok`k` y mk le sotuecoó` kstumoeme. rkprksk`tecoó` y mk le cf`somkre`mf lfs metfs, les sotuecoó` kstumoeme. cf`mocof`ks mk le sotuecoó` y ftre o`ifrdecoó` quk sk tk`ge sfhrk les veroehlks.
]edhoï`, emvokrtk quk bey tehles mk mfhlk k`treme cf` metfs o`cfdplktfs, les cfdplkte y prfmuck `ukve o`ifrdecoó`. Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk .Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk Xkcfpole metfs dkmoe`tk prkgu`tes sk`colles y kl prkgu`tes y kl kdplkf mk k`cukstes sk`colles f k`cukstes sk`colles f k`cukstes sk`colles f k`cukstes sk`colles f ^ågo`e 57> mk 57> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
kdplkf mk prfckmodok`tf prfckmodok`tfss y rkcursfs (detkroel cf`crktf y ftrfs)1 lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` lostes mk metfs f tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplk (cf`tkf sodplk) pere mkscrohorlfs. mkscrohorlfs.
prfckmodok`tfs y rkcursfs (detkroel cf`crktf y ftrfs)1 lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` lostes mk metfs f tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplk (cf`tkf sodplk) pere mkscrohorlfs. mkscrohorlfs.
k`trkvostes cfrtes cf` prkgu`tes emkcuemes kdplke`mf prfckmodok`tfss y rkcursfs1 prfckmodok`tf lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` lostes mk metfs f tehles mk irkcuk`coe sodplk, pere mkscrohorlfs y e`elozerlf e`elozerlfs. s.
k`trkvostes cfrtes cf` prkgu`tes emkcuemes kdplke`mf prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok `tfs y rkcursfs1 lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` lostes mk metfs, tehles mk mfhlk k`treme f tehles mk irkcuk`coe, pere mkscrohorlfs y e`elozerlf e`elozerlfs. s.
k`trkvostes cfrtes cf` prkgu`tes emkcuemes kdplke`mf prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok `tfs y rkcursfs1 lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` lostes mk metfs, tehles mk mfhlk k`treme f tehles mk irkcuk`coe, pere mkscrohorlfs y e`elozerlf e`elozerlfs. s.
k`trkvostes cfrtes cf` prkgu`tes emkcuemes kdplke`mf prfckmodok`tfss y rkcursfs1 prfckmodok`tf lfs prfckse y frge`oze k` tehles mk mfhlk k`treme f tehles mk irkcuk`coe, pere mkscrohorlfs y e`elozerlfs.
]fde mkcosof`ks sk`colles y • ]fde mkcosof`ks les kxploce e pertor mk le sk`colles y les kxploce e
o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome. fhtk`ome.
pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome. fhtk`ome. Sklkccof`e y kdplke prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok `tfs y rkcursfs cfdf kl rkcuk`tf, kl moegrede, les tehles mk irkcuk`coe u ftrfs, pere
Sklkccof`e y kdplke prfckmodok`tfs prfckmodok `tfs y rkcursfs cfdf kl rkcuk`tf, kl moegrede, les tehles mk irkcuk`coe u ftrfs, pere
Sklkccof`e y kdplke prfckmodok`tfs y rkcursfs cfdf kl rkcuk`tf, kl moegrede, les tehles mk irkcuk`coe u ftrfs, pere
le dkmoe pfsohlks rksultemfs mk le mktkrdo`er fcurrk`coe mk erotdïtoce cfdf pu`tf mk kquolohrof, le dfme cfdf le ecf`tkcodok`tfs deyfr irkcuk`coe y tfmfs cftomoe`fs. lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs. cftomoe`fs. ^rkmock le fcurrk`coe mk u` ^rkmock quk le pfsoholomem ecf`tkcodok`tf f sucksf mk fcurrk`coe mk u` sucksf cftomoe`f. Esä tedhoï`, ks deyfr quk ftrf. Esä kxploce sus mkcosof`ks e tedhoï`, kxploce sus pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` mkcosof`ks y cf`clusof`ks e fhtk`ome cf` hesk k` kl pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` e`ålosos mk metfs. fhtk`ome cf` hesk k` kl e`ålosos mk metfs.
mktkrdo`er le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf pu`tf mk kquolohrof, le dfme cfdf le deyfr irkcuk`coe y tfmfs lfs pfsohlks rksultemfs mk le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs cftomoe`fs. ^rkmock le deyfr f dk`fr irkcuk`coe mk u` cf`ju`tf mk metfs, f so le pfsoholomem mk fcurrk`coe mk u` sucksf ks deyfr quk ftrf. Esä tedhoï`, kxploce sus mkcosof`ks y cf`clusof`ks e pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome cf` hesk k` kl e`ålosos mk metfs.
mktkrdo`er le dkmoe erotdïtoce cfdf rkpertf kquotetovf, le dfme, lfs cesfs ievfrehlks e u` sucksf y su prfheholomem cfdf ireccoó`.
Sklkccof`e y kdplke prfckmodok`tfs y rkcursfs cfdf kl rkcuk`tf, kl moegrede u ftrfs, pere mktkrdo`er tfmfs lfs
^rkmock le tk`mk`coe mk lfs metfs f le fcurrk`coe mk sucksfs e pertor mkl e`ålosos mk lfs rksultemfs mk u`e sotuecoó` elketfroe. Esä tedhoï`, justoioce sus mkcosof`ks y cf`clusof`ks e pertor mk le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome cf` hesk k` kl e`ålosos mk metfs. ^ågo`e 575 mk 575 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Cok`coe y ]kc`flfgäe 89. O`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs. 87. Kxploce kl du`mf iäsocf heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf. 82. Moskõe y cf`struyk sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f.
^ågo`e 578 mk 578 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
.
=.;.2.
ÅXKE MK COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGÄE
=.;.2.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “O@MEGE DKMOE@]K DÏ]FMFS COK@]ÄIOCFS ^EXE COK@]ÄIOCFS ^EXE CF@S]X[OX S[S CF@FCODOK@]FS— CF@FCODOK@] FS— Kl kjkrcocof mk kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • ^rfhlkdetoze sotuecof`ks pere beckr o`megecoó`: ple`tker prkgu`tes sfhrk bkcbfs y ik`ódk`fs `eturelks1 o`tkrprkter sotuecof`ks y ifrduler bopótksos. • Moskõe kstretkgoes pere beckr o`megecoó`: prfpf`kr ectovomemks quk pkrdote` cf`struor u` prfckmodok`tf1 sklkccof`er detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs k
o`ifrdecoó` pere cfdprfher f rkiuter les bopótksos. • Gk`kre y rkgostre metfs k o`ifrdecoó`: fhtk`kr, frge`ozer y rkgostrer metfs ioehlks k` iu`coó` mk les veroehlks, utoloze`mf o`strudk`tfs y movkrses tïc`oces quk pkrdote` cfdprfher f rkiuter les bopótksos. • E`eloze metfs k o`ifrdecoó`: o`tkrprkter lfs metfs fhtk`omfs k` le o`megecoó`, cf`tresterlfs cf` les bopótksos k o`ifrdecoó` rklecof`eme el prfhlkde pere klehfrer cf`clusof`ks quk cfdprukhe` f rkiute` le bopótksos. • Kvelúe y cfdu`oce kl prfcksf y rksultemfs mk su o`megecoó`: omk`toiocer y mer e cf`fckr les moiocultemks tïc`oces y lfs cf`fcodok`tfs lfgremfs pere cukstof`er kl gremf mk setosieccoó` quk le rkspukste me e le prkgu`te mk o`megecoó`.
^ågo`e 573 mk 573 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: “O@MEGE DKMOE@]K DÏ]FMFS COK@]ÄIOCFS ^EXE CF@S]X[OX S[S CF@FCODOK@]FS— CF@FCODOK@]FS— CE^ECOMEMKS: ^rfhlkdetoze sotuecof`ks pere beckr o`megecoó`. Moskõe kstretkgoes pere beckr o`megecoó`. Gk`kre y rkgostre metfs k o`ifrdecoó`. E`eloze metfs k o`ifrdecoó`. Kvelúe y cfdu`oce kl prfcksf y rksultemfs mk su o`megecoó`.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
O`mege el kxplfrer ik`ódk`fs, el beckr prkgu`tes, prfpf`kr fhjktfs pfsohlksfrkspukste y ectovomemks pere fhtk`kr o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk les cerectkrästoces y rklecof`ks quk kstehlkck sfhrk kstfs. Soguk u` prfckmodok`tf pere fhskrver, de`opuler, mkscrohor y cfdperer sus k`seyfs y lfs utoloze pere klehfrer cf`clusof`ks. Kxprkse k` ifrde frel, kscrote f gråioce lf rkelozemf, eprk`momf y les moiocultemks mk su o`megecoó`.
O`mege el kstehlkckr les ceuses mk u` bkcbf f ik`ódk`f pere ifrduler prkgu`tes y pfsohlks rkspukstes sfhrk kstfs cf` hesk k` sus kxpkrok`coes. ^rfpf`k kstretkgoes pere fhtk`kr o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk kl bkcbf f ik`ódk`f y sus pfsohlks ceuses, rkgostre metfs, lfs e`eloze kstehlkcok`mf rklecof`ks y kvomk`coes mk ceuselomem. Cfdu`oce k` ifrde frel, kscrote f gråioce sus prfckmodok`tfs, prfckmodok `tfs, moiocultemks, cf`clusof`ks y mumes.
O`mege lespere ceuses f mkscrohk u` fhjktf fhjkktf f ik`ódk`f quk omk`toioce ifrduler prkgu`tes bopótksos k` les quk rklecof`e les veroehlks veroehlks quk o`tkrvok`k` y quk sk pukmk` fhskrver. ^rfpf`k kstretkgoes pere fhskrver f gk`krer u`e sotuecoó` cf`trfleme k` le cuel rkgostre kvomk`coes mk códf u`e veroehlk o`mkpk`mok`tk eikcte e ftre mkpk`mok`tk. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk lfs metfs, lfs o`tkrprkte y lfs cf`treste cf` o`ifrdecoó` cf`ioehlk. Kvelúe y cfdu`oce sus cf`clusof`ks y prfckmodok`tfs.
5¾ GXEMF
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Beck prkgu`tes eckrce mk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
bkcbfs, ik`ódk`fs u fhjktfs `eturelks y tkc`flógocfs quk kxplfre y fhskrve k` su k`tfr`f. ^rfpf`k pfsohlks rkspukstes cf` hesk k` sus kxpkrok`coes. Kjkdplf: Kl
husce` le mkscropcoó` mk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs bkcbfs, ik`ódk`fs u fhjktfs `eturelks y tkc`flógocfs quk kxplfre y fhskrve k` su k`tfr`f. ^rfpf`k pfsohlks
Beck
prkgu`tes
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: • Beck prkgu`tes sfhrk Ifrdule prkgu`tes eckrce
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
mk les veroehlks quk o`iluyk` k` u` bkcbf, ik`ódk`f u fhjktf `eturel f tkc`flógocf. ^le`tke bopótksos quk kxprkse` le rklecoó` ceuse-kikctf y mktkrdo`e les veroehlks
mk les veroehlks quk o`iluyk` k` u` bkcbf, ik`ódk`f u fhjktf `eturel f tkc`flógocf. ^le`tke bopótksos quk kxprkse` le rklecoó` ceuse-kikctf y
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: quk • Beck prkgu`tes sfhrk
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk o`mege dkmoe`tk dïtfmfs cok`täiocfs pere cf`struor sus cf`fcodok`tfs y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
bkcbfs, ik`ódk`fs u fhjktfs `eturelks y tkc`flógocfs quk kxplfre y fhskrve k` su k`tfr`f. ^rfpf`k pfsohlks rkspukstes cf` hesk k` kl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk
bkcbfs, ik`ódk`fs u fhjktfs `eturelks f tkc`flógocfs quk kxplfre. Klehfre u`e pfsohlk kxplocecoó` cfdf rkspukste, mf`mk kstehlkck u`e rklecoó`
Ifrdule prkgu`tes eckrce
^ågo`e 57= mk 57= mk 8=7 8=7
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF kstumoe`tk fhskrve códf u` cerecfl suhk pfr kl trf`cf mk u` århfl, y prkgu`te: “¶^fr quï kl cerecfl `f sk cek6—. ^rfpf`k pfsohlks rkspukstes, cfdf: “]ok`k hehe pkgejfse cfdf le gfde—. gfde—.
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
rkguleromemkss omk`toiocemes rkspukstes heså`mfsk k` rkguleromemk kl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk k` sotuecof`ks sodolerks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rkguleromemks=2 omk`toiocemes k` su pfmräe prkgu`ter: “¶^fr quï u`e vkle k`ck`mome sk kxpkrok`coe. mkrrotk y `f fcurrk lf dosdf cf` u` dkcbkrf6—. _ pfmräe rkspf`mkr: “Le ckre sk cf`sudk dås råpomf quk kl akrfsk`k—. akrfsk`k—.
=¾ GXEMF
k`trk lfs bkcbfs y lfs iectfrks quk prfmuck` lfs cedhofs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe prkgu`ter: “¶^fr quï elgu`fs glfhfs o`ilemfs sk klkve` y ftrfs cek` el suklf6 _, lukgf, rkspf`mkr: “Kl eork quk cf`tok`k` tok`k moikrk`tk pksf y pfr ksf u`fs cek` el suklf
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
o`vflucremes. Kjkdplf: Kl mktkrdo`e les veroehlks kstumoe`tk pfmräe o`vflucremes. prkgu`ter: “¶Uuï lk suckmkräe e u`e ple`te so le k`ckrredfs k` u`e ceje cf` u` bukquotf pfr mf`mk k`trk le luz6—. Le bopótksos pfmräe skr: “Les ple`tes pukstes k` fscuromem dukrk` råpomf y sk lks cek` les bfjes pfrquk
^rfpf`k eccof`ks quk lk pkrdotk` rkspf`mkr e le prkgu`te. Husce o`ifrdecoó`, sklkccof`e lfs detkroelks k o`strudk`tfs
^rfpf`k eccof`ks quk lk pkrdotk` rkspf`mkr e le prkgu`te y les frmk`e skcuk`coeldk`tk1 sklkccof`e lfs detkroelks,
^rfpf`k u` ple` mf`mk mkscrohk les eccof`ks y lfs prfckmodok`tfs quk utolozerå pere rkspf`mkr e le prkgu`te. Sklkccof`e lfs
quk `kcksoterå pere kxplfrer y fhskrver fhjktfs, bkcbfs f ik`ódk`fs y rkcfgkr metfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “Selgedfs el petof e huscer ftrfs cerecflks1 llkverkdfs lupes pere dorerlfs—, “]k`gf u` lohrf quk trete sfhrk cerecflks—, ktc.
o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes `kckserofs pere kxplfrer, fhskrver y rkcfgkr metfs sfhrk lfs bkcbfs, ik`ódk`fs u fhjktfs `eturelks f tkc`flógocfs.
detkroelks k o`strudk`tfs quk `kcksoterå pere su o`megecoó`, esä cfdf les iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` quk lk pkrdote` cfdprfher le rkspukste.
dok`tres ftrfs soguk` klkvå`mfsk—. klkvå`mfsk—. ^rfpf`k u` ple` mf`mk mkscrohk les eccof`ks y lfs prfckmodok`tfs quk utolozerå pere rkcfgkr o`ifrdecoó` eckrce mk lfs
`kcksote` luz pere vovor . . ^rfpf`k u` ple` quk lk pkrdote fhskrver les veroehlks o`vflucremes, e io` mk fhtk`kr metfs pere cfdprfher sus bopótksos.
^rfpf`k u` ple` pere fhskrver les veroehlks mkl prfhlkde mk o`megecoó` y cf`trfler equklles quk pukmk` dfmoiocer le
iectfrks rklecof`emfs cf` kl prfhlkde k` su o`megecoó`. Sklkccof`e detkroelks, detkroe lks, o`strudk`tfs y iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce quk lk pkrdotk` cfdprfher le rkspukste.
Sklkccof`e detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y iuk`tks quk lk hro`mk` o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce. Cf`somkre kl tokdpf pere kl mkserrfllf mkl ple` y les dkmomes mk skguromem `kckseroes. Kjkdplf: So sk kstå o`mege`mf sfhrk kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk les ple`tes y le luz, kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “@kcksoterkdfs u`e ple`te k` u` decktkrf y u`e ceje mk certó` pere cuhrorle. Berkdfs u` bukquotf k` le ceje, le
kxpkrodk`tecoó`, cf` le io`elomem mk fhtk`kr metfs pere cfdprfher sus bopótksos. Sklkccof`e o`strudk`tfs, detkroelks detkroelks y bkrredok`tes, esä cfdf iuk`tks quk lk hro`mk` o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce. Cf`somkre kl tokdpf pere kl mkserrfllf mkl ple` y les dkmomes mk skguromem `kckseroes.
^ågo`e 57; mk 57; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
mkjerkdfs cuhokrte pfr ; mäes y e`fterkdfs quï suckmk. Huscerkdfs o`ifrdecoó` k` lohrfs k o`tkr`kt—. o`tkr`kt—. Fhtok`k metfs e pertor mk le fhskrvecoó` y kxplfrecoó` mk fhjktfs, bkcbfs f ik`ódk`fs1 y lfs rkgostre k` frge`ozemfrks dkmoe`tk mohujfs f prodkres ifrdes mk kscroture. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk beck mohujfs cf` mktellks mk les ifrdes mkl cerecfl, mkl cedo`f quk rkcfrroó, ktc.
Fhtok`k y rkgostre metfs, e pertor mk les eccof`ks quk rkelozó pere rkspf`mkr e le prkgu`te. [toloze elgu`fs frge`ozemfrks mk o`ifrdecoó` f rkprksk`te lfs metfs dkmoe`tk mohujfs f sus prodkres ifrdes mk kscroture.
Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces mkl bkcbf, ik`ódk`f u fhjktf `eturel y tkc`flógocf quk rkgostró, pere cfdprfher so su rkspukste ks vkrmemkre f `f. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk lfs cerecflks:
Cfdpere y kstehlkck so bey moikrk`coe k`trk le rkspukste quk prfpusf y lfs metfs f le o`ifrdecoó` fhtk`ome k` su fhskrvecoó` f kxpkrodk`tecoó`. Klehfre sus cf`clusof`ks. cf`clusof`ks.
Fhtok`k metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs el llkver e cehf kl ple` quk prfpusf pere rkspf`mkr le prkgu`te. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks y `f cf`vk`cof`elks, rkgostre lfs metfs y lfs rkprksk`te k` frge`ozemfrks. Kjkdplf: Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk fhskrve códf sk mkrrotk` u`fs cuhfs mk boklf, pukmk dkmor le tkdpkreture e le quk kstå` o`ocoeldk`tk y, lukgf, dkmor le tkdpkreture mkl läquomf, kl tokdpf quk pesó pere quk sk mkrrote`, esä cfdf beckr u`e rkprksk`tecoó` gråioce mk lf suckmomf. Kstehlkck rklecof`ks quk kxploquk` kl ik`ódk`f kstumoemf. [toloze lfs metfs fhtk`omfs y lfs cfdpere cf` le rkspukste quk prfpusf, esä cfdf cf` le o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce quk pfskk. Klehfre sus
Fhtok`k metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs el llkver e cehf kl ple` quk prfpusf pere rkspf`mkr le prkgu`te. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks y `f cf`vk`cof`elks, rkgostre lfs metfs y lfs rkprksk`te k` frge`ozemfrks.
Fhtok`k metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs quk kvomk`coe` le rklecoó` k`trk les veroehlks quk utoloze pere rkspf`mkr le prkgu`te. Xkgostre lfs metfs y lfs rkprksk`te k` moikrk`tks frge`ozemfrks. Kjkdplf: El rkvoser moeroedk`tk moeroedk `tk lf quk suckmk cf` le ple`te cuhokrte pfr u`e ceje cf` u` bukquotf, kl kstumoe`tk tfderå `fte pere omk`toiocer so kl cflfr mk les bfjes sk de`tok`k, so kl tellf soguk k` le dosde morkccoó` f so cedhoó, y berå rksúdk`ks cf` le o`ifrdecoó` quk k`cf`tró k` lfs lohrfs k o`tkr`kt.
Fhtok`k metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs quk kvomk`coe` le rklecoó` k`trk les veroehlks quk utoloze pere rkspf`mkr le prkgu`te. Frge`oze lfs metfs, beck cålculfs mk dfme, prfpfrcof`elomem morkcte y ftrfs, y lfs rkprksk`te k` moikrk`tks frge`ozemfrks.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks quk kxploquk` kl ik`ódk`f kstumoemf. [toloze lfs metfs cuelotetovfss y cue`totetovfs cuelotetovf quk fhtuvf y lfs cfdpere cf` le rkspukste quk prfpusf, esä cfdf cf`
Cfdpere lfs metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs cuelotetovfs pere prfher sus bopótksos y les cf`treste cf` o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce. Klehfre sus cf`clusof`ks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “@ukstre
[toloze lfs metfs cuelotetovfs f cue`totetovfs pere prfher sus bopótksos y les cf`treste cf` o`ifrdecoó` cok`täioce. Klehfre sus cf`clusof`ks.
^ågo`e 579 mk 579 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF ifrde, cflfr, so tok`k` petes, quï kstehe` becok`mf y lf quk suckmoó cue`mf sk eckrcó e fhskrverlfs. Mkspuïs mk quk kl mfck`tk lke u` tkxtf sfhrk lfs cerecflks, pfmrå cfdperer so lf quk fhskrvó cf`cukrme cf` lf quk mock kl tkxtf, pfr quï, ktc. ktc.
8¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
cok`täioce. cf`clusof`ks. Kjkdplf: o`ifrdecoó` cf`clusof`ks. Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk mock Klehfre sus cf`clusof`ks. “k` u` mäe celurfsf, lfs cuhfs mk boklf sk mkrrotk` dås råpomf1 y k` u` mäe iräf, mkdfre` k` mkrrktorsk—, utoloze lfs metfs tfdemfs pere cf`iorder sus eiordecof`ks, esä cfdf lfs rksúdk`ks quk kxploce` kl
;¾ GXEMF
bopótksos ks quk les ple`tes pukstes k` le fscuromem dukrk` råpomf y sk lks cek` les bfjes—1 “Kxpkrodk`te`mf, fhtuvodfs kstfs metfs: e lfs ‒x‟ mäes les bfjes mk le ple`te cedhoerf` mk cflfr, e lfs ‒y‟ mäes kl tellf mk mk le ple`te sk mfhló becoe le iuk`tk mk luz—1 “Skgú` lfs
9¾ GXEMF
tkde.
lohrfs, kl dfvodok`tf mk les ple`tes becoe le luz sk llede iftftrfposdf pfsotovf y su reäz tok`k iftftrfposdf `kgetovf—. `kgetovf—. Cfdu`oce les rkspukstes Cfdu`oce les rkspukstes Cfdu`oce les cf`clusof`ks Cfdu`oce les cf`clusof`ks Cfdu`oce sus cf`clusof`ks Cfdu`oce sus cf`clusof`ks quk mof e le prkgu`te, lf quk mof e le prkgu`te, lf mk su o`megecoó` y lf quk mk su o`megecoó` y lf quk y lf quk eprk`moó use`mf y lf quk eprk`moó use`mf quk eprk`moó, esä cfdf sus lfgrfs y moiocultemks, dkmoe`tk movkrses ifrdes mk kxprksoó`: gråioces, frelks f e trevïs mk su `ovkl mk kscroture. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cfdk`te so lfs cerecflks tk`äe` petes, códf kre su cukrpf, esä cfdf les moiocultemks quk tuvf pere fhskrverlfs y lf quk beräe pere kstumoerlfs dkjfr mkspuïs mk kste kxpkrok`coe. ^fmräe mohujer k` u`e bfje lf quk lk perkcoó dås odpfrte`tk y, emkdås, cfdk`ter quï
quk eprk`moó, esä cfdf sus lfgrfs y moiocultemks, dkmoe`tk movkrses ifrdes mk kxprksoó`: gråioces, frelks f e trevïs mk su `o vkl mk kscroture.
eprk`moó use`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs, esä cfdf kl prfckmodok`tf, prfckmodok`tf, lfs lfgrfs y les moiocultemks quk tuvf mure`tk su mkserrfllf. ^rfpf`k elgu`es dkjfres. Me e cf`fckr su o`megecoó` k` ifrde frel f kscrote.
eprk`moó use`mf cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs, esä cfdf kl prfckmodok`tf prfckmodok`tf,, lfs lfgrfs y les moiocultemks quk tuvf mure`tk su mkserrfllf. ^rfpf`k elgu`es dkjfres. Me e cf`fckr su o`megecoó` k` ifrde frel f kscrote.
cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs. Kvelúe so lfs prfckmodok`tfs skguomfs k` su o`megecoó` eyumerf` e cfdprfher sus bopótksos. Dk`cof`e les moiocultemks quk tuvf y prfpf`k dkjfres. Me e cf`fckr su o`megecoó` k` ifrde frel f kscrote. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pfmräe mkcor: “Les ple`tes husce` les iuk`tks mk luz y e ksf sk s k lk llede iftftrfposdf pfsotovf, pfr kllf, sk tfrcoó kl tellf becoe le iuk`tk mk luz—1 “Les ple`tes `f
cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs. Kvelúe so lfs prfckmodok`tfs skguomfs k` su o`megecoó` eyumerf` e cfdprfher sus bopótksos. Dk`cof`e les moiocultemks quk tuvf y prfpf`k dkjfres. Me e cf`fckr su o`megecoó` k` ifrde frel f kscrote.
^ågo`e 577 mk 577 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
pertk mkl trehejf y mk lf eprk`momf lk gustó dås.
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
dukrk` k` le fscuromem, pkrf kl cflfr mk sus bfjes sä cedhoe—1 “]k`mräedfs quk behkr cf`temf cf` u`e ple`te oguelote, pkrf kxpukste e le luz, pere cfdpererles—. cfdpererles—.
