PCA en R

December 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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^rm`to`mc Juohb ta ^rogòpmc @afpagbgt Fbtkahs og T Mcdauemhbc EMPPMFDMTM

oo @apyrojkt ©4>=: dy Mcdauemhbc Emssmfdmrm. Mcc rojkts rbsbrvbh. ûdcoskbh dy PXKHM ( kttp.4 >.0 >.8

Zkmt yau wocc cbmrg . . . . Eby ibmturbs ai tkos daae . . Kaw tkos daae os arjmgozbh . Daae wbdsotb . . . . . . . .

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v vo voo xoo

>>..29 >.:

B ah Mxèb`guatwogcbjhjtkfbbT gt àhb . .bs. ir. a.f. t.kb. ^. H. I. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. @acapkag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

x xoooo xooo

Mdaut tkb mutkar

xov

O Dmso`s

=

= Ogtra hu`toag ta T =.= Ogstmccogj T mgh TPtuhoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.4 Ogstmccogj mgh camhogj T pmèmjbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 4 4

=.0 =.8 =.2 =.9

Jbttogj kbcp wotk iug`toags og Ofpartogj yaur hmtm ogta T . Hbfa hmtm sbts . . . . . . . . @casb yaur T/TPtuhoa sbssoag

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0 8 2 2

4 Tbquorbh T pmèmjbs 4.= Im`taFogbT & im`tabxtrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 9

4.4 4.0

Ogstmccmtoag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fmog T iug`toags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 ;

OO @cmsso`mc Fbtkahs

==

0 ^rogòpmc @afpagbgt Mgmcysos 0.= Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 Dmso`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 Yosumcozmtoag mgh Ogtbrprbtmtoag 0.2 Puppcbfbgtmry bcbfbgts . . . . 0.9 Ioctbrogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . . 0.: Bxpartogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . 0.; Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.? Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . .

=4 =4 =4 =8 =: 84 8: 8: 8? 2>

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ooo

ov

@AGXBGXP

8 @arrbsp aghbg`b Mgmcysos 8.= 8.4 8.0 8.8 8.2 8.9 8.: 8.; 8.?

Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . Yosumcozmtoag mgh ogtbrprbtmtoag Puppcbfbgtmry bcbfbgts . . . . Ioctbrogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . . Autcobrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bxpartogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . .

2= . . . . . . . . .

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2 Fuctopcb @arrbspaghbg`b Mgmcysos 2.= Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 Yosumcozmtoag mgh ogtbrprbtmtoag . . 2.8 Puppcbfbgtmry bcbfbgts . . . . . . 2.2 Ioctbrogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 Bxpartogj rbsucts . . . . . . . . . . 2.: Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.; Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . . . .

OOO Mhvmg`bh Fbtkahs 9 Im`tar Mgmcysos ai Foxbh Hmtm

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2= 24 22 :2 :? ;> ;> ;= ;4

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;0 . . . . . . . ;0 . . . . . . . ;0 . . . . . . . ;9 . . . . . . . ?? . . . . . . . =>8 . . . . . . . =>8 . . . . . . . =>2 . . . . . . . =>9

=>: =>;

9.= 9.4 9.0 9.8 9.2

Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . Yosumcozmtoag mgh ogtbrprbtmtoag Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . .

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=>; =>; ==> ==? ==?

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=4> =4> =4= =42 =0?

Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

=0?

: Fuctopcb Im`tar Mgmcysos :.= Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . :.4 @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . :.0 Yosumcozmtoag mgh ogtbrprbtmtoag :.8 Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . :.2

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OY @custbrogj ; K@^@< Kobrmr`ko`mc @custbrogj ag ^rogòpmc @afpa pag gbgts ;.= Ogtrahu`toag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.4 Zky K@^@1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.0 Mcjarotkf ai tkb K@^@ fbtkah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.8 @afputmtoag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.2 Puffmry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.9 Iurtkbr rbmhogj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

=8= . . . . . .

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=84 =84 =84 =80 =88 =24 =24

^rbim`b >.= >. = Zk Zkmt mt yau wo wocc cc cb cbmr mrg g Cmrjb hmtm sbts àgtmogogj fuctopcb smfpcbs mgh vmromdcbs mrb àccb`tbh bvbryhmy dy rbsbmr`kbrs og vmroaus bchs, su`k ms og Doa-fbho`mc, fmrebtogj, mgh jba-spmtomc bchs. Hosàvbrogj egawcbhjb iraf tkbsb hmtm rbquorbs spbò` tb`kgoqubs iar mgmcyzogj hmtm sbts àgtmo àgtmogogj gogj fuctopcb vmromd vmromdcbs. cbs. Fuctovmromtb mgmcysos (FYM) rbibrs ta m sbt ai

tb`kgoqubs usbh iar mgmcyzogj m hmtm sbt àgtmogogj farb tkmg agb vmromdcb. Mfagj tkbsb tb`kgoqubs, tkbrb mrb< • @custbr mgmcysos iar ohbgt ohbgtoiyogj oiyogj jraups ai adsbrv adsbrvmtoags mtoags wotk sofocmr pracb m`àr m`àrhogj hogj ta m spbò` `rotbrom. • ^rog ^rogòpm òpmcc àfpag àfpagbg bgtt fbtkah fbtkahs, s, wko` wko`k k àgs àgsost ost ai suffm suffmrozo rozogj gj mgh vosumco vosumcozogj zogj tkb fast ofpartmgt ogiarfmtoag àgtmogbh og m fuctovmromtb hmtm sbt. ^rbvoauscy, wb pudcoskbh m daae bgtotcbh –^rm`to`mc Juohb Xa @custbr Mgmcysos og T‖ (kttps. >.0 0 Ka Kaw w tkos tkos daae daae os arj arjmg mgoz ozbh bh Xkos daae os hovohbh ogta 8 pmrts mgh 9 `kmptbrs. ^mrt O pravohbs m quoè ogtrahu`toag ta T (`kmptbr =) mgh prbsbgts rbquorbh T pmèmjbs iar tkb mgmcysos mgh vosumcozmtoag (`kmptbr 4). Og ^mrt OO, wb hbs`rodb `cmsso`mc fuctovmromtb mgmcysos fbtkahs< • ^rog ^rogòpm òpmcc @afpagbg @afpagbgtt Mgmcysos - ^@M (`km (`kmptbr ptbr 0) • @arrb @arrbspaghb spaghbg`b g`b Mgmcy Mgmcysos sos - @M (`kmp (`kmptbr tbr 8) • Fuct Fuctopcb opcb @arrb @arrbspaghb spaghbg`b g`b Mgmcyso Mgmcysoss - F@M (`km (`kmptbr ptbr 2) Og pmrt OOO, wb àgtogub dy hosùssogj mhvmg`bh fbtkahs iar mgmcyzogj m hmtm sbt àgtmogogj m fox ai vmromdcbs (qumcotmtovb & qumgtotmtovb) arjmgozbh ar gat ogta jraups< • Im`ta m`tarr Mgmc Mgmcysos ysos ai Foxb Foxbh h Hmtm - IMFH (`km (`kmptbr ptbr 9) mgh, • Fuctopcb I Im`tar m`tar Mgmcysos - FI FIM M (`kmptbr :). Iogmccy, wb skaw og ^mrt OY, kaw ta pbriarf kobrmr`ko`mc `custbrogj ag progòpmc àfpagbgts (K@^@) (`kmptbr ;), wko`k os usbiuc iar pbriarfogj `custbrogj wotk m hmtm sbt

vooo

@AGXBGXP

àgtmogogj agcy qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs ar wotk m foxbh hmtm ai qumcotmtovb mgh qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs. Pafb bxmfpcbs ai pcats jbgbrmtbh og tkos daae mrb skawg kbrbmitbr. _au‟cc cbmrg kaw ta `rbmtb, ùstafozb mgh ogtbrprbt tkbsb pcats. =) Bojbgvmcubs/vmromg`bs ai progòpmc àfpagbgts. àfpagbgts. ^rapar ^rapartoag toag ai ogi ogiarfm arfmtoag toag rbtmogbh dy bm`k progòpmc àfpagbgt.

4) ^@M - Jrmpk ai vmromdcbs< vmromdcbs < • @agtrac v vmromdcb mromdcb àcars usogj tkbor àgtrodutoa àgtrodutoags gs ta tkb progòpmc àfpagbg àfpagbgts. ts.

>.0. KAZ KAZ XKOP DAAE DAAE OP OP ATJMGO ATJMGO\BH \BH

ox

• Kojkcojk Kojkcojktt tkb fast àgtr àgtrodutogj odutogj vm vmromdcbs romdcbs ta bm`k progòpmc hofbgsoag<

0) ^@M - Jrmpk ai oghovohumcs< oghovohumcs < • @ag @agtrac trac mutaf mutafmto` mto`mccy mccy tkb àca àcarr ai oghovohu oghovohumcs mcs usogj tkb às4 (tkb qumcot qumcoty y ai tkb oghovohumcs ag tkb im`tar fmp)

x

@AGXBGXP

• @kmg @kmgjb jb tkb paog paogtt sozb m`àrhogj m`àrhogj ta tkb às4 ai tkb àrrbs àrrbspagho paghogj gj oghovoh oghovohumcs umcs.0. KAZ KAZ XKOP DAAE DAAE OP OP ATJMGO ATJMGO\BH \BH

2) @arrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos. mgmcysos. Mssaòmtoag dbtwbbg `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcbs.

9) IMFH IMFH - Mgmcyzogj foxbh hmtm

xo

xoo

:) @custbrogj ag progòpmc àfpagbgts

@AGXBGXP

>.8 >. 8 Daa Daae e wbd bdso sotb tb kttp.2 2 Bx Bxb` bùt utog ogj j tkb tkb T àhbs àhbs iraf iraf tkb tkb ^HI ^HI Iar m sogjcb cogb T àhb, yau `mg lust àpy tkb àhb iraf tkb ^HI ta tkb T àgsacb. Iar m fuctopcb-cogb T àhbs, mg brrar os jbgbrmtbh, safbtofbs, wkbg yau àpy mgh pmstb horb`tcy tkb T àhb iraf tkb ^HI ta tkb T àgsacb. Oi tkos kmppbgs, m sacutoag os ta< • ^ms ^mstb tb rstcy tkb àhb og yaur T àhb bhot bhotar ar ar og yau yaurr tbxt bhotar • @ap @apy y tkb àhb iraf yau yaurr tbxt/àh tbxt/àhbb bhotar ta tkb T àgsacb àgsacb

>.9 Mèga egawc wcbhj bhjfbg fbgtt O sog sog`br `brbcy bcy tkm tkmge ge mcc hb hbvb vbcapb capbrs rs iar tkb tkbor or ba barts rts dbko dbkogh gh tk tkbb pm` pmèmj emjbs bs tkmt tkmt im` im`tabx tabxtrm trm hbpbghs ag, gmfbcy, jjpcat4 (Kmhcby Zoèkmf, Pprogjbr-Ybrcmj Gbw _are, 4>>?), Im`taFogbT (Pbdmstobg Cb bt mc., Laurgmc ai Ptmtosto`mc Paitwmrb, 4>>;), hbghbxtbgh (Xmc Jmcoco, Doaogiarfmto`s, 4>=2), `custbr (Fmrtog Fmb`kcbr bt mc., 4>=9) mgh farb.

>.:.. @ACA >.: @ACA^KA ^KAG G

acap apka kag g >.: @ac Xkos daae wms duoct wotk< • • • • • •

T 0.0.4 im`tab im`tabxtrm xtrm ==.>.2 .>.2 Im`taFogbT =.09 jjpu jjpudr dr >. >.=.2 =.2 hpc hpcyr yr >. >.:.4 :.4 daaeha daaehawg wg >.8 >.8.0 .0

xooo

Mdaut tkb mutkar

Mcdauemhb Mcdaue mhbcc Ems Emssmf smfdmr dmrmm os m ^kH og Doa Doaogi ogiarf arfmto mto`s `s mgh @mg` @mg`br br Doa Doacaj cajy y. Kb wa wares res sog`b fmgy ybmrs ag jbgafo` hmtm mgmcysos mgh vosumcozmtoag (rbmh farb< kttp

;.=

;.;

?.>

:.?

# Ar usb tkos RPMrrbstsU, 'Furhbr' 'Furhbr'V V # Ar usb tkos RPMrrbstsU, =V # à àcu cufg fg gu gufd fdbr br =

=.9 =. 9 @c @cas asb b yau yaurr T/TP T/TPtu tuho hoa a sbss sbssoa oag g Bm`k tofb yau `casb T/TPtuhoa, yau wocc db msebh wkbtkbr yau wmgt ta smvb tkb hmtm iraf yaur T sbssoag. Oi yau hbòhb ta smvb, tkb hmtm wocc db mvmocmdcb og iuturb T sbssoags.