^ågo`e 572 mk 572 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ÅXKE MK COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGÄE.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.;.2.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “KR^LOCE KL D[@MF IÄSOCF HESE@MFSK K@ CF@FCODOK@]FS CF@FCODOK@] FS SFHXK LFS SKXKS YOYFS, DE]KXOE _ K@KXGOE, HOFMOYKXSOMEM, ]OKXXE _ [@OYKXSF— [@OYKXSF— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cfdprk`mk y use cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf: ks mkcor, kstehlkck rklecof`ks k`trk verofs cf`ckptfs y lfs tre`siokrk e `ukves sotuecof`ks. Kstf lk pkrdotk cf`struor rkprksk`tecof`ks mkl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel, quk sk kvomk`coe` cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce, kjkdploioce, eploce, justoioce, cfdpere, cf`tkxtueloze y gk`kreloze sus cf`fcodok`tfs.
• Kvelúe les odploce`coes mkl sehkr y mkl qukbeckr cok`täiocf y tkc`flógocf: cue`mf omk`toioce lfs cedhofs gk`kremfs k` le sfcokmem pfr kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f mkserrfllf tkc`flógocf, cf` kl io` mk esudor u`e pfsture crätoce f tfder mkcosof`ks, cf`somkre`mf sehkrks lfcelks, kvomk`coe kdpäroce y cok`täioce, cf` le io`elomem mk dkjfrer su celomem mk vome y cf`skrver kl edhok`tk lfcel y glfhel. CE^ECOMEMKS: Cfdprk`mk y use cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf. Kvelúe les odploce`coes mkl sehkr y mkl qukbeckr cok`täiocf y tkc`flógocf.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Kxploce, cf` hesk k` sus fhskrvecof`ks y kxpkrok`coes prkvoes, les rklecof`ks k`trk: les cerectkrästoces mk lfs detkroelks cf` lfs cedhofs quk suirk` pfr eccoó` mk le luz, mkl celfr y mkl dfvodok`tf1 le kstructure mk lfs skrks vovfs cf` sus iu`cof`ks y su mkserrfllf1 le ]okrre, sus cfdpf`k`tks y dfvodok`tfs cf` lfs skrks quk lf behote`. Fpo`e sfhrk lfs odpectfs mkl usf mk fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs k` rklecoó` e sus `kcksomemks y kstolf mk vome.
Kxploce, cf` hesk k` kvomk`coes mfcudk`temes cf` rkspelmf cok`täiocf, les rklecof`ks quk kstehlkck k`trk: les iuk`tks mk k`krgäe f sus de`oikstecof`ks cf` lfs topfs mk cedhof quk prfmuck` k` lfs detkroelks1 k`trk les iukrzes cf` kl dfvodok`tf mk lfs cukrpfs1 le kstructure mk lfs sostkdes vovfs cf` sus iu`cof`ks y su egrupecoó` k` kspkcoks1 le remoecoó` mkl sfl cf` les zf`es clodåtoces mk le ]okrre y les emeptecof`ks mk lfs skrks vovfs. Fpo`e sfhrk lfs odpectfs mk movkrses tkc`flfgäess k` le sflucoó` mk prfhlkdes rklecof`emfs e tkc`flfgäe `kcksomemks y kstolfs mk vome cflkctoves.
Kxploce, cf` hesk k` kvomk`coe cf` rkspelmf cok`täiocf, les rklecof`ks k`trk: prfpokmemks f iu`cof`ks decrfscópoces mk lfs cukrpfs, detkroelks f skrks vovfs cf` su kstructure y dfvodok`tf docrfscópocf1 le rkprfmuccoó` skxuel cf` le movkrsomem gk`ïtoce1 lfs kcfsostkdess cf` le movkrsomem mk kspkcoks1 kl rklokvk cf` kcfsostkde le ectovomem o`tkr`e mk le ]okrre. Xklecof`e kl mkscuhrodok`tf cok`täiocf f le o``fvecoó` tkc`flógoce cf` sus odpectfs. Justoioce su pfsocoó` irk`tk e sotuecof`ks cf`trfvkrsoelks cf`trfvkrsoelks sfhrk kl us usf f mk le tkc`flfgäe y kl sehkr cok`täiocf.
^ågo`e 57? mk 57? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO,
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY,
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk kxploce kl du`mf `eturel y ertoiocoel heså`mfsk k` cf`fcodok`tfs sfhrk lfs skrks vovfs, detkroe y k`krgäe, hofmovkrsomem, ]okrre y u`ovkrsf, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y,
becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces y `kcksomemks mk lfs skrks vovfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk quï `kcksote` lfs skrks vovfs pere vovor: elodk`tfs, fxägk`f, ktc.
rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze lfs soguok`tks: mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Xklecof`e les pertks Mkscrohk lfs órge`fs quk kxtkr`es mk lfs skrks vovfs cf`ifrde` lfs sostkdes mk cf` sus iu`cof`ks. ple`tes y e`odelks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rklecof`e le iu`coó` mk lfs mok`tks (quk sorvk` pere destocer lfs elodk`tfs e`tks mk o`gkrorlfs) cf` le huk`e selum.
rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Xklecof`e les ectovomemks cftomoe`es cf` kl usf mk le k`krgäe. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rklecof`e kl usf mk ges k` su cfco`e cf` le cfccoó` mk sus elodk`tfs, f kl usf mk les poles cf` kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk sus juguktks.
Cfdpere les skdkje`zes kxtkr`es mk lfs prfgk`otfrks y sus mksck`mok`tks mure`tk kl mkserrfllf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk cfdpere les cerectkrästoces quk lfs rk`ecuejfs tfde` prfgrksovedk`tk beste
rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze lfs soguok`tks: mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: [toloze dfmklfs pere • Mkscrohk les moikrk`coes kxplocer les rklecof`ks k`trk le cïlule e`odel y k`trk lfs órge`fs y vkgktel, y kxploce quk sostkdes cf` les iu`cof`ks edhes cudplk` iu`cof`ks Kjkdplf: Kl votelks k` ple`tes y håsoces. e`odelks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk pfr kstumoe`tk utoloze u` quï kl cukrpf mk u` e`odel dfmklf pere mkscrohor ks suevk k` cfdperecoó` códf kl sostkde mogkstovf cf` u`e ple`te, k` iu`coó` tre`sifrde lfs elodk`tfs mkl topf mk cïlules quk k` `utrok`tks quk sk pfskk`. mostrohuyk`, e trevïs mk le se`grk, pfr tfmf kl frge`osdf Cfdpere movkrses kspkcoks Justoioce pfr quï lfs Xkprksk`te les moikrk`tks y rkcf`fck skdkje`zes y o`movomufs sk rkprfmuck` ifrdes mk rkprfmuccoó` mk cf` ftrfs mk su dosde lfs skrks vovfs. moikrk`coes. kspkcok.
Xklecof`e le rkprfmuccoó` skxuel cf` le movkrsomem mk`trf mk u`e kspkcok.
Mkscrohk lfs frge`osdfs y skõele quk pukmk` skr u`ocklulerks f plurocklulerks y quk ceme cïlule cudplk iu`cof`ks håsoces f kspkcoelozemes. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk skõele quk les hectkroes `kcksote` u` buïspkm pere pfmkr cudplor sus iu`cof`ks håsoces.
^ågo`e 52> mk 52> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Clesoioce lfs detkroelks mk ecukrmf e sus cerectkrästoces iäsoces (murfs, hle`mfs, irågolks,
Mkscrohk quk lfs fhjktfs pukmk` suiror cedhofs rkvkrsohlks k orrkvkrsohlks pfr eccoó` mk le k`krgäe.
Mkscrohk le detkroe y skõele quk sk cfdpf`k mk pertäcules pkqukões. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk
Xklecof`e lfs kstemfs mk lfs cukrpfs cf` les iukrzes quk prkmfdo`e` k` sus dflïcules (iukrzes mk
tk`kr le ifrde mk sus prfgk`otfrks.
^rfpf`k u`e clesoiocecoó` mk lfs fhjktfs skgú` sus cerectkrästoces. cerectkrästoc es. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk skpere fhjktfs
Mkscrohk lfs cedhofs quk kxpkrodk`te` lfs fhjktfs mkhomf e le luz f el celfr quk rkcohk`. Kjkdplf: Kl
quk ehsfrhk` egue mk kstumoe`tk mkscrohk les ktc.). ftrfs quk `f ceuses pfr les quk kl boklf, le de`tkquolle f le ckre sk mkrrotk` cue`mf sk celok`te` f lks me le luz mkl sfl.
. Mkscrohk quk kl suklf kstå ifrdemf pfr skrks vovfs y `f vovfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mosto`guk lf quk bey mk`trf mkl suklf: tokrre, guse`fs, rfces, fhjktfs mk plåstocf, ktc.
Justoioce pfr quï lfs cedhofs quk suirk` lfs fhjktfs mkpk`mk` mk sus cerectkrästoces. cerectkrästoc es. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï, cf` u` gflpk, u` vesf mk vomrof sk rfdpk1 dok`tres quk u`f mk certó`, sflf sk mkifrde.
Xklecof`e kl mksplezedok`tf,, kl cedhof mksplezedok`tf mk morkccoó` f le dfmoiocecoó` mk le ifrde mk lfs fhjktfs pfr le eplocecoó` mk iukrzes sfhrk kllfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rklecof`e le mkifrdecoó` quk suirk u`e pklfte cf` le iukrze gk`kreme sfhrk klle cue`mf elguok` le prksof`e cf` le ple`te mk lfs poks.
Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk pfr quï u` cuhf mk boklf sk mosuklvk pfr eccoó` mkl celfr mkl edhok`tk y pfr quï pukmk vflvkr e skr u` cuhf mk boklf el cflfcer kl läquomf k` u` rkirogkremfr. Xklecof`e lfs cedhofs k` kl kquolohrof, le pfsocoó` y le ifrde mk lfs fhjktfs pfr les iukrzes eplocemes sfhrk kllfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï el torer mk u` klåstocf, kstk sk mkifrde, y cue`mf ckse kste eccoó`, rkcupkre su ifrde o`ocoel.
skõele quk kl vepfr rkpulsoó` y cfbksoó`) y sus (dflïcules) quk selk mkl åtfdfs. egue cue`mf bokrvk ks le rezó` pfr le quk mosdo`uyk kl vfludk` o`ocoel.
• Mkscrohk lfs kcfsostkdes y skõele quk sk k`cuk`tre` cf`stotuomfs pfr cfdpf`k`tks ehoótocfs y hoótocfs quk sk o`tkrrklecof`e`.
Xklecof`e lfs cedhofs quk suirk` lfs detkroelks cf` kl rkfrmk`edok`tf mk sus cfdpf`k`tks cf`stotuyk`tks. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk rklecof`e le ck`oze, kl budf y kl vepfr mkl egue cf` le cfdhustoó` mk demkre.
^ågo`e 525 mk 525 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
Justoioce pfr quï kl egue, kl eork y kl suklf sf` odpfrte`tkss pere lfs skrks odpfrte`tk vovfs.
[toloze dfmklfs pere kxplocer les rklecof`ks k`trk lfs skrks vovfs y sus cerectkrästoces. cerectkrästoc es. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk moskõe u` dfmklf pere kxplocer lfs cfdpf`k`tks mk u`e cemk`e elodk`tocoe. elodk`tocoe.
Cfdpere les moikrk`tks de`oikstecof`ks mkl clode e lf lergf mk u` eõf y k` les moikrk`tks zf`es k` le supkriocok tkrrkstrk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk moikrk`coe les cerectkrästoces mk le ïpfce
Xklecof`e kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk lfs skrks vovfs cf` lfs cedhofs mk clode. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï cue`mf beck iräf tk`kdfs quk ehroger`fs dås y cue`mf beck celfr huscedfs lugerks irkscfs.
Mkscrohk quk kl coclf mäe`fcbk o`iluyk k` lfs skrks vovfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces mk lfs e`odelks quk mukrdk` mure`tk kl mäe y sk de`tok`k` mkspokrtfs pfr le `fcbk.
Xklecof`e lfs fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs cf` su utolomem pere setosieckr les `kcksomemks mk les pkrsf`es y fpo`e sfhrk códf su usf odpecte k` kllfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk dk`cof`e quk pere cfco`er sus elodk`tfs, su demrk use u`e cfco`e e ges f u` ifgó` cf` lkõe, y códf odpecte k` sus vomes.
Mkscrohk quk k` le ]okrre sk k`cuk`tre` deses mk egue, eork y detkroel sólomf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk les cerectkrästoces mk les legu`es, lfs räfs, lfs ckrrfs y les rfces, y códf kl vok`tf iukrtk pukmk dfvkr elgu`fs fhjktfs.
=¾ GXEMF
mkl eõf k` quk llukvk y de`oiokste k` dfvodok`tf, sf`omf y luz el pf`kr k` ftre k` quk `f. iu`cof`edok`tf tfmfs sus cfdpf`k`tks. Mkscrohk códf kl båhotet Mkscrohk kl rfl quk prfpfrcof`e e lfs cudplk` lfs skrks vovfs k` frge`osdfs rkcursfs pere su båhotet. Kjkdplf: Kl setosieckr sus `kcksomemks kstumoe`tk skõele quk les håsoces. Kjkdplf: Kl ple`tes sf` prfmuctfrks, le kstumoe`tk mkscrohk códf lokhrk ks u` cf`sudomfr y lfdhroz ks u` sk elodk`te` lfs e`odelks le mkscfdpf`kmfr. k` le sklve.
Mkscrohk les o`tkreccof`ks k`trk lfs skrks vovfs y lfs `f vovfs k` su båhotet. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk skõele quk lfs bkrhävfrfs cfdk` pestf, quk elgu`fs e`odelks sk elodk`te` mk bkrhävfrfs y quk les ple`tes `kcksote` mkl suklf pere vovor.
;¾ GXEMF
Mkscrohk códf le k`krgäe • Mkscrohk kl ceråctkr sk de`oiokste mk moikrk`tks mo`ådocf mk le kstructure ifrdes y pukmk usersk kxtkr`e mk le ]okrre. pere moikrk`tks prfpósotfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk códf le k`krgäe prfmucome k` u`e hetkräe pere u` cerrf mk juguktk sk
Ergudk`te pfr quï les ple`tes y lfs e`odelks pfskk` kstructures y cfdpfrtedok`tfs emeptemfs e su båhotet. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï u` cedelkó` sk dodktoze cf` su edhok`tk f pfr quï lfs cectus tok`k` kspo`es k` luger mk bfjes.
9¾ GXEMF
O`tkrprkte le rklecoó` k`trk le tkdpkreture y kl dfvodok`tf dflkculer k` lfs fhjktfs. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï cue`mf sk celok`te c elok`te u` fhjktf dktålocf cfdf kl eludo`of, kstk cedhoe mk tedeõf.
Justoioce quk kl qukbeckr tkc`flógocf prfgrkse cf` kl pesf mkl tokdpf cfdf rksultemf mkl eve`ck cok`täiocf pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes.
Fpo`e códf kl usf mk lfs fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs odpecte k` kl edhok`tk, cf` hesk k` iuk`tks mfcudk`temes cf` rkspelmf cok`täiocf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk fpo`e sfhrk códf le mkde`me mk dukhlks mk demkre prfdukvk kl mkserrfllf mk dequo`eroe demkrkre, esä cfdf le
Justoioce pfr quï le movkrsomem mk kspkcoks me ksteholomem e lfs kcfsostkdes. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï cue`mf mosdo`uyk le ce`tomem mk pestf pfr kl iroejk, le pfhlecoó` mk vozcecbes sk rkmuck, y códf kstf tedhoï` eikcte e le pfhlecoó` mk zfrrfs. Xklecof`e lfs cedhofs mkl rklokvk tkrrkstrk cf` le kstructure mo`ådoce o`tkr`e y kxtkr`e mk le ]okrre.
^ågo`e 528 mk 528 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
mkifrkstecoó`, y quï eltkr`etoves kxostk` mksmk le cok`coe y t kc`flfgäe pere ifdk`ter kl mkserrfllf sfstk`ohlk mk kste o`mustroe. Mkscrohk kl suklf cfdf iuk`tk ksk`coel mk `utrok`tks y sustretf pere ducbfs skrks vovfs.
Ergudk`te pfr quï le crkecoó` mk fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs pere setosieckr `kcksomemks
Mkscrohk les moikrk`tks zf`es clodåtoces y skõele quk sk ifrde` pfr le mostrohucoó` mk le k`krgäe
Ergudk`te quk elgu`fs fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs y cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs be` eyumemf e ifrduler
Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mkscrohk quk les ple`tes `kcksote` kl suklf pere crkckr y quk elgu`fs e`odelks sk elodk`te` mk klles.
rkquokrk mk pkrsf`es quk mkl sfl sfhrk le ]okrre y su tok`k` moikrk`tks rklokvk. fcupecof`ks f kspkcoelomemks, y fpo`e sfhrk códf kl usf mk lfs prfmuctfs tkc`flógocfs cedhoe le vome mk les pkrsf`es y kl edhok`tk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxploce quk le prfmuccoó` mk elodk`tfs k` cf`skrves mkde`me le prfmuccoó` mk detkroe prode, k`vesks, ple`te prfcksemfre, ktc., pere quk les pkrsf`es pukme` cf`sudorlfs, y fpo`e eckrce mk les vk`tejes y mksvk`tejes mk kste clesk mk prfmuctfs, k` rklecoó` e le celomem mk vome y mkl edhok`tk.
`ukves tkfräes quk prfpocoerf` kl cedhof k` le ifrde mk pk`ser y kl kstolf mk vome mk les pkrsf`es. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk códf kl usf mkl tklkscfpof mof u` `ukvf luger e le ]okrre k` kl u`ovkrsf y mk códf cf` kl docrfscfpof sk frogo`ó le tkfräe mk lfs gïrdk`ks cfdf ceuse`tks mk k`ikrdkmemks.
^ågo`e 523 mk 523 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Justoioce pfr quï bey fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs quk tre`sifrde` lfs prfmuctfs quk cf`sudk f quk use k` terkes kspkcäioces, y fpo`e códf kstfs fhjktfs cedhoe` su vome, le mk su iedoloe f kl edhok`tk.
Ergudk`te pfr quï lfs movkrsfs fhjktfs tkc`flógocfs sf` crkemfs pere setosieckr `kcksomemks pkrsf`elks y cflkctoves. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk me rezf`ks mk pfr quï lfs reyfs R sf`
Mkiok`mk su pu`tf mk voste rkspkctf el eve`ck cok`täiocf y tkc`flógocf, y su odpectf k` le sfcokmem y kl edhok`tk, cf` hesk k` iuk`tks mfcudk`temes cf` rkspelmf cok`täiocf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk
Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk justoioce les vk`tejes mk user u` dflo`f pere tre`sifrder lfs gre`fs mk deäz f trogf k` bero`e, e io` mk quk ske` utolozemfs k` moikrk`tks prfmuctfs quk cf`sudk k` su vome moeroe.
kdplkemfs pfr lfs dïmocfs k` kl moeg`óstocf mk irectures, esä cfdf les vk`tejes y mksvk`tejes mk su usf.
moscutk sus pu`tfs mk voste eckrce mk so le o`stelecoó` mk e`tk`es mk tklkif`äe k` zf`es pfhlemes pfmräe eikcter le selum mk lfs skrks vovfs.
Fpo`e sfhrk lfs cedhofs quk le tkc`flfgäe be gk`kremf k` le ifrde mk vovor mk les pkrsf`es y k` kl edhok`tk. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk kxploce quk grecoes e le rkirogkremfre sk pukmk` cf`skrver lfs elodk`tfs mure`tk dås tokdpf, y códf kstf odpecte sfhrk le celomem mk vome y mkl edhok`tk.
^ågo`e 52= mk 52= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ÅXKE MK COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGÄE.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
=.;.2.3. Cfdpktk`coe: “MOSKÕE _ CF@S]X[_K SFL[COF@KS ]KC@FLÓGOCES ^EXE XKSFLYKX ^XFHLKDES MK S[ K@]FX@F— K@]FX@F— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Mktkrdo`e u`e eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce: el mktkcter u` prfhlkde y prfpf`kr eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` crketoves hesemes k` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocf, tkc`flógocf y pråctoces lfcelks, kvelue`mf su pkrto`k`coe pere sklkccof`er u`e mk klles. • Moskõe le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce: ks rkprksk`ter mk de`kre gråioce f ksqukdåtoce le kstructure y iu`cof`edok`tf mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce
(kspkcoiocecof`ks mk moskõf), use`mf cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf, tkc`flógocf y pråctoces lfcelks, lf celks, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs rkqukrodok`tfs mkl prfhlkde y lfs rkcursfs mospf`ohlks. • Odplkdk`te y velome le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce: ks llkver e cehf le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó`, vkroioce`mf y pf`ok`mf e prukhe kl cudplodok`tf mk les kspkcoiocecof`ks mk moskõf y kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk sus pertks f ktepes. • Kvelúe y cfdu`oce kl iu`cof`edok`tf y lfs odpectfs mk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce: ks mktkrdo`er quï te` hok` le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce lfgró rkspf`mkr e lfs rkqukrodok`tfs mkl prfhlkde, cfdu`ocer su iu`cof`edok`tf y e`elozer sus pfsohlks odpectfs, k` kl edhok`tk y le sfcokmem, te`tf k` su prfcksf mk klehfrecoó` cfdf mk usf.
^ågo`e 52; mk 52; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Cfdpktk`coe: Cfdpktk`co e: MOSKÕE _ CF@S]X[_K SFL[COF@KS ]KC@FLÓGOCES ^EXE XKSFLYKX ^XFHLKDES MK S[ K@]FX@F
CE^ECOMEMKS: Mktkrdo`e u`e eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. Moskõe le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. Odplkdk`te y velome le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. Kvelúe y cfdu`oce kl iu`cof`edok`tf y lfs odpectfs mk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce.
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Moskõe y cf`struyk sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces el kstehlkckr les ceuses mk u` prfhlkde tkc`flógocf y prfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó`. Xkprksk`te u`e, o`cluyk`mf sus pertks, e trevïs mk ksqukdes f mohujfs y mkscrohk le skcuk`coe mk pesfs pere odplkdk`terle, use`mf bkrredok`tes y detkroelks sklkccof`emfs. Xkeloze ejustks k` kl prfcksf mk cf`struccoó` mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. Mkscrohk kl prfckmodok`tf y hk`kiocofs mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce1 kvelúe su iu`cof`edok`t iu`cof`edok`tf f skgú` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs y prfpf`k dkjfres.
Moskõe y cf`struyk sflucof`ks tkc`flógoce tkc`flógocess el kstehlkckr les pfsohlks ceuses quk gk`kre` prfhlkdes tkc`flógocfs1 prfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` cf` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs. Xkprksk`te u`e mk klles, o`cluyk`mf les pertks f ktepes, e t revïs mk ksqukdes f mohujfs1 kstehlkck cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces mk ifrde, kstructure y iu`coó` y kxploce u`e skcuk`coe mk pesfs pere odplkdk`terle use`mf bkrredok`tes y detkroelks1 vkroioce kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce y rkeloze ejustks. Kxploce kl prfckmodok`tf, cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf eplocemf y hk`kiocofs mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce11 kvelúe su tkc`flógoce s u iu`cof`edok`tf cf`somkre`mf lfs rkqukrodok`tfs rkqukrodok `tfs kstehlkcomfs y prfpf`k dkjfres.
Moskõe y cf`struyk sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces el omk`toiocer les ceuses quk gk`kre` prfhlkdes tkc`flógocfs y prfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs. Xkprksk`te u`e mk klles o`cluyk`mf sus pertks f ktepes, e trevïs mk ksqukdes f mohujfs kstructuremfs. Kstehlkck cerectkrästoces mk ifrde, kstructure y iu`coó` y kxploce kl prfckmodok`tf, lfs rkcursfs mk odplkdk`tecoó`1 lfs kjkcute use`mf bkrredok`tes y detkroelks sklkccof`emfs1 vkroioce kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce mktkcte`mf odprkcosof`ks y rkeloze ejustks pere dkjfrerlf. Kxploce kl prfckmodok`tf, cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf eplocemf y lodotecof`ks mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. Kvelúe su iu`cof`edok`tf e trevïs mk prukhes cf`somkre`mf lfs rkqukrodok`tfs rkqukrodok `tfs kstehlkcomfs y prfpf`k dkjfres. O`iokrk odpectfs mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce.
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Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk y cf`struyk y cf`struyk moskõe y cf`struyk moskõe y cf`struyk moskõe y cf`struyk moskõe moskõe y cf`struyk moskõe sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
pere rksflvkr prfhlkdes mk su k`tfr`f y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
^ågo`e 529 mk 529 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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Sklkccof`e u` prfhlkde tkc`flógocf mk su k`tfr`f. Kxploce su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs prkvofs f pråctoces lfcelks1 cf`somkre lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhkrå cudplor y lfs rkcursfs mospf`ohlks pere
Sklkccof`e u` prfhlkde tkc`flógocf mk su k`tfr`f y mkscrohk les ceuses quk lf gk`kre`. Kxploce su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs prkvofs f pråctoces lfcelks1 tfde k` cuk`te lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhk cudplor y lfs rkcursfs
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Mktkrdo`e kl prfhlkde tkc`flógocf y les ceuses quk lf gk`kre`. ^rfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs f pråctoces lfcelks, esä cfdf lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhk cudplor y lfs rkcursfs mospf`ohlks pere
Mktkrdo`e kl prfhlkde tkc`flógocf y les ceuses quk lf gk`kre`. ^rfpf`k eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó` cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`t cf`fcodok`tfs fs cok`täiocfs f pråctoces lfcelks, esä cfdf lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhk cudplor y lfs rkcursfs mospf`ohlks pere
• Mktkrdo`e kl prfhlkde tkc`flógocf,, les ceuses quk tkc`flógocf lf gk`kre` y su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó`, cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs f pråctoces lfcelks1 esodosdf, lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhk cudplor y lfs rkcursfs mospf`ohlks pere
• Mktkrdo`e kl prfhlkde tkc`flógocf, les ceuses quk lf gk`kre` y su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó`, cf` hesk k` cf`fcodok`tfs cok`täiocfs f pråctoces lfcelks1 esodosdf, lfs rkqukrodok`tfs quk mkhk cudplor y lfs rkcursfs
cf`struorle. Kjkdplf: Kl mospf`ohlks kstumoe`tk prfpf`k rktorer cf`struorle. lfs rksomufs sólomfs mkl jermä` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove1 pere kllf, klehfrerå u` restrollf, cf` detkroel rkcoclehlk, rkcoclehlk, e io` mk kvoter tfcer morkctedk`tk lfs mkskcbfs cf` les de`fs
pere cf`struorles. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk prfpf`k cf`struor u` sostkde mk rokgf pere kl jermä` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove use`mf detkroel rkcoclehlk, e io` mk quk mosdo`uye kl cf`sudf mk egue, heså`mfsk k` kl cf`fcodok`tf mk les tïc`oces mk rkgemäf y k` les ifrdes mk rokgf mk jermo`ks, perquks f cbecres fhskrvemes k` su lfcelomem. • Xkprksk`te su • Xkprksk`te su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkxtfs. Mkscrohk sus tkxtfs1 mkscrohk sus pertks, le skcuk`coe mk pertks, le skcuk`coe mk pesfs pere su klehfrecoó` pesfs pere su y ssklkccof`e klkccof`e bkrredok`tes, bkrredok`tes, odplkdk`tecoó` y o`strudk`tfs y detkroelks sklkccof`e bkrredok`tes, skgú` sus prfpokmemks o`strudk`tfs y detkroelks iäsoces. skgú` sus prfpokmemks
cf`struorles.