@kmptbr 4 Tbquorbh T pmèmjbs 4.= Im`t m`taF aFogb ogbT T & im` im`tabxt tabxtrm rm

Xkbrb mrb m gu Xkbrb gufdbr fdbr ai T pm` pmèmjb emjbss ofpcb ofpcbfbg fbgtogj togj prog` progòpmc opmc àfpagb àfpagbgt gt fbtkahs fbtkahs.. Xkbsb pmèmjbs og`cuhb< Im`taFogbT, mhb8, stmts , `m , FMPP   mgh Bxâsotoag . Kawbvbr, tkb rbsuct os prbsbgtbh hobrbgtcy hbpbghogj ag tkb usbh pmèmjb. Xa kbcp og tkb ogtbrprbtm ogtbrprbtmtoag toag mgh og tkb vosumcozmtoag ai fuctov fuctovmromtb mromtb mgmcysos - su`k ms `custbr mgmcysos mgh progòpmc àfpagbgt fbtkahs -oag< wb hbvbcapbh mg bmsy-ta-usb T pmèmjb kttp=:). Ga fmttbr wko`k pmèmjb yau hbòhb ta usb iar àfputogj progòpmc àfpagbgt fbtkahs, tkb im`tabxtrm T pmèmjb `mg kbcp ta bxtrm`t bmsocy, og m kufmg rbmhmdcb hmtm iarfmt, tkb mgmcysos rbsucts iraf tkb hobrbgt pmèmjbs fbgtoagbh mdavb. im`tabxtrm pravohbs mcsa àgvbgobgt sacutoags ta `rbmtb jjpcat4-dmsbh dbmutoiuc jrmpks. Og tkos daae, wb‟cc usb fmogcy< Im`taFogbT pmèmjb • tkb tkb Im`taFogbT pmèmjb (Kussag bt mc., 4>=:m) ta àfputb progòpmc àfpagbgt fbtkahs5 • mgh tkb im`tabxtrm   pmèmjb (Emssmfdmrm mgh Fught, 4>=:) iar bxtrm`togj, vosutkb im`tabxtrm mcozogj mgh ogtbrprbtogj tkb rbsucts. Xkb atkbr pmèmjbs - mhb8, Bxâsotoag, bt` - wocc db prbsbgtbh droby. Xkb Iojurb 4.= occustrmtbs tkb eby iug`toagmcoty ai Im`taFogbT mgh im`tabxtrm. Fbtkahs, wko`k autputs `mg db vosumcozbh usogj tkb im`tabxtrm pmèmjb mrb skawg ag tkb Iojurb 4.4<

4.4 4 Og Ogst stmc mccm cmto toag ag 4.

9

4.4. OGPXMCCM OGPXMCCMXOAG XOAG

:

Iojurb 4.=< Eby ibmturbs ai Im`taFogbT mgh im`tabxtrm iar fuctovmromtb mgmcysos

4.4. 4.4.= = Ogstm Ogstmccogj ccogj Im`ta m`taFogbT FogbT Xkb Im`taFogbT pmèmjb `mg db ogstmccbh mgh camhbh ms iaccaw< # Ogs Ogstmc tmcc c ogstmcc.pmèmjbs("Im`taFogbT" "Im`taFogbT") )

Camh mh # Ca codrmry("Im`taFogbT") "Im`taFogbT")

4.4.4 Ogstmc tmccog cogj j im` im`tabx tabxtrm trm 4.4.4 Ogs • im`tab im`tabxtrm xtrm `mg db ogstmc ogstmccbh cbh iraf @TMG= ms iaccaw< ogstmcc.pmèmjbs("im`tabxtrm" "im`tabxtrm") )

• Ar, ogstmcc tkb cmtbst hbvbcapfbg hbvbcapfbgtmc tmc vbrsoag iraf Jotkud4 oi(!rbquorb(hbvtaacs)) ogstmcc.pmèmjbs("hbvtaacs") "hbvtaacs") "emssmfdmrm/im`tabxtrm") hbvtaacsf f Cagj Cagj. .luf lufp Pka Pkat.p t.put Koj Kojk.lu k.luf fp [8>> 8>>f [==> ==>f.ku f.kur rhcb hcb PBDTCB == = =.> :.2; =8.; 4.>: 8?.; =8.: @CM_ =>.; :.8> =8.0 =.;9 8?.8 =8.= DBTGMTH ==.> :.40 =8.4 =.?4 8;.? =2.> _RTEAY == = =.0 :.>? =2.4 4.=> 2>.8 =2.0

=9

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

0.0.0 0.0 .0 Hmt Hmtm m stm stmghm ghmrho rhozmt zmtoag oag Og progòpm progòpmcc àfpa àfpagbg gbgtt mgmcysos, mgmcysos, vmro vmromdcb mdcbss mrb aitbg s`mcbh (o.b. stmghmrh stmghmrhozbh ozbh). ). Xkos os pmrtoùcmrcy rbàffbghbh wkbg vmromdcbs mrb fbmsurbh og hobrbgt s`mcbs (b.j< eocajrmfs, eocafbtbrs, `bgtofbtbrs, …)5 atkbrwosb, tkb ^@M autputs adtmogbh wocc db sbvbrbcy mb`tbh. Xkb jamc os ta fmeb tkb vmrom mromdcbs dcbs àfpm àfpmrmdc rmdcb. b. Jbgb Jbgbrmcc rmccy y vmrom mromdcbs dcbs mrb s`mcbh ta km kmvb vb o) stmghmrh hbvomtoag agb mgh oo) fbmg zbra. Xkb stmghmrhozmtoag ai hmtm os mg mppram`k wohbcy usbh og tkb àgtbxt ai jbgb bxprbssoag hmtm mgmcysos dbiarb ^@M mgh `custbrogj mgmcysos. Zb fojkt mcsa wmgt ta s`mcb tkb hmtm wkbg tkb fbmg mgh/ar tkb stmghmrh hbvomtoag ai vmromdcbs mrb cmrjbcy hobrbgt. Zkbg s`mcogj vmromdcbs, tkb hmtm `mg db trmgsiarfbh ms iaccaw< xo

∔ fbmg(x) sh(x)

Zkbrb fbmg(x) os tkb fbmg ai x vmcubs, mgh sh(x) os tkb stmghmrh hbvomtoag (PH). Xkb T dmsb iug`toag s`mcb () () `mg db usb usbh h ta stmg stmghmr hmrhoz hozbb tk tkbb hmtm. hmtm. Ot tmeb tmebss m gu gufbr fbro` o` fmtrox ms mg ogput mgh pbriarfs tkb s`mcogj ag tkb àcufgs. Gatb tkmt, dy hbimuct, tkb iug`toag ^@M() ^@M() Uog Im`taFogbTV, stmghmrhozbs tkb hmtm mutafmto`mccy hurogj tkb ^@M5 sa yau hag‟t gbbh ha tkos trmgsiarfmtoag dbiarb tkb ^@M.

0.0.8 T àh ahb b Xkb iug`toag ^@M () UIm`taFogbT pmèmjbV `mg db usbh. M sofpcobh iarfmt os < ^@M([, s`mcb.ugot s`mcb.ugot 6 XTRB, XTRB, g`p 6 2, jrm jrmpk pk 6 XTRB) XTRB)

• [< m hmtm irmfb. Taws mrb oghovohumcs mgh àcufgs mrb gufbro` vmromdcbs XTRB , tkb hmtm mrb s`mcbh ta ugot vmromg`b db• s`mcb.ugot< s`mcb.ugot< m cajo`mc vmcub. Oi  XTRB iarb tkb mgmcysos. Xkos stmghmrhozmtoag ta tkb smfb s`mcb mvaohs safb vmromdcbs ta dbàfb hafogmgt hafogmgt lust db`musb ai tkbo tkborr cmrj cmrjbb fbms fbmsurbfb urbfbgt gt ugots ugots.. Ot fmebs vm vmromdcb romdcb àfpmrmdcb. • g`p g`p vmromd vmromdcbs cbs ## *Xkb *Xkb rbsuct rbsucts s mrb mvmocm mvmocmdcb dcb og tkb iaccaw iaccawogj ogj adlb`t adlb`ts< s< ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

= 4 0 8 2 9 : ; ? => == =4 =0 =8 =2

gmfb "$boj" "$ "$vmr" "$vmr$àarh" "$vmr$àr" "$vmr$às4" "$vm "$vmr$ r$à àgt gtro rod" d" "$ "$ogh" "$ogh$àarh" "$ogh$às4" "$ "$og ogh$ h$à àgt gtro rod" d" "$`mcc" "$`m "$`mcc cc$ $`bg `bgtrb trb" "$`mcc "$`mcc$b` $b`mrt mrt.ty .typb" pb" "$`m "$`mcc cc$ $raw raw.w" .w" "$`m "$`mcc cc$ $àc àc.w" .w"

hbs`roptoag "bojbgvmcubs" "rbsucts iar tkb vmromdcbs" "àarh. iar tkb vmromdcbs" "àrrbcmtoags vmromdcbs - hofbgsoags" "às4 iar tkb vmromdcbs" "àg "àgtr trod odut utoa oags gs ai tkb tkb vmro vmromd mdcb cbs" s" "rbsucts iar tkb oghovohumcs" "àarh. iar tkb oghovohumcs" "às4 iar tkb oghovohumcs" "` "àg agtr trod odut utoa oags gs ai tk tkb b og ogho hovo vohu humc mcs" s" "suffmry stmtosto`s" "fbm "fbmg g ai ai tk tkb vmr vmrom omd dcbs cbs" "stmgh "stmghmrh mrh brrar brrar ai tkb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" " "wbo "wboj jkts kts iar iar tkb tkb ogho oghov vohu ohumcs mcs" "wbo "wboj jkts kts iar iar tkb tkb vmro vmrom mdcb dcbs"

Xkb adlb`t tkmt os `rbmtbh usogj tkb iug`toag ^@M() àgtmogs fmgy ogiarfmtoag iaugh iaug h og fmg fmgy y hobrbg hobrbgtt costs mgh fmtro` fmtro`bs. bs. Xkbsb v vmcub mcubss mrb hbs`r hbs`rodbh odbh og tkb gbxt sb`toag.

Yosumc umcozm ozmtoa toag g mgh mgh Ogtbr Ogtbrprb prbtmt tmtoag oag 0.8 Yos Zb‟cc usb tkb im`tabxtrm   T pmèmjb ta kbcp og tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag ai ^@M. Ga fmttbr wkmt iug`toag yau hbòhb ta usb Ustmts4 ;:.4 % (>.8= --7 8=) Hof.9 >. >.840 8.40 ?=.2 Hof.: >. >.0>0 0.>0 ?8.2 Hof.; >. >.4:8 4.:8 ?:.4 Hof.? >. >.=22 =.22 ?;.; Hof.=> >.=44 =.44 =>>.> ot's bqumc ta tkb trm`b ai tkb fmtrox ai vmro àvmromg`b, tkb homjagmc ai wko`k os m ra =s (=> vmromdcbs --7 trm`b 6 =>)

Xkb suf ai mcc tkb bojbgvmcubs jovb m tatmc vmromg`b ai =>. Xkb prapartoag ai vmromtoag bxpcmogbh dy bm`k bojbgvmcub os jovbg og tkb sbàgh àcufg. Iar bxmfpcb, 8.=48 hovohbh dy => bqumcs >.8=48, ar, mdaut 8=.48% ai tkb vmromtoag os bxpcmogb bxpc mogbh h dy tkos rst bojbgv bojbgvmcub mcub.. Xkb ùf ùfucmt ucmtovb ovb pbr`bg pbr`bgtmjb tmjb bxpcmog bxpcmogbh bh os adtm adtmogbh ogbh dy mhhogj tkb su``bssovb prapartoags ai vmromtoag bxpcmogbh ta adtmog tkb ruggogj tatmc. Iar ogstmg`b, 8=.484% pcus =;.0;2% bqumcs 2?.94:%, mgh sa iartk. Xkbrbiarb, mdaut 2?.94:% ai tkb vmromtoag os bxpcmogbh dy tkb rst twa bojbgvmcubs tajbtkbr. Bojbgvmcubs `mg db usbh ta hbtbrfogb tkb gufdbr ai progòpmc àfpagbgts ta rbtmog mitbr ^@M (Emosbr, =?9=)< Pbfo-rucbs iar hbtbrfogogj gufdbr ai im`tars ta rbtmog • Mg bojbgvmcub  7 7 = ogho`mtbs tkmt ^@s m`àug m`àugtt iar farb vmromg` vmromg`bb tkmg m`àugtbh

dy agb ai tkb arojog arojogmc mc vmro vmromdcb mdcbss og stmghmr stmghmrhozb hozbh h hmtm hmtm.. Xkos os àffa àffagcy gcy usbh ms m ù ùta ta paog paogtt iar wko` wko`k k ^@s mrb rbt rbtmog mogbh bh.. Xko Xkoss ka kachs chs trub agcy wkbg tkb hmtm mrb stmghmrhozbh. • _au `mg mcsa cofot tkb gufdbr ai àfpagbgt ta tkmt gufdbr tkmt m`àugts iar m `brt `brtmog mog irm`to irm`toag ag ai tkb tatmc vm vmromg romg`b. `b. Iar bxmfpcb bxmfpcb,, oi yau mrb smto smtosbh sbh wotk :>% ai tkb tatmc vmromg`b bxpcmogbh tkbg usb tkb gufdbr ai àfpagbgts ta m`kobvb tkmt. Rgiartug Rgia rtugmtbc mtbcy y, tkbr tkbrbb os ga wbc wbcc-m` c-m``bpt `bptbh bh adlb`t adlb`tovb ovb wmy ta hbò hbòhb hb kaw kaw fmg fmgy y prog progòpm òpmcc

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

=?

àfpagbg àfpag bgts ts mrb bgau bgaujk. jk. Xko Xkoss woc woccc hbpb hbpbgh gh ag tkb spbò spbò` ` bc bch h ai mpp mppco` co`mto mtoag ag mgh tkb spbò` spb` o` hmtm sbt. Og prm`t prm`to`b o`b,, wb tbgh ta caae mt tk tkbb rs rstt ibw prog progòp òpmc mc àfpag àfpagbg bgts ts og arhbr ta gh ogtbrbstogj pmttbrgs og tkb hmtm. Og aur mgmc mgmcysos, ysos, tkb rst tkrbb progò progòpmc pmc àfpagbg àfpagbgts ts bxpc bxpcmog mog :4% ai tkb vmr vmromto omtoag. ag. Xkos os mg m``bptmdcy cmrjb pbr`bgtmjb. Mg mctbrgmtovb fbtkah ta hbtbrfogb tkb gufdbr ai progòpmc àfpagbgts os ta caae mt m P`rbb ^cat, wko`k os tkb pcat ai bojbgv bojbgvmcub mcubss arhbrbh iraf cmrjb cmrjbst st ta tkb sfmccb sfmccbst. st. Xkb gufdbr ai àfpagbgt os hbtbrfogbh mt tkb paogt, dbyagh wko`k tkb rbfmogogj bojbgvmcubs mrb mcc rbcmtovbcy sfmcc mgh ai àfpmrmdcb sozb (Laccoib, 4>>4, ^brbs-Gbta bt mc. (4>>2)). Xkb s`rbb pcat `mg db prahu`bh usogj tkb iug`toag ivozQboj () () ar ivozQs`rbbpcat () () U im`tabxtrm im`tabxtrm pmèmjbV. ivozQboj(rbs.p`m, mhhcmdbcs mhhcmdbcs 6 XTRB, XTRB, yc ycof of 6 `(>, 2> 2>)) ))

cogb pcat ai bojbgvmcubs ai im`tars --7ta hbtbrfogb kaw fmgy im`tars ta rbtmog

Iraf tkb pcat mdav mdavb, b, wb fojkt wmg wmgtt ta stap mt tkb itk prog` progòpmc opmc àfpagb àfpagbgt gt.. ;:%

ai tkb ogiarfmtoag (vmromg`bs) àgtmogbh og tkb hmtm mrb rbtmogbh dy tkb rst vb progòpmc àfpagbgts.

0.8.4 0.8.4 Jrm Jrmpk pk ai vmro mromdc mdcbs bs 0.8.4 0. 8.4.= .= Tb Tbsu suct ctss M sofpcb fbtkah ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts, iar vmromdcbs, iraf m ^@M autput os ta usb tkb iug`toag jbtQp`mQvmr () () U im`tabxt im`tabxtrm rm  pmèmjbV. pmèmjbV. Xkos iug`toag pravohbs m cost ai fmtro`bs àgtmogogj mcc tkb rbsucts iar tkb m`tovb vmromdcbs (àarhogmtbs, àrrbcmtoag dbtwbbg vmromdcbs mgh mxbs, squmrbh àsogb mgh àgtrodutoags) vm vmr r 3- jbtQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m) vmr ## ^rogò ^rogòpmc pmc @afpag @afpagbgt bgt Mgmcys Mgmcysos os Tbsuct Tbsucts s iar vmromd vmromdcbs cbs ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66

4>

## ## ## ## ##

= 4 0 8

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP Tbpbmtbh fmtro`bs. @arrbcmtoags mrb tkb vmromdcbs' àarhogmtbs

Gm Gmfb

Hbs`roptoag

"$àa "$` aarh rh" " "$àr "$` ar" " "$` "$às as4" 4" "$àgt "$àgtrod rod" "

"@ "@aa aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs iar iar tkb vmro vmromd mdcb cbs" s" "@ar "@arrb rbcm cmto toag ags s dbtw dbtwbb bbg g vmro vmromd mdcb cbs s mgh mgh hofb hofbgs gsoa oags gs" " "@a "@as4 iar iar tkb tkb vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs" "àgtr "àgtrodu odutoa toags gs ai tkb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" "

Xkb àfpagbgts ai tkb jbtQp`mQvmr () () `mg db usbh og tkb pcat ai vmromdcbs ms iaccaw< • vmr$àarh < àarhogmtbs ai vmromdcbs ta `rbmtb m s`mttbr pcat • vmr$às4 < rbprbsbg rbprbsbgts ts tkb qumcot qumcoty y ai rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtmto tmtoag ag iar vmro vmromdcb mdcbss ag tkb im`t im`tar ar fmp. Ot‟s `mcùcmtbh ms tkb squmrbh àarhogmtbs< vmr.às4 6 vmr.àarh * vmr.àarh. • vmr$àgtrod< àgtmogs àgtmogs tkb àgtrodutoa àgtrodutoags gs (og pbr`bgtmjb) ai tkb vmromdcb vmromdcbss ta tkb progòpmc àfpagbgts. Xkb àgtrodu àgtrodutoag toag ai m vmromdcb vmromdcb (v (vmr) mr) ta m jovbg progò progòpmc pmc àfpagbgt os (og pbr`bgtmjb) < (vmr.às4 * =>>) / (tatmc às4 ai tkb àfpagbgt). Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passodcb ta pcat vmromdcbs mgh ta àcar tkbf m`àrhogj ta botkbr o) tkbor qumcoty ag tkb im`tar fmp (às4) ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoag vmcubs ta tkb progòpmc àfpagbgtss (àgtr àfpagbgt (àgtrod). od). Xkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts `mg db m``bssbh ms iaccaw< @aarhogmtbs bs # @aarhogmt kbmh(vmr$àarh) # @a @as4 s4< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar arb b fm fmp p

kbmh(vmr$às4)

# @agtro @agtrodut dutoag oags s ta tkb pro progò gòpmc pmc àf àfpag pagbgt bgts s kbmh(vmr$àgtrod)

Og tkos sb`toag, wb hbs`rodb kaw ta vosumcozb vmromdcbs mgh hrmw àg`cusoags mdaut tkbor àrrbcmtoags. Gbxt, wb kojkcojkt vmromdcbs m`àrhogj ta botkbr o) tkbor qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag ag tkb im`tar fmp ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoags ta tkb progòpmc àfpagbgts. 0.8.4.4 @arrbc rbcmto mtoag ag òr òr`cb `cb 0.8.4.4 @ar Xkb àrrbcmtoag dbtwbbg vmromdcb mghrbprbsbgtmtoag m progòpmc àfpagbgt (^@) os usbh tkb àarhogmtbs ai tkb vmromdcb ag mtkb ^@. Xkb ai vmromdcbs hobrs irafms tkb pcat ai tkb adsbrvmtoags< Xkb adsbrvmtoags mrb rbprbsbgtbh dy tkbor pralb`toags, dut tkb vmromdcbs mrb rbprbsbgtbh dy tkbor àrrbcmtoags (Mdho mgh Zoccomfs, 4>=>). # @aarho @aarhogmt gmtbs bs ai vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs kbmh(vmr$àarh, 8)

## ## ## ## ##

g`p 6 2 dy hbimuct og ^@M()

Hof.= Hof.4 Hof.0 Hof.8 Hof.2 [=>>f ->.;2= ->.=:?8 >.0>4 >.>009 ->.=?8 Cagj. Cag j.lu lufp fp >.:? >.:?8 8 >.4; >.4;>? >? ->. ->.=? =?= = ->.= ->.==2 =28 8 >.40 >.400 0 Pkat Pkat. .put put >.:0 >.:08 8 >.>; .>;28 >.2= .2=; >.= >.=4;2 4;2 ->.4 >.48? Kojk Kojk.l .luf ufp p >.9= >.9=> > ->.8 ->.892 924 4 >.00 >.00> > >.=8 >.=889 89 >.8> >.8>0 0

Xa pcat vmromdcbs, typb tkos<

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

àc.vmr r 6 "dcmè") "dcmè") ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, àc.vm

4=

Xkb pcat mdavb os mcsa ega egawg wg ms vmrom mromdcb dcb àrrb àrrbcmto cmtoag ag pcats. Ot skaws tkb rbcmtoag rbcmtoagskop skopss dbtwbbg mcc vmromdcbs. Ot `mg db ogtbrprbtbh ms iaccaw< • âsotov âsotovbcy bcy àrrbcmtbh vmr vmromdcbs omdcbs mrb jraupbh tajbtkbr. • Gbjm Gbjmtov tovbcy bcy àrrbc àrrbcmtbh mtbh vmr vmromdc omdcbs bs mrb pasotoagbh pasotoagbh ag appaso appasotb tb sohbs ai tkb pcat arojog (appasbh qumhrmgts). • Xkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg v vmromdcbs mromdcbs mgh tkb arojog fbmsurbs tkb qumcoty ai tkb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs ag tkb im`tar fmp. Ymromdcbs tkmt mrb mwmy iraf tkb arojog mrb wbcc rbprbsbgtbh ag tkb im`tar fmp. 0.8.4.0 ]umco ]umcoty ty ai rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtmtoa tmtoag g Xkb qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag ai tkb vmromdcbs ag im`tar fmp os `mccbh às4 às4 (squmrb (squmrb àsogb, squmrbh àarhogmtbs) . _au `mg m``bss ta tkb às4 ms iaccaw< kbmh(vmr$às4, 8)

## Hof.= Hof.4 Hof.0 Hof.8 Hof.2 ## [=>> [=>>f f >.: >.:48 >.> >.>04= 04=; >.> >.>?> ?>? ? >.> >.>> >==0 ==0 >. >.>0: >0:; ## Cagj.l Cagj.lufp ufp >.90= >.90= >.>:;; >.>:;;; ; >.>090 >.>090 >.>=00 >.>=00= = >.>288 >.>288 ## Pkat.put Pkat.put >.20? >.20? >.>>:4? >.>>:4? >.49:? >.49:? >.>=92 >.>=92> > >.>9=? >.>9=? ## Kojk.l Kojk.lufp ufp >.0:4 >.0:4 >.4=98 >.4=984 4 >.=>?> >.=>?> >.>4>; >.>4>;? ? >.=944 >.=944

_au `mg vosumcozb tkb às4 ai vmromdcbs ag mcc tkb hofbgsoags usogj tkb àrrpcat pmèmjb<

44

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

codrmry("àrrpcat") "àrrpcat") os.àrr6IMCPB) ) àrrpcat(vmr$às4, os.àrr6IMCPB

Ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `rbmtb m dmr pcat ai vmromdcbs às4 usogj tkb iug`toag ivozQàs4 ()Uog ()Uog im`tabxtrmV< Xatm tmc c às4 às4 ai vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s ag Ho Hof. f.= = mg mgh h Ho Hof. f.4 4 # Xa `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mx mxbs bs 6 => 6 àrr([=>>-hof=)W4 + àrr([=>>-hof4)W46 àsW4([=>>-mxos=) àsW4([=>>-mxos =) + àsW4([=>>-mxos àsW4([=>>-mxos4) 4)

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

Gatb tkmt, • M kojk às4 ogho`mtbs m jaah rbprbsbgtmtoag ai tkb vmromdcb ag tkb progòpmc

40

àfpagbgt. àfpagbg t. Og tkos `msb tkb vmrom mromdcb dcb os pasoto pasotoagbh agbh `casb ta tkb òrùfi òrùfibrbg brbg`b `b ai tkb àrrbcmtoag òr`cb. • M caw às4 ogho ogho`mtb `mtbss tkmt tkb vm vmromd romdcb cb os gat pbrib`t pbrib`tcy cy rbprbsb rbprbsbgtb gtbh h dy tkb ^@s. Og tkos `msb tkb vmromdcb os `casb ta tkb `bgtbr ai tkb òr`cb. Iar m jovbg vmromdcb, tkb suf ai tkb às4 ag mcc tkb progòpmc àfpagbgts os bqumc ta agb. Oi m vmromdcb os pbrib`tcy rbprbsbgtbh dy agcy twa progòpmc àfpagbgts (Hof.= & Hof.4), tkb suf ai tkb às4 ag tkbsb tw twaa ^@s os bqumc ta agb. Og tkos `msb tkb vmro vmromdcb mdcbss wocc d dbb pasotoagbh ag tkb òr`cb ai àrrbcmtoags. Iar safb ai tkb vmromdcbs, farb tkmg 4 àfpagbgts fojkt db rbquorbh ta pbrib`tcy rbprbsbgt tkb hmtm. Og tkos `msb tkb vmromdcbs mrb pasotoagbh ogsohb tkb òr`cb ai àrrbcmtoags. Og suffmry< • Xkb às4 vmcu vmcubs bs mrb usbh ta bsto bstofmtb fmtb tkb qumcot qumcoty y ai tkb rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtmto tmtoag ag • Xkb `casbr m vmr vmromdcb omdcb os ta tkb òr`cb ai àrrbcmtoags, tkb dbttbr ots rbprbsbg rbprbsbgtmtoag tmtoag ag tkb im`tar fmp (mgh tkb farb ofpartmgt ot os ta ogtbrprbt tkbsb àfpagbgts) • Ymromdcbs tkmt mrb `casbh ta tkb `bgtbr ai tkb pcat mrb cbss ofpartmgt iar tkb rst àfpagbgts. Ot‟s passodcb ta àcar vmromdcbs dy tkbor às4 vmcubs usogj tkb mrjufbgt àc.vmr 6 –às4‖ . Xkos prahu`bs m jrmhobgt àcars. Og tkos `msb, tkb mrjufbgt jrmhobgt.àcs  `mg `mg db usbh ta pravohb pra vohb m ùst ùstaf af àcar. Iar ogstmg` ogstmg`b, b, jrmhobgt.àcs 6 `(–wkotb‖, –dcub‖, –rbh‖) fbmgs tkmt< • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk caw às4 vmc vmcubs ubs wocc db àca àcarbh rbh og –wkotb‖ • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk foh às4 vmcu vmcubs bs wocc db àcarbh og –dcub‖ • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk kojk às4 vmc vmcubs ubs wocc db àca àcarbh rbh og rbh

@aca car r dy às4 às4 vm vmcu cubs bs< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar ar fm fmp p # @a ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, àc.vm àc.vmr r 6 "às4", "às4", jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), rbpb c 6 XTRB # Mva rbpbc Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj )

48

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Gatb tkmt, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `kmgjb tkb trmgspmrbg`y ai tkb vmromdcbs m`àrhogj ta tkbor às4 vmcubs usogj tkb aptoag mcpkm.vmr 6 –às4‖ . Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos< # @km @kmgjb gjb tkb trm trmgsp gspmrb mrbg`y g`y dy às às4 4 vmc vmcubs ubs mcpkm.vmr r 6 "às4") "às4") ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, mcpkm.vm

0.8 0.8.4.8 .4.8 @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oagss ai vmrom vmromdcb dcbss ta ^@s Xkb àgtrodutoags ai vmromdcbs og m`àugtogj iar tkb vmromdocoty og m jovbg progòpmc àfpagbgt mrb bxprbssbh og pbr`bgtmjb. • Ymrom mromdcbs dcbs tkmt mrb àrrbcm àrrbcmtbh tbh wotk ^@= (o.b. (o.b.,, Hof.= Hof.=)) mgh ^@4 (o.b., Hof.4) mrb tkb fast ofpartmgt og bxpcmogogj tkb vmromdocoty og tkb hmtm sbt. • Ymromdcbs tkmt ha gat àrrbcmtb àrrbcmtbh h wotk mgy ^@ ar àrrbcmtbh wotk tkb cmst hofbgsoags mrb vmromdcbs wotk caw àgtrodutoag mgh fojkt db rbfavbh ta sofpcoiy tkb avbrmcc mgmcysos. Xkb àgtrodutoag ai vmromdcbs `mg db bxtrm`tbh ms iaccaw < kbmh(vmr$àgtrod, 8)

## ## ## ## ##

Hof.= Ho Hof.4 Hof.0 [=>>f =:.28 =.:2= :.08 Cagj. Ca gj.lufp lufp =2. =2.4? 4? 8.4? .4?> 4.? 4.?0 Pkat Pkat.p .put ut =0.> =0.>9 9 >.0? >.0?: : 4=. 4=.94 94 Kojk.l Kojk .luf ufp p ?.>4 ?.>4 ==.: ==.::4 :4 ;.:? ;.:?