• Xkprksk`te su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkxtfs. Mkscrohk lf quk berå pere cf`struorle. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mohuje su restrollf, skõele sus pertks y cfdk`te quï eccof`ks rkelozerå pere klehfrerlf.
• Xkprksk`te su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkxtfs1 mkscrohk sus pertks f ktepes, le skcuk`coe mk pesfs, sus cerectkrästoces, ifrde, kstructure y iu`coó`. Sklkccof`e bkrredok`tes, o`strudk`tfs y detkroelks
cf`struorle. Kjkdplf: E`tk le `kcksomem mk cf`skrver kl rkirogkrof celok`tk, kl kstumoe`tk prfpf`k klehfrer u` k`vesk quk pkrdote de`tk`kr les hkhomes celok`tks pfr 8 bfres. Cf`somkre lfs pro`copofs mk cf`skrvecoó` mkl celfr k` lfs cukrpfs y les ifrdes mk cf`skrvecoó` mkl celfr k` lfs elodk`tfs utolozemfs pfr sus iedoloerks f le cfdu`omem. [se detkroelks rkcoclehlks. • Xkprksk`te su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkxtfs1 mkscrohk sus pertks f ktepes, le skcuk`coe mk pesfs, cerectkrästoces mk ifrde, kstructure y iu`coó`. Sklkccof`e bkrredok`tes, o`strudk`tfs y detkroelks
mospf`ohlks cf`struorle.
pere
• Xkprksk`te su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` mohujfs y tkxtfs1 mkscrohk sus pertks f ktepes, le skcuk`coe mk pesfs y les cerectkr cerectkrästoces: ästoces: modk`sof`ks, ifrde, kstructure y iu`coó`. Sklkccof`e bkrredok`tes, o`strudk`tfs y detkroelks ^ågo`e 527 mk 527 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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iäsoces. Kjkdplf: Kl skgú` sus prfpokmemks skgú` sus prfpokmemks iäsoces. Cf`somkre kl tokdpf kstumoe`tk rkeloze gråiocfs iäsoces. pere mkserrfllerle y les mk su sostkde mk rokgf, lf dkmomes mk skguromem prksk`te y mkscrohk códf `kckseroes, esä cfdf skrå cf`struomf y códf dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. iu`cof`erå. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk mohuje kl k`vesk pere
• Cf`struyk le eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y cf`somkre dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome `f cf`vk`cof`elks. Xkeloze k`seyfs beste quk le eltkr`etove iu`cof`k. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk klehfre su restrollf
Cf`struyk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` su utolomem1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y cf`somkre dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. Xkeloze cedhofs f ejustks pere cudplor lfs rkqukrodok`tfs rkqukrodok`tfs f dkjfrer kl
Cf`struyk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` su utolomem1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y cf`somkre dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. Xkeloze cedhofs f ejustks pere cudplor lfs rkqukrodok`tfs f dkjfrer
• Cf`struyk su eltkr`et eltkr`etove ove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` sus iu`cof`ks1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. Xkeloze cedhofs f ejustks pere cudplor lfs rkqukrodok`t rkqukrodok`tfs fs f dkjfrer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su
de`tk`kr les hkhomes celok`tks1 mkscrohk les pertks quk tk`mrå y sus cerectkrästoces: tedeõf, ifrde, detkroel mkl quk ksterå bkcbf1 kxpf`k códf lf klehfrerå y beck u` lostemf mk les bkrredok`tes bkrredok `tes quk utolozerå (pepkl mk eludo`of, pflokstork`f kxpe`momf, le`e, hftklles mkscertehlks, pkgedk`tf,, tojkres, ktc.). pkgedk`tf Cf`struyk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf lfs detkroelks, detkroe lks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` sus iu`cof`ks1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. cf`vk`cof`el ks. Ykroioce kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk ceme pertk f ktepe mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce y rkeloze cedhofs f ejustks pere cudplor lfs
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skgú` sus prfpokmemks iäsoces1 o`cluyk lfs rkcursfs e utolozer y lfs pfsohlks cfstfs. Cf`somkre kl tokdpf pere mkserrfllerle y les dkmomes mk skguromem `kckseroes.
• Cf`struyk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf lfs detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` sus iu`cof`ks1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y cf`somkre dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. cf`vk`cof`elk s. Ykroioce kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk ceme pertk f ktepe mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce1 ^ågo`e 522 mk 522 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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mktkcte odprkcosof`ks k` utoloze`mf hftklles iu`cof`edok`tf mk su kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` rkqukrodok`tfs modk`sof`ks y kstehlkcomfs. Kjkdplf: Kl les mkscertehlks mk dkmof eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce. prfckmodok`tfs, s, f krrfrks kstumoe`tk klehfre kl prfckmodok`tf tkc`flógoce. Kjkdplf: Kl • lotrf, u` pelf mk kscfhe k` tkc`flógoce. k`vesk pere de`tk`kr les k` le sklkccoó` mk kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su mksusf f u`e rede lerge y hkhomes celok`tks detkroelks1 y rkeloze sostkde mk rokgf use`mf mklgeme, tojkres, cfrmkl f f cedhofs utoloze`mf hftklles mk ejustks detkroel rkcoclehlk sfge1 kvote beckrsk meõf plåstocf mkscertehlks, `kckserofs pere cudplor (hftklles mkscertehlks y cf` mocbes bkrredok`tes. rkqukrodok`tfs pepkl mk eludo`of, lfs de`gukres) y [toloze kl grfsfr mk sus pflokstork`f, le`e, kstehlkcomfs. bkrredok`tes (tojkres, mkmfs pere kstoder kl pkgedk`tf, tojkres, ktc.1 • Xkeloze prukhes pere co`te embksove, pu`zf`ks, e`cbf mk ceme mok`tk mkl
mktkrdo`e kl tedeõf mkl k`vesk k` ck`tädktrfs y su cepecomem k` dololotrfs1 de`kje les bkrredok`tes k o`strudk`tfs cf` lfs cuomemfs mkl cesf. ^f`k e prukhe kl k`vesk klehfremf y lf cfdpere cf` ftrf moikrk`tk mk les dosdes modk`sof`ks, vokrtk egue celok`tk, domk le tkdpkreture o`ocoel mkl läquomf mk edhfs k`vesks y lfs cokrre. Yuklvk e tfder le tkdpkreture mkspuïs mk 3> do`utfs y cfdpere les dkmomes k`cf`tremes, pere mktkrdo`er so kl k`vesk klehfremf cf`skrve dkjfr kl egue celok`tk quk kl ftrf. So le moikrk`coe mk le tkdpkreture mk lfs läquomfs mk lfs mfs k`vesks `f ks edploe, rkelozerå lfs
ktc.), soguok`mf les rkcfdk`mecof`ks pere su skguromem y le lodpokze mk le dkse mk trehejf. Xokge kl jermä` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove utoloze`mf kl sostkde mk rokgf y rkeloze les dfmoiocecof`ks `kckseroes beste quk iu`cof`k y cudple cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs.
restrollf y su de`f pere kstoder kl lergf. Xestrolle u`e pertk mkl jermä` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove y eõemk f quote mok`tks el restrollf, skgú` ske `kckserof, beste quk iu`cof`k. •
vkroiocer so le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cudplk cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. Kxploce códf cf`struyó su sflucoó` tkc`flógoce, su iu`cof`edok`tf, kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f les pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes, les moiocultemks supkremes y lfs hk`kiocofs k o`cf`vk`ok`tks mk su usf. O`iokrk pfsohlks odpectfs pfsotovfs f `kgetovfs mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs.
^ågo`e 52? mk 52? mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
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ejustks `kckserofs, cfdf eudk`ter les cepes mk pepkl eludo`of f le`e quk k`vuklvk` kl k`vesk klehfremf. • • Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. Mkscrohk códf le cf`struyó, su usf, hk`kiocofs y lfs cf`fcodok`tfs prkvofs f pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes. Cfdk`te les moiocultemks quk tuvf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk restrolle tfmf kl jermä` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove pere cfdprfher le mureholomem mkl restrollf y, el io`elozer, kstode kl mksgestk mk ceme mok`tk cf` kl usf mk su de`f, e io` mk prkmkcor cuå`tes vkcks dås pfmräe restroller kl
•Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. Mkscrohk códf le cf`struyó, su usf, hk`kiocofs y iu`cof`edok`tf, esä cfdf lfs cf`fcodok`tfs prkvofs f pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes. Cfdk`te les moiocultemks quk tuvf.
• Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer so le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cudplk cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. Kxploce códf cf`struyó su sflucoó` tkc`flógoce, su iu`cof`edok`tf, kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes y les moiocultemks supkremes. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pf`k k` iu`cof`edok`tf su sostkde mk rokgf pfr mfs dksks (prkvoedk`tk, mktkrdo`e cuå`tf vfludk` mk egue sk usehe pere rkger kl årke cfrrkspf`mok`tk el jermä` y rkeloze u`e lkcture o`ocoel
• Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer so le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cudplk cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. kstehlkcomf s. Kxploce códf cf`struyó su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce, su iu`cof`edok`tf, kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f les pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes, les moiocultemks supkremes y lfs hk`kiocofs k o`cf`vk`ok`tks mk su usf. usf.
mkl rkcohf mk tokdpf, egue). Mkspuïs mk ksk cfdpere lfs rkcohfs mk egue k o`moce so kl cf`sudf mosdo`uyó. Io`eldk`tk, dk`cof`e quï detkroelks y bkrredok`tes utolozó pere cf`struor su sostkde mk
jermä`. Kxploce e sus cfdpeõkrfs códf klehfró su restrollf, mk quï de`kre sk utoloze, mk mó`mk fhtuvf les omkes pere beckrlf, kl odpectf mkl dosdf k` kl de`kjf mk rksomufs sólomfs k` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove
• Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer so le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cudplk cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. kstehlkcomf s. Kxploce códf cf`struyó su sflucoó` tkc`flógoce, su iu`cof`edok`tf, kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f les pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes, les moiocultemks supkremes y lfs hk`kiocofs k o`cf`vk`ok`tks mk su usf. Kjkdplf: Kl kstumoe`tk pf`k e prukhe `ukvedk`tk kl k`vesk klehfremf. Yokrtk egue celok`tk, tfde le tkdpkreture o`ocoel y mkspuïs mk 8 bfres tfde le tkdpkreture io`el. So `fte
• Cf`struyk su su eltkr`etove mk sflucoó` tkc`flógoce de`opule`mf lfs detkroelks, o`strudk`tfs y bkrredok`tes skgú` sus iu`cof`ks1 cudplk les `frdes mk skguromem y cf`somkre dkmomes mk kcfkiocok`coe. [se u`omemks mk dkmome cf`vk`cof`elks. cf`vk`cof`elk s. Ykroioce kl iu`cof`edok`tf mk ceme pertk f ktepe mk le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce1 mktkcte odprkcosof`ks k` les modk`sof`ks y prfckmodok`tfs, prfckmodok`tf s, f krrfrks k` le sklkccoó` mk detkroelks1 y rkeloze ejustks f cedhofs `kckserofs pere cudplor
quk mkl le tkdpkreture egue sflf o`ocoel be mksck`momf k` u` ;>%, mktkrdo`e quk su prftftopf cudplk kl rkqukrodok`tf kstehlkcomf. Mkdukstre e sus cfdpeõkrfs kl
lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. • Xkeloze prukhes pere vkroiocer so le sflucoó` tkc`flógoce cudplk cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs kstehlkcomfs. Kxploce códf cf`struyó su ^ågo`e 5?> mk 5?> mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
5¾ GXEMF
y lfs prfhlkdes quk tuvf k` kl prfcksf mk klehfrecoó`. klehfrecoó`.
8¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
3¾ GXEMF
rokgf, so iuk iåcol, mk mó`mk fhtuvf les omkes pere su cf`struccoó`, esä cfdf quï lk gustf dås y quï `f lk gustó.
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
iu`cof`edok`tf mk su k`vesk dok`tres cfdk`te códf lf bozf y kxploce lfs o`cf`vk`ok`tks quk tuvf quk supkrer beste llkger e le vkrsoó` io`el.
sflucoó` tkc`flógoce, su iu`cof`edok`tf, kl cf`fcodok`tf cok`täiocf f les pråctoces lfcelks eplocemes, les moiocultemks supkremes y lfs hk`kiocofs k o`cf`vk`ok`tks mk su usf. O`iokrk pfsohlks odpectfs pfsotovfs f `kgetovfs mk le sflucoó`
tkc`flógoce k` moikrk`tks cf`tkxtfs.
^ågo`e 5?5 mk 5?5 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE Kmucecoó` Xklogofse 8?. Cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es. 3>. Esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` su prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse.
^ågo`e 5?8 mk 5?8 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
=.;.?.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@.XKLOGOFSE
=.;.?.5. Cfdpktk`coe: “CF@S]X[_K S[ OMK@]OMEM CFDF ^KXSF@E B[DE@E, EDEME ^FX MOFS, MOG@E, LOHXK _ ]XESCK@MK@]K, CFD^XK@MOK@MF LE MFC]XO@E MK S[ ^XF^OE XKLOGOÓ@, EHOKX]F EL MOELFGF CF@ LES U[K SK LK SF@ CKXCE@ES— CKXCE@ES— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • Cf`fck e Mofs y esudk su omk`tomem rklogofse y ksporotuel cfdf pkrsf`e mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk. Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk les mosto`tes de`oikstecof`ks mk Mofs k` su vome, e pertor mk u` k`cuk`trf cf` Ïl, hesemf k` le tremocoó` crostoe`e pere cf`struor u` bfrozf`tk mk vome sog`oiocetovf y plk`f.
• Cultove y velfre les de`oikstecof`k de`oikstecof`kss rklogofses mk su k`tfr`f ergudk`te`mf su ik mk de`kre cfdprk`sohlk y rkspktufse. Kl kstumoe`tk cfdprk`mk kl dk`sejk crostoe`f k` rklecoó` cf` lfs prfhlkdes kxostk`coelks cfdu`ks e les rklogof`ks y cerectkrästocfs mk tfmf skr bude`f, cf` les cf`ckpcof`ks mk le vome prksk`tks k` le culture, y cf` lfs prfhlkdes ïtocfs y dfrelks k` lfs quk bfy sk vk k`vuklte le bude`omem. ]edhoï` kxprkse cf` lohkrtem su ik rkspkte`mf les movkrses crkk`coes y kxprksof`ks rklogofses mk lfs mkdås. m kdås. CE^ECOMEMKS:
Cf`fck Mofs yles esudk su omk`tomemrklogofses rklogofse ymkksporotuel cfdf pkrsf`e mog`e, tresck`mk`tk. Cultove yevelfre de`oikstecof`ks su k`tfr`f ergudk`te`mf su lohrk ik mkyde`kre cfdprk`sohlk y rkspktufse. OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Mkscuhrk kl edfr mk Mofs k` le crkecoó` y lf rklecof`e cf` kl edfr quk rkcohk mk les pkrsf`es quk lf rfmke`. Kxploce le prksk`coe mk Mofs k` kl ^le` mk Selvecoó` y le rklecoó` quk Ïl kstehlkck cf` kl skr bude`f. Cf`vovk mk de`kre iretkr`e cf` kl prójodf rkspkte`mf les moikrk`tks kxprksof`ks rklogofses. Esudk les cf`skcuk`coes mk sus eccof`ks cf` rkspf`seholomem, cfdprfdktoï`mfsk e skr dkjfr pkrsf`e, e kjkdplf mk Jksucrostf.
Mkscrohk kl edfr mk Mofs prksk`tk k` le crkecoó` y k` kl ^le` mk Selvecoó`. Cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf bojf mk Mofs mksmk kl dk`sejk mk Jksús prksk`tk k` kl Kve`gklof. ^ertocope k` le Oglksoe cfdf cfdu`omem mk ik y mk edfr, rkspkte`mf le mog`omem bude`e y les movkrses de`oikstecof`ks rklogofses. Ifdk`te u`e cf`vovk`coe erdó`oce heseme k` kl moålfgf, kl rkspktf, le tflkre`coe y kl edfr iretkr`f.
Cfdprk`mk kl edfr mk Mofs mksmk le crkecoó` rkspkte`mf le mog`omem y le lohkrtem mk le pkrsf`e bude`e. Kxploce le eccoó` mk Mofs prksk`tk k` kl ^le` mk Selvecoó`. Mkdukstre su edfr e Mofs y el prójodf pertocope`mf k` su cfdu`omem y rkeloze`mf fhres mk ceromem quk lk eyume` k` su crkcodok`tf pkrsf`el y ksporotuel. Ifdk`te u`e cf`vovk`coe crostoe`e heseme k` kl moålfgf, kl rkspktf, le tflkre`coe y kl edfr iretkr`f ifrtelkcok`mf ifrtelkcok `mf su omk`tomem cfdf bojf mk Mofs.
^ågo`e 5?3 mk 5?3 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk cf`struyk su omk`tomem cfdf pkrsf`e bude`e, edeme pfr Mofs, mog`e, lohrk y tresck`mk`tk, cfdprk`mok`mf le mfctro`e mk su prfpoe rklogoó`, ehokrtf el moålfgf
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce quk Mofs de`oiokste su edfr k` le Crkecoó` y lf rklecof`e cf` kl edfr quk rkcohk mk sus pemrks, mfck`tks y edogfs.
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Omk`toioce le eccoó` mk Mofs k` movkrsfs ecf`tkcodok`tfs mk le Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó`.
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks: Xklecof`e sus kxpkrok`coe kxpkrok`coess Kxploce kl edfr mk Mofs mk vome cf` lfs prksk`tk k` le Crkecoó` y ecf`tkcodok`tfs mk le sk cfdprfdktk e cuomerle. Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó` cfdf de`oikstecoó` mkl edfr mk Mofs.
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cfdprk`mk lfs pro`copelks bkcbfs mk le Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó` y lfs rklecof`e cf` su iedoloe y su o`stotucoó` kmucetove.
Kxploce lfs pro`copelks bkcbfs mk le Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó` y lfs rklecof`e cf` su k`tfr`f.
Cf`fck e Mofs ^emrk, quk sk de`oiokste k` les Segremes Kscrotures, y eckpte kl dk`sejk quk lk me e cf`fckr pere vovor k` erdf`äe cf` Ïl y cf` lfs mkdås.
Cf`fck e Mofs ^emrk y sk rkcf`fck cfdf bojf edemf skgú` les Segremes Kscrotures pere vovor k` erdf`äe cf` su k`tfr`f.
Xkcf`fck kl edfr mk Mofs prksk`tk k` le Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó` rkspktå`mfsk e sä dosdf y e lfs mkdås.
Cfdprk`mk le eccoó` mk Mofs rkvkleme k` le Bostfroe mk le Selvecoó` y k` su prfpoe bostfroe, quk rkspkte le mog`omem y le lohkrtem mk le pkrsf`e bude`e.
Sk rklecof`e cf` su prójodf mk de`kre iretkr`e y rkspkte les kxprksof`ks mk ik mk lfs mkdås.
Kstehlkck rklecof`ks iretkr`es y rkspktufses cf` lfs mkdås k` moikrk`tks ksck`erofs, y pertocope k` cklkhrecof`ks rklogofses mk su cfdu`omem.
Kxprkse su ik el pertocoper k` su cfdu`omem y rkspkte e sus cfdpeõkrfs y e lfs quk prfikse` moikrk`tks crkmfs
^ertocope k` le Oglksoe cfdf cfdu`omem mk ik y edfr, y rkspkte le o`tkgromem mk les pkrsf`es y les movkrses de`oikstecof`ks de`oikstecof `ks rklogofses.
Kxprkse su edfr e Mofs y el prójodf rkeloze`mf eccof`ks quk ifdk`te` kl rkspktf pfr le vome bude`e.
Mkdukstre su edfr e Mofs etk`mok`mf les `kcksomemks mkl prójodf y ifrtelkck esä su crkcodok`tf pkrsf`el y ksporotuel.
Mkscuhrk quk Mofs `fs crkó, pfr edfr, e su odegk` y skdkje`ze, y velfre sus cerectkrästoces pkrsf`elks cfdf bojf mk Mofs.
cf` les quk lk sf` ckrce`es, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
• Cfdprk`mk kl edfr mk Mofs mksmk kl cuomemf mk le Crkecoó` y rkspkte le mog`omem y le lohkrtem mk le pkrsf`e bude`e.
^ågo`e 5?= mk 5?= mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
Xkcf`fck lf huk`f y lf delf mk sus eccof`ks, y esudk ectotumks mk cedhof pere odoter e Jksús. Jksús.
Moscrodo`e lf huk`f y lf delf mk sus eccof`ks, y esudk ectotumks mk cedhof y cfdprfdosf pere odoter e Jksús. Jksús.
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Sk cfdprfdktk e u`e cf`vovk`coe crostoe`e heseme k` kl moålfgf y kl rkspktf dutuf.
^rfdukvk le cf`vovk`coe crostoe`e heseme k` kl moålfgf, kl rkspktf, le cfdprk`soó` y kl edfr iretkr`f. iretkr`f.
^rfdukvk le cf`vovk`coe erdó`oce k` su k`tfr`f dås ckrce`f y ifrtelkck su omk`tomem cfdf bojf mk Mofs.
Ifdk`te k` tfme fcesoó` y luger u`e cf`vovk`coe crostoe`e heseme k` kl moålfgf, kl rkspktf, le cfdprk`soó` y kl edfr iretkr`f.
^ågo`e 5?; mk 5?; mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE MK KM[CECOÓ@ XKLOGOFSE. =.;.?.8. Cfdpktk`coe: “ES[DK LE KR^KXOK@COE MKL K@C[K@]XF ^KXSF@EL _ CFD[@O]EXOF CF@ MOFS K@ S[ ^XF_KC]F MK YOME K@ CFBKXK@COE CF@ S[ CXKK@COE XKLOGOFSE— XKLOGOFSE— Kste cfdpktk`coe odploce le cfdho`ecoó` mk les soguok`tks cepecomemks: • ]re`sifrde su k`tfr`f mksmk kl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs y mksmk le ik quk prfikse: Kl kstumoe`tk kxprkse su ik mk de`kre kspf`tå`ke y cf` gretuomem k` le cf`struccoó` mk u`e sfcokmem juste, sflomeroe y iretkr`e, e pertor mk su prfykctf mk vome o`tkgremfr y sog`oiocetovf quk ievfrkzce le vome erdó`oce cf` lfs mkdås mksmk lfs velfrks v elfrks mkl Kve`gklof. • Ectúe cfbkrk`tkdk`tk k` rezó` mk su ik skgú` lfs pro`copofs mk su cf`cok`coe dfrel k` sotuecof`ks cf`crktes mk le vome: Kl kstumoe`tk ectúe skgú` lfs pro`copofs mk le cf`cok`coe ïtoce y dfrel crostoe`e k` sotuecof`ks cf`crktes mk le cf`vovk`coe bude`e. ]fde mkcosof`ks rezf`ehlks k` cfbkrk`coe cf` lfs pro`copofs kve`gïlocfs. kve`gïlocfs. CE^ECOMEMKS: ]re`sifrde su k`tfr`f mksmk kl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs y mksmk le ik quk prfikse. cfbkrk`tkdk`tk k` rezó` mk su ik skgú` lfs pro`copofs mk su s u cf`cok`coe dfrel k` sotuecof`ks cf`crktes mk le vome. Ectúe cfbkrk`tkdk`tk
OOO COCLF
OY COCLF
Y COCLF
Kxprkse cfbkrk`coe k` sus eccof`ks cftomoe`es mkscuhrok`mf kl edfr mk Mofs. Cfdprk`mk su modk`soó` rklogofse, ksporotuel y tresck`mk`tk quk lk pkrdotk pf`kr k` prectocer ectotumks kve`gïloces. O`tkrofroze le prksk`coe mk Mofs k` su k`tfr`f dås ckrce`f mkserrflle`mf vortumks kve`gïloces. Esudk ectotumks mk egremkcodok`tf e Mofs rkspkte`mf lf crkemf.
Kxprkse cfbkrk`coe cfbkrk`coe k`trk lf quk crkk, mock y beck k` su moerof vovor e le luz mk les k`skõe`zes hähloces y mk lfs se`tfs. Cfdprk`mk su modk`soó` rklogofse, ksporotuel y tresck`mk`tk quk lk pkrdote kstehlkckr prfpósotfs mk cedhof e le luz mkl Kve`gklof. O`tkrofroze le prksk`coe mk Mofs k` su vome pkrsf`el y k` su k`tfr`f dås ckrce`f, cklkhre`mf su ik cf` gretotum. Esudk su rfl prftegó`ocf rkspkte`mf y cuome`mf lf crkemf.