Hof.8 Hof.2 >.=0; 2.0? =.9 =.942 :.:2 .:2 4.>= 4.>=8 8 ;.;4 ;.;4 4.22 4.22> > 40.=4 40.=4

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

42

Xkb cmrjbr tkb vmcub ai tkb àgtrodutoag, tkb farb tkb vmromdcb àgtrodutbs ta tkb àfpagbgt. Ot‟s passodcb ta usb tkb iug`toag àrrpcat (()) Uàrrpcat  pmèmjbV ta kojkcojkt tkb fast àgtrodutogj vmromdcbs iar bm`k hofbgsoag< "àrrpcat") codrmry("àrrpcat") os.àrr6IMCPB) ) àrrpcat(vmr$àgtrod, os.àrr6IMCPB

Xkb iug`toag ivoz ivozQàgt Qàgtrod rod() Uim`tabxtrm pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw m dmr pcat ai vmromdcb àgtrodutoags. Oi yaur hmtm àgtmogs fmgy vmromdcbs, yau `mg hbòhb ta skaw agcy tkb tap àgtrodutogj vmromdcbs. Xkb T àhb dbcaw skaws tkb tap => vmromdcbs àgtrodutogj ta tkb progòpmc àfpagbgts< # @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oags s ai vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs ta ^@= ivozQàgtrod(rbs.p`m, `kao`b `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 =, tap 6 => =>) ) # @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oags s ai vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs ta ^@4 `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 4, tap 6 => =>) ) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.p`m, `kao`b

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Xkb tatmc àgtrodutoag ta ^@= mgh ^@4 os adtmogbh wotk tkb iaccawogj T àhb< ivozQàgtrod(rbs.p`m, `kao`b `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 = =>) )

Xkb rbh Xkb rbh hm hmsk skbh bh cogb cogb ag tk tkbb jr jrmp mpk k mda mdavb vb ogho ogho`m `mtb tbss tkb tkb bxpb` bxpb`tb tbh h mvbr brmj mjbb àg àgtr trod oduutoag toag.. Oi tkb tkb àg àgtr trod odut utoa oag g ai tk tkbb vmr mrom omdc dcbs bs wb wbrb rb ug ugoi oiar arf, f, tkb tkb bxpb` bxpb`tb tbh h vmcub mcub wauch auch db =/cb =/cbgj gjtk tk(v (vmr mrom omdc dcbs bs)) 6 =/=> =/=> 6 => =>%. %. Iar m jovb jovbg g àfpa àfpagb gbg gt, m vmr mrom omdc dcbb wotk wotk m àgtrodutoag cmrjbr tkmg tkos ùta àuch db àgsohbrbh ms ofpartmgt og àgtrodutogj ta tkb àfpagbgt. Gatb tkmt, tkb tatmc àgtrodutoag ai m jovbg vmromdcb, ag bxpcmogogj tkb vmromtoags rbtmogbh dy twa progòpmc àfpagbgts, smy ^@= mgh ^@4, os `mcùcmtbh ms àgtrod 6 U(@= * Boj=) + (@4 * Boj4)V/(Boj= + Boj4), wkbrb • mrb mrb tkbtkb àg àgtrod trodutoa utoags gs aiaitkb vmr vmromdc omdcb b ag ^@= mgh ^@4, rbspb`tov rbspb`tovbcy • @= Boj=mgh mgh@4 Boj4 bojbg bojbgv vmcubs ^@= mgh ^@4, rbspb`tovbcy. rbspb`tovbcy . Tb`mcc tkmtbcy bojbgvmcubs fbmsurb tkb mfaugt ai vmromtoag rbtmogbh dy bm`k ^@. Og tkos `msb, tkb bxpb`t bxpb`tbh bh mvbrm mvbrmjb jb àgtro àgtroduto dutoag ag (ùta) os `mc` `mcùcmt ucmtbh bh ms iacca iaccaw< w< Ms fbgtoagbh mdavb, oi tkb àgtrodutoags ai tkb => vmromdcbs wbrb ugoiarf, tkb bxpb`tbh mvbrmjb àgtrodutoag ag m jovbg ^@ wauch db =/=> 6 =>%. Xkb bxpb`tbh mvbrmjb àgtrodutoag ai m vmromdcb iar ^@= mgh ^@4 os < U(=>* Boj=) + (=> * Boj4)V/(Boj= + Boj4)

Ot `mg db sbbg tkmt tkb vmromdcbs - [=>>f, Cagj.lufp mgh âcb.vmuct - àgtrodutb tkb fast ta tkb hofbgsoags = mgh 4. Xkb ofpartmgt (ar, àgtrodutogj) vmromdcbs `mg db kojkcojktbh ag tkb àrrbcmtoag pcat fast ms iaccaw< àc.vmr r 6 "àgtrod", "àgtrod", ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, àc.vm jrmhobgt. jrmho bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:") "#I@8B>:") )

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

4:

Gatb tkmt, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `kmgjb tkb trmgspmrbg`y ai vmromdcbs m`àrhogj ta tkbor àgtrod vmcubs usogj tkb aptoag mcpkm.vmr 6 –àgtrod‖ . Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos< @kmgjb gjb tkb trm trmgsp gspmrb mrbg`y g`y dy àg àgtro trod d vmc vmcubs ubs # @km mcpkm.vmr r 6 "àgtrod") "àgtrod") ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, mcpkm.vm

0.8.4.2 0.8 .4.2 @ac @acar ar dy m ùstaf ùstaf àgtog àgtoguau uauss vmrom vmromdcb dcb Og tkb prbvoaus sb`toags, wb skawbh kaw ta àcar vmromdcbs dy tkbor àgtrodutoags mgh tkborr às4 tkbo às4.. Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passod passodcb cb ta àca àcarr vmromd vmromdcbs cbs dy mgy ùstaf àgt àgtogu oguaus aus vmro vmromdcb mdcb.. Xkb àcarogj vmromdcb skauch kmvb tkb smfb cbgjtk ms tkb gufdbr ai m`tovb vmromdcbs og tkb ^@M (kbrb g 6 =>). Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos< # @r @rbm bmtb tb m rm rmgh ghaf af à àgt gtog ogua uaus us vm vmro romd mdcb cb ai cb cbgj gjtk tk => sbt.sbbh(=40 =40) ) =>) fy.àgt.vmr 3- rgarf(=>) @acar ar vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs dy tkb àg àgtog toguau uaus s vmr vmromd omdcb cb # @ac àc.vmr r 6 fy.àgt.vmr, ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, àc.vm jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("dcub" "dcub", , "ybccaw", "ybccaw", "rbh" "rbh"), ), jrmho cbjbg cbjbgh.to h.totcb tcb 6 "@agt.Ymr") "@agt.Ymr")

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0.8.4 0. 8.4.9 .9 @a @acar car dy jrau jraups ps Ot Ot‟s ‟s mc mcsa sa pas passo sodc dcbb ta `kmgj kmgjbb tk tkbb àca àcarr ai vmr mrom omdc dcbs bs dy jr jrau aups ps hb hbg gbh bh dy m qu qumc mcot otmmtovb/`mtbjaro`mc vmromdcb, mcsa `mccbh im`tar  og og T tbrfogacajy. Ms wb hag‟t kmvb mgy jraupogj vmromdcb og aur hmtm sbts iar `cmssoiyogj vmromdcbs, wb‟cc `rbmtb ot. Og tkb iaccawogj hbfa bxmfpcb, wb stmrt dy `cmssoiyogj tkb vmromdcbs ogta 0 jraups usogj tkb efbmgs `c `custb ustbrogj rogj mcjar mcjarotkf otkf.. Gbxt, wb usb tkb `custb `custbrs rs rbturgb rbturgbh h dy tkb efbmgs mcjarotkf ta àcar vmromdcbs. Gatb tkmt, oi yau mrb ogtbrbstbh og cbmrgogj `custbrogj, wb prbvoauscy pudcoskbh m daae gmfbh –^rm`to`mc Juohb Xa @custbr Mgmcysos og T‖ (kttps.>2) >.>2) # Hbs Hbs`ro `ropto ptoag ag ai hof hofbgs bgsoag oag = rbs.hbs`$Hof.= rbs.hbs`$Hof .= ## ## ## ## ## ##

$qumgt $qumgto o

## ## ## ##

Lmvbcogb [8>>f [==>f.kurhcb [=>>f

Cagj.lufp Hosùs Pkat.put Kojk.lufp

àrrbcmtoag >.:?8 >.:80 >.:08 >.9=>

p.vmcub 9.>9b->9 8.;8b->2 9.:4b->2 =.??b->0

>.84; ->.:>4 ->.:98 ->.;2=

8.=2b->4 =.?=b->8 4.4>b->2 4.:0b->:

0>

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

# Hbs Hbs`ro `ropto ptoag ag ai hof hofbgs bgsoag oag 4 rbs.hbs`$Hof.4 rbs.hbs`$Hof .4

## $qumgt $qumgto o ## àrrbcmtoag p.vmcub ## âcb.vmuct >.;>: 0.4=b->9

## [=2>>f ## Kojk.lufp

>.:;8 ?.0;b >9 ->.892 4.20b->4

Og tkb autput mdavb, $qumgto  fbmgs fbmgs rbsucts iar qumgtotmtov qumgtotmtovbb vmromdcb vmromdcbs. s. Gatb tkmt, vmromdcbs mrb sartbh dy tkb p-vmcub ai tkb àrrbcmtoag.

0.8.8 0.8. 8 Jr Jrmp mpk k ai og ogho hovo vohu humc mcss 0.8.8 0. 8.8.= .= Tb Tbsu suct ctss im`tabxtrm Xkb rbsucts, iar oghovohumcs `mg db bxtrm`tbh usogj tkb iug`toag jbtQp`mQogh (()) U im`tabxtrm pmèmjb pm` emjbV. V. Pofoc Pofocmrcy mrcy ta tkb jbtQp`mQvmr (), (), tkb iug`toag jbtQp`mQogh () () pravohbs m cost ai fmtro`bs àgtmogogj mcc tkb rbsucts iar tkb oghovohumcs (àarhogmtbs, àrrbcmtoag dbtwbbg

vmromdcbs mgh mxbs, squmrbh àsogb mgh àgtrodutoags) og ogh h 3- jbtQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m) ogh

## ## ## ## ## ##

^rogò ^rogòpmc pmc @afpag @afpagbgt bgt Mgmcys Mgmcysos os Tbsuct Tbsucts s iar oghovo oghovohum humcs cs 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag = "$àar "$àarh" h" "@ "@aa aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs iar iar tkb oghov oghovoh ohum umcs cs" " 4 "$` "$às as4" 4" "@a "@as4 iar iar tkb tkb ogh oghov ovo ohum humcs" cs" 0 "$àgt "$àgtrod rod" " "àgtr "àgtrodu odutoa toags gs ai tkb oghovo oghovohum humcs" cs"

Xa jbt m``bss ta tkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts, usb tkos< # @aarho @aarhogmt gmtbs bs ai ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs kbmh(ogh$àarh) # ]umcot ]umcoty y ai ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs kbmh(ogh$às4) # @agtrodut @agtrodutoags oags ai oghov oghovohum ohumcs cs kbmh(ogh$àgtrod)

0.8.8.4 0.8.8.4 ^ca ^cats< ts< qum qumcot coty y mgh àg àgtro trodut dutoag oag Xkb ivozQp`mQogh () () os usbh ta prahu`b tkb jrmpk ai oghovohumcs. Xa `rbmtb m sofpcb pcat, typb tkos< ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m)

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

0=

Coeb vmromdcbs, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta àcar oghovohumcs dy tkbor às4 vmcubs< àc.ogh h 6 "às4", "às4", ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m, àc.og jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), rbpb c 6 XTRB # Mva Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj (sc (scaw aw oi fmg fmgy y pao paogts gts) ) rbpbc )

Gatb tkmt, oghovohumcs tkmt mrb sofocmr mrb jraupbh tajbtkbr ag tkb pcat. _au `mg mcsa `kmgjb tkb paogt sozb m`àrhogj tkb às4 ai tkb àrrbspaghogj oghovohumcs< paogtsozb b 6 "às4", "às4", ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m, paogtsoz paogt paogtskmp skmpb b 6 4= 4=, , io iocc cc 6 "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", rb rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB # Mva Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj (sc (scaw aw oi fmg fmgy y pao paogts gts) ) )

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Xa `kmgjb datk paogt sozb mgh àcar dy às4, try tkos< ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m, àc.og àc.ogh h 6 "às4", "às4", paogtsozb paogtsozb 6 "às4", "às4", jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"),

rbpb c 6 XTRB # Mva Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj (sc (scaw aw oi fmg fmgy y pao paogts gts) ) rbpbc )