Kxprkse cfbkrk`coe cfbkrk`coe k`trk lf quk crkk, mock y beck k` su prfykctf mk vome pkrsf`el, e le luz mkl dk`sejk hählocf. Cfdprk`mk su modk`soó` ksporotuel y rklogofse quk lk pkrdote cffpkrer k` le tre`sifrdecoó` mk sä dosdf y mk su k`tfr`f e le luz mkl Kve`gklof. Xkilkxof`e kl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` movkrsfs cf`tkxtfs, cf`tkxtf s, cf` eccof`ks frok`temes e le cf`struccoó` mk u`e cfdu`omem mk ik guoeme pfr les k`skõe`zes mk Jksucrostf. Esudk les k`skõe`zes mk Jksucrostf y mk le Oglksoe mkskdpkõe`mf su rfl prftegó`ocf k` le tre`sifrdecoó` tre`sifrde coó` mk le sfcokmem.
^ågo`e 5?9 mk 5?9 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5¾ GXEMF
8¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` su prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` su prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OOO, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` su prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` cf` Mofs k` ssu u prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf OY, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` cf` Mofs k` ssu u prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y sk k`cuk`tre k` prfcksf becoe kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf
Cue`mf kl kstumoe`tk esudk le kxpkrok`coe mkl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs k` su prfykctf mk vome k` cfbkrk`coe cf` su crkk`coe rklogofse, y lfgre kl `ovkl kspkremf mkl coclf Y, rkeloze mkskdpkõfs cfdf lfs soguok`tks:
lfs soguok`tks: Mkscuhrk kl edfr mk Mofs cf` movkrses eccof`ks k` su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y k`tfr`f.
lfs soguok`tks: Dukstre su ik dkmoe`tk eccof`ks cf`crktes k` le cf`vovk`coe cftomoe`e, k` cfbkrk`coe cf` rkletfs hählocfs y le vome mk lfs se`tfs. Mkscuhrk kl edfr mk Mofs prfpf`ok`mf eccof`ks pere dkjfrer le rklecoó` cf` su iedoloe y le o`stotucoó` kmucetove. ^rectoce kl solk`cof y le ^rectoce kl solk`cof y le ^ertocope k` dfdk`tfs mk cf` Mofs, frecoó` cfdf dkmofs pere frecoó` k` cklkhrecof`ks k`cuk`trf y mk ik pere cfdu`ocersk pkrsf`el cfdu`ocersk cf` Mofs. cfdu`oteroedk`tk, y cf` Mofs. cklkhre su ik cf` gretotum. Kxprkse kl edfr mk Mofs cf` movkrses eccof`ks, soguok`mf kl kjkdplf mk su edogf Jksús, k` su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y k`tfr`f. Dukstre k` ifrde frel, Kxprkse k` ifrde frel, gråioce y cfrpfrel kl edfr e gråioce, kscrote y cfrpfrel su edogf Jksús. kl edfr e su edogf Jksús.
Kxprkse su ik dkmoe`tk eccof`ks cf`crktes k` le cf`vovk`coe moeroe1 pere kllf, eploce les k`skõe`zes hähloces y mk lfs se`tfs. Xkcf`fck kl edfr mk Mofs esudok`mf eccof`ks pere dkjfrer le rklecoó` cf` su iedoloe, o`stotucoó` kmucetove y cfdu`omem. O`tkrofroze le eccoó` mk Mofs k` su vome pkrsf`el y k` su k`tfr`f, y cklkhre su ik cf` cf`ioe`ze y gretotum.
lfs soguok`tks: Xklecof`e kl edfr mk Mofs cf` sus kxpkrok`coes mk vome, pere ectuer cf` cfbkrk`coe.
Eckpte les k`skõe`zes mk Jksucrostf, pere esudor cedhofs mk cfdpfrtedok`tf el o`tkrectuer cf` lfs mkdås. ^ertocope k` kspecofs mk k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs y ifrtelkck esä su ik cfdf dokdhrf ectovf mk su iedoloe, Oglksoe y cfdu`omem.
Kxprkse kl edfr mk Mofs mksmk sus vovk`coes, cfbkrk`tks cf` su ik, k` su k`tfr`f iedoloer y cfdu`oterof. Xkcf`fck quk les k`skõe`zes mk Jksucrostf lk pkrdotk` mkserrfller ectotumks mk cedhof e `ovkl pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof. Cultove kl k`cuk`trf pkrsf`el y cfdu`oterof cf` Mofs dkmoe`tk le húsqukme mk kspecofs mk frecoó` y rkilkxoó` quk lf eyumk` e ifrtelkckr su ik cfdf dokdhrf ectovf mk su iedoloe, Oglksoe y cfdu`omem mksmk les k`skõe`zes mk Jksucrostf.
^ågo`e 5?7 mk 5?7 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR 5¾ GXEMF
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
8¾ GXEMF
Egremkck e Mofs pfr le Egremkck e Mofs pfr le Crkecoó` y pfr tfmfs lfs `eturelkze, le vome y lfs mf`ks rkcohomfs mf`ks rkcohomfs. esudok`mf u` cfdprfdosf mk cuomemf y rkspktf.
3¾ GXEMF
=¾ GXEMF
;¾ GXEMF
9¾ GXEMF
^ertocope rkspf`sehlkdk`tk k` kl cuomemf mk sä dosdf, mkl prójodf y mk le `eturelkze cfdf crkecoó` mk Mofs.
^ertocope ectovedk`tk y dftove e lfs mkdås k` kl rkspktf y cuomemf mk sä dosdfs, mkl prójodf y mk le `eturelkze cfdf crkecoó` mk Mofs.
^ertocope prfectovedk`tk k` eccof`ks mk cedhof e odegk` mk Jksucrostf, pere elce`zer u`e cf`vovk`coe juste y iretkr`e cf` lfs mkdås.
Ectúe cf` lomkrezgf rkeloze`mf y prfpf`ok`mf eccof`ks e odegk` mk Jksucrostf, pere elce`zer u`e cf`vovk`coe juste, iretkr`e y sflomeroe cf` lfs mkdås.
^ågo`e 5?2 mk 5?2 mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
;. FXOK@]ECOF@KS ^KMEGÓGOCES ^EXE KL MKSEXXFLLF MK CFD^K]K@COES: ;.5.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le odplkdk`tecoó` mkl DSKOH.
Kl Dfmklf mk Skrvocof Kmucetovf O`tkrculturel Holo`gük kstå moskõemf pere hro`mer u` skrvocof kmucetovf mk celomem y pkrto`k`tk e les cerectkrästoces sfcof culturel y lo`güästoce mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk pukhlfs frogo`erofs f o`mägk`es. Kl fhjktovf gk`krel ks: Hro`mer u` skrvocof kmucetovf mk celomem, cf` pkrto`k`tk culturel y lo`güästoce, movkrsoioceme k` ifrdes mk etk`coó` quk rkspf`mk` e lfs movkrsfs ksck`erofs sfcofculturel y lo`güästoces mkl peäs pere dkjfrer kl lfgrf mk eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk pukhlfs frogo`erofs f o`mägk`es. Lfs fhjktovfs kspkcäiocfs sf` trks: Odplkdk`ter le prfpukste pkmegógoce skgú` le ifrde mk etk`coó` mkl Dfmklf mk Skrvocof Kmucetovf O`tkrculturel Holo`gük, quk rkspf`me` e les moikrk`tks cerectkrästoces sfcofculturelks y lo`güästoces mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk lfs pukhlfs o`mägk`es u frogo`erofs. Mkserrfller u`e gkstoó` kscfler o`tkrculturel kiocok`tk ck`treme k` kl eprk`mozejk mk lfs kstumoe`tks y quk prfdukve le pertocopecoó` cfdu`oteroe cf` sus ectfrks clevks, esä cfdf le pertocopecoó` mk les iedoloes, quk cf`stotuyk u` edhok`tk ievfrehlk y mk ifrdecoó` o`tkgrel mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Gk`krer les cf`mocof`ks `kckseroes mk sfpfrtk pkmegógocf, rkcursfs kmucetovfs, tkc`flógocfs k o`irekstructure pere kl mkserrfllf mk u`e kmucecoó` o`tkrculturel holo`gük mk celomem mk celomem quk gere`tock le dkjfre mk eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk pukhlfs frogo`erofs f o`mägk`es.
Kstk cfdpf`k`tk ple`tke u`e prfpukste pkmegógoce pkrto`k`tk e les cerectkrästoces y `kcksomemks mk lfs kstumoe`tks cf` hesk el moelfgf mk sehkrks y tretedok`tf mk lk`gues, cf`somkre`mf les frok`tecof`ks mk le prfgredecoó` curroculer. O.- ^XF^[KS]E ^KMEGÓGOCE: Lfs kstumoe`tks mk cuelquokr luger mkl du`mf lfgre` dkjfrks eprk`mozejks so lf beck` mksmk su rkikrk`tk sfcof edhok`tel y culturel y k` su lk`gue detkr`e pere tre`sikror e su skgu`me lk`gue e pertor mk les ectovomemks sfcof prfmuctovf y le prfhlkdåtoce mk le cfdu`omem. 5.5. Mkserrfllf mk les årkes curroculerks.- Les årkes curroculerks mkhk` kster frok`temes el rkcf`fcodok`tf y le velfrecoó` mk le omk`tomem pkrsf`el y cflkctove mk lfs kstumoe`tks e trevïs mkl mkserrfllf mkl pk`sedok`tf crätocf y prkpfsotovf, quk pkrdotk ehfrmer les mksoguelmemks y les pråctoces moscrodo`etfroes moscrodo`etfroes y recostes tfmf kllf prfdfvkrå kl mkserrfllf mk les cfdpktk`coes, le vosoholozeräe` k o`cfrpfrecoó` mk les pråctoces culturelks mk lfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs e trevïs mkl moelfgf mk sehkrks. sehkrks. - Uuk el dfdk`tf mk prkcoser lfs mkskdpkõfs o`cfrpfrer lfs cf`fcodok`tfs y pråctoces culturelks mk lfs pukhlfs frogo`erofs (vovk`coecof`ks mk skdhräf). 5.8. Moelfgf mk sehkrks.- Sk k`tok`mk cfdf u` prfcksf quk mkserrflle` le o`tkrrklecoó` mo`ådoce, k`roqukckmfre, kquotetove y pkrde`k`tk k`trk sostkdes mk sehkrks y cf`fcodok`tfs mk moikrk`tks tremocof`ks culturelks, mkserrflle`mf k` tfmes les årkes curroculerks pere cf`struor eprk`mozejks sog`oiocetovfs. sog`oiocetovfs. Kl moelfgf mk sehkrks sk pukmk mkserrfller e trevïs mk prfiu`mozecoó` mk cf`fcodok`tfs y cfdperecoó` mk cf`fcodok`tfs y ple`tkedok`tf mk eltkr`etoves mk sflucoó`. - Kstfs prfcksfs sk o`cfrpfre` mksmk le ple`oiocecoó` mk les u`omemks momåctoces y sk fpkretovoze` k` les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk. ^ågo`e 5?? 5?? mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5.3. Mkserrfllf mkl holo`güosdf.holo`güosdf.- Kl usf mk le lk`gue detkr`e ks odpfrte`tk k` kl mkserrfllf eikctovf, sfcoel y cfg`otovf mk lfs `oõfs y `oões pfrquk iecolote y cf`tkxtueloze lfs eprk`mozejks. Le prfpukste pkmegógoce mk KOH sk k`derce k` kl k`ifquk mkl de`tk`odok`tf y mkserrfllf mk les lk`gues quk odploce emocof`er e le prodkre lk`gue u`e skgu`me lk`gue pere mkserrfllerles y beckr usf mk kstes
cfdf o`strudk`tf mk cfdu`ocecoó` y eprk`mozejk e lf lergf mk le kmucecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks. - Mkserrfller les lk`gues cfdf årke curroculer. - Beckr usf mk les lk`gues cfdf o`strudk`t o`strudk`tf f mk eprk`m eprk`mozejk. ozejk. 5.=.
]retedok`tf mk lk`gues skgú` ifrdes mk etk`coó`.- Ks odpfrte`tk le cerectkrozecoó` psocflo`güästoce
quk pkrdotk omk`toiocer les lk`gues quk behle kl kstumoe`tk. kstumoe`tk. - Kstehlkck kl bfrerof mk usf mk lk`gues. OO.- FXOK@]ECOF@KS ^EXE LE ^LE@OIOCECOÓ@ C[XXOC[LEX: Le ple`oiocecoó` curroculer o`ocoe cf` le omk`toiocecoó` mk `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk y les cerectkrästoces lo`güästoces mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk ifrde ertoculeme cf` le o`stotucoó` kmucetove, pemrks y demrks mk iedoloe y eutfromemks cfdu`elks. 8.5.- Cerectkrozecoó` sfcofculturel y lo`güästoce.8.5.5. Le frge`ozecoó` mk lfs sehkrks y cf`fcodok`tfs y pråctoces mk le cfdu`omem e trevïs mkl celk`merof cfdu`el pere les ifrdes mk etk`coó` KOH, y le omk`toiocecoó` mk lfs: - ^rfhlkdes y pftk`coelomemks mk le cfdu`omem. - Mkde`mes y kxpkctetoves mk lfs pemrks mk iedoloe. - @kcksomemks k o`tkrïs mk lfs kstumoe`tks. 8.5.8. Le cerectkrozecoó` lo`güästoce cf`sostk k` rkcfgkr o`ifrdecoó` mk les lk`gues quk sk behle` k` le cfdu`omem esä cfdf e velfrecoó` y ectotumks mk les pkrsf`es tok`k` sfhrk klles e trevïs mk le cerectkrozec cerectkrozecoó` oó` sfcoflo`güästoce. e) Mktkrdo`er kl usf mk le lk`gue frogo`eroe f cestklle`f e trevïs mk le cerectkrozecoó` sfcoflo`güästoces quk pkrdotorå kstehlkckr lfs `ovklks mk mkserrfllf mk les cfdpktk`coes cfdu`ocetoves kstehlkcomfs k` kl curräculf vogk`tk. h) ^le`oiocer kl usf mk m k les lk`gues skgú` ifrdes mk etk`coó` mkl DSKOH. c) Le cerectkrozecoó` mk les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk cf`sostk k` lf soguok`tk: - Omk`toiocecoó` mk les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejks k o`tkrïs mk lfs kstumoe`tks. - Omk`toiocer kl `ovkl mk mkserrfllf elce`zemf pfr lfs kstumoe`tks k` sus mosto`tes cfdpktk`coes, omk`toiocer le hrkcbe mk eprk`mozejks k` rklecoó` el `ovkl kspkremf. K` kste pkrspkctove sk kstehlkck` les soguok`tks frok`tecof`ks: Dkjfrer kl skrvocof kmucetovf o`tkrculturel holo`gük, tk`ok`mf cfdf kjk ck`trel kl lfgrf mk lfs l fs eprk`mozejks mk
lfs kstumoe`tks. ^rfdfvkr le pertocopecoó` mk lfs sehofs y lämkrks cfdu`oterofs k` kl epfyf mk le cfdu`omem kmucetove k` le odplkdk`tecoó` mk le prfpukste curroculer, mk ecukrmf e les ifrdes etk`coó` pkmegógoce mkl DSKOH. Odplkdk`ter le ifrde mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce KOH mk “Ifrtelkcodok`tf Culturel y Lo`güästocf—: ksck`erof 5 y 8. Odplkdk`ter le ifrde mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce KOH mk “Xkvotelozecoó` “Xkvotelozec oó` Culturel y Lo`güästoce: ksck`erof ksck`erof 3 y =. ^rfdfvkr le cf`ifrdecoó` mkl Cfdotï mk Xkvotelozecoó` Culturel y Lo`güästoce, o`tkgremf pfr lfs pfhlemfrks mk le cfdu`omem. ^ågo`e 8>> 8>> mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR ^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL Odplkdk`ter le ifrde mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce “KOH [rhe`e: [rhe`e: ksck`erof ;, cf`somkre`mf le le pertocopecoó` mk les iedoloes f dokdhrfs mk le lfcelomem, behle`tks mk elgu`e mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes f o`mägk`es y mkserrfller les pråctoces culturelks, e io` mk prfpocoer kspecofs mk eprk`mozejk. Mkserrfller kstretkgoes skgú` les ifrdes mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce mkl Dfmklf mkl Skrvocof mk Kmucecoó` O`tkrculturel Holo`gük. Xkelozer kl moeg`óstocf sfcof lo`güästocf y psocflo`güästocf pere kstehlkckr lfs bfrerofs mk lk`gues mk L5 y L8.
^rfdfvkr cfdu`omemks mk eprk`mozejk mk mfck`tks, grupfs mk o`tkr eprk`mozejk. Dfvolozer e le cfdu`omem kmucetove k` eccof`ks quk cf`trohuye` el ifrtelkcodok`tf mk les cultures y lk`gues
frogo`eroes, skgú` le etk`coó` mkl DSKOH. Hro`mer sfpfrtk y frok`tecof`ks pkmegógoces e lfs mfck`tks, ectfrks clevks, k` le odplkdk`tecoó` pkmegógoce mkl DSKOH. Esudor y morogor les eccof`ks y kstretkgoes mk ecfdpeõedok`tf pkmegógocf, k`dercemf k` lfs prftfcflfs kstehlkcomfs pfr kl skctfr y le `frdetove vogk`tk. Esä dosdf, cf`somkrer lfs prfcksfs pkmegógocfs mk ceme ifrde mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce mkl DSKOH. ^rfdfvkr kl o`tkr eprk`mozejk k`trk lfs ectfrks mk le cfdu`omem kmucetove cf` le io`elomem mk cf`trohuor el ifrtelkcodok`tf y rkvotelozecoó` mk les pråctoces y sehkrks lfcelks y k` kl usf mk les lk`gues frogo`eroes, frok`temes e dkjfrer lfs eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Cf`trohuor e le ifrdecoó` k` skrvocof mk mfck`tks dkmoe`tk le prfdfcoó` mk le cf`ifrdecoó` mk cfdu`omemks prfiksof`elks mk eprk`mozejk KOH, e trevïs mkl trehejf cflehfretovf k`trk perks. Gk`krer kstretkgoes mk pertocopecoó` kikctove mk sehofs mk le cfdu`omem, esä cfdf mk les iedoloes, k` lfs prfcksfs pkmegógocfs k` iu`coó` mk le etk`coó` pkmegógoce mkl DSKOH.
^ågo`e 8>5 8>5 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
;.8.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Frok`tecof`ks pere le ple`oiocecoó` curroculer k` rkvkrse. Kl Moskõf O`vkrsf prfpf`k quk prodkrf omk`toioqukdfs lfs rksultemfs kspkremfs, pere lukgf
mktkrdo`er lfs o`mocemfrks mk ïxotf y io`eldk`tk ple`oiocer les ectovomemks. Lf quk husce kl moskõf mk clesk o`vkrtome mkscrotf pfr Woggo`s y Dc ]ogbk, ks cedhoer le ifrde k` quk kstructuredfs kl prfcksf kmucetovf. Hejf kstk k`ifquk, kl mfck`tk mkhkräe prkgu`tersk ¶quï ks lf quk kspkrf mk dos kstumoe`tks6 ¶Uuï eckpteräe cfdf kvomk`coe mk lfgrf6 y ¶quï ectovomemks vfy e rkelozer pere quk kstf sk lfgrk. Kstk topf mk moskõf `fs pkrdotk kxplfrer k` deyfr prfiu`momem kl sog`oiocemf mk omkes clevks, telks cfdf le mkio`ocoó` mk prkgu`tes ksk`coelks y le klehfrecoó` mk terkes mk tre`sikrk`coe mk eprk`mozejk.
Emkdås `fs pkrdotk rkpk`ser `ukstrf rfl mfck`tk, eve`ze`mf mksmk u` k`ifquk hesemf k` le cfhkrture curroculer e u` k`ifquk hesemf k` le prfdfcoó` mk eprk`mozejks e pertor mk le rkilkxoó` pkmegógoce, lf quk gk`kre duy huk`fs rksultemfs k` lfs kstumoe`tks. Le ple`oiocecoó` curroculer lk pkrdotk el mfck`tk frok`ter y/f k`cedo`er su prexos k` su qukbeckr moerof hok` ske k` kl seló` mk clesk f iukre mk kstk, esä quk kl mfck`tk kstå lledemf e prfdfvkr eccof`ks pkmegógoces quk cfemyuvk` el mkserrfllf mkl pkriol mk kgrksf, ye quk kste ks le vosoó` cfdú` k o`tkgrel mk lfs eprk`mozejks quk mkhk` lfgre` lfs kstumoe`tks el tïrdo`f mk le Kmucecoó` Håsoce. Kste vosoó` pkrdotk u`oiocer crotkrofs y kstehlkckr u`e rute becoe rksultemfs cfdu`ks quk rkspktk` `ukstre movkrsomem sfcoel, culturel, hoflógoce y gkfgråioce. K`skõer ks dås quk sflf k`trkger cf`tk`omfs, sk trete mk quk lfs elud`fs k`tok`me` omkes cfdplkjes y mkserrfllk` su cepecomem mk pk`ser. Eu`quk el o`ocof pukmk perkckr cf`tre o`tuotovf, o` tuotovf, ple`oiocer e le o`vkrse ks u`e de`kre kikctove mk eyumer e lfs elud`fs e mkserrfller cfdpktk`coes puks ustkm ksterå cf`ste`tkdk`tk pk`se`mf k` quï quokrk quk kllfs eprk`me` y códf lf ve` e ^ågo`e 8>8 8>8 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
mkdfstrer k` ceme sksoó`. Esä, le kveluecoó` `f skrå kl pu`tf io`el mk le k`skõe`ze, so`f kl pu`tf mk pertome. K` tk`mok`mf quk kl prfcksf mk ple`oiocecoó` ks rkilkxovf, ilkxohlk y ck`tremf k` lfs prfpósotfs mk eprk`mozejk quk mkhk` mkserrfller lfs kstumoe`tks, sk mkhk user mksmk kl o`ocof y k` tfmf dfdk`tf
o`ifrdecoó` pere tfder mkcosof`ks fpfrtu`es y pkrto`k`tks quk pkrdote` etk`mkr les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk mk lfs kstumoe`tks y eyumerlfs e prfgrkser.
^ågo`e 8>3 8>3 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XFCKSFS MK ^LE@OIOCECOÓ@ ]O^FS ^XFCKSFS Mktkrdo`er
kl Lfs
^LE@OIOCECOÓ@ E@[EL prfpósotfs
[@OMEM MOMEC]OCE mk
Lfs
prfpósotfs
SKSOF@KS MK E^XK@MOZEJK mk
Lfs
prfpósotfs
mk
eprk`mozejk
eprk`mozejk cfrrkspf`mk` e les cfdpktk`coes, lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselks y lfs mkskdpkõfs mk gremf prkcosemfs.
cfrrkspf`mk` e les cfdpktk`coes, lfs k`ifquks tre`svkrselks y lfs mkskdpkõfs mk gremf dås prkcosemfs eú`.
Cf`sostk k` mkio`or cuålks skrå` les kvomk`coes quk `fs pkrdotorå` sehkr so lfs kstumoe`tks be` elce`zemf f rkgostremf eve`cks rkspkctf mk lfs prfpósotfs mk eprk`mozejk mkio`omfs k` le u`omem momåctoce, skgú` le ple`oiocecoó` e`uel. [`e vkz mkio`omes les kvomk`coes, sk mkhk` prkcoser lfs crotkrofs mk kveluecoó`, e pertor mk lfs cuelks skrå` velfremfs lfs eve`cks. ^fr kjkdplf: - Les kvomk`coes pukmk` cf`sostor k` mkio`or quk lfs kstumoe`tks klehfrk` u` eiocbk, rkelock` u` kxpkrodk`tf, sustk`tk` u`e prfpukste, ktc. Lfs crotkrofs sk cf`struyk` e pertor mk lfs mkskdpkõfs mk gremf y sk frge`oze` k` o`strudk`tfs mk kveluecoó` pere velfrer les kvomk`coes. ^fr kjkdplf: rúhroces, lostes mk cftkjf, ksceles mk velfrecoó` u ftrfs. Moskõer y frge`ozer Cf`sostk k` ple`tker, Cf`sostk k` ple`tker cf` sotuecof`ks, k` lä`kes gk`krelks, le dås mktellk le sotuecoó` kstretkgoes y skcuk`coe mk sog`oiocetove prfpukste k` cf`mocof`ks sotuecof`ks le prfgredecoó` e`uel,
Cf`sostk k` omk`toiocer lfs eve`cks, moiocultemks f mkseiäfs quk mkhk` supkrer lfs kstumoe`tks k` kl mäe e mäe cf` rklecoó` e lfs prfpósotfs mk eprk`mozejk. ^ere kllf, sk mkhk` hro`mer lfs sfpfrtks eprfpoemfs e sus `kcksomemks1 pfr kjkdplf: huk`es prkgu`tes k` kl dfdk`tf fpfrtu`f, kl detkroel y kl tokdpf memfs pere beckr u`e terke, ktc. Esodosdf, odploce mkio`or kl dfdk`tf y le ifrde k` quk lfs crotkrofs skrå` cfdu`ocemfs e lfs kstumoe`tks, e io` mk quk kstï` k` dkjfrks cf`mocof`ks mk elce`zer lfs prfpósotfs.
pkrto`k`tks
lfs
prfpósotf mk eprk`mozejk eprk`mozejk cf` cfrrkspf`mk` e les lfs hesk k` les cfdpktk`coes, `kcksomemks mk k`ifquks tre`svkrselks y lfs eprk`mozejk mkskdpkõfs mk gremf omk`toiocemes. quk sk kstå` curse`mf. Kstehlkckr lfs Lfs mkskdpkõfs mk crotkrofs pere gremf sf` crotkrofs quk rkcfgkr kvomk`coes frok`terå` lf quk mk eprk`mozejk mkhk` sehkr beckr lfs sfhrk kl prfgrksf. kstumoe`tks k` kl gremf. Kl cf`ju`tf mk mkskdpkõfs hro`me u` `ovkl mk cfdpktk`coe. Mocbfs mkskdpkõfs kstå` elo`kemfs e lfs kstå`merks mk eprk`mozejks `ecof`elks, quk sf` kl `frtk f rkikrk`tk mk `ukstrf trehejf. Les kvomk`coes eú` `f sk prkcose` k` kstk topf mk ple`oiocecoó`.
el sog`oiocetoves mk les
o`clusf ks kl dfdk`tf mk
Cf`sostk k` ple`tker le skcuk`coe momåctoce mk ectovomemks, kstretkgoes, detkroelks f rkcursfs quk rkelozerå` y userå` lfs kstumoe`tks pere elce`zer prfpósotfs
mk eprk`mozejk ^ågo`e 8>= 8>= mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR prfpósotf eprk`mozejk.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
mk u`omemks momåctoces quk skrå` kl dkmof pere elce`zer lfs prfpósotfs mk eprk`mozejk ple`tkemfs.
rkejusterle e les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk fhskrvemes f quk surje`. Emkdås, odploce prfpf`kr le skcuk`coe mk sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk quk pkrdotorå
ple`tkemfs k` le u`omem momåctoce, esä cfdf hro`merlks fpfrtu`omemks pere eyumerlfs e eirf`ter sus moiocultemks, rkcf`fckr sus krrfrks y rkilkxof`er sfhrk códf supkrerlfs.
elce`zer lfs prfpósotfs mk eprk`mozejk ple`tkemfs.
^ågo`e 8>; 8>; mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
;.3.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl prfcksf mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk.
@ukstre fpo`oó` ks quk le o`trfmuccoó o`trfmuccoó` ` mkl cf`ckptf mk cfdpktk`coe cfdpktk`coess mk ifrde gk`krelozeme pukmk skr u` dkmof `ftehlk `ftehlkdk`tk dk`tk kiocez pere kxtk`mkr u`fs pro`cop pro`copofs ofs pkmegógocfs pkmegógo cfs quk eú` bfy k` mäe soguk` sok`mf pertk mk u`e do`fräe1 pkrf `f sólf ksf, mk elgú` dfmf pukmk skr u` «rkcopok`tk «rkcopok`tk± ± eprfpoemf pere cf`tk`kr mk ifrde rogurfse u`e k`skõe`ze dås ecfrmk cf` u`e pkrspkctove mk ifrdecoó` o`tkgrel5, k` kquomem y pere tfme le vome.
@fsftrfs crkkdfs quk u`e k`skõe`ze heseme k` cfdpktk`coes cfdpktk`coes ks u`e `ukve y gre` fpfrtu fpfrtu`omem `omem pere quk le dkjfre sfstk`ome mk le kmucecoó` `f ske petrodf` petrodf`of of mk u`fs pfcfs provol provolkgoemfs. kgoemfs. Le o`trfmuccoó` mkl cf`c cf`ckptf kptf mk cfdpktk`c cfdpktk`coes oes k` le k`skõe`ze fhlogetfroe pukmk skr u`e fpfrtu`omem pere u`soglf prfcksf mk cedhof quk skcf` ireguó e io`elks emkl soglf kikrvksck`coe kikrvksck k` klprfiu`mozer prodkr tkrcofk`mk xx, pere mkserrfllersk mkserrfllersk moiocultemks lergf mkxox, lfs tuvf ftrfssu mfs tkrcofs. `coe Hejf kste cf`ckpcoó` k o`trfmuccoó` sk prfpf`k les soguok`tks frok`tecof`ks rklecof`emfs e le cfdpktk`coe: Kl usf mkl tïrdo`f tïrdo`f «cfdpktk`coe± ks u`e cf`skcuk`coe cf`skcuk`coe mk le `kcksomem `kcksomem mk supkrer u`e k`skõe`ze quk, k` le
deyfräe mk lfs cesfs, sk be rkmucomf el eprk`mozejk dkdfrästocf mk cf`fcodok`tfs, bkcbf quk cf`llkve le moiocultem pere quk ïstfs pukme` skr eplocemfs k` le vome rkel y kl cf`tkxtf. Le cfdpktk`coe, k` kl kl åådhotf dhotf mk le kmucecoó` kscfler, be mk omk`toiocer omk`toiocer equkllf equkllf quk `kcksote cuelquokr pkrsf`e pere pere mer rkspukste rkspukste e lfs prfhlkdes prfhlkdes e lfs quk sk k`irk`terå e lf lergf mk su vome. ^fr lf te`tf, le cfdpktk`coe cf`sostorå k` le o`tkrvk`coó` kiocez k` lfs moikrk`tks ådhotfs mk le vome, dkmoe`tk eccof`ks k` les quk sk dfvoloze`, el dosdf tokdpf y mk de`kre o`tkrrklecof`eme, moikrk`tks cepecomemks y beholomemks. Le cfdpktk`coe cfdpktk`coe y lfs cf`fcodok`tfs `f sf` e`tegó`ocfs, ye quk cuelquokr ectuecoó` cfdpktk`tk cfdpktk`tk sokdprk odploce kl usf mk cf`fcodok`tfs o`tkrrklecof`emfs cf` beholomemks y ectotumks. ^ere pfmkr mkcomor quï cfdpktk`coes cfdpktk`coes sf` fhjktf fhjktf mk le kmucecoó`, kl pesf pesf prkvof ks ks mkio`or cuålks mkhk` skr sus io`elomemks. io`elomemks. Kxostk u` ecukrmf gk`krelozemf k` quk ïstes mkhk` cf`trohuor el plk`f mkserrfllf mk le pkrsf`elomem k` tfmfs tfmfs lfs ådhotfs ådhotfs mk le vome. Les cfdpktk`coes kscflerks mkhk` ehercer kl ådhotf sfcoel, o`tkrpkrsf`el, pkrsf`el y prfiksof`el. Kl eprk`mozejk mk u`e cfdpktk`coe kstå duy elkjemf mk lf quk ks u` eprk`mozejk dkcå`ocf, odploce kl deyfr gremf mk sog`oiocetovomem y iu`cof`elomem pfsohlk. K`skõer cfdpktk`coes odploce utolozer ifrdes mk k`skõe`ze k`skõe`ze cf`sostk`tks k` mer rkspukste e sotuecof`ks, cf`iloctfs y prfhlkdes ckrce`fs ckrce`fs e le vome rkel. Kl e`ålosos mk les cfdpktk`coes `fs pkrdotk cf`cluor quk su iu`medk`tecoó` `f pukmk rkmucorsk el cf`fcodok`tf quk epfrte` epfrte` lfs mosto`tfs sehkrks cok`täiocfs, lf quk odploce llkver e cehf u` ehfrmejk kmucetovf quk tk`ge k` cuk`te kl ceråctkr dkte moscoplo`er mk u`e gre` pertk mk sus cfdpf`k`tks. [`e k`skõe`ze mk cfdpktk`coes pere le vome kxogk le crkecoó` mk u` årke kspkcäioce pere tfmfs sus cfdpf`k`tks mk ceråctkr dultomoscoplo`er, quk pkrdote le rkilkxoó` rkilkxoó` y kl kstumof kstumof tkórocf y, el dosdf tokdpf, tokdpf, su eprk`mozejk sostkdåtocf k` tfmes les ftres årkes. @f kxostk u`e dktfmflfgäe prfpoe pere le k`skõe`ze mk les cfdpktk`coes, pkrf sä u`es cf`mocof`ks gk`krelks sfhrk códf mkhk` skr les kstretkgoes dktfmflógoces, k`trk les quk cehk mkstecer le mk quk tfmes mkhk` tk`kr u` k`ifquk glfhelozemfr. Cf`fckr kl kl gremf mk mfdo`of mfdo`of quk kl elud`emf be emquoromf mk u`e cfdpktk`coe ks ks u`e terke heste`tk cfdplkje, ye quk odploce pertor mk sotuecof`ks prfhlkde quk sodulk` cf`tkxtfs rkelks y mospf`kr mk lfs dkmof mk kveluecoó` kspkcäiocfs pere ceme u`f mk lfs lf s cfdpf`k`tks mk le cfdpktk`coe.
Kstes frok`tecof`ks mkhk` skr tfdemes k` cuk`te pfr lfs mfck`tks k` le ple`oiocecoó`, kjkcucoó` y kveluecoó` mk lfs prfcksfs mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk. E cf`to`uecoó` sk prksk`te` y mkscrohk` ceme u`e mk klles: ^ere trehejer k` kl k`ifquk mk cfdpktk`coes cfdpktk`coes sk sk mkhk pertor mk sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves sog`oiocetoves.. Odploce
moskõer f sklkccof`er sotuecof`ks quk rkspf`me` e lfs o`tkrksks mk lfs kstumoe`tks y e sus ^ågo`e 8>9 8>9 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
pfsoholomemks mk eprk`mkr mk klle, ks mkcor, quk pkrdote` kstehlkck kstehlkckrr rklecof`ks k` k`trk trk sus sehkrks prkvofs y le `ukve sotuecoó`. Kstes sotuecof`ks cudplk` kl rfl mk rkter les cfdpktk`coes mkl kstumoe`tk pere quk prfgrksk e u` `ovkl mk mkserrfllf deyfr el quk tk`äe. K` lfs kstumoe`tks sk mkhk gk`krer o`tkrïs y mospfsocoó` cfdf mospfsocoó` cfdf cf`mocoó` pere kl eprk`mozejk. Ks dås iåcol quk lfs kstumoe`tks sk o`vflucrk` k` les sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves el tk`kr clerf quï sk prktk`mk mk klles y el sk`tor quk kllf cuhrk u`e `kcksomem f u` prfpósotf mk su o`tkrïs (edploer
o`ifrdecoó`, prkperer elgf, k`trk ftrfs.). Esä, sk ievfrkck le eutf`fdäe mk lfs kstumoe`tks y su dftovecoó` pere kl eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk. Eprk`mkr becok`mf. becok`mf. Kl mkserrfllf mk les cfdpktk`coes sk cflfce k` le pkrspkctove mk le mk`fdo`eme «k`skõe`ze sotueme±, pere le cuel eprk`mkr y beckr sf` prfcksfs o`mkslogehlks, ks mkcor le ectovomem y kl cf`tkxtf sf` clevks pere kl eprk`mozejk.
Esä dosdf sk mkhk pertor mk lfs sehkrks prkvofs. Cf`sostk k` rkcupkrer y ectover, e trevïs mk
prkgu`tes f terkes, lfs cf`fcodok`tfs, cf`ckpcof`ks, rkprksk`tecof`ks, vovk`coes, crkk`coes, kdfcof`ks y beholomemks emquoromfs prkvoedk`tk pfr kl kstumoe`tk, cf` rkspkctf e lf quk sk prfpf`k eprk`mkr el k`irk`ter le sotuecoó` sog`oiocetove. Kstfs sehkrks prkvofs `f sflf pkrdotk` pf`kr el kstumoe`tk k` cf`tectf cf` kl `ukvf cf`fcodok`tf, so`f quk emkdås sf` mktkrdo`e`tks y sk cf`stotuyk` k` le hesk mkl eprk`mozejk. Kl mkserrfllf mk cfdpktk`coes cfdpktk`coes odploce cf`struor kl `ukvf cf`fcodok`tf. Sk rkquokrk quk kl kstumoe`tk de`kjk, emkdås mk les beholomemks cfg`otoves y mk o`tkreccof`ks `kckseroes, le o`ifrdecoó`, lfs pro`copofs, les lkyks, lfs cf`ckptfs f tkfräes quk lk eyumerå` e k`tk`mkr y eirf`ter lfs rktfs ple`tkemfs mk`trf mk u` mktkrdo`emf cedpf mk eccoó`, ske le cfdu`ocecoó`, le cf`vovk`coe, kl cuomemf mkl edhok`tk, le tkc`flfgäe f kl du`mf vortuel, k`trk ftrfs. Kstk k`ifquk tedhoï` `fs pkrdotk eprk`mkr mkl krrfr f kl krrfr cf`structovf. Kl cf`structovf. Kl krrfr suklk skr cf`somkremf sflf cfdf sä`tfde mk quk kl prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk `f ve hok` y quk kl kstumoe`tk prksk`te mkiocok`coes. Mksmk le momåctoce, kl krrfr pukmk skr kdplkemf dås hok` mk ifrde cf`structove, cfdf u`e fpfrtu`omem mk eprk`mozejk, prfpocoe`mf le rkilkxoó` y rkvosoó` mk lfs movkrsfs prfmuctfs f terkes, te`tf mkl prfiksfr cfdf mkl elud`f. Kl krrfr rkquokrk moålfgf, e`ålosos, u`e rkvosoó` cuomemfse mk lfs iectfrks y mkcosof`ks quk llkverf` e ïl. Kste ifrde mk ehfrmerlf mkhk skr cf`somkreme te`tf k` le dktfmflfgäe cfdf k` le o`tkreccoó` cf`to`ue prfiksfr-elud`f. ]edhoï` sk mkhk gk`krer kl cf`iloctf cfg`otovf. cfg`otovf. Xkquokrk ple`tker u` rktf cfg`otovf quk lk rksultk sog`oiocetovf el kstumoe`tk cuye sflucoó` pkrdote pf`kr k` jukgf sus movkrses cepecomemks. K` le dkmome quk o`vflucre su o`tkrïs, kl mkskquolohrof gk`kremf pukmk dftover le húsqukme mk u`e rkspukste, lf quk ehrk pesf e u` `ukvf eprk`mozejk. Mure`tk tfmf kl prfcksf sk mkhk dkmoer kl prfgrksf mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk u` `ovkl mk eprk`mozejk e ftrf supkrofr. supkrofr. Le dkmoecoó` mkl mfck`tk mure`tk kl prfcksf mk eprk`mozejk supf`k
ecfdpeõer el kstumoe`tk becoe u` supkrofr mk pfsoholomemks (zf`e mk mkserrfllf próxodf) cf` rkspkctf e su`ovkl `ovklo`dkmoetedk`tk ectuel (zf`e rkel mk eprk`mozejk). ^fr lf dk`fs, beste quk kl kstumoe`tk pukme mkskdpkõersk hok` mk de`kre o`mkpk`mok`tk. Mf`mk le etk`te fhskrvecoó` mkl mfck`tk pkrdote el kstumoe`tk rkelozer terkes cf` mosto`tfs `ovklks mk moiocultem. ^rfdfvkr kl trehejf cffpkretovf. cffpkretovf. Kstf sog`oioce eyumer e lfs kstumoe`tks e peser mkl trehejf grupel kspf`tå`kf e u` trehejf k` kquopf, cerectkrozemf pfr le cffpkrecoó`, le cfdplkdk`terokmem y le eutfrrkgulecoó`. Esä kl trehejf cffpkretovf y cflehfretovf lks pkrdotk rkelozer cokrtes terkes e trevïs mk le o`tkreccoó` sfcoel, eprk`mok`mf u`fs mk ftrfs, o`mkpk`mok`tkdk`tk o`mkpk`mok`tkdk `tk mk les quk lks cfrrkspf`me rkelozer mk de`kre o`movomuel. ^rfdfvkr kl pk`sedok`tf cfdplkjf. cfdplkjf. Le kmucecoó` `kcksote prfdfvkr kl mkserrfllf mk u` pk`sedok`tf cfdplkjf pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks vke` kl du`mf mk u`e de`kre o`tkgreme y `f iregdk`teme. Mksmk kl k`ifquk pfr cfdpktk`coes, sk husce quk lfs kstumoe`tks eprk`me` e e`elozer le sotuecoó` quk lfs mkseiäe rklecof`e`mf sus mosto`tes cerectkrästoces e io` mk pfmkr
kxplocerle. ^ågo`e 8>7 8>7 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
;.=. Frok`tecof`ks pkmegógoces pere le dkmoecoó` mk lfs eprk`mozejks.
Kl Curräculf @ecof`el mk le Kmucecoó` Håsoce hro`me frok`tecof`ks pere kl mkserrfllf mk cfdpktk`coes k` le quk ple`tke kl mkseiäf pkmegógocf mk códf k`skõer pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks eprk`me` e ectuer mk de`kre cfdpktk`tk Kstes frok`tecof`ks mkhk` skr tfdemes k` cuk`te pfr lfs mfck`tks k` le ple`oiocecoó`, kjkcucoó` y kveluecoó` mk lfs prfcksfs mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk k` lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs. ]fmf kllf cf` le
io`elomem mk lfgrer quk lfs kstumoe`tks ske` dås eutó`fdfs k` su eprk`mozejk el tfder cf`cok`coe mk sus moiocultemks, `kcksomemks y ifrtelkzes. Eudk`ter le cf`ioe`ze mk lfs kstumoe`tks pere esudor mkseiäfs, krrfrks, cfdu`ocer lf quk beck`, lf quk sehk` y lf quk `f sehk`.
^ertor mk sotuecof`ks sog`oiocetoves. Gk`krer o`tkrïs y mospfsocoó` cfdf cf`mocoó` pere kl eprk`mozejk. Eprk`mkr becok`mf ^ertor mk lfs sehkrks prkvofs. Cf`struor kl `ukvf cf`fcodok`tf. Eprk`mkr mkl krrfr f kl krrfr cf`structovf.
Gk`krer kl cf`iloctf cfg`otovf. Dkmoer kl prfgrksf mk lfs kstumoe`tks mk u` `ovkl mk eprk`mozejk e ftrf supkrofr. ^rfdfvkr kl trehejf cffpkretovf.
^rfdfvkr kl pk`sedok`tf cfdplkjf.
^ågo`e 8>2 8>2 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^rfcksfs pkmegógocfs 5. DF]OYECOÓ@: Ks kl prfcksf pkrde`k`tk dkmoe`tk kl cuel K J
kl mfck`tk crke les cf`mocof`ks, mkspokrte y de`tok`k kl o`tkrïs mkl kstumoe`tk pfr su eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk.
E Z O M @ K X ^ E L K M F O C O @ O
8. XKC[^KXECOÓ@ MK LFS SEHKXKS ^XKYOFS : Lfs sehkrks prkvofs sf` equkllfs equkllfs cf`fcodok`tfs quk kl kstumoe`tk ye trek cf`sogf, quk sk ectove` el cfdprk`mkr f eplocer u` `ukvf cf`fcodok`tf cf` le io`elomem mk frge`ozerlf y merlk sk`tomf, elgu`es vkcks suklk` skr krró`kfs f percoelks, percoelks, pkrf ks lf quk kl kstumoe`tk utoloze pere o`tkrprkter le rkelomem.
3. CF@ILOC]F CFG@O]OYF: Ks kl mkskquolohrof mk les kstructures dk`telks, sk prfmuck cue`mf le pkrsf`e sk k`irk`te cf` elgf quk `f pukmk cfdprk`mkr f kxplocer cf` sus prfpofs sehkrks. L K M J @ K E Ó O Z C O C M [ @ X K ] X S ^ @ E F C K E O J F C E @ @ Z O K Ó O X M C K @ E I K X C O S ^ E L ^ @ E L E X K ] M
@ @ Ó O Ó O C O C @ E G [ F L C E E Y ] K K _ D
=. ^XFCKSEDOK@]F MK LE O@IFXDECOÓ@: Ks kl prfcksf ck`trel mkl mkserrfllf mkl eprk`mozejk k` kl quk sk mkserrflle` lfs prfcksfs cfg`otovfs u fpkrecof`ks dk`telks1 kstes sk kjkcute` dkmoe`tk trks iesks: K`treme – Klehfrecoó` – Selome.
;. E^LOCECOÓ@: Ks le kjkcucoó` mk le cepecomem k` sotuecof`ks `ukves pere kl kstumoe`tk, mf`mk pf`k k` pråctoce le tkfräe y cf`ckptuecoó` emquorome.
9. XKILKROÓ@: Ks kl prfcksf dkmoe`tk kl cuel rkcf`fck kl kstumoe`tk sfhrk lf quk eprk`moó, lfs pesfs quk rkelozó y códf pukmk dkjfrer su eprk`mozejk. eprk`mozejk.
7. KYEL[ECOÓ@: Ks kl k l prfcksf quk pkrdotk rkcf`fckr lfs ecokrtfs y krrfrks pere dkjfrer kl eprk`mozejk.
^ågo`e 8>? 8>? mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^rfcksfs momåctocfs pfr cfdpktk`coes Lfs prfcksfs momåctocfs mk tfme kl årke curroculer sf` cfdf sk o`moce` e cf`to`uecoó`: ÅXKE DE]KDÅ]OCE
^XFCKSFS MOMÅC]OCFS
Iedoloerozecoó` mkl prfhlkde.
Húsqukme y kjkcucoó` mk kstretkgoes Sfcoeloze sus rkprksk`tecof`ks ks Yovk`coel, Cf`crkte, Gråioce y Sodhóloce.
Xkilkxoó` y ifrdelozecoó ifrdelozecoó` `
^le`tkedok`tf mk ftrfs prfhlkdes. CFD[@OCECOÓ@ CFD^K]K@CO CFD^K]K@COE: E: SK CFD[@OCE FXELDK@]K K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E 5.- E`tks mkl moscursf ^rfpósotf Frge`ozecoó` mk omkes Eumotfrof ]kde 8.- Mure`tk kl moscursf O`ocof Mkserrfllf mkl tkde
Cokrrk 3.- Mkspuïs mkl moscursf Xkvosoó` y rkilkxoó` sfhrk lf kdotomf
CFD^K]K@COE: LKK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS KSCXO]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E 5.- E`tks mk le lkcture lkcture Sehkrks prkvofs Ifrdulecoó` mk bopótksos ^rfpósotf mk le lkcture ^rksk`tecoó` mkl tkxtf 8.- Mure`tk le lkcture Lkcture glfhel O`tkrcedhof (prkgu`tes mk cfdprk`soó`) Xklkcture Cf`struyk kl sog`oiocemf mk vfcehulerof `ukvf 3.- Mkspuïs mk le lkcture Cf`trestecoó` mk bopótksos, Xkspf`mk` cukstof`erofs cf` prkgu`tes, Klehfrecoó` mk frge`ozemfrks gråiocfs, Klehfre` rksúdk`ks. Ectovomemks pere rkilkxof`er sfhrk kl lk`guejk
^ågo`e 85> 85> mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
ÅXKE
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XFCKSFS MOMÅC]OCFS CFD^K]K@COE: KSCXOHK MOYKXSFS ]O^FS MK ]KR]FS K@ S[ LK@G[E DE]KX@E 5.- ^le`oiocecoó` ]opf mk tkxtf
^rfpósotf Mksto`eterof ^le` mk kscroture 8.- ]kxtuelozecoó`
Kscroture mkl tkxtf 3.- Xkvosoó` Xkkscroture Kmocoó` ^uhlocecoó` ^KXSF@EL SFCOEL
COK@COE _ ]KC@FLFGÄE
^rfhlkdetozecoó` E`ålosos mk le o`ifrdecoó` ]fde mk mkcosof`ks. mkcosof`ks.
CFD^K]K@COE: O@MEGE DKMOE@]K DÏ]FMFS COK@]ÄIOCFS ^EXE CF@S]X[OX CF@FCODOK@]FS
^le`tkedok`tf mk prkgu`te f prfhlkde p rfhlkde ^le`tkedok`tf mk bopótksos (pfsohlks rkspukstes) Klehfrecoó` mkl ple` mk eccoó` Xkcfjf mk metfs y e`ålosos mk rksultemfs (mk iuk`tks proderoes) Kstructurecoó` mkl sehkr cf`struomf cfdf rkspukste el prfhlkde (iuk`tks skcu`meroes) Kveluecoó` y cfdu`ocecoó`.
CFD^K]K@COE: KR^LOCE KL D[@MF IÄSOCF HESÅ@MFSK K@ CF@FCODOK@]FS SFHXK LFS SKXKS YOYFS, DE]KXOE _ K@KXGÄE, HOFMOYKXSOMEM, ]OKXXE _ [@OYKXSF
^le`tkedok`tf mkl prfhlkde ^le`tkedok`tf mk bopótksos/ pfsture pkrsf`el Klehfrecoó` mkl ple` mk eccoó` Xkcfjf mk metfs y e`ålosos mk rksultemfs (iuk`tks proderoes,
skcu`meroes y tkc`flógoces) Kstructurecoó` mkl sehkr cf`struomf cfdf rkspukste el prfhlkde Kveluecoó` y cfdu`oceco cfdu`ocecoó`. ó`. CFD^K]K@COE: MOSKÕE _ CF@S]X[_K SFL[COF@KS ]KC@FLÓGOCES ^EXE XKSFLYKX ^XFHLKDES MK S[ K@]FX@F ^le`tkedok`tf mkl prfhlkde ^le`tkedok`tf mk sflucof`ks ^ågo`e 855 855 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
ÅXKE
^XFCKSFS MOMÅC]OCFS Moskõf mkl prftftopf Cf`struccoó` y velomecoó` mkl prftftopf Kstructurecoó` mkl sehkr cf`struomf cfdf rkspukste el prfhlkde Kveluecoó` y cfdu`ocecoó`
;.;.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le Kveluecoó` Ifrdetove.
K` k`ifquk mk le kveluecoó` `frdeme pfr le XYD @º >8;-8>52-KM, rkspf`mk e eú` k`ifquk mk Kveluecoó` Ifrdetove. Le kveluecoó` ifrdetove ks u` prfcksf k` kl cuel prfiksfrks y kstumoe`tks Cfdpertk` dktes mk eprk`mozejk y kvelúe` cf`ste`tkdk`tk sus eve`cks k` Xklecoó` e kstfs fhjktovfs. Kstf sk beck cf` kl prfpósotf mk mktkrdo`er le Dkjfr ifrde mk cf`to`uer kl prfcksf mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk skgú` les @kcksomemks mk ceme ceme cursf. Kl k`ifquk mk kve kveluecoó` luecoó` ifrdetove cf`somkr cf`somkree le kveluecoó` cfdf pert pertkk mkl trehejf cftomoe`f mkl eule y le utoloze pere frok`ter kstk prfcksf y tfder mkcosof`ks fpfrtu`es quk mk` dås y dkjfrks irutfs e lfs kstumoe`tks kstumoe`tks..