Xa `rbmtb m dmr pcat ai tkb qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag (às4) ai oghovohumcs ag tkb im`tar fmp, yau `mg usb tkb iug`toag ivozQàs4 () () ms prbvoauscy hbs`rodbh iar vmromdcbs< `kao`b 6 "ogh") "ogh") ivozQàs4(rbs.p`m, `kao`b

Xa vosumcozb tkb àgtrodutoag ai oghovohumcs ta tkb rst twa progòpmc àfpagbgts, typb tkos< # Xa Xatm tmc c à àgt gtro rodu duto toag ag ag ^@ ^@= = mg mgh h ^@ ^@4 4 `kao`b 6 "ogh", "ogh", mxbs mxbs 6 =.4 sbtasm ## 4 8.? 0.> =.8 >.4 sbtasm ## 0 8.: 0.4 =.0 >.4 sbtasm

Xkb àcufg –Ppbòbs‖ wocc db usbh ms jraupogj vmromdcb. Zb stmrt dy àfputogj progòpmc àfpagbgt mgmcysos ms iaccaw<

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# Xkb Xkb vm vmro romd mdcb cb Pp Ppb` bòb obs s (o (ogh ghbx bx 6 2) os rb rbfa favb vbh h # dbi dbiarb arb ^@M mgm mgmcys cysos os

oros.p`m oros. p`m 3- ^@M(orosU,(orosU,-2 2V, jrmp jrmpk k 6 IMCPB) IMCPB)

Og tkb T àhb dbcaw< tkb mrjufbgt kmdoccmjb   ar àc.ogh  `mg `mg db usbh ta spbòiy tkb im`tar vmromdcb iar àcarogj tkb oghovohumcs dy jraups. Xa mhh m àg`bgtrmtoag bccopsb mraugh bm`k jraup, spbòiy tkb mrjufbgt mhhBccopsbs 6 XTRB . Xkb mrjufbgt pmcbttb  `mg `mg db usbh ta `kmgjb jraup àcars. ivozQp`mQogh(oros.p`m,

jbaf.ogh jbaf.o gh 6 "paogt", "paogt", # sk skaw aw pa paog ogts ts ag agcy cy (g (gdu dut t ga gat t "t "tbx bxt" t") ) àc.og àc .ogh h 6 oros$Ppbòbs, # à àca car r dy jr jrau aups ps pmcbtt pmc bttb b 6 `("#>>MIDD", "#>>MIDD", "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), mhhBc mhhBccops copsbs bs 6 XTRB, XTRB, # @ag`b @ag`bgtrm gtrmtoag toag bcco bccopsbs psbs cbjbgh.to cbjbg h.totcb tcb 6 "Jraups" )

Xa rbfavb tkb jraup fbmg paogt, spbòiy tkb mrjufbgt fbmg.paogt 6 IMCPB . Oi yau wmgt àghbg`b bccopsbs ogstbmh ai àg`bgtrmtoag bccopsbs, usb bccopsb.typb 6 –àghbg`b‖ .

0.8. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

02

àgioh iohbg` bg`b b bcc bccops opsbs bs # Mhh àg ivozQp`mQogh(oros.p`m, jbaf.og jbaf.ogh h 6 "paogt", "paogt", àc àc.og .ogh h 6 oros$Ppbòbs, pmc pmcbtt bttb b 6 `("#>>MIDD", "#>>MIDD", "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), mhhBccops copsbs bs 6 XTRB, XTRB, bccopsb.t bccopsb.typb ypb 6 "àgiohbg`b", "àgiohbg`b", mhhBc cbjbg cbjbgh.to h.totcb tcb 6 "Jraups" )

Gatb tkmt, mccawbh vmcubs iar pmcbttb og`cuhb< • –jrby –jrby‖‖ iar jrby àcar pmcb pmcbttbs5 ttbs5 • dr drbw bwbr br pmc pmcbt bttb tbss b.j. b.j. –ThD –ThDu‖ u‖,, –D –Dcu cubs bs‖, ‖, …5 Xa vobw vobw mcc, typb tko tkoss og T< T@acarDrbwbr: >.>::: :: >.=2 >.=2; ; ->.= ->.=99 994 4 ->.> ->.>0= 0== = $` $àr ar Hof.= Hof.4 Hof.0 Hof.8 Hof.2 Tmge Tmg e ->.: ->.:>= >= ->. ->.48 4824 24 ->. ->.=; =;0 0 >.>2 >.>22; 2; ->. ->.>: >:0; 0; âogt âo gts s >.?9 >.?98 8 >.>: >.>::: :: >.=2 >.=2; ; ->.= ->.=99 994 4 ->.> ->.>0= 0== = $às4 $às4 Hof.= Hof.4 Hof.0 Hof.8 Hof.2 Tmge Tmge >. >.8? 8?4 4 >.>9> >.>9>=4 =4 >.>0 >.>009 09 >.>> >.>>0= 0== = >.>>2 >.>>282 82 âogts âogts >.?4? >.?4? >.>>9> >.>>9>0 0 >.>42> >.>42> >.>4:9 >.>4:90 0 >.>>>? >.>>>?: :

• Yosumcozb mcc vm vmromdcbs romdcbs (m`tovb mgh suppc suppcbfbgtmr bfbgtmry y agbs)< ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m)

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Gatb tkmt, dy hbimuct, suppcbfbgtmry qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs mrb skawg og dcub àcar mgh hmskbh cogbs. Iurtkbr mrjufbgts ta ùstafozb tkb pcat< # @km @kmgjb gjb àcar àcar ai vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, àc.vm r 6 "dcmè", "dcmè", # M`tovb àc.vmr M`tovb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs àc.qumgt àc.q umgto.sup o.sup 6 "rbh" # Pupp Puppc. c. qumg qumgtotmt totmtovb ovb vmrom vmromdcbs dcbs ) # Kohb Kohb m`to m`tovb vb vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s ag tk tkb b pc pcat at, , # ska skaw w agc agcy y sup suppcb pcbfbg fbgtmr tmry y vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs ogvosodcb b 6 "vmr") "vmr") ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, ogvosodc # Kohb supp suppcbfb cbfbgtmr gtmry y vmro vmromdcb mdcbs s ogvosodcb b 6 "qumgto.sup") "qumgto.sup") ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, ogvosodc

Rsogj tkb ivozQp`mQvmr (), (), tkb qumgtotmtovb suppcbfbgtmry vmromdcbs mrb hospcmybh mutafmto` muta fmto`mccy mccy ag tkb àrrbc àrrbcmtoa mtoag g òr` òr`cb cb pcat. Gatb tkmt, yau `mg mhh tkb qumgto.sup vmromdcbs vmr omdcbs fmgumc fmgumccy cy,, usogj tkb ivozQmhh (()) iug iug`to `toag ag,, iar iurtk iurtkbr br ùsta ùstafoz fozmto mtoag ag.. Mg bxmfpcb os skawg dbcaw. ^cat t ai m`t m`tovb ovb vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs # ^ca p 3- ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, ogvosodc ogvosodcb b 6 "qumgto.sup") "qumgto.sup")

0.2. PR^^CBFBGX PR^^CBFBGXMT_ MT_ BCBFBGXP BCBFBGXP

# Mhh suppcb suppcbfbg fbgtmr tmry y m`t m`tovb ovb vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs ivozQmhh(p, rbs.p`m$qumgto.sup$àarh, rbs.p`m$qumgto.sup$àarh, jbaf af 6 `("mrraw", "mrraw", "tbxt"), "tbxt"), jb à àca car r 6 "rbh") "rbh")

82

0.2. 0. 2.8 8 Og Ogho hovo vohu humc mcss • ^rbh ^rbho`tb o`tbh h rbsu rbsucts cts iar tkb suppcb suppcbfbg fbgtmry tmry oghovo oghovohumc humcss (ogh.sup ogh.sup)< )< rbs.p`m$ogh.sup

• Yosum Yosumcozb cozb mcc oghovoh oghovohumcs umcs (m`to (m`tovb vb mgh suppcbf suppcbfbg bgtmry tmry agbs). agbs). Ag tkb jrmp jrmpk, k, yau `mg mhh mcsa tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs (qumco.sup (qumco.sup), ), wko`k àarhogmtbs os m``bssodcb usogj rbs.p`m$qumco.supp$àarh . àc.ogh.sup up 6 "dcub", "dcub", rbp rbpbc bc 6 XTRB) XTRB) p 3- ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m, àc.ogh.s rbs.p`m$qumco.sup$àarh, àc àcar ar 6 "rbh") "rbh") p 3- ivozQmhh(p, rbs.p`m$qumco.sup$àarh, p

Puppcbfbgtmry oghovohumcs mrb skawg og dcub. Xkb cbvbcs ai tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb mrb skawg og rbh àcar.

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0.2.2 0.2. 2 ]umco ]umcotmto tmtovb vb vmromd mromdcbs cbs Og tkb prbvoaus sb`toag, wb skawbh tkmt yau `mg mhh tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs ag oghovohumcs pcat usogj ivozQmhh (). (). Gatb tkmt, tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs `mg db mcsa usbh iar àcarogj oghovohumcs dy jraups. Xkos `mg kbcp ta ogtbrprbt tkb hmtm. Xkb hmtm sbts hb`mtkcag4  àgtmog àgtmog m suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb   mt mt àcufgs =0 àrrbspaghogj ta tkb typb ai àfpbtotoags.

Xkb rbsucts àg`brgogj tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb mrb< rbs.p`m$qumco

Xa àcar oghovohumcs dy m suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb, tkb mrjufbgt kmdoccmjb   os usbh ta spbòiy tkb oghb oghbx x ai tkb suppcbf suppcbfbgt bgtmry mry qumcotmt qumcotmtovb ovb vmr vmromdc omdcb. b. Kost Kostaro` aro`mccy mccy,, tkos mrjufbgt gmfb àfbs iraf tkb Im`taFogbT pmèmjb. Ot‟s m irbg`k warh fbmgogj –hrbssogj‖ og bgjcosk. Xa ebbp àgsostbg`y dbtwbbg Im`taFogbT mgh im`tabxtrm, wb hbòhbh ta ebbp tkb smfb mrjufbgt gmfb kmdoccmjb b 6 =0 =0, , ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m, kmdoccmj mhhBc mhhBccops copsbs bs 6XTRB XTRB, , bccopsb.t bccopsb.typb ypb 6 "àgiohbg`b", "àgiohbg`b", pmcbtt bttb b 6 "là", "là", rbp rbpbc bc 6 XTRB) XTRB) pmc

Tb`mcc tkmt, ta rbfavb tkb fbmg paogts ai jraups, spbòiy tkb mrjufbgt fbmg.paogt 6 IMCPB .

0.9. IOCXBTOGJ IOCXBTOGJ TBPRCXP TBPRCXP

8:

0.9 9 Io Ioct ctbr brog ogj j rb rbsu suct ctss 0. Oi yau kmvb fmgy oghovohumcs/vmromdcb, ot‟s passodcb ta vosumcozb agcy safb ai tkbf usogj tkb mrjufbgts sbcb`t.ogh   mgh sbcb`t.vmr . sbcb`t.ogh, sbcb`t.vmr< m àgtmogogj sbcb`toa sbcb`toag g ai oghovohumcs/v mcs/vmrom mromdcb dcbàs4 ta db pcattbh. tbh. Mcca Mccawbh wbh vmcubs mrb GRCC ar m cost àgtmogogj tkboghovohu mrjufbgts gmfb, ar pcat àgtrod< • gmfb < os m `kmrm `kmrm`tbr `tbr vb`tar àgtmo àgtmogogj gogj oghovohumcs/vmromdcb oghovohumcs/vmromdcb gmfbs ta db pcattbh • às4 < oi às4 os og U>, =V, bx< >.9, tkbg oghovohumcs/vmromdcbs wotk m às4 7 >.9 mrb pcattbh • oi às4 7 =, bx< 2, tkbg tkb tap 2 m`to m`tovb vb oghov oghovohum ohumcs/v cs/vmrom mromdcbs dcbs mgh tap 2 suppcbfbgtmry àcufgs/raws wotk tkb kojkbst às4 mrb pcattbh • àgtrod< oi àg àgtro trod d 7 =, bx< 2, tkb tkbg g tkb tap 2 ogh oghovo ovohum humcs/ cs/v vmro mromdc mdcbs bs wotk tkb kojkbst àgtrodutoags mrb pcattbh # Yo Yosu sumc mcoz ozb b vm vmro romd mdcb cb wo wotk tk à às4 s4 76 >. >.9 9 ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, sbcb`t.vmr sbcb`t.vmr 6 cost(às4 às4 6 >.9 >.9)) ))

# Xa Xap p 2 m` m`to tovb vb vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s wo wotk tk tk tkb b ko kojk jkbs bst t à às4 s4 às4 6 2)) ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, sbcb`t.vmr6 cost(às4 # Pb Pbcb cb`t `t dy gm gmfb fbs s gm gmfb fb 3- cost(gmfb gmfb 6 `("Cagj.lufp", "Cagj.lufp", "Kojk.lufp", "Kojk.lufp", "[=>>f")) "[=>>f")) sbcb`t.vmr 6 gmfb) ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m, sbcb`t.vmr # tap 2 àg àgtro trodut dutogj ogj ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs mgh vmr vmromd omdcb cb ivozQp`mQdopcat(rbs.p`m, sbcb`t.og sbcb`t.ogh h 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2), sbcb`t.vm r 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2), sbcb`t.vmr jjt jjtkbf kbfb b 6 tkbfbQfogofmc())

Zkbg tkb sbcb sbcb`toa `toag g os hag hagbb m`à m`àrhog rhogjj ta tkb àg àgtrod trodutoa utoag g vmcub mcubs, s, supp suppcbfbg cbfbgtmry tmry oghovohumcs/vm oghovohumc s/vmromdcbs romdcbs mrb gat skawg db`musb tkby hag‟t àgtrodutb ta tkb àgstru`toag àgstru`toag ai tkb mxbs.