Kl prfcksf mk kveluecoó` ifrdetove huscer rkspf`mkr e les soguok`tks prkgu`tes:
¶Becoe mó`mk vedfs6 husce rkspf`mkr rkspf`mkr:: becoe mó`mk mkhk` or lfs mfck`tk lfs pukmk guoer. guoer.
kstumoe`tks y códf kl
¶Mó`mk kstedfs6 kspkre cf`fckr y eplocer tïc`oces mk lkve`tedok`tf mk o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk códf sk k`cuk`tre` lfs kstumoe`tks k` cue`tf el lfgrf mk eprk`mozejks. eprk`mozejks .
¶Códf pfmkdfs skguor eve`ze`mf6 kspkre k`trkger rktrfelodk`tecoó` kikctove sfhrk códf lfs kstumoe`tks pukmk` cf`to`uer y Códf kl mfck`tk lfs pukmk guoer k` sus próxodfs mkseiäfs mk eprk`mozejk11 pere kstf, rksulte odpfrte`tk rkelozer u`e rkilkxoó` crätoce sfhrk lfs prfcksfs mk eprk`mozejk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk, k` rklecoó` e le kveluecoó` ifrdetove.
^ågo`e 858 858 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
¶Uuï prfcksfs mk k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk prfdukvk le kveluecoó` ifrdetove6 5. Omk`toiocer y cfdpertor dktes mk eprk`mozejk1 Cfdprk`mkr y cfdpertor u`e dkte odploce or u` pesf dås ellå mk cfdu`ocer kl fhjktovf mk le clesk, crke`mf u` kspecof k` kl cuel sk cleroioce` y cf`crktoze` lfs fhjktovfs, kxplocote`mf cuålks sf` lfs crotkrofs mk lfgrf cf` lfs cuelks lfs elud`fs sk merå` cuk`te` mk quï be` eprk`momf. 8. Xkcfgkr verokmem mk kvomk`coe Sk pukmk fhtk`kr e trevïs mk mosto`tes kstretkgoes, lf quk me le pfsoholomem e lfs kstumoe`tks mk mkdfstrer lf quk be` eprk`momf. ^fr kjkdplf, ^rkgu`tes ckrremes, ehokrtes, fhskrvecoó` mk mkskdpkõfs, kveluecoó` mk perks, eutfkveluecoó`, k`trk ftrfs.
Kl prfiksfr [toloze u`e verokmem mk kstretkgoes ifrdetoves cfdf ^elotfs cf` `fdhrk, `fdhrk, Lucks mk eprk`mozejk, ]ocakt mk selome, selome, k`trk ftres.
Lfs kstumoe`tks ]ok`k` les dosdes pfsoholomemks mk pertocoper, mer e cf`fckr lf quk be` eprk`momf y rkcohor rktrfelodk`tecoó` mkl prfiksfr. ]ok`k` tokdpf tokdpf pe pere re pk`ser f kveluer lf quk kstå` becok`mf. Justoioce` lfs espkctfs lfgremfs y lfs `f lfgremfs mk su trehejf y kl mk sus cfdpeõkrfs k` hesk e lfs crotkrofs k`trkgemfs.
^le`oioce y mkio`k verofs dfdk`tfs mkl prfcksf
k` quk cbkqukerå le Cfdprk`soó` mk tfmfs sus kstumoe`tks. [toloze kstretkgoes ifrdetoves cfdf pfr kjkdplf,
^ozerrotes, ]erjktes EHCM, Cleroiocer crotkrofs mk
^ågo`e 853 853 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Kl prfiksfr lfgrfs u ftre, quk pkrdotk` vosoholozer mk de`kre cf`crkte y fpfrtu`e lfs Eprk`mozejks mk sus elud`fs. [toloze ectovomemks kveluetoves quk be` somf moskõemes pere k`trkger o`ifrdecoó` sfhrk le cfdprk`soó` quk tok`k` sus kstumoe`tks mk lfs
Lfs kstumoe`tks [toloze` lfs kspecofs k`trkgemfs pere cfdu`ocer mumes, prkgu`tes f o`quoktumks el prfiksfr.
eprk`mozejks. 3. Xktrfelodk`ter el kstumoe`tk Le kveluecoó` ifrdetove ks dås prfspkctove quk rktrfspkctove, ks mkcor, su ifcf kstå k` mktkrdo`er
códf skguor eve`ze`mf y k` kste iu`coó` tfmes les ifrdes mk rktrfelodk rktrfelodk`tecoó` `tecoó` (frel, kscrote, vosuel, o`movomuel f grupel), jukge` u` pepkl iu`medk`tel, puks sf` les bkrredok`te bkrredok`tess cf` les quk kl prfiksfr frok`te e sus kstumoe`tks, k`trkgå`mflks o`ifrdecoó` o`ifrdecoó` quk mkscrohk quï mkhk` lfgrer, códf lf kstå` becok`mf y códf pukmk` dkjfrer. Ks mkscroptove, puks k`trkge o`ifrdecoó` kspkcäioce mk lf quk sk kspkre mkl elud`f, códf lf kstå becok`mf y códf pukmk dkjfrer. Sk hese k` espkctfs quk kl kstumoe`tk be mkserrfllemf cfrrkctedk`tk cfdf tedhoï` k` equkllfs quk qukme` pfr dkjfrer. Cf`somkre kl krrfr cfdf pertk iu`medk`tel mkl eprk`mozejk, pfr lf quk lf velfroze cfdf tel y eclere les cf`iusof`ks. Yelfre kl ksiukrzf mk lfs kstumoe`tks. kstumoe`tks.
Sk kstructure k` hesk e les dktes mk eprk`mozejk, ifcelozå`mfsk k` equkllfs espkctfs quk sf` clevk
pere elce`zerles, dås quk ehercer y cuhror tfmfs lfs ifcfs quk sk prksk`te`. ^rfdukvk quk ske kl kstumoe`tk quok` trehejk k` sus eprk`mozejks, dås quk k`trkgerlk les rkspukstes. ^ere kllf, ks iu`medk`tel quk le rktrfelodk`tecoó` sk ejustk el `ovkl mkl kstumoe`tk y `f k`trkguk `o dås `o dk`fs o`ifrdecoó` mk le quk `kcksote. Ks fpfrtu`e, ye quk pkrdotk el elud`f trehejer k` hesk e klle y dkjfrer cue`mf eú` ks tokdpf mk beckrlf.
=. Ifdk`ter kl rfl ectovf mk lfs l fs kstumoe`tks kstumoe`tks:: [`f mk lfs pro`copofs iu`medk`telks quk guäe` le kveluecoó` ifrdetove Ks quk lfs kstumoe`tks sf` lfs rkspf`sehlks mk su prfpof eprk`mozejk. K` kstk sk`tomf, le clesk prfdukvk u` edhok`tk mk moålfgf ehokrtf, mf`mk `f sflf ske kl prfiksfr quok` mï o`struccof`ks f rkspukstes, so`f quk tedhoï` ske` lfs dosdfs kstumoe`tks quok`ks cfdk`tk` lf quk sk kstå treheje`mf. Les cf`vkrsecof`ks k`trk perks, kl trehejf grupel y le pertocopecoó` ectove sf` pertk mk les kstretkgoes quk prfpocoerå` kstk edhok`tk. Kl prfiksfr Kstructure le clesk y utoloze kstretkgoes ifrdetoves (cfdf ^elotfs cf` `fdhrk, `fdhrk, pfr kjkdplf) mk ifrde tel quk tfmfs lfs kstumoe`tks pertocopk` k o`tkrvk`ge` mk elgu`e de`kre k` le clesk.
Lfs kstumoe`tks Beck` y rkspf`mk` prkgu`tes quk ve` morkccof`e`mf lfs eprk`mozejks mure`tk le clesk. ^ertocope ectovedk`tk mk le clesk, rkspf`mok`mf prkgu`tes, ple`tke`mf mumes f moelfge`mf cf` sus perks.
^ågo`e 85= 85= mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Kl prfiksfr Me tokdpf pere quk lfs kstumoe`tks pukme` pk`ser y trehejer k` hesk e les prkgu`tes f rktrfelodk`tecof`ks rktrfelodk`tecof `ks k`trkgemes. Me le fpfrtu`omem e lfs kstumoe`tks mk trehejer y e`elozer sus krrfrks e`tks mk cfrrkgorlfs. ^rfdukvk kl moålfgf k`trk lfs kstumoe`tks y
Lfs kstumoe`tks Kvelúe` sus eve`cks k` hesk e lfs crotkrofs quk de`kje`. O`tk`te` rksflvkr eutó`fdedk`tk sus mumes y sehk` mktkrdo`er y cfdu`ocer cuå`mf `kcksote` eyume. Xkilkxof`e` sfhrk su prfpof eprk`mozejk y
k`trk prfiksfr y kstumoe`tks.
tfde` mkcosof`ks hesemes k` kvomk`coe.
;. O`tk`cof`er le kveluecoó` y rktrfelodk`tecoó` k`trk ^erks ^erks:: Sk be mkdfstremf quk cue`mf lfs kstumoe`tks eprk`mk` mk ftrfs, mkserrflle` dås beholomemks mk pk`sedok`tf crätocf y dkjfre` sus eprk`mozejks. Ks pfr kllf quk kstfs prfcksfs mkhk` skr o`tk`cof`emfs y cuomemfsedk`tk ple`oiocemfs pfr kl mfck`tk, quok` mkhk k`skõer e lfs kstumoe`tks e trehejer ju`tfs y cflehfrer k` sus terkes, ye ske kvelue`mf kl trehejf mk ftrfs, rktrfelodk rktrfelodk`te`mf `te`mf el cfdpeõkrf, frok`tå`mflf k` sus moiocultemks, cleroioce`mf sus krrfrks, k`trk ftres kstretkgoes kstretkgoes.. 9. Xktrfelodk`ter le pråctoce: Mk`trf mkl coclf mk kveluecoó` ifrdetove, lfs mfck`tks fhtok`k` kvomk`coe mk lf quk kstå` cfdprk`mok`mf lfs kstumoe`tks, pkrf tedhoï` mk le kikctovomem y pkrto`k`coe mk les kstretkgoes mk k`skõe`ze quk be` odplkdk`temf.
Le kveluecoó` k` kl prfcksf mk k`skõe`ze eprk`mozejk e) Le ple`oiocecoó` y le kveluecoó` mk le k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk sf` mfs prfcksf quk eprukhe` ju`tfs pfrquk sk rktrfelodk`te` pkrde`k`tkdk`tk. Ks `kckserof cf`fckr les cerectkrästoces, o`tkrksks y `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Esodosdf cf`fckr les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk mk lfs kstumoe`tk kstumoe`tkss cf` `kcksomemks kmucetoves kmucetoves kspkcoelks. rkquokrk mkl e`ålosos mk moikrk`tks iuk`tks mk o`ifrdecoó`. h) Mktkrdo`er les kvomk`coes quk pkrdotk` cfdprfher lf eprk`momf y lfs crotkrofs mk kveluecoó`. (sk mkhk cfdprk`mkr les cfdpktk`coes e eveluer sus cepecomemks y `ovklks mk prfgrksf ) quk sk usere` pere velfrerles c) Moskõer sotuecof`ks, skcuk`coe mk ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y cf`mocof`ks cf`somkre`mf fpfrtu`omemks mk rkprksk`tecoó` y fpfrtu`omemks pere dkjfrer les prfmuccof`ks f ectuecof`ks. m) K` kl moskõf mk kste skcuk`coe sk mkhk eprfvkcber le verokmem mk o`tkrksks mk lfs kstumoe`tks, esä cfdf, les fpfrtu`omemks y mkde`mes mkl ccf`tkxtf f`tkxtf Sotuecoó` Xkel. Le kveluecoó` mure`tk kl mkserrfllf le k`skõe`ze y eprk`mozejk k) Kl mfck`tk frok`te le cfdprk`soó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks sfhrk pere quï, códf, cuå`mf y cf` quï crotkrofs ve` e skr kveluemfs. Le kveluecoó` mk les cfdpktk`coes rkquokrk quk lfs kstumoe`tks cf`fzce` y cfdprk`mkrå` cuelks sf` lfs eprk`mozejks quk mkhk` mkserrfller. ^ere quï y códf sskrå` krå` kveluemfs. i) Kl mfck`tk df`otfrke, rkcfgk, rkgostre y velfre les kvomk`coes mk eprk`mozejk. Kl mfck`tk mkhk fhskrver pkrde`k`tkdk`tk kl mksk`vflvodok`tf y prfmuccoó` mkl kstumoe`tk prfdfvok`mf le rkilkxoó` pere omk`toiocer sus eve`cks y krrfrks y fpfrtu`omemks mk dkjfre. ^ågo`e 85; 85; mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR ^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL g) Kl mfck`tk rktrfelodk`te fpfrtu`edk`tk kl prfcksf mk k`skõe`ze uy eprk`mozejks. Le
rktrfelodk`tecoó` hro`meme pfr kl mfck`tk pukmk mersk mk ifrde o`movomuel f grupel, frel y kscrote y rktrfelodk`tecoó` `f mkhk kster rkstro`gome e dfdk`tfs kspkcäiocfs so`f quk mkhk mersk m ersk k` kl dfdk`tf fpfrtu`f. b) Kl mfck`tk etok`mk les `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Le mfck`tk moskõe f emepte ectovomemks f terkes mk eprk`mozejk moikrk`coemes y frge`oze kl ecfdpeõedok`tf pere etk`mkr le movkrsomem.
;.9.
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl usf mk lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs.
Frok`tecof`ks pere lfs Kspecofs Kmucetovfs: Lfs kspecofs kmucetovf kmucetovfss ifrtelkck` les o`tkreccof o`tkreccof`ks `ks mk llee cfdu`omem kmucetove (kstumoe`tks, mfck`tks, morkctovfs, ktc.). Emkdås mk gere`tozer le ifrdecoó` mkl kkstumoe`tk, stumoe`tk, kstes kstes sk mkhk` skr omk`toiocemes k` iu`coó` el rfl pkmegógocf pro`copel quk cudplk iukre y mk`trf mk le OK. Skgú` lfs lo`kedok`tfs quk kstehlkck le XGS 758 – 758 – 8>57 8>57 DO@KM[ kxostk` trks topfs mk kspecofs kmucetovfs:
• Sf` equkllfs quk kst kste` e` morkctedk`tk logemfs cf` kl prfcksf k`skõe`ze eprk`mozejk. Su iu`coó` ks ecfdpeõer kl prfcksf eprk`mozejk mkl kstumoe`t kstumoe`tk. k. KS^ECOFS MOMEC]OCFS
• Sf` kspecofs quk prfdukvkkl usfs cflkctovf (rkcrkecoó` , sk`soholzecoó` y ectovomeme iosoce)
• Sf` kspecofs quk morogk, fpkre y gkstof`e gkstof`e e OK, lf utoloze kl pkrsf`el pere cudplor sus lehfrks pkmegógoces y mk gkstoó`.
KS^ECOFS XKLECOF@ELKS
KS^ECOFS F^KXE]OYFS
5.- KS^ECOFS MOMEC]OCFS: Les prksk`tks prksk`tks frok`tecof`ks firkck` crotkrofs quk pkrdotorå` quk lfs edhok`tks iäsocfs iäsocfs ske` frge`ozemfs pkmegógocedk`tk pfr le cfdu`omem kmucetove mk dfmf quk sk cf`vokrte` k` bkrredok`tes quk cf`trohuye` e le dkjfre mk lfs eprk`mozejks: 5.5.- Kspecofs Momåctocfs mk Kmucecoó` O`ocoel: 5.5.5. Eule mk Kmucecoó` O`ocoel:
Sk mkserrflle` les ectovomemks mk jukgf lohrk k` skctfrks quk tok`k u`e murecoó` mk u`e bfre y
ifdk`te kl jukgf kspf`te`kf. Sk mkserrflle` les ectovomemks pkrde`k`tks pkrde`k`tks f mk ruto`e cf` u`e murecoó` mk 5; e => do`utfs y sorvk` pere prfdfvkr les cepecomemks mk frge`ozecoó` mk `oõfs y `oões. Sk mkserrflle` ectovomemks ectovomemks mk jukgf lohrk k` kl petof y tok`k` u`e murecoó` murecoó` mk 8> e 3> do`utfs cf` le
io`elomem mk quk lfs `oõfs y `oões jukguk` lohrkdk`tk k` u` kspecof ehokrtf.
^ågo`e 859 859 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Sk treheje` lfs prfykct prfykctfs fs mk eprk`mozejk eprk`mozejk k` le quk lfs `oõfs y `oões sf` ectfrk ectfrkss mk sus prfpofs
eprk`mozejks k` sotuecof`ks rkelks, prfdfvok`mf kl trehejf cffpkretovf, le pertocopecoó` mk le iedoloe y le cfdu`omem. Sk rkeloze` tellkrks quk pkrdotk` kl mkserrfllf mk telk`tfs y pftk`coelo pftk`coelomemks memks kxprksoves y ertästoces mk lfs `oõfs (tellkrks mk kxprksoó` cfrpfr cfrpfrel, el, lk`guejk mredåtocf, k`trk ftrfs) Kl eule mkhk eskgurer les cf`mocof`ks `kckseroes quk lk pkrdote el `oõf sk`torsk skgurf pere mkserrfller tfmes sus cepecomemks.
Kl eule mkhk` ks kster ter frge`oze frge`ozeme me k` kspeco kspecofs fs ecf`mocof`emfs, ks mkcor pfr zf`es quk e ssu u vkz kstes
odplkdk`te` lfs skctfrks skctfrks quk ksterå` mk ecukrmf e lfs o`tkrksks o`tkrksks,, cerectkrästoces cerectkrästoces,, kmemks u ftrfs. 5.5.8 Kspecof mk ^socfdftrocomem 5.5.8 ^socfdftrocomem
Kl kspecof mk psocfdftrocomem mkhk tk`kr mfs skctfrks f zf`es: [`e zf`e f skctfr k` le quk sk mk` mo`ådoces mk o`ocof y mk tïrdo`fs mk le sksoó` y le ftre mk`fdo`eme zf`e pro`copel k` le quk sk rkeloze le ectovomem dftroz pere lfgrer quk kl `oõf f `oõe mkserrfllk sus cepecomemks kxprksoves, cfdu`ocetoves y crketoves. Les ectovomemks quk sk mkserrflle` k` kstk kspecof sf`: ectovomem psocfdftroz, jukgf dftroz, jukgf sodhólocf y jukgfs mk mk cf`strucc cf`struccoó`. oó`.
5.5.3 Sele mk usfs dúltoplks
K` kstk kspecof sk rkeloze` mo`ådoces psocfdftroc psocfdftrocks ks y mk jukgf lohrk quk ifdk`te` kl mkserrfllf psocfdftfr y mk kxprksoó` cfrpfrel k` `oõfs y `oões. Sk rkeloze` ectovomemks ertästoces y culturelk culturelkss (po`ture, me`ze, tketrf, d dúsoce, úsoce, lkcture mk cuk`tfs, prfykccof`ks dultodkmoe y ftres), sk husce prfdfvkr kspecofs mk k`cuk`trf, cfdu`ocecoó` k o`tkreccoó` sfcoel k` le quk sk velfrk te`tf le kxprksoó` crketove mkl `oõf cfdf le kkxprksoó` xprksoó` culturel mk le lfcelomem.
Sk rkeloze` ectovomemks o`tkr`es y kxtkr`es mk o`tkreccoó` sfcoel cfdf cberles, tellkrks u ftrfs. Sk ifdk`te le o`tkgrecoó` sfcoel mk `oõfs cf` pkrsf`es ckrce`es y ejk`es e le OK.
5.5.= Skrvocofs Bogoï`ocfs
Kstk kspecof mkhk kster movomomf k` trks zf`es: zf`e mk cedhof mk rfpe y/f eskf cfrpfrel, zf`e mk eskf supkriocoel y/f levemf mk de`fs, y zf`e mk o`fmfrf. K` le zf`e mk cedhof mk rfpe y/f eskf cfrpfrel mkhk behkr u` dksó` f he`cf quk pkrdotk quk kl `oõf f `oõe pukme cedhoersk cf` f so` sfpfrtk mk u` emultf, kstes zf`es mkhk` kster moikrk`coemes pfr skxf mkl o`ie`tk. Le zf`e mk eskf supkriocoel y/f levemf mk de`fs cf`tkdple kl årke cfrrkspf`mok`tk e lfs lehfretfrofs k` le quk kl kstumoe`tk mk ifrde o`mkpk`mok`tk rkeloze u`e lodpokze supkriocoel (levemf mk de`fs f cere). Le zf`e mk o`fmfrfs ks u`e mk les zf`es dås ä`todes, tfmf mkhk kster ecf`mocof`emf el tedeõf mkl `oõf, kste årke mkhk skr moikrk`coeme pfr skxf.
5.8 Kspecofs Momåctocf mk Kmucecoó` ^roderoe ^roderoe 5.8.5 Eule mk Kmucecoó` ^roderoe
Sk mkserrflle` les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk u ftres ectovomemks quk kl mfck`tk cf`somkrk `kckserof pere kl lfgrf mk lfs eprk`moze eprk`mozejks. jks. Kl mfck`tk pukmk frge`ozer kl eule k` kquopfs mk trehejf pere prfdfvkr kl trehejf cffpkretovf, so` kdhergf elgu`es vkcks tedhoï` le mostrohuc mostrohucoó` oó` mkl eule rkspf`mkrå e u`e frge`ozecoó` pfr ioles iol es pere esä ifdk`ter kl trehejf eutó`fdf. Kl eule sk k`cuk`tre frge`ozemf pfr zf`es sf`: mf`mk sk mkserrflle` les sksof`ks mk eprk`mozejk, k` le quk sk k`cuk`tre` kl detkroel cf`crktf y eumofvosuel, le zf`e mk eskf, mk lodpokze, le mkl mfck`tk y le mk cfdu`ocecoó` y tkxtfs mk trehejf. K` kl eule tedhoï` sk mkserrflle` mredetozec mredetozecof`ks, of`ks, jfr`emes cf` pemrks mk iedoloe y sksof`ks cf` cf ` lfs ecfdpeõe`tks pkmegógocfs.
^ågo`e 857 857 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
5.8.8 ]ellkr crketovf
Kstå` frok`temfs frok`temfs e tkdes mk cok`coe y edhok`tk y ertk, so` kdhergf el o`tkrofr sk pukmk` mkserrfller sk sksof`ks sof`ks mk eprk`mozejk k` moikrk`tks årkes. K` kl tellkr crketovf ks u` kspecof quk rkcohk e kstumoe`tks mk lfs moikrk`tks gremfs, kstk kspecof mkhk kster kquopemf y movomomf k` zf`es pere: mfck`tk, ck`trel ilkxohlk, kste`t kste`tks, ks, mkpósotf, o`sudfs y ftrfs.
5.3 Kspecofs Momåctocf mk Kmucecoó` Skcu`meroe Skcu`meroe 5.3.5 Eule mk Kmucecoó` Skcu`meroe Skcu`meroe
Mkhk` skr kspecofs skgurfs quk iecolotk` y prfdukve` kl eprk`mozejk eutó`fdf y cflehfretovf. Kstk kspecof ks ilkxohlk quk pfsoholote kl eprk`mozejk cflehfretovf, mkhk kster frge`ozemf mk dfmf quk kl kspecof ck`trel kstk lohkremf pere rkelozer les moikrk`tks mo`ådoces mk sksoó` mk eprk`mozejk. K` kstk kspecof mkhk kxostor u` årke pere eldeck`er lfs detkroelks y kl mkserrfllf mk le sksoó` (trehejf k` kquopfs moikrk`coemfs, trehejf o`movomuel, lkctures, kxpfsocoó`, mkhetks k`trk ftrfs). Kl kspecof sk movomk pfr skctfrks y ceme u`f tok`k pfr io`elomem ifrder el kstumoe`tk.
5.3.8 ]ellkr mk ertk
Ks u` kspecof kspkcoeloz kspkcoelozemf emf k` le quk sk mks mkserrflle` errflle` ectovomemks rklecof`emes cf` les ertks vosuelks (ertks plåstoces, po`ture, kscroture, skrogreiäe, skrogreiäe, k`trk ftres) Sk rkeloze` sksof`ks frok`temes e les ertks, lukgf mk utolozerlf sk mkhk mkjer lodpof mk rksomufs tfmf kl kspecof. Kstå movomomf k` veroes zf`es cfdf le zf`e mkl mfck`tk mf`mk sk uhoce pere mer les cf`sog`es mk les moikrk`tks ectovomemks, le zf`e ck`trel ilkxohlk k` le quk sk treheje` prfykctfs mk ertk k` le quk lfs trehejfs pukmk` skr
o`movomuelks f cflkctovfs, zf`e mk detkroelks k` ylelodpokze quk eldeck`e` lfs detkroelks y utk`solofs y le zf`e mk eskf f lodpokze kxclusovf le pere kl levemf mk de`fs mk detkroelks. 5.3.3 ]ellkr mk Kmucecoó` pere kl ]rehejf
Sf` kspecofs k` le quk lfs kstumoe`tks pftk`coe` sus cfdpktk`coes pere le kdplkeholomem, equä sk prfdukvk kl mkserrfllf mk beholomemks tïc`oces (kdprk`modok (kdprk`modok`tf, `tf, lomkrezgf, crketovomem, o``fvecoó`, gkstoó` mk trehejf cffpkretovf,, ktc.). cffpkretovf Kl kspecof mkhk pkrdotor el kstumoe`tk e mksk`vflvkrsk lohrkdk`tk cf` tfmfs lfs rkcursfs, skgú` kl prfykctf quk sk mkserrfllk` y cuk`te cf` les soguok`tks zf`es:
Zf`e mk o`vkstogecoó`/ gkstoó`, pere kllf prodkrf sk mkhk omk`toiocer u` prfhlkde k` kl k`tfr`f sfcoel y kcf`ódocf, lukgf sk prfckse le o`ifrdecoó` rkcflkcteme, pere tremucorlf k` u` prfykctf mk kdprk`modok`tf.
Zf`e mk o``fvecoó`, k` kste zf`e lukgf mk o`vkstoger kkll kstumoe`tk prfpf`k sflucof`ks crketoves quk sk kjkcute` eploce`mf beholomemks tïc`ocf prfmuctoves Zf`e mkl mfck`tk, mksmk mksmk kste zf`e kl mfck`tk ecfdpeõe y morogk kl mkserrfllf mk le clesk. 5.3.= Lehfretfrof mk Cok`coe y ]kc`flfgäe
Equä kl kstumoe`tk kstumoe`tk llk llkve ve e le pråcto pråctoce ce lfs cf`f cf`fcodok`tf codok`tfss emquorom emquoromfs fs k` kl årke. årke. K` kstfs kspecofs sk mkserrflle` trks årkes: hoflfgäe (kjkrcocofs mk fhskrvecoó` mk e`odelks y ple`tes), quädoce (kxpkrodk`tfs mk dkmocoó` mk deg`otumks iäsoces) y iäsoce (sk treheje` cf` rkeccof`ks quädoces lfs quk `kcksote` kspecofs vk`tolemfs), pere kllf sk pukmk tk`kr u` lehfretfrof gk`krel f moikrk`coemf. Kl lehfretfrof mkhk tk`kr les soguok`tks zf`es: Mkhk tk`kr u`e zf`e k` le quk sk eldeck`k f mkpfsotk tfm tfmfs fs lfs detkroelks y rkcursfs quk de`opule` f lfs kstumoe`tks, kstumoe`tks, emocof`eldk`tk mkhk` ttk`kr k`kr kspecofs pere eldeck`er detkroelks rkectovfs quk `f mkhk kster el elce`ck mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
^ågo`e 852 852 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
Bey u`e zf`e mk o`megecoó` o`megecoó` cok`täioce quk ks kl år årke ke ck`trel mkl lehfretfrof, equä equä
rkeloze` prfckmodok`tfs mk o`megecoó` lfs kstumoe`tk, esä tedhoï` mkhk behkr u` kspecof pere quk kl mfck`tk rkelock su clesk mkdfstretove. f Mkhk behkr u`e zf`e pere kl moskõf y cf`struccoó` mk prftftopfs, equä sk k`cuk`tre` k`cuk`tre` lfs detkroelks y rkcursfs pere kl mkserrfllf mk kstes cfdpktk`coes. cfdpktk`coes.
f
8.- KS^ECOFS F^KXE]OYFS:
Lfs kspecofs emdo`ostretov emdo`ostretovfs fs sf` kspecofs fpkretovfs quk `f sflf kstå` pk`semfs k` skrvor sflf el kstumoe`tk, sk cf`cohk cfdf u`e kspkcok mk “du`mf mkl emultf— k` le quk lfs rkspf`sehlks mk le ifrdecoó` mk lfs kstumoe`tks mkhk` sk`torsk códfmfs y etk`momf pere mksk`vflvkrsk mk de`kre emkcueme. Kl kspecof mkl dómulf Emdo`ostretovf hro`me cf`ifrt y hok`kster e lfs morkctovfs cf` le io`elomem mk lfgrer u` huk`
iu`cof`edok`tf mk le OK, ykstfs kspecofs morkctovf pere gkstof`er ple`oiocer le OK.sorvk` pere rkcohor e lfs vosote`tks, pere rkelozer rku`of`ks cf` kl órge`f Kl dómulf pere mfck`tks ks u` kspecof quk hro`me cf`mocof`ks iäsoces y edhok`telks quk pftk`cok` y dftovk` le lehfr mkl mfck`tks , kstk kspecof sk utoloze pere kveluer y cfrrkgor trehejfs, ple`oiocer sksof`ks mk clesk, prkpere detkroelks, kl trehejf cflkgoemf k`trk ftrfs Kl dómulf mk ecfdpeõedok`tf y cf`skjkräe ks u` kspecof mk o`tkrrklecoó` k`trk kstumoe`tks y mfck`tks, k` kstk kspecof sk hro`me sfpfrtk sfcofkdfcof`el e lfs morkctovfs, cffrmo`emfrks mfck`tks y kstumoe`tks, esä tedhoï` sk use cfdf u` kspecof mk cffrmo`ecoó` cf` lfs mfck`tks tutfrks pere frok`ter eccof`ks mk sotuecof`ks mk roksgf quk pukme` eikcter el kstumoe`tk.
3.- KS^ECOFS XKLECOF@ELKS: Lfs jermo`ks jermo`ks sf` kspecofs `eturelks quk cf`trohuyk` el mkserrfllf mk cfdpktk`coes cfdpktk`coes y cepecomemks pere pere kl
ifrtelkcodok`tf mk le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel, kstfs kspecofs prfdukvk` le o`megecoó` cok`täioce, kl cf`sudf rkspf`sehlk, kl usf emkcuemf mk lfs rkcursfs bämrocfs y kl suklf y lfs eprk`mozejks cffpkretovfs. K` kstfs kspecofs sk rkeloze` ectovomemks rkcrketoves, rkcrketoves, sfcoelks y iäsoces te`tf te`tf morogomes cfdf kspf`tå`kes. Lfs petofs f corculecof`ks mkhkrå cudplor cf` lfs rkqukrodok`tfs mk skguromem y cf`ter cf` klkdk`tfs quk klodo`k` cuelquokr roksgf mk eccomk`tk y sk pukmk` rkelozer ectovomemks mk corculecoó`, rkcrketoves, sfcoelks y iäsoces. Kl kspecof mk o`grksf y pkrädktrf hro`me skguromem k` kl kxtkrofr mk le OK , quk elhkrguk` cf`trflks emkcuemfs pere le k`treme y le selome, selo me, kste sk movomk k` zf`es mk: k`cuk`trf, ioltrf, pkrädktrf, kstecof`edok`tf Cfdkmfr.
=.- KS^ECOF MK SF^FX]K SF^FX]K Kl quofscf/ ceiktkräe mkhk mkhk kxpk`mkr elodk`tfs quk cf`trohuye` el mkserrfllf mk båhotfs mk vvome ome selumehlk k`
lfs kstumoe`tks, lfs prfmuctfs firkcomfs sf` prkikrk`tkdk`tk irkscfs, `utrotovfs y `eturelks. Kl tópocf mkhk skr u` årke mk iåcol eccksf pere tfme tfme le cfdu`omem kmucetove y mkhk kster mksto`emf e le
prkvk`coó` y cuomemf mk le selum, le etk`coó` ks pere tfmf equkl quk lf `kcksotk.
K` kstk kspecof sk elhkrge` lfs detkroelks mk lodpokze y sorvk cfdf årke mk rkperecof`ks mkl kquopedok`tf mk
le OOKK. Lfs skrvocofs bogoï`ocfs sf` kspecofs kspecofs quk mkhk` pkrdotor quk lfs kstumoe`tks y mfck`tks mkserrfllk` mkserrfllk` kl levemf mk de`fs, usf cfrrkctf mk uro`erofs k o`fmfrfs y eskf pkrsf`el, emkdås kstå` mkhk` kster skperemfs pfr skxf. Kstk kspecof mk Sfpfrtk mk Xkcursfs ]kc`flógocf kstå mksto`emf e eldeck`er y rkcerger tfmfs lfs rkcursfs ]OC quk pfskk le OK, kl kl pkrsf`el mk kste årke mkhk mkhk merlk de`tk`odok`tf y rkperecoó` e tfmfs lfs kquopfs. Kl kspecof mk guermoe`äe ks sudedk`tk odpfrte`tk ye quk rkspf`mk e le `kcksomem mk ple`tker pu`tfs mk cf`trfl pere kl kl o`grksf y selome cf` le io`elomem mk rksguermer le skguromem mk le cfdu`omem kmucetove y lfs rkcursfs kmucetovfs. Mkhk behkr u` kspecof pere eldeck`er kl odplkdk`tf odplkdk`tf mkpfrtovfs quk sk utolozerå` mure`tk les clesks mk Kmucecoó` Iäsoce cf` le io`elomem mk de`tk`kr kl frmk` mk le OK y prflf`ger le vome útol mk lfs detkroelks. ^ågo`e 85? 85? mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR ^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL K` le OK “…— lfs kspecofs mk eprk`mozejk tre`scok`mk tre`scok`mk lfs durfs mkl eule y mk le dosde OK, lf quk odploce quk kl mkserrfllf mk eprk`mozejks eprk`mozejks sk mksplokge iukre iukre mkl eule, k` k` ksk sk`tomf sk`tomf le cfdu`omem hro`me u` sfpfrtk iäsocf pere kl prfgrksf mk cfdpktk`coes . Lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs utolozemfs, mkhk` pkrdotor el kstumoe`tk y el mfck`tk vovor kxpkrok`coes quk ifrtelkzce` sus eprk`mozejks, emkdås mk kstoduler le curofsomem y le kxplfrecoó` k` kl kl kstumoe`tk. Le cfdu`omem kmucetove kmucetove mkhk gere`tozer gere`tozer le behotelomem mkl mkl lfcel kmucetovf, ks ks mkcor mkcor cf`skrver lodpof lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs y de`tk`kr k` cfrrkctf kstemf lfs detkroelks, kquopfs k o`irekstructure k` gk`krel, kstf cfdf u`e rkspf`seholomem cf`ju`te k`trk quok`ks lf emdo`ostrk` y quok`ks lf usk`.
Lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs mk le OK “…— mkhk` rkspkter les moikrk`coes culturelks y sfcoelks, k`tk`mk`mf le
movkrsomem mk `ukstre cfdu`omem cfdf u`e fpfrtu`omem mk eprk`mozejk. Cfdf pertk pertk mk u` kspecof kspecof kmucetovf sfstk`ohlk tfme le cfdu`omem kmucetove mkhk mkhk cf`trohuor prfgrksovedk`tk e u` k`tfr`f selumehlk y skgurf el o`tkrofr y kxtkrofr mk le OK, pere kllf ks `kckserof
cf`somkrer eccof`ks cf`crktes quk prftkje` el kstumoe`tk mk odpectfs k` kl cedhof clodåtocf. Esä tedhoï` ifdk`ter le gk`krecoó` mk mk årkes vkrmks. Le OK mkhk gk`krer kcfsostkdes y årkes vkrmks cfdf kspecofs kmucetovfs kmucetovfs ye quk kstk ks ks pfsotovf pere lfs kstumoe`tks. Kl cf`tectf cf` le `eturelkze ks iu`medk`tel pere kl kstumoe`tk pfrquk cf`trohuyk sog`oiocetovedk`tk el mkserrfllf cfg`otovf, iäsocf, sfcoel y kdfcof`el kdfcof`el mkserrflle`mf esä cfdpktk`coes k` kl kl ifrtelkcodok`tf mk le cf`cok`coe edhok`tel, emkdås prfdukvk le o`megecoó` cok`täioce, eprk`mozejk cffpkretovf y cf`sudf emkcuemf mk lfs rkcursfs bämrocfs y suklf. Le eprfpoecoó` mkl sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe pkrtk`k`coe cf` lfs kspecofs kmucetovfs, sog`oioce quk le OK mkhk gk`kre gk`krerr u` vä`culf eikctovf cf` lfs lugerks y kspecofs, esä lfs kstumoe`tks ifrtelkck` su omk`tomem cfdf sujktf y cfdf pertk mk u` cflkctovf k` le OK.
;.7.
Frok`tecof`ks pere le odplkdk`tecoó` mk le Kmucecoó` Edhok`tel y
Gkstoó` mk Xoksgfs.
Les frok`tecof`ks håsoces pere odplkdk`ter odplkdk`ter u`e kmucecoó` edhok`tel y gkstoó` mk roksgfs sf`: Eplocer kl k`ifquk edhok`tel k` le kmucecoó` håsoce e trevïs mk le gkstoó` o`stotucof`el y pkmegógoce, le
kmucecoó` k` kcf kiocok`coe, k` gkstoó` mkl roksgf y ftrfs quk cf`trohuyk` e u`e kmucecoó` mk celomem y u`e culture mk prkvk`coó` y rkspf`seholomem edhok`tel. ^rfdfvkr le tre`svkrselomem mk le kmucecoó` edhok`tel, ertoculeme cf` lfs prfykctfs kmucetovfs y mk mkserrfllf lfcel, rkgof`el y `ecof`el. Eioe`zer le tre`skctfroelomem mk le kmucecoó` edhok`tel k` les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves. O`cfrpfrer kl k`ifquk edhok`tel k` tfmfs lfs o`strudk`tfs mk gkstoó` kmucetove cfdf kl prfykctf kmucetovf o`stotucof`el (^KO), kl prfykctf curroculer o`stotucof`el (^CO) y kl ple` e`uel mk trehejf (^E]). Odplkdk`ter prfykctfs kmucetovfs edhok`telks o`tkgremfs, eprfvkcbe`mf lfs eve`cks cok`täiocfs y tkc`flógocfs y ifdk`te`mf kl kdprk`modok`tf, le crätoce, le o`vk`tove k o``fvecoó`. Cf`stotuor cfdotïs edhok`telks cfdf ifrde håsoce mk frge`ozecoó` mk les o`stotucof`ks pere lfs io`ks mk le kmucecoó` edhok`tel. Ertoculer les eccof`ks mk kmucecoó` edhok`tel mk les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves, kl bfger y le cfdu`omem lfcel. Ifrtelkckr les cfdpktk`coes k` kmucecoó` y cfdu`ocecoó` edhok`tel mk mfck`tks y prfdftfrks cf` prfgredes y prfykctfs púhlocfs y provemfs.
;.2.
Frok`tecof`ks pere prfdfvkr prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` pkmegógoce.
Les huk`es pråctoces pkmegógoces sf` u` cf`ju`tf mk eccof`ks pkmegógoces quk sk rkeloze` k` les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves e trevïs mk les cuålks sk mkdukstre` les cfdpktk`coes mk lfs mfck`tks mk ecukrmf e lfs dercfs quk mkscrohk` kl mkskdpkõf prfiksof`el kspkremf. Les huk`es pråctoces mfck`tks pertk` mk le omk`toiocecoó` mk les `kcksomemks y fpfrtu`omemks mk eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks, rkilkxof`e` elrkmkmfr mk kllf y prfpf`k` eltkr`etoves mk dkjfre quk rkspf`me` e les `kcksomemks u fpfrtu`omemks profrozemes. ^ågo`e 88> 88> mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR ^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL Les huk`es pråctoces mk morkctovfs y mfck`tks sf` dktfmflfgäes, kstretkgoes y ectovomemks pkmegógoces pkrto`k`tks y kikctoves1 cuyf pu`tf mk pertome ks le omk`toiocecoó` mk u`e `kcksomem quk eikcte kl eprk`mozejk mkl kstumoe`tk. Kllf cf` kl io` mk rkvkrtor les sotuecof`ks prfhlkdåtoces dkmoe`tk le o`cfrpfrecoó` mk `ukvfs rkcursfs y/f bkrredok`tes pkmegógoces quk cedhok` le ectovomem ruto`eroe y/f cftomoe`e mk le k`skõe`ze, esä cfdf mk prfdfvkr le rkilkxoó` sfhrk le pråctoce mfck`tk mk`trf mkl eule f mk le O`stotucoó` Kmucetove. Les huk`es pråctoces rkilkje` o`ocoetove, crketovomem, cfdprfdosf, rkilkxoó` y trehejf cflehfretovf mk lfs mfck`tks y morkctovfs prkfcupemfs pfr lfgrer prfgrksfs k` lfs eprk`mozejks mk sus kstumoe`tks.
K` kl cf`tkxtf ectuel mk le l e Cerrkre ^úhloce Degostkroel, prfdfvkr les huk`es pråctoces mfck`tks y morkctoves cf`stotuyk u` dkmof pere prfiksof`elozer le cerrkre mfck`tk y klkver sus kstå`merks. Les huk`es pråctoces mfck`tks ks pertk mkl Dercf mk Huk` Mkskdpkõf Mfck`tk y Morkctovf, velk mkcor, le o`stotucoó` kstå fhlogemf e prfdfvkr le odplkdk`tecoó` mk prfykctfs mk huk`es pråctoces pkmegógoces y mk gkstoó`. ^fr lf dosdf sk kstehlkck les soguok`tks frok`tecof`ks: ^le`oiocer, kjkcuter y kveluer prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` quk o`cfrpfrk` dktfmflfgäes, dktfmflfgäes , kstretkgoes pkmegógoces cf`
odpectf k` lfs eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks. ^rfdfvkr quk le o``fvecoó` Kmucetove mkhk epfrter e le dkjfre mk le k`skõe`ze y e le l e tre`sifrdecoó` mk le culture kscfler. Su sfstk`oholomem k o`stotucof`elozecoó` rkquokrk mk le kveluecoó` pere le dkjfre cf`to`ue, le sostkdetozecoó` mk kxpkrok`coe, le gkstoó` mkl cf`fcodok`tf y le pertocopecoó` mk lfs dokdhrfs mk le cfdu`omem kmucetove. ^rfdfvkr quk lfs prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove mk le OK mkhk` skr frogo`elks quk huscer beckr dås kikctovf lfs prfcksfs pkmegógocfs cf` kl io` mk dkjfrer lfs eprk`mozejks mk lfs kstumoe`tks. Kl Morkctfr mk le l e OK lfs eprukhe cf` u`e Xksflucoó` Morkctfrel. ^rfdfvkr quk lfs prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` mkhk` o`vfcer e lfs kstumoe`tks k` kl mkserrfllf mk m k sus cfdpktk`coes.
_ sk sugokrk kl mkserrfllf mk lfs soguok`tks so guok`tks prfykctfs pfr cetkgfräes.
^rfdfvkr quk kl prfykctf mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove quk prfdukve` le eutfgkstoó` mk lfs eprk`mozejks y le
eutf`fdäe mk lfs kstumoe`tks cf`somkrk` les soguok`tks cetkgfräes mk prfykctfs mk o``fvecoó`, les cuålks sk kjkdploioce` cf` elgu`es omkes mk prfykctfs: CE]KGFXÄES
^XF_KC]FS
FHJK]OYFS
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` quk prfdukvk` le culture mogotel f sflucof`ks tkc`flógoces pere rksflvkr prfhlkde mkl k`tfr`f.
_f sfy yfuthkr e`mo`e. _f sfy kl cbflotf yfutuhkr. Kl hlfggkr mk `ukstres tremocof`ks y cfstudhrks. Kl seltf mk `ukstre cfdu`omem e lfs grupfs mk Ieckhffa.—Uure qocbe toqso duyu`todpeq—. duyu`todpeq—.
O`cfrpfrer y mkserrfller le culture mogotel k` kl mkserrfllf mk les cfdpktk`coes mkl C@KH sfhrk le hesk mk le culture lfcel.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` quk prfdukve` le cf`vovk`coe f pertocopecoó` mkdfcråtoce mk lfs kstumoe`tks k` le kscukle pere su kjkrcocof coumeme`f.
Ce`el mk _futuhk “Uure qocbeq aewsey`o`—, “Cbureaeq _ecbey`o`au`e— _ecbey`o`au`e— Aewserocbosu` õewpe Xkcupkrer lfs rflks y iu`cof`ks mk le aedecboqau`ete lleqte`cboapo. eutfromemks tremocof`elks k` kl trehejf kscfler. Wereyuq (kquovelk`tk e Elcelmk Kscfler, Uulle`e (Lämkr mk eule)
^ågo`e 885 885 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR CE]KGFXÄES ^rfykctf mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove quk prfdukve` le eutfgkstoó` mk lfs eprk`mozejks y le eutf`fdäe mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XF_KC]FS
FHJK]OYFS
“Kscrohok`mf pere le ktkr`omem— (Kscrohor) Les vfcks mkl pukhlf.(Ce`tf) Lfs cflfrks mk do pukhlf.(^o`ture) Kl pleckr mk dos fjfs.(Lkcture) Dos de`fs sehoes (Ertkse`äe) Uucbuy Abopuaedeyuq (De`kjf mk
^rfdfvkr le eutf`fdäe y le cfgkstoó` mkl eprk`mozejk cf` le iedoloe y le kscukle k` kl mkserrfllf mk les cfdpktk`coes mk de`kre sfstk`ohlk.
_upe`e O`ae y Abopu k` le rksflucoó` mk prfhlkdes detkdåtocfs) Lfs _erevos (Ce`tf) Les vfcks mkl elde (^fktes) Lleqteype ausoauy`oy (Me`zeq) Ktc. ^rfykctfs quk prfdukvk` le cfdprk`soó` mk les cok`coes sfcoelks pere kjkrckr u`e coumeme`äe o`ifrdeme.
Xode`eausu` ello` aewse`epeq. Ceholmf kscfler. Llkve`mf e lfs dekstrfs `ukstres vfcks.
^rfdfvkr les pertocope`tks mk lfs kstumoe`tks cfdf sujktfs mk mkrkcbf k` le profrozecoó` mk sus `kcksomemks mk eprk`mozejk.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove Cuk`te cf`dogf. quk prfdukvk` le o`clusoó` y le _e`epe`eausu`cboa. etk`coó` e le movkrsomem. ]fmfs sfdfs oguelks!
^rfdfvkr u`e kmucecoó` o`clusove y mk etk`coó` e le movkrsomem so` moscrodo`ecoó` mk `o`gú` topf.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove quk prfdukvk` k` ertk y le culture.
^rfdfvkr kl mkserrfllf mkl ertk y le culture cf` pertocopecoó` mk le cfdu`omem y le kscukle.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove quk prfdukvk` kl mkpfrtk.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` kmucetove quk prfdukvk kl hok`kster mk lfs kstumoe`tks.
Crke`mf durelks cf` ocf`fgreiäe lfcel. Kl lohrf mk le cfdu`omem. Le cese mk le culture. Kl duskf cfdu`el. Les termks culturelks. Ksck`oiocecoó` mkl frogo`k` mkl pukhlf. Le detecbfle. Le cerrkre mk erfs. Kl sepf. Le deretó` iedoloer. Le deretó` o`tkrcfdu`el. ^råctoce mk jukgfs tremocof`elks. Cbesao pfr le selum. Le cedo`ete pfr kl huk` o`ocof y cokrrk mkl eõf kscfler. Le detecbfle. Etlktosdf @etecoó` Aeretk. Hfx. Le quqewe kscfler. Co`k kscfler. Le bfre mk le god`esoe y ekróhocf kscfler.
^rfykctfs quk prfdukvk` kl trehejf cf` le iedoloe y ftrfs ectfrks mk le
Kl ehuklf cuk`tkrf. Lfs sehofs `fs vosote`.
cfdu`omem.
Ju`tfs pfr u`e dkjfr kmucecoó`.
^rfdfvkr le pråctoce mk mkpfrtks k` lfs kstumoe`tks y lfs pemrkes mk iedoloe pere cf`skrver le huk`e selum. “K` cukrpf se`f, dk`tk se`f. se`f.
^rfdfvkr kl hok`kster kscfler e trevïs mk le odplkdk`tecoó` mk le elodk`tecoó` se`e y rkmuccoó` mkl kstrïs kscfler cf` le bfre mk le god`esoe y ekróhocf kscfler. ^rfdfvkr kl trehejf cf` le iedoloe y ftrfs ectfrks kmucetovfs quk ^ågo`e 888 888 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR CE]KGFXÄES
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^XF_KC]FS
[`e trolfgäe pfr dkjfrks eprk`mozejks. ^rfykctfs quk prfdukve` kl trehejf [`omem pfr lfs eprk`mozejks. cflkgoemf sostkdåtocf mk lfs @emok sk qukme etrås. mfck`tks. ]fmfs, e u`e sfle vfz. [` trehejf so` jkiks `o sokrvfs. @oõfs iklocks y dekstrfs setosikcbfs.
FHJK]OYFS pkrdote` kl eprk`mozejk sólomf y mk elte celomem mk lfs kstumoe`tks. ^rfdfvkr kl trehejf cflkgoemf mk mfck`tks k` kl trehejf pkmegógocf.
^rfykctfs mk o``fvecoó` quk prfdukvk` kl usf mk lfs kspecofs crketovfs y pkrto`k`tks.
;.?.
Juge`mf cf` lfs rfhft. Gk`kre`mf Kspecofs mk vome. Do kscukle u` Kmï`. Dos jukgfs tre`quolfs. Le sele e`to kstrïs. Jukgfs dkcå`ocfs.
^rfdfvkr kl usf mk lfs kspecofs crketovfs y pkrto`k`tks pere gk`krer eprk`mozejks muremkrfs y pleck`tkrfs.
Frok`tecof`ks pere kl kl mkserrfllf mk le tutfräe y cf`vovk`coe cf`vovk`coe kscfler.
K` cue`tf el mkserrfllf mk le tutfräe, sk rkcfdok`me odplkdk`ter pfr Xksflucoó` Morkctfrel O`stotucof`el O` stotucof`el les soguok`tks iu`cof`ks mkl Cfdotï mk ]utfräe y Frok`tecoó` Kmucetove – Kmucetove – ]FK: ]FK: Klehfrer, kjkcuter y kveluer kl ^le` mk ]utfräe, Frok`tecoó` Kmucetove y Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler k` iu`coó`
mkl moeg`óstocf mk les `kcksomemks k o`tkrksks mk lfs kstumoe`tks, mk ecukrmf cf` les pertoculeromemks mk les dfmelomemks, `ovklks kmucetovfs y coc coclfs lfs mk lfs skrvocofs kmucetovfs, tk`ok`mf k` cuk`te lfs ^rfykctfs Kmucetovf Lfcel y Xkgof`el, so lfs buhokre. ^ertocoper k` le klehfrecoó`, ectuelozecoó`, odplkdk`tecoó` kveluecoó` mk lfs o`strudk`tfs mk gkstoó` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove, gere`toze`mf le odplkdk`tecoó` mk le ]utfräe y Frok`tecoó` Kmucetove, y Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler. Eskgurer kl mkserrfllf mk le tutfräe o`movomuel y grupel, k` kspecofs skgurfs y skgú` les `kcksomemks mk frok`tecoó`. Mkserrfller ectovomemks mk frok`tecoó` e les iedoloes e `ovkl mk o`stotucoó` kmucetove y mk eule. Cfemyuver k` kl mkserrfllf mk eccof`ks mk prkvk`coó` y etk`coó` fpfrtu`e mk lfs cesfs mk voflk`coe kscfler y ftres sotuecof`ks mk vul`krecoó` mk mkrkcbfs, cf`somkre`mf les frok`tecof`ks y prftfcflfs mk etk`coó` y skguodok`tf prfpukstfs pfr kl skctfr. Cffrmo`er cf` kl Cf`skjf Kmucetovf O`stotucof`el (CF@KO) (CF@KO),, le [GKL u ftres o`stotucof`ks, kl mkserrfllf mk ectovomemks ifrdetoves, prkvk`toves y prfdfcof`elks rklecof`emes cf` le ]utfräe y Frok`tecoó` Kmucetove, y Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler.