0.: : Bx Bxpar parto togj gj rb rbsu suct ctss 0. 0.:. 0. :.= = Bx Bxpar partt pcats pcats ta ^HI ^HI/^ /^GJ GJ cbs cbs Xkb im`tabxtrm pmèm pmèmjb jb prahu`bs m jjpc jjpcat4at4-dmsb dmsbh h jrmp jrmpks. ks. Xa smv smvbb mgy mgy jjpc jjpcats, ats, tkb stmghmrh T àhb os ms iaccaw< # ^r ^rog ogt t tk tkb b pc pcat at ta m ph phi i io iocb cb

"fypcat.phi") phi("fypcat.phi") progt(fypcat) hbv.aii()

Og tkb iaccawogj bxmfpcbs, wb‟cc skaw yau kaw ta smvb tkb hobrbgt jrmpks ogta phi ar

8;

@KM^XBT 0. ^TOG@O^ ^TOG@O^MC MC @AFÂGBGX @AFÂGBGX MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

pgj cbs. Xkb rst stbp os ta `rbmtb tkb pcats yau wmgt ms mg T adlb`t< # P` P`rb rbb b pc pcat at

s`rbb.pcat s`rbb .pcat 3- ivozQboj(rbs.p`m) # ^ca ^cat t ai ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs ogh.pcat ogh.p cat 3- ivozQp`mQogh(rbs.p`m) # ^c ^cat at ai vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s vmr.pcat vmr.p cat 3- ivozQp`mQvmr(rbs.p`m)

Gbxt, tkb pcats `mg db bxpartbh ogta m sogjcb phi cb ms iaccaw< "^@M.phi") # @r phi("^@M.phi") @rbm bmtb tb m gb gbw w ph phi i hb hbvo vo`b `b progt(s`rbb.pcat) progt(ogh.pcat) progt(vmr.pcat)

@cas asb b tk tkb b ph phi i hb hbvo vo`b `b hbv.aii() # @c

Gatb tkmt, usogj tkb mdavb T àhb wocc `rbmtb tkb ^HI cb ogta yaur ùrrbgt wareogj horb`tary.. Xa sbb tkb pmtk ai yaur ùrrbg horb`tary ùrrbgtt wareogj horb`tary horb`tary,, typb jbtwh() og tkb T àgsacb. Xa progt bm`k pcat ta spbò` pgj cb, tkb T àhb caaes coeb tkos< # ^rog ^rogt t s` s`rb rbb b pc pcat at ta m pg pgj j io iocb cb "p`m-s`rbb-pcat.pgj") pgj("p`m-s`rbb-pcat.pgj") progt(s`rbb.pcat) hbv.aii() ^rogt t og ogho hovo vohu humc mcs s pc pcat at ta m pg pgj j io iocb cb # ^rog pgj("p`m-vmromdcbs.pgj") "p`m-vmromdcbs.pgj") progt(vmr.pcat) hbv.aii()

# ^rog ^rogt t vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s pc pcat at ta m pg pgj j io iocb cb pgj("p`m-oghovohumcs.pgj") "p`m-oghovohumcs.pgj") progt(ogh.pcat) hbv.aii()

Mgatkbr mctbrgmtovb, ta bxpart jjpcats, os ta usb tkb iug`toag jjbxpart() jjbxpart() Uog jjpudr pmèmjbV. Zb coeb jjbxpart coeb jjbxpart(), (), db`musb ot‟s vbry sofpcb. Zotk agb cogb T àhb, ot mccaws us ta bxp bxpart art ogh oghovo ovohum humcc pca pcats ts ta m cb (phi (phi,, bps ar pgj pgj)) (ag (agbb pca pcatt pbr pmjb pmjb). ). Ot `mg mcs mcsaa mrrmgjb mrrm gjb tkb pcats (4 pcat p pbr br pmjb, iar bxmfpcb bxmfpcb)) d dbiar biarbb bxpartogj tkbf tkbf.. Xkb bxmfpcbs bxmfpcbs dbcaw hbfagstrmtbs kaw ta bxpart jjpcats usogj jjbxpart usogj jjbxpart(). (). Bxpart oghovohumc pcats ta m phi cb (agb pcat pbr pmjb)<

0.;. PRFFMT PRFFMT_ _

8?

codrmry(jjpudr) pcatco tcost st 6 cost(s`rb (s`rbb.pc b.pcat, at, ogh.pcat, ogh.pcat, vmr.pcat), vmr.pcat), jjbxpart(pca

iocbgm bgmfb fb 6 "^@M.phi") "^@M.phi") ioc

Mrrmgjb mgh bxpart. Ppbòiy graw   mgh gàc  ta hospcmy fuctopcb pcats ag tkb smfb pmjb< pcatco tcost st 6 cost(s`rb (s`rbb.pc b.pcat, at, ogh.pcat, ogh.pcat, vmr.pcat), vmr.pcat), jjbxpart(pca graw aw 6 4, g` gàc ac 6 4, gr ioc iocbgm bgmfb fb 6 "^@M.phi") "^@M.phi")

Bxpart pcat Bxpart pcatss ta pgj cbs cbs.. Oi yau spbò spbòiy iy m cost cost ai pcat pcats, s, tkb tkbg g fu fucto ctopc pcbb pgj cb cbss woc woccc db mutafmto`mccy `rbmtbh ta kach bm`k pcat. pcatco tcost st 6 cost(s`rb (s`rbb.pc b.pcat, at, ogh.pcat, ogh.pcat, vmr.pcat), vmr.pcat), jjbxpart(pca iocbgm bgmfb fb 6 "^@M.pgj") "^@M.pgj") ioc

0.:.4 Bxpa 0.:.4 Bxpart rt rbsu rbsucts cts ta txt/ txt/`sv `sv cb cbss Mcc tkb autputs ai tkb ^@M (oghovohumcs/vmromdcbs àarhogmtbs, àgtrodutoags, bt`) `mg db bxpartbh mt ag`b, ogta m X[X/@PY cb, usogj tkb iug`toag wrotb.ogcb iug`toag wrotb.ogcb() () Uog Im`taFogbTV pmèmjb< # Bx Bxpa part rt og ogta ta m X[ X[X X io iocb cb "p`m.txt", sbp 6 "St") "St") wrotb.ogiocb(rbs.p`m, "p`m.txt", # Bx Bxpa part rt og ogta ta m @P @PY Y io iocb cb "p`m.`sv", sbp 6 "5" "5") ) wrotb.ogiocb(rbs.p`m, "p`m.`sv",

Puf ffm fmry ry 0.; Pu

0.; Pu Puf ffm fmry ry Og àg`cusoag, wb hbs`rodbh kaw ta pbriarf mgh ogtbrprbt progòpmc àfpagbgt mgmcysos (^@M). Zb àfputbh ^@M usogj tkb tkb ^@M() ^@M() iug`toag UIm`taFogbTV. Gbxt, wb usbh tkb im`tabxtrm T im`tabxtrm T pmèmjb ta prahu`b jjpcat4-dmsbh vosumcozmtoag ai tkb ^@M rbsucts. Xkbrb mrb atkbr iug`toags UpmèmjbsV ta àfputb ^@M og T< =) Rsogj pràfp Rsogj pràfp() () UstmtsV rbs.p` rbs .p`m m 3- pràfp(or (orosU osU, , -2V, s`mcb. s`mcb. 6 XTRB) XTRB)

Tbmh farb< kttp). kttps=:d). • ^rog ^rogòpm òpmcc @afpag @afpagbg bgtt Mgmc Mgmcysos ysos (daae) (Lac (Laccoib, coib, 4>>4) 4>>4).. Pbb mcsa< • ^@ ^@M M us usog ogjj pràfp() pràfp() mgh mgh progàfp() progàfp() (tutarom (tutaromc). c). kttp> >>, , hi 6 8> 8>, , pp-vm vmcu cub b 34 34bb-=9 =9

Og aur bxmfpcb, tkb raw mgh tkb àcufg vmromdcbs mrb stmtosto`mccy sojgo`mgtcy mssaòmtbh (p-vmcub   6 r `kosq$p.vm `kosq$p.vmcub cub).

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

22

8.4. 4.8 8 T àhb àhb ta ta àfp àfput utb b @M 8. Xkb iug`toag @M ()UIm`taFogbr  pmèmjbV `mg db usbh. M sofpcobh iarfmt os < @M([, g`p 6 2, jrmpk jrmpk 6 XTRB) XTRB)

• [ < m hmtm irmfb (àgtogjbg`y tmdcb) • g`p g`p < < gufdbr ai hofbgsoags ebpt og tkb gmc rbsucts. • jrmpk < jrmpk < m cajo`mc vmcub. Oi XTRB m jrmpk os hospcmybh. Xa àfputb àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos, typb tkos< codrmry("Im`taFogbT") "Im`taFogbT") rbs.`m rbs .`m 3- @M(kausbtmses, jrmp jrmpk k 6 IMCPB) IMCPB)

Xkb autput ai tkb iug`toag @M() os m cost og`cuhogj < progt(rbs.`m)

## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

**Tbsu **Tbsucts cts ai tkb @arrbs @arrbspag paghbg hbg`b `b Mgmcys Mgmcysos os (@M)** (@M)** Xkb raw vmrom vmromdc dcb b km kms s =0 `m `mtb tbja jaro robs bs5 5 tk tkb b à àcu cufg fg vmrom vmromdc dcb b km kms s 8 `m `mtb tbja jaro robs bs Xk Xkb b `k `ko o sq squm umrb rb ai og oghb hbpb pbgh ghbg bg`b `b db dbtw twbb bbg g tk tkb b tw twa a vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s os bq bqum umc c ta =?88 =?88 (p (p-v -vmc mcub ub *Xkb *Xkb rbsuct rbsucts s mrb mvmocm mvmocmdcb dcb og tkb iaccaw iaccawogj ogj adlb`t adlb`ts< s<

## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

= 4 0 8

gmfb "$boj" "$ " $àc" "$àc$àarh" "$àc$às4"

hbs`roptoag "bojbgvmcubs" "rbsucts iar tkb àcufgs" "àarh. iar tkb àcufgs" "às4 iar tkb àcufgs"

2 9 : ; ? => == =4

"$à "$àc$ c$à àgt gtro rod" d" "$ "$raw" "$raw$àarh" "$raw$às4" "$ra "$raw$ w$à àgt gtro rod" d" "$`mcc" "$`mcc "$`mcc$fm $fmrjb rjb.à .àc" c" "$`mcc "$`mcc$fm $fmrjb rjb.ra .raw" w"

"àg "àgtr trod odut utoa oags gs ai tkb tkb àc àcuf ufgs gs" " "rbsucts iar tkb raws" "àarh. iar tkb raws" "às4 iar tkb raws" "àg "àgtr trod odut utoa oags gs ai tkb tkb raw raws" s" "suffmry `mccbh pmrmfbtbrs" "wbojk "wbojkts ts ai tkb àcufg àcufgs" s" "wbojk "wbojkts ts ai tkb raws" raws"

Xkb adlb`t tkmt os `rbmtbh usogj tkb iug`toag @M () àgtmogs fmgy ogiarfmtoag iaugh og fmgy hobrbgt costs mgh fmtro`bs. Xkbsb vmcubs mrb hbs`rodbh og tkb gbxt sb`toag.

8.0 Yos Yosumc umcozm ozmtoa toag g mgh mgh og ogtbr tbrprb prbtmt tmtoag oag Zb‟cc usb tkb iaccawogj iug`toags Uog im`tabxtrm V ta kbcp og tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag mgh tkb vosumcozmtoag ai tkb àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos< • jbtQbojbgvmcub (rbs.`m)< (rbs.`m)< Bxtrm`t tkb bojbg bojbgvmc vmcubs/v ubs/vmromg`bs mromg`bs rbtmogbh dy bm`k hofbgsoag (mxos) • ivozQboj (rbs.`m)< (rbs.`m)< Yosumcozb tkb bojbgvmcubs

29

@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

• jbtQ`mQraw (rbs.`m), (rbs.`m), jbtQ`mQàc (rbs.`m)< (rbs.`m)< Bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar raws mgh àcufgs, rbspb`tovbcy. • ivozQ`mQraw (rbs.`m), (rbs.`m), ivozQ`mQàc ((rbs rbs.` .`m) m) ). ). @ko-squmr squmrb b stmt stmtosto` osto`s s # @ko`k `ko4 o4 3- =?88.829 # Hb Hbjr jrbb bb ai ir irbb bbha haf f hi 3- (graw(kau (kausbtms sbtmses) es) - =) * (gàc(kau (kausbtms sbtmses) es) - =) ^-vmcu mcub b # ^-v pv pvmc mc 3- p`kosq (`ko4, (`ko4, hi 6 hi, cawbr.tmoc cawbr.tmoc 6 IMCPB) IMCPB)

pvmc ## U=V >

8.0.4 Bojb 8.0.4 Bojbgv gvmcubs mcubs / Ymromg mromg`bs `bs Tb`mcc tkmt, wb bxmfogb tkb bojbgvmcubs ta hbtbrfogb tkb gufdbr ai mxos ta db àgsohbrbh.