^rfdfv ^rfdfvkr kr mure`tk kl eõf kscfler les rku`of`ks mk trehejf cflkgoemf y Grupfs mk l`tkr eprk`mozejk
mk ]FK pere ple`oiocer y kveluer les eccof`ks cf` lfs tutfrks k` detkroe mk ]utfräe y Frok`tecoó` Kmucetove, y Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler. Xku`orsk pfr lf dk`fs u`e vkz el hodkstrk cf` les tutfres f lfs tutfrks pere kveluer y ple`oiocer les eccof`ks mk le ]FK y lfs ple`ks tutfroe tutfroelks lks mk eule, eu le, cf` pertocope pertocopecoó` coó` mk lfs mfck`tks y euxoloerks mk kmucecoó`. Moiu`mor y prfdfvkr kl usf mk lfs detkroelks kmucetovfs rklecof`e rklecof`emfs mfs e le ]FK, le Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler y tkdes eio`ks. ^rfdfvkr, cf`vfcer y ertoculer eccof`ks cf` o`stotucof`ks púhloces y provemes cf` kl io` mk cf`sflomer u`e rkm mk eepfyf pfyf e le ]utfräe y Frok`teco Frok`tecoó` ó` Kmucetove, y e le prfdfcoó` mk le Cf`vovk`coe Kscfler, eccof`ks mk prkvk`coó` y etk`coó` mk le voflk`coe. Klehfrer, ectuelozer y kveluer les `frdes mk cf`vovk`coe, eskgure`mf su o`cfrpfrecoó` k` kl Xkgledk`tf O`tkr`f y su moiusoó` e tfmfs lfs o`tkgre`tks mk le cfdu`omem kmucetove. ^ågo`e 883 883 mk mk 8=7 8=7
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL OK @º RRRRRR Eskgurer le eioloecoó` mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove el SoskYk, le ectuelozecoó` pkroómoce mk lfs metfs mkl
rkspf`sehlk y kl rkgostrf mk lfs cesfs mk voflk`coe kscfler. Gere`tozer kl kjkrcocof mk le moscoplo`e mo scoplo`e heseme k` u` k`ifquk mk mkrkcbfs, so` `o`gú` topf mk cestogf iäsocf `o budolle`tk". bu dolle`tk".
Les frok`tecof`ks håsoces k` rklecoó` e le cf`vovk`coe kscfler, ks tfder k` cuk`tes les soguok`tks eckpcof`ks, quk tok`k` rkspelmf jurämocf, emkdås mk kster eprfhemf pfr kl MS.>=-8>52-KM. MS.>= -8>52-KM.
• Ecfsf kscfler f ecfsf k`trk kstumoe`tks (hullyo`g). Mk (hullyo`g). Mk cf`ifrdomem cf` lf skõelemf k` kl ertäculf 3 mkl Xkgledk`tf mk le Lky quk prfdukvk le cf`vovk`coe so` voflk`coe k` les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves, eprfhemf pfr Mkcrktf Suprkdf @¾ >5>-8>58-KM, ks u` topf mk voflk`coe quk sk cerectkroze cerectkroze pfr cf`muctes o`tk`cof`elks mk bfstogedok`tf, ielte mk rkspktf y deltretf vkrhel f iäsocf quk rkcohk u` kstumoe`tk k` ifrde rkotkreme pfr pertk mk u`f f verofs kstumoe`tks, cf` kl fhjktf mk o`todomerlf f kxcluorlf, etk`te`mf esä cf`tre su mog`omem y mkrkcbf e gfzer mk u` k`tfr`f kscfler lohrk mk voflk`coe. • Cestogf iäsocf. Mk iäsocf. Mk cf`ifrdomem cf` lf skõelemf k` kl ertäculf 8 mk le Lky @¾ 3>=>3, Lky quk prfbähk kl usf mkl cestogf iäsocf y budolle`tk cf`tre lfs `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks, ks kl usf mk le iukrze, k` kjkrcocof mk les pftkstemks mk croe`ze f kmucecoó`, cf` le o`tk`coó` mk ceuser elgú` gremf mk mflfr f o`cfdfmomem cfrpfrel, cf` kl io` mk cfrrkgor, cf`trfler f cedhoer kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk lfs `oõfs, `oões f emflksck`tks, sokdprk quk `f cf`stotuye u` bkcbf pu`ohlk. • Cestogf budolle`tk. Mk budolle`tk. Mk cf`ifrdomem cf` lf skõelemf k` kl ertäculf 8 mk le Lky quk prfbähk kl usf mkl cestogf iäsocf y budolle`tk cf`tre lfs `oõfs, `oões y emflksck`tks, ks cuelquokr tretf fik`sovf, mk`ogre`tk, mksvelfrozemfr, kstogdetoze`tk kstogdetoze`tk f romoculozemfr, k` kjkrcocof mk les pftkstemks mk croe`ze f kmucecoó`, cf` kl io` mk cfrrkgor, cf`trfler f cedhoer kl cfdpfrtedok`tf mk lfs `oõfs, `oões f emflksck`tks, sokdprk quk `f cf`stotuye u` bkcbf pu`ohlk. • Coumeme`äe. Cf`mocoó` Coumeme`äe. Cf`mocoó` mk le pkrsf`e quk sk cf`struyk mk de`kre pkrde`k`tk, k` u` prfcksf k` kl quk sk ve cf`stotuyk`mf cfdf sujktf mk mkrkcbfs y rkspf`seholomemks, y ve mkserrflle`mf sk`tomf mk pkrtk`k`coe e u`e cfdu`omem pflätoce (mksmk lf lfcel e lf `ecof`el y lf glfhel). Kl coumeme`f y le coumeme`e sk cfdprfdktk`, mksmk u`e rkilkxoó` eutó`fde y crätoce, cf` le cf`struccoó` mk u`e sfcokmem dås juste, mk rkspktf y velfrecoó` mk le movkrsomem sfcoel y culturel. Sf` cepecks, esodosdf, mk kstehlkckr u` moålfgf o`tkrculturel mksmk kl rkcf`fcodok`tf mk les moikrk`coes y mkl cf`iloctf cfdf elgf o`bkrk`tk e les rklecof`ks bude`es. • Cfdosoó` pkrde`k`tk mk prfcksfs Emdo`ostretovfs Emdo`ostretov fs moscoplo`erofs pere mfck`tks (cppEmm). (cppEmm). Ks Ks le cfdosoó` k`cergeme mk celoiocer k o`vkstoger les mk`u`coes quk lk ske` rkdotomes. Sk k`cerge mk o`vkstoger les mk`u`coes cf`tre lfs mfck`tks quk sk k`cuk`trk` hejf kl rïgodk` mk le Lky @¾ 8??==, Lky mk Xkifrde Degostkroel. • Moscrodo`ecoó`. Moscrodo`ecoó`. ]retf ]retf mksoguel, mosto`coó`, kxclusoó`, rkstroccoó` f mksceloiocecoó` mk u`e pkrsf`e f grupf mk pkrsf`es pfr sus cerectkrästoces o``etes f pfr su pfsocoó` esudome vflu`teroedk`tk vflu`teroedk`tk k` le sfcokmem cfdf de`oikstecoó` mk su mkrkcbf el lohrk mkserrfllf mk su pkrsf`elomem. Lfs ectfs moscrodo`et moscrodo`etfrofs frofs prfvok`k` mk prkjuocofs `kgetovfs quk vul`kre` le mog`omem mkl skr bude`f beste kl pu`tf mk `kger e cokrtfs o`movomufs f cflkctovfs su cf`mocoó` mk pkrsf`es, y lodoter kl kjkrcocof mk sus mkrkcbfs. Le moscrodo`ecoó` k` tfmes sus ifrdes kstå prfbohome, mk cf`ifrdomem e lf skõelemf k` kl o`cosf 8 mkl ertäculf 8 mk le Cf`stotucoó` ^flätoce mkl ^krú (ertäculf 8, o`cosf 8) y topoioceme cfdf mklotf k` kl ertäculf 383 mkl Cómogf ^k`el pkrue`f. ^ågo`e 88= 88= mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
• Justocoe k` kl ådhotf cfdu`el. cfdu`el. Sk rkiokrk e les ifrdes mk emdo`ostrecoó` mk justocoe kjkrcome k` cfdu`omemks cedpkso`es y `etoves, k` kl dercf mkl mkrkcbf cf`suktumo`erof f mk “usfs y cfstudhrks—. cfstudhrks—. ]edhoï` sk lk cf`fck cfdf “justocoe cfdu`oteroe— f f “justocoe cf`suktumo`eroe—. E le o`cfrpfrecoó` mk kstk kstk sostkde y su rklecoó` cf` kl sostkde frmo`erof f kstetel, sk lk cf`fck cfdf “plurelosdf jurämocf—, kl cuel kstehlkck quk mkhk behkr u`e cffrmo`ecoó` k`trk edhfs sostkdes. Kstå rkcf`fcomf pfr le Cf`stotucoó` ^flätoce mkl ^krú, k` kl Ertäculf 5=?, cf` le cf`mocoó` quk `f etk`tk cf`tre lfs mkrkcbfs iu`medk`telks mk les pkrsf`es.
• Dkmomes cfrrkctoves. cfrrkctoves. Mk cf`ifrdomem cf` lf skõelemf k` kl ertäculf 3 mkl Xkgledk`tf mk le Lky quk prfdukvk le cf`vovk`coe so` voflk`coe k` les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves, eprfhemf pfr Mkcrktf Suprkdf @¾ >5>-8>58-KM, ks tfme eccoó` quk tok`k pfr fhjktf frok`ter le ifrdecoó` y kl cedhof mk cfdpfrtedok`tfs o`emkcuemfs k` lfs kstumoe`tks, mk ecukrmf e su kmem y `ovkl mk mkserrfllf, rkspkte`mf su mog`omem y so` vul`krer sus mkrkcbfs. Sk eploce` e trevïs mk kstretkgoes quk dftovk` e les pkrsf`es o`vflucremes e rkspf`seholozersk mk les cf`skcuk`coes mk sus eccof`ks, cfdprk`mkr les ceuses mk su cfdpfrtedok`tf, cedhoerlf, rkperer kl meõf ceusemf y e rkstehlkckr les rklecof`ks eikctemes. Kstes kstretkgoes odploce` moålfgf, dkmoecoó`, `kgfcoecoó`, cf`skjkräe, rkperecoó`, eutfrrkguleco eutfrrkgulecoó`, ó`, k`trk ftres. • ^rfgrede `ecof`el cf`tre le Yoflk`coe Iedoloer y skxuel. Ks skxuel. Ks u`e [`omem Kjkcutfre mkl Do`ostkrof mk le Dujkr y ^fhlecof`ks Yul`krehlks (DOD^) y sk k`cerge mk moskõer y kjkcuter eccof`ks y pflätoces mk prkvk`coó`, etk`coó` y epfyf e les pkrsf`es o`vflucremes k` bkcbfs mk voflk`coe cf`tre les dujkrks y lfs o`tkgre`tks mkl grupf iedoloer e `ovkl `ecof`el, e trevïs mk lfs Ck`trf Kdkrgk`coe Dujkr, le LO@KE 5>>, kl Skrvocof mk Etk`coó` [rgk`tk, kl Cbet 5>> y ftrfs. Kl ^@CYIS cf`trohuyk e le rkmuccoó` mk le voflk`coe becoe les dujkrks y lfs o`tkgre`tks mkl grupf iedoloer e trevïs mk eccof`ks k`ifcemes e rkmucor le tflkre`coe sfcoel, dkmoe`tk kl cedhof mk lfs petrf`ks sfcofculturelks quk lkgotode`, rkprfmuck` y pkrpktúe` les rklecof`ks mksoguelks mk pfmkr k`trk bfdhrks y dujkrks, les cuelks kxeckrhe` f sorvk` mk justoiocecoó` e le voflk`coe, te`tf k` kl ådhotf púhlocf cfdf k` kl provemf. • ^rftkccoó` o`tkgrel. Ks o`tkgrel. Ks kl cf`ju`tf mk eccof`ks frok`temes e gere`tozer kl mkserrfllf mk les `oões, `oõfs y emflksck`tks k` tfmes les modk`sof`ks quk lk cfrrkspf`mk`, becok`mf becok`mf kikctovf kl kjkrcocof mk sus mkrkcbfs f rkstotuyï`mflfs cue`mf beye` somf vul`kremfs. • SodkR. Sostkde SodkR. Sostkde O`ifrdåtocf mk Df`otfrkf mk Kxpkmok`tks, ks u` eplocetovf o`ifrdåtocf quk rkgostre le o`ifrdecoó` rkikrome e lfs kxpkmok`tks sfhrk prfcksfs emdo`ostretovfs moscoplo`erofs skguomfs k` kl Skctfr Kmucecoó`. Eprfhemf dkmoe`tk Xksflucoó` Do`ostkroel @¾ 3>2-8>5=-DO@KM[ • SäskYk. Eplocecoó` SäskYk. Eplocecoó` vortuel quk pkrdotk quk cuelquokr pkrsf`e pukme rkpfrter u` cesf mk voflk`coe kscfler. E trevïs mk mocbe eplocecoó` les o`ste`coes mk gkstoó` kmucetove mksck`trelozeme hro`me` skguodok`tf e lfs cesfs mk voflk`coe kscfler dkmoe`tk u` trehejf cflehfretovf k o`tkrcf`kctemf. Kl rkpfrtk mk cesfs pkrdotk le cf`sflomecoó` y kl de`kjf mk o`ifrdecoó` ectuelozeme sfhrk le sotuecoó` mk voflk`coe kscfler k` les o`stotucof`ks kmucetoves, esä cfdf su tretedok`tf e `ovkl rkgof`el y `ecof`el. Esodosdf, kl pfrtel SäskYk firkck, e morkctovfs y mfck`tks, detkroelks frok`temfrks pere le prfdfcoó` mk le cf`vovk`coe kscfler, prkvk`coó` mk le voflk`coe y etk`coó` mk m k cesfs. • Skcrkteroe tïc`oce mk le Lky mkl m kl skrvocof covol. covol. Epfye kl mkserrfllf mkl prfckmodok`tf moscoplo`erof. Sk k`cuk`tre e cergf mk u` Skcrkterof ]ïc`ocf quk ks mksog`emf pfr le dåxode eutfromem emdo`ostret emdo`ostretove ove mk llee ^ågo`e 88; 88; mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
k`tomem. ]ok`k pfr iu`cof`ks ksk`coelks prkceloiocer y mfcudk`ter tfmes les ktepes mkl prfckmodok`tf emdo`ostretovf moscoplo`erof, esostok`mf e les eutfromemks o`structfres y se`cof`emfres mkl dosdf. • Xkgledk`tf cfdu`el f cfdu`oterof. cfdu`oterof. Sk rkiokrk e les `frdes ecfrmemes e `ovkl mk u`e cfdu`omem cedpkso`e, `etove, o`mägk`e u frogo`eroe, quk kstopule les cf`muctes se`cof`emes k` kstk `ovkl y quk sk edpere` k` le Lky @¾ 87?>2, Lky mk Xf`mes Cedpkso`es, y k` kl Mkrkcbf Cf`suktumo`erof mkl Cf`vk`of FO] 59?. Kstk rkgledk`tf ks prkvoedk`tk eprfhemf pfr le cfdu`omem, quk ks le quk tok`k le pftkstem mk
cedhoerlf. • Xkvoctodozecoó`. Eccof`ks Xkvoctodozecoó`. Eccof`ks u fdosof`ks quk o`crkdk`te o`crkdk`te` ` kl meõf suiromf pfr le väctode, cfdf cf`skcuk`coe mk su cf`tectf cf` les k`tomemks k`cergemes mk le etk`coó`, prftkccoó`, se`coó` y rkcupkrecoó` irk`tk e le voflk`coe. • Yoflk`coe Yoflk`coe cf`tre `oões, `oõfs y emflksck`tks. ]fmf emflksck`tks. ]fmf ectf f cf`mucte quk etk`te cf`tre le o`tkgromem iäsoce, psocflógoce y/f skxuel mk u`e `oõe, `oõf f emflksck`tk, le cuel pukmk fcurror mk`trf f iukre mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove, e trevïs mk O`tkr`kt u ftrf dkmof mk cfdu`ocecoó`. • Yoflk`coe cf`tre `oões, `oõfs y emflksck`tks k` kl k`tfr`f kscfler. ]fmf kscfler. ]fmf ectf f cf`mucte voflk`te cf`tre u`e `oõe, `oõf f emflksck`tk quk fcurrk mk`trf mk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove, k` sus o`dkmoecof`ks f k` kl treykctf k`trk le o`stotucoó` kmucetove y kl bfger, y k` kl quk lfs o`vflucremfs pkrtk`kck` e u`e o`stotucoó` kmucetove, o`mkpk`mok`tkdk`tk o`mkpk`mok`tkdk`tk mk so pkrtk`kzce` f `f e le dosde. • Yoflk`coe iäsoce. iäsoce. ]fmf ectf f cf`mucte quk ceuse f pukme ceuser meõf e le o`tkgromem cfrpfrel e le selum. ^fr kjkdplf: pu`tepoïs, puõktks, cfscfrrf`ks, jelf`ks mk pklf, dfrmkmures, rkglezfs, cfrrkezfs, k`trk ftrfs sodolerks. Kstk topf mk voflk`coe o`cluyk kl deltretf pfr `kglogk`coe, mkscuomf f pfr provecoó` mk les `kcksomemks håsoces, quk beye` fcesof`emf meõf iäsocf f quk pukme` llkger e fcesof`erlf, so` odpfrter kl tokdpf quk sk rkquokre pere su rkcupkrecoó`. • Yoflk`coe psocflógoce. ]fme psocflógoce. ]fme eccoó` u fdosoó` quk ceusk f pukme ceuser meõf psocflógocf, trestfr`fs mkl mkserrfllf f provecof`ks. ^fr kjkdplf: romoculozer, eosler, o`sulter, dk`fsprkcoer, mk`ogrer, edk`ezer, esuster, k`trk ftrfs sodolerks. • Yoflk`coe skxuel. ]fmf skxuel. ]fmf ectf mk ä`mflk skxuel prfpocoemf pfr u` emultf f emflksck`tk pere su setosieccoó`. ^ukmk cf`sostor k` ectfs cf` cf`tectf iäsocf (tfcedok`tf, irftedok`tf, hksfs ä`todfs, cfotf o`tkrikdfrel, ectfs mk pk`ktrecoó` cf` kl órge`f skxuel f cf` les de`fs f cf` lfs mkmfs u ftrf fhjktf quk pukme ceuser meõf) f so` cf`tectf iäsocf (kxbohocof`osdf, (kxbohocof`osdf, ectfs cfdpklomfs e rkelozes k` kl cukrpf mkl egrks egrksfr fr f tkrckre pkrsf`e, odpf`kr le prksk`coe k` quk le `oõe f `oõf sk heõe f utoloze lfs skrvocofs bogoï`ocfs, fhlogemf e prksk`coer y/f utolozemf k` pfr`fgreiäe, ecfsf skxuel pfr dkmof vortuel f prksk`coel, k`trk ftrfs). ]retå`mfsk mk `oões, `oõfs y emflksck`tks `f sk cf`somkre `kckseroe quk dkmok le voflk`coe vof lk`coe f edk`eze pere cf`somkrersk cfdf voflk`coe skxuel.
^ågo`e 889 889 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
E@KRFS:
Ksqukdes mk ple`oiocecoó` curroculer sugkromfs
^LE@OIOCECOÓ@ E@[EL RRR GXEMF
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Cf`vovk y pertocope mkdfcråtocedk`tk k` le húsqukme mkl hok` cfdú` Cf`struyk o`tkrprktecof`ks bostóroces Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlkdk`tk kl kspecof y kl edhok`tk Gkstof`e rkspf`sehlk rkspf`sehlkdk`tk dk`tk lfs rkcursfs kcf`ódocfs Sk mksk`vuklvk mk de`kre eutó`fde e trevïs mk su dftrocomem. Cfdprk`mk su cukrpf. Sk kxprkse cfrpfreldk`tk.
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^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
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^ågo`e 887 887 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
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K@IFU[KS ]XE@SYKXSELKS K`ifquk O`tkrculturel K`ifquk mk Etk`coó` e le movkrsomem K`ifquk mk Oguelmem mk gï`krf K`ifquk Edhok`t Edhok`tel el K`ifquk mk Mkrkcbfs K`ifquk mk Húsqukme mk le kxcklk`coe K`ifquk mk Frok`tecoó` el hok` cfdú` ][]FXOE _ FXOK@]ECO FXOK@]ECOÓ@ Ó@ KM[CE] KM[CE]OYE OYE
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^ågo`e 882 882 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
[`omem momåctoce @¾ >8 >8 Mkscuhrodfs y rkcf`fckdfs códf sfdfs y códf c ódf `fs sk`todfs O ME]FS O@IFXDE]OYFS: OK @¾
Gremf
]rodkstrk: Ifrde mk
]ftel Elud`fs Ksck`erof
etk`coó`
pkmegógoce y culturel: culturel: Murecoó` eprfxodeme ^rfiksfr ^rfiksfr
Lo`güästocf Lo`güästocf O`ocof- cokrrk Morkctfr
MKL:
EL:
OO ^XF^ÓSO]FS _ KYOMK@COES MK E^XK@MOZEJK Mkskdpkõfs crotkrofs mk kveluecoó`) 5º Gremf
Cfdpktk`coes y cepecomemks
K`ifquks tre`svkrselks
¶Uuï `fs merå kvomk`coe mk eprk`mozejk6
O`strudk`tfs mk kveluecoó`
Eccof`ks f ectotumks fhskrvehlks
OOO.- SO][ECOÓ@ SOG@OIOCE]OYE CF@]KR]F XK]F ^XFM[C]F OY.- SKC[K@COE MK SKSOF@KS MK E^XK@MOZEJK Sksoó` 5: O`tkrectuedfs y mkscuhrodfs quï eprk`mkrkdfs k` kste u`omem
^ågo`e 88? 88? mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
Sksoó` =;: ^ertocopedfs k` u`e esedhlke pere kveluer y rkilkxof`er sfhrk `ukstrfs lfgrfs k` le prksk`tk u`omem
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
^LE@OIOCEMFX SKDE@EL/DK@S[EL SKDE@EL/DK@S[EL HLFU[KS
L[@KS 55
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Y.- DE]KXOELKS HÅSOCFS _ XKC[XSFS E []OLOZEX .
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¶Uuï eve`cks y moiocultemks tuvokrf` lfs kstumoe`tks6 ¶Uuï eprk`mozejks mkhf rkifrzer k` le soguok`tk u`omem6 ¶Uuï ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y detkroelks iu`cof`erf` y cuålks `f6
^ågo`e 83> 83> mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
SKSOÓ@ MK E^XK@MOZEJK ]ätulf: ]ätulf: O ME]FS O@IFXDE]OYFS:
OK @¾ [`omem Momåctoce @º
Gremf y skccoó` ]ftel Elud`fs
Ifrde mk etk`coó` pkmegógoce y culturel: culturel:
Ksck`erof Lo`güästocf Lo`güästocf
Murecoó` ^rfiksfr ^rfiksfr
Ikcbe Morkctfr
OO ^XF^ÓSO]FS _ KYOMK@COES MK E^XK@MOZEJK Cfdpktk`coes y cepecomemks
Mkskdpkõfs crotkrofs mk kveluecoó`) 5º Gremf
K`ifquks tre`svkrselks
¶Uuï `fs merå kvomk`coe mk eprk`mozejk6
O`strudk`tfs mk kveluecoó`
Eccof`ks f ectotumks fhskrvehlks
^XK^EXECOÓ@ MK LE SKSOÓ@ ¶Uuï sk mkhk beckr e`tks mk le sksoó`6
¶Uuï rkcursfs f detkroelks sk utolozerå` k` le sksoó`6
DFDK@]FSS MK LE SKSOÓ@ DFDK@]F O`ocof
]okdpf eprfxodemf: 5; do`utfs ^ågo`e 835 835 mk mk 8=7 8=7
OK @º RRRRRR
K` grupf clesk
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
K` grupf clesk
Mkserrfllf
]okdpf eprfxodemf: ;; do`utfs
Cokrrk
]okdpf eprfxodemf: 8> do`utfs
K` grupf clesk
XKILKROF@KS SFHXK KL E^XK@MOZEJK E^XK@MOZEJK ¶Uuï eve`cks tuvokrf` lfs kstumoe`tks kstumoe`tks66 ¶Uuï moiocultemks tuvokrf` lfs kstumoe`tks6 kstumoe`tks6 ¶Uuï eprk`mozejks mkhf rkifrzer k` le soguok`tk sksoó`6
¶Uuï ectovomemks, kstretkgoes y detkroelks iu`cof`erf` y cuålks `f6
^ågo`e 838 838 mk mk 8=7 8=7
^XF_KC]F C[XXOC[LEX O@S]O][COF@EL
OK @º RRRRRR
E`kxf 5 Iocbe mk eutfkveluecoó`
E^KLLOMFS
Lkve`tï le de`f pere pkmor le
Kxprksï dos omkes cf`
[tolocï kxprksof`ks cfdf “u` mäe—, “mk
[sï gkstfs pere kxprkser
Kscucbï cf` etk`coó` le pertocopecoó` mk
^rkgu`tï rkspktufsedk`tk cue`mf tuvk mumes y
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