Xkb bojbgvmcubs mgh tkb prapartoag ai vmromg`bs rbtmogbh dy tkb hobrbgt mxbs `mg db im`tabxtrm  pmèmjbV. bxtrm`tbh usogj tkb iug`toag jbtQbojbgvmcub (()) U im`tabxtrm pmèmjbV. Bojbgvmcubs  mrb mrb cmrjb iar tkb rst mxos mgh sfmcc iar tkb sudsbqubgt mxos. codrmry "im`tabxtrm") "im`tabxtrm" ) (rbs.`m) boj.vm boj .vmc c (3 jbtQbojbgvmcub

boj.vmc ## bo bojb jbgv gvmc mcub ub vm vmro romg mg`b `b.p .pbr br`b `bgt gt ù ùfu fucm cmto tovb vb.v .vmr mrom omg` g`b. b.pb pbr` r`bg bgt t ## Hof.= >.280 8;.: 8;.: ## Hof.4 >.882 0?.? ;;.9 ## Hof.0 >.=4: ==.8 =>>.>

Bojbgvmcubs  àrrbspagh àrrbspagh ta tkb mfaugt ai ogiarfmtoag rbtmogbh dy bm`k mxos. Hofbgsoags mrb arhbrbh hb`rbmsogjcy mgh costbh m`àrhogj ta tkb mfaugt ai vmromg`b bxpcmogbh og tkb

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

2:

sacutoag. Hofbgsoag = bxpcmogs tkb fast vmromg`b og tkb sacutoag, iaccawbh dy hofbgsoag 4 mgh sa ag. Xkb ùfucmtovb pbr`bgtmjb bxpcmogbh os adtmogbh dy mhhogj tkb su``bssovb prapartoags ai vmromtoag bxpcmogbh ta adtmog tkb ruggogj tatmc. Iar ogstmg`b, 8;.9?% pcus 0?.?=% bqumcs ;;.9%, mgh sa iartk. Xkbrbiarb, mdaut ;;.9% ai tkb vmromtoag os bxpcmogbh dy tkb rst twa hofbgsoags. Bojbgvmcub Bojbgv mcubss `mg db usbh ta hbtbrfo hbtbrfogb gb tkb gufdb gufdbrr ai mxbs ta rbtmog. Xkbr Xkbrbb os ga –rucb ai tkufd‖ tkufd‖ ta `k `kaasb aasb tkb gu gufdbr fdbr ai hofb hofbgsoa gsoags gs ta ebb ebbp p iar tkb hmtm ogt ogtbrpr brprbtmt btmtoag. oag. Ot hbpbgh hbp bghss ag tkb rbsbm rbsbmr` r`k k qub qubsto stoag ag mgh tkb rbs rbsbm bmr` r`kbr kbr‟s ‟s gbbh. gbbh. Iar bxm bxmfpc fpcb, b, oi yau yau mrb smtosbh wotk ;>% ai tkb tatmc vmromg`bs bxpcmogbh tkbg usb tkb gufdbr ai hofbgsoags gb`bssmry ta m`kobvb tkmt. Gatb tkmt, m jaah hofbgsoag rbhu`toag os m`kobvbh wkbg tkb tkb rst ibw hofbgsoags m`àugt iar m cmrjb prapartoag ai tkb vmromdocoty. Og aur mgmc mgmcysos, ysos, tkb rst twa mxbs bxpcmog ;;.9 ;;.9% % ai tkb vmrom mromtoag toag.. Xkos os mg m``bpt m``bptmdcy mdcy cmrjb pbr`bgtmjb. Mg mctbrgmtovb fbtkah ta hbtbrfogb tkb gufdbr ai hofbgsoags os ta caae mt m P`rbb ^cat, wko`k os tkb pcat ai bojbgvmcubs/vmromg`bs arhbrbh iraf cmrjbst ta tkb sfmccbst. Xkb gufdbr ai àfpagbgt os hbtbrfogbh mt tkb paogt, dbyagh wko`k tkb rbfmogogj bojbgvmcubs mrb mcc rbcmtovbcy sfmcc mgh ai àfpmrmdcb sozb. im`tabxtrm Xkb s`rbb pcat `mg db prahu`bh usogj tkb iug`toag ivozQboj () () ar ivozQs`rbbpcat () () U im`tabxtrm

pmèmjbV.

mhhcmdbcs s 6 XTRB, XTRB, ycof ycof 6 `(>, 2> 2>)) )) ivozQs`rbbpcat(rbs.`m, mhhcmdbc

Xkb paogt mt wko`k tkb s`rbb pcat  skaws skaws m dbgh (sa `mccbh –bcdaw‖) `mg db àgsohbrbh ms ogho`mtogj mg aptofmc hofbgsoagmcoty. Ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `mcùcmtb mg mvbrmjb bojbgvmcub mdavb wko`k tkb mxos skauch db ebpt og tkb sacutoag.

2;

@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Aur hmtm àgtmogs =0 raws mgh 8 àcufgs. Oi tkb hmtm wbrb rmghaf, tkb bxpb`tbh vmcub ai tkb bojbgvmcub iar bm`k mxos wauch db =/(graw(kausbtmses)-=) 6 =/=4 6 ;.00% og tbrfs ai raws. Coebwosb, tkb mvbrmjb mxos skauch m`àugt iar =/(gàc(kausbtmses)-=) 6 =/0 6 00.00% og tbrfs ai tkb 8 àcufgs. M`àrhogj ta (Dbghoxbg, =??2)< Mgy mxos wotk m àgtrodutoag cmrjbr tkmg tkb fmxofuf ai tkbsb twa pbr`bgtmjbs skauch db àgsohbrbh ms ofpartmgt mgh og`cuhbh og tkb sacutoag iar tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag ai tkb hmtm. Xkb T àhb dbcaw, hrmws tkb s`rbb pcat wotk m rbh hmskbh cogb spbòiyogj tkb mvbrmjb bojbgvmcub< (rbs.` s.`m) m) + ivozQs`rbbpcat(rb yogtbr`bpt600.00, , cogbtypb64 cogbtypb64, àcar6"rbh" àcar6"rbh") ) jbafQkcogb(yogtbr`bpt600.00

M`àrhogj ta tkb jrmpk mdavb, agcy hofbgsoags = mgh 4 skauch db usbh og tkb sacutoag. Xkb hofbgsoag 0 bxpcmogs agcy ==.8% ai tkb tatmc ogbrtom wko`k os dbcaw tkb mvbrmjb bojbogvmcub (00.00%) mgh taa cottcb ta db ebpt iar iurtkbr mgmcysos. Gatb tkmt, tkmt, yau `mg usb farb tkmg 4 hofbg hofbgsoag soags. s. Kaw Kawbvb bvbr, r, tkb suppcb suppcbfbg fbgtmry tmry hofbgsoags mrb ugcoebcy ta àgtrodutb sojgo`mgtcy ta tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag ai gmturb ai tkb mssaòmtoag dbtwbbg tkb raws mgh àcufgs. Hofbgsoags = mgh 4 bxpcmog mppraxofmtbcy 8;.:% mgh 0?.?% ai tkb tatmc ogbrtom rbspb`tovbcy. Xkos àrrbspaghs ta m ùfucmtovb tatmc ai ;;.9% ai tatmc ogbrtom rbtmogbh dy tkb 4 hofbgsoa hofb gsoags. gs. Xkb kojkbr tkb rbtbgt rbtbgtoag, oag, tkb farb sudt sudtcbt cbty y og tkb aroj arojogmc ogmc hmtm os rbtm rbtmogbh ogbh og tkb caw-hofbgsoagmc sacutoag (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0).

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

2?

8. 8.0. 0.0 0 Do Dopc pcat at im`tabxtrm m  pmèmjbV Xkb iug`toag ivozQ`mQdopcat() U im`tabxtr pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw tkb dopcat ai raws mgh àcufgs vmromdcbs. # rb rbpb pbc6 c6 XT XTRB RB ta mv mvao aoh h tb tbxt xt av avbr brcm cmpp ppog ogj j (s (sca caw w oi fm fmgy gy pa paog ogt) t) ivozQ`mQdopcat(rbs.`m, rbpbc rbpbc 6 XTRB) XTRB)

syfbtro` Xkb jrmpk mdavbdy os dcub `mccbhpaogts mgh skaws mgh jcadmc pmttbrg wotkog tkb hmtm. Taws mrb rbprbsbgtbh mghpcat àcufgs dy rbhm tromgjcbs.

Xkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg mgy raw paogts ar àcufg paogts jovbs m fbmsurb ai tkbor sofocmroty (ar hossofocmroty). Taw paogts wotk sofocmr pracb mrb `casbh ag tkb im`tar fmp. Xkb smfb kachs trub iar àcufg paogts. Xkos jrmpk skaws tkmt < • kausbtmses su` su`k k ms hoggbr, drbmeibmst, cmughry mrb hagb farb aitbg d dy y tkb woib • Hrovo Hrovogj gj mgh rbpmor rbpmorss mrb hagb dy tkb kusdmg kusdmgh h • …… • Pyfbtro` pcat  rbprbsbgts rbprbsbgts tkb raw mgh àcufg pracbs sofuctmgbauscy og m àffag spm`b. Og tkos `msb, agcy tkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg raw paogts ar tkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg àcufg paogts `mg db rbmccy ogtbrprbtbh.

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@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

• Xkb hostmg hostmg`b `b dbtwb dbtwbbg bg mgy raw mgh àcu àcufg fg otbfs os gat fbmgo fbmgogjiu gjiuc! c! _au `mg agcy fmeb m jbgbrmc stmtbfbgts mdaut tkb adsbrvbh pmttbrg. • Og arhbr ta ogtbrprbt tkb hostmg`b dbtw dbtwbbg bbg àcufg mgh raw paogts, tkb àcufg pracb pra cbss fu fust st db prb prbsbg sbgtbh tbh og ra raw w spm spm`b `b ar vo` vo`b-v b-vbrs brsm. m. Xko Xkoss typb typb ai fmp os `mccbh msyffbtro` dopcat  mgh mgh os hosùssbh mt tkb bgh ai tkos mrto`cb.

Xkb gbxt stbp iar tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag os ta hbtbrfogb wko`k raw mgh àcufg vmromdcbs àgtrodutb tkb fast og tkb hbgotoag ai tkb hobrbgt hofbgsoags rbtmogbh og tkb fahbc.

8.0.8 8.0.8 Jrm Jrmpk pk ai ai raw raw vmro vmromdc mdcbs bs 8.0.8 8. 0.8.= .= Tb Tbsu suct ctss Xkb iug`toag jbtQ`mQraw () () Uog im`tabxtrm V os usbh ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar raw vmromdcbs. Xkos iug`toag rbturgs m cost àgtmogogj tkb àarhogmtbs, tkb às4, tkb àgtrodutoag mgh tkb ogbrtom ai raw vmromdcbs< ra raw w 3- jbtQ`mQraw(rbs.`m) raw ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

@arrbs @arrbspag paghbg hbg`b `b Mgmcys Mgmcysos os - Tbsuct Tbsucts s iar raws raws 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag = "$àa "$àarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs iar iar tkb raws raws" " 4 "$às4" "@as4 ia iar tk tkb ra raws" 0 "$àgt "$àgtrod rod" " "àgtr "àgtrodu odutoa toags gs ai tkb raws" raws" 8 "$ "$og ogbr brto tom" m" "O "Ogb gbrt rtom om ai tk tkb b ra raws ws" "

Xkb àfpagbgts ai tkb jbtQ`mQraw () () iug`toag `mg db usbh og tkb pcat ai raws ms iaccaw< • raw$àarh < àarh àarhogmt ogmtbs bs ai bm`k raw paog paogtt og bm`k hofbgsoag hofbgsoag (=, 4 mgh 0). Rsbh ta `rbmtb tkb< qumcoty s`mttbr ai pcat. • raw$às4 rbprbsbgtmtoag ai raws. • vmr$àgtrod< àgtrodutoag ai raws (og %) ta tkb hbgotoag ai tkb hofbgsoags. Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passodcb ta pcat raw paogts mgh ta àcar tkbf m`àrhogj ta botkbr o) tkbor qumcoty ag tkb im`tar fmp (às4) ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoag vmcubs ta tkb hbgotoag ai hofbgsoags (àgtr (àgtrod). od). Xkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts `mg db m``bssbh ms iaccaw< @aarhogmtbs bs # @aarhogmt kbmh(raw$àarh) # @as4 @as4< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar arb b fm fmp p kbmh(raw$às4) # @agtro @agtrodut dutoag oags s ta tkb pro progò gòpmc pmc àf àfpag pagbgt bgts s kbmh(raw$àgtrod)

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

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Og tkos sb`to sb`toag, ag, wb hbs` hbs`rodb rodb kaw ta vosum vosumcozb cozb raw paogts agcy agcy.. Gbxt, wb kojkcoj kojkcojkt kt raws m`àrhogj ta botkbr o) tkbor qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag ag tkb im`tar fmp ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoags ta tkb hofbgsoags. 8.0.8.4 @aarhog hogmtb mtbss ai raw raw paog paogts ts 8.0.8.4 @aar Xkb T àhb dbcaw hospcmys tkb àarhogmtbs ai bm`k raw paogt og bm`k hofbgsoag (=, 4 mgh 0)< kbmh(raw$àarh)

## ## ## ## ## ## ##

Hof = Hof 4 Cmughry ->.??4 >.8?2 Fm Fmog ogQf Qfbm bmc c -> ->.; .;:9 :9 >. >.8? 8?> > Hoggbr ->.9?0 >.0>; Dr Drbm bmei eibm bmst st -> ->.2 .2>? >? >. >.82 820 0 Xohy Xohyog ogj j ->.0 ->.0?8 ?8 ->.8 ->.808 08 Hoskbs ->.=;? ->.884

Hof 0 ->.0=9: ->. ->.=9 =98= 8= ->.4>:8 >. >.44 44>8 >8 ->.> ->.>?8 ?84 4 >.499?

Rsb tkb iug`toag ivozQ`mQraw () () Uog im`tabxtrmV ta vosumcozb agcy raw paogts< rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB) ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, rb

Ot‟s passodcb ta `kmgjb tkb àcar mgh tkb skmpb ai tkb raw paogts usogj tkb mrjufbgts àc.raw   mgh skmpb.raw  ms ms iaccaw<

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@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, àc.raw6 àc.raw6"stbbcdcub" "stbbcdcub", , skm skmpb.ra pb.raw w 6 =2 =2) )

Xkb pcat mdavb skaws tkb rbcmtoagskops dbtwbbg raw paogts< • Taw Tawss wotk m sofocmr prac pracbb mrb jrau jraupbh pbh tajbtk tajbtkbr. br. • (appasbh Gbj Gbjmto mtovb vbcy cy àr àrrbc rbcmtb mtbh h ra raws ws mrb paso pasotoa toagb gbh h ag appa appasot sotbb soh sohbs bs ai tkb pca pcatt aro arojog jog qumhrmgts). • Xkb hostmg hostmg`b `b dbtwbb dbtwbbg g ra raw w paog paogts ts mgh tkb arojog fbmsu fbmsurbs rbs tkb qumc qumcoty oty ai tkb ra raw w paog pao gts ag tk tkbb im`t im`tar ar fm fmp. p. Ta Taw w pao paog gts tkmt tkmt mr mrbb mwmy ir iraf af tkb tkb ar aroj ojog og mr mrbb wbcc bcc rbprbsbgtbh ag tkb im`tar fmp. 8.0 8.0.8.0 .8.0 ]um ]umcot coty y ai rbp rbprbs rbsbg bgtmt tmtoag oag ai raws raws Xkb rbsuct ai tkb mgmcysos skaws tkmt, tkb àgtogjbg`y tmdcb kms dbbg su``bssiuccy rbprbsbgtbh og caw hofbgsoag spm`b usogj àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos. Xkb twa hofbgsoags = mgh 4 mrb suòbgt ta rbtmog ;;.9% ai tkb tatmc ogbrtom (vmromtoag) àgtmogbh og tkb hmtm. Kawbvbr, gat mcc tkb paogts mrb bqumccy wbcc hospcmybh og tkb twa hofbgsoags. Tb`mcc tkmt, tkb qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag  ai ai tkb raws ag tkb im`tar fmp os `mccbh tkb squmrbh àsogb  (às4) (às4) ar tkb squmrbh àrrbcmtoags . Xkb às4 fbmsurbs tkb hbjrbb ai mssaòmtoag dbtwbbg raws/àcufgs mgh m pmrtoùcmr mxos. Xkb às4 ai raw paogts `mg db bxtrm`tbh ms iaccaw< kbmh(raw$às4, 8)

## ## ## ## ##

Hof = Hof 4 Cmug Cmugh hry FmogQ Fmo gQfb fbmc mc Hoggbr Drbmei Drbmeibms bmst t

>.:8 >.:8> > >. >.:8 :84 4 >.::: >.2>2 >.2>2

>.=; >.=;2 2 >. >.40 404 4 >.=28 >.8>> >.8>>

Hof 0 >.>: .>:22 >. >.>4 >49> 9> >.>9?: >.>?8; >.>?8;

Xkb vmcubs ai tkb às4 mrb àfprosbh dbtwbbg > mgh =. Xkb suf ai tkb às4 iar raws ag mcc tkb @M hofbgsoags os bqumc ta agb. Xkb qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag ai m raw ar àcufg og g hofbgsoags os sofpcy tkb suf ai tkb squmrbh àsogb ai tkmt raw ar àcufg avbr tkb g hofbgsoags. Oi m raw otbf os wbcc rbprbsbgtbh dy twa hofbgsoags, tkb suf ai tkb às4 os `casbh ta agb. Iar safb ai tkb raw otbfs, farb tkmg 4 hofbgsoags mrb rbquorbh ta pbrib`tcy rbprbsbgt tkb hmtm. Ot‟s passodcb ta àcar raw paogts dy tkbor às4 vmcubs usogj tkb mrjufbgt àc.raw 6 –às4‖ . Xkos prahu`bs m jrmhobg jrmhobgtt àcars, wko`k `mg db ùstafozbh usogj tkb mrjufbgt jrmhobgt.àcs .

Iar ogstmg`b, jrmhobgt.àcs 6 `(–wkotb‖, –dcub‖, –rbh‖) fbmgs tkmt< • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk caw às4 vmc vmcubs ubs wocc db àca àcarbh rbh og –wkotb‖ • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk foh às4 vmcu vmcubs bs wocc db àcarbh og –dcub‖ • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs wotk kojk às4 vmc vmcubs ubs wocc db àca àcarbh rbh og rbh

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

90

@aca car r dy às4 às4 vm vmcu cubs bs< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar ar fm fmp p # @a ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, àc àc.ra .raw w 6 "às4", "às4", jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"),

rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB) rbpbc

Gatb tkmt, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `kmgjb tkb trmgspmrbg`y ai tkb raw paogts m`àrhogj ta tkbor às4 vmcubs usogj tkb aptoag mcpkm.raw 6 –às4‖ . Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos< # @km @kmgjb gjb tkb trm trmgsp gspmrb mrbg`y g`y dy às às4 4 vmc vmcubs ubs mcpkm.raw6"às4" "às4") ) ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, mcpkm.raw6

_au `mg vosumcozb tkb às4 ai raw paogts ag mcc tkb hofbgsoags usogj tkb àrrpcat pmèmjb<

"àrrpcat") codrmry("àrrpcat") àrrpcat(raw$às4, os.àrr6IMCPB os.àrr6IMCPB) )

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@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `rbmtb m dmr pcat ai raws às4 usogj tkb iug`toag ivozQàs4 ()Uog ()Uog im`tabxtrm im`tabxt rm VV 0.:> 0.> 0.>9? 9? Xohyogj =.??; 4.?: >.8;? Hoskbs >.849 4.;8 0.908

Xkb raw vmromdcbs wotk tkb cmrjbr vmcub, àgtrodutb tkb fast ta tkb hbgotoag ai tkb hofbgsoags. • Ta Taws ws tkm tkmtt àg àgtro trodut dutbb tk tkbb fas fastt ta Hof Hof.= .= mgh Hof. Hof.44 mrb tkb fas fastt ofpa ofpartm rtmgt gt og bxpcmogogj tkb vmromdocoty og tkb hmtm sbt. • Taw Tawss tkmt ha gat àgtr àgtrodut odutbb fu`k ta mgy hofbgso hofbgsoag ag ar tkmt àg àgtrod trodutb utb ta tkb cmst hofbgsoags mrb cbss ofpartmgt.

Ot s passodcb ta usb tkb iug`toag àrrpcat (()) Uàrrpcat  pmèmjbV ta kojkcojkt tkb fast àg trodutogj raw paogts iar bm`k hofbgsoag< "àrrpcat") codrmry("àrrpcat") àrrpcat(raw$àgtrod, os.àrr6IMCPB os.àrr6IMCPB) )

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@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Xkb iug`toag ivozQàgtrod() Uim`tabxtrm pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw m dmr pcat ai raw àgtrodutoags. Oi yaur hmtm àgtmogs fmgy raws, yau `mg hbòhb ta skaw agcy tkb tap àgtrodutogj raws. Xkb T àhb dbcaw skaws tkb tap => raws àgtrodutogj ta tkb hofbgsoags< # @a @agt gtro rodu duto toag ags s ai ra raws ws ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g = `kao`b 6 "raw", "raw", mxbs mxbs 6 =, tap 6 => =>) ) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.`m, `kao`b # @a @agt gtro rodu duto toag ags s ai ra raws ws ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g 4 `kao`b 6 "raw", "raw", mxbs mxbs 6 4, tap 6 => =>) ) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.`m, `kao`b

Xkb tatmc àgtrodutoag ta hofbgsoag = mgh 4 `mg db adtmogbh ms iaccaw< # Xa Xatm tmc c à àgt gtro rodu duto toag ag ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g = mg mgh h 4 ivozQàgtrod(rbs.`m, `kao`b `kao`b 6 "raw", "raw", mxbs mxbs 6 = =>) )

Xkb rbh hmskbh cogb ag tkb jrmpk mdavb ogho`mtbs tkb bxpb`tbh mvbrmjb vmcub, Oi tkb àgtrod àg trodutoa utoags gs wbr wbrbb ugoi ugoiarf. arf. Xkb `mc` `mcùcmt ucmtoag oag ai tkb bxpb` bxpb`tbh tbh àg àgtrod trodutoa utoag g vmcub mcub,, ughb ughbrr gucc kypatkbsos, kms dbbg hbtmocbh og tkb progòpmc àfpagbgt mgmcysos `kmptbr (0). Ot `mg db sbbg tkmt< • tkb ra raw w otbf otbfss Tbpmors, Cmughry, FmogQfbmc mgh Hrovogj  mrb mrb tkb fast ofpartmgt og tkb hbgotoag ai tkb rst hofbgsoag. • tkb ra raw w otbf otbfss Kacohmys mgh Tbpmors  àgtrodutb àgtrodutb tkb fast ta tkb hofbgsoag 4. Xkb fast ofpartmgt (ar, àgtrodutogj) raw paogts `mg db kojkcojktbh ag tkb s`mttbr pcat ms iaccaw< àc.ra .raw w 6 "àgtrod", "àgtrod", ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, àc jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), jrmho rbpbc rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

9:

Xkb s`mttbr pcat jovbs mg ohbm ai wkmt pacb ai tkb hofbgsoags tkb raw `mtbjarobs mrb m`tumccy àgtrodutogj ta. Ot os bvohbgt tkmt raw `mtbjarobs Tbpmor mgh Hrovogj   kmvb mg ofpartmgt àgtrodutoag ta tkb pasotovb pacb ai tkb rst hofbgsoag, wkocb tkb `mtbjarobs Cmughry mgh FmogQfbmc   kmvb m fmlar àgtrodutoag ta tkb gbjmtovb pacb ai tkb rst hofbgsoag5 bt`, …. Og atkbr warhs, hofbgsoag = os fmogcy hbgbh dy tkb appasotoag ai  Tbpmor Tbpmor mgh Hrovogj (pasotovb pacb), mgh Cmughry mgh FmogQfbmc  (gbjmtovb (gbjmtovb pacb). Gatb tkmt, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta àgtrac tkb trmgspmrbg`y ai raw paogts m`àrhogj ta tkbor àgtrodutoag vmcubs usogj tkb aptoag mcpkm.raw 6 –àgtrod‖ . Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos< # @km @kmgjb gjb tkb trm trmgsp gspmrb mrbg`y g`y dy àg àgtro trod d vmc vmcubs ubs ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, mcpkm.raw6 mcpkm.raw6"àgtrod" "àgtrod", , rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB) rb

8.0.2 .2 Jrm Jrmpk pk ai ai àcuf àcufg g vmro vmromdc mdcbs bs 8.0 8.0.2 8. 0.2.= .= Tb Tbsu suct ctss Xkb iug`toag jbtQ`mQàc() Uog im`tabxtrm V os usbh ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar àcufg vmromdcbs. Xkos iug`toag rbturgs m cost àgtmogogj tkb àarhogmtbs, tkb às4, tkb àgtrodutoag mgh tkb ogbrtom ai àcufgs vmromdcbs<

9;

à àc c 3- jbtQ`mQàc(rbs.`m)

@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

àc ## @arrbs @arrbspag paghbg hbg`b `b Mgmcys Mgmcysos os - Tbsuct Tbsucts s iar àcufg àcufgs s ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 ## Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag ## = "$à "$àar arh" h" "@ "@aa aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs iar iar tkb tkb àcu àcufg fgs" s" ## 0 4 "$àgt "$` "$às as4" 4" "@a "@agtrodu s4 odutoa iar iartoags tkb tkb à cufg uf gs"àcufg ## "$` agtrod rod" " "àgtr "à gsàc ai tkb àcufgs" s" ## 8 "$ogbr "$ogbrtom tom" " "Ogbrt "Ogbrtom om ai tkb àcufg àcufgs" s"

Xkb rbsuct iar àcufgs àcufgs jov jovbs bs tkb smfb ogiarf ogiarfmtoa mtoag g ms hbs` hbs`rodbh rodbh iar raws. Iar tkos rbmsag, wb‟cc lust hospcmybh tkb rbsuct iar àcufgs og tkos sb`toag wotk agcy m vbry drobi àffbgt. Xa jbt m``bss ta tkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts, usb tkos< @aarhogmt gmtbs bs ai àc àcufg ufg pao paogts gts # @aarho kbmh(àc$àarh) # ]umcot ]umcoty y ai rbp rbprbs rbsbgt bgtmto mtoag ag kbmh(àc$às4) # @agtrodut @agtrodutoags oags kbmh(àc$àgtrod)

8.0.2.4 ^cats< ts< qum qumcot coty y mgh àg àgtro trodut dutoag oag 8.0.2.4 ^ca Xkb ivozQ`mQàc () () os usbh ta prahu`b tkb jrmpk ai àcufg paogts. Xa `rbmtb m sofpcb pcat, typb tkos< ivozQ`mQàc(rbs.`m)

Coeb raw paogts, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta àcar àcufg paogts dy tkbor às4 vmcubs< ivozQ`mQàc(rbs.`m, àc àc.à .àc c 6 "às4", "às4", jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"),

rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB) rbpbc

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

9?

Xkb T àhb dbcaw `rbmtbs m dmrpcat ai àcufgs às4< `kao`b 6 "àc", "àc", mxbs mxbs 6 = mgh =. M às4 `casbh ta = àrrbspaghs ta m àcufg/raw vmromdcbs tkmt mrb wbcc rbprbsbgtbh ag tkb im`tar fmp. Gatb tkmt, agcy tkb àcufg otbf Mctbrgmtogj  os os gat vbry wbcc hospcmybh ag tkb rst twaa hofb tw hofbgsoag gsoags. s. Xkb pasotoag ai tkos otbf fust db ogtbrp ogtbrprbtb rbtbh h wotk `mut `mutoag oag og tkb spm`b iarfbh dy hofbgsoags = mgh 4. Xa vosumcozb tkb àgtrodutoag ai raws ta tkb rst twa hofbgsoags, typb tkos< `kao`b 6 "àc", "àc", mxbs mxbs 6 =

@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

8.0.9 8.0. 9 Do Dopc pcat at ap apto toag agss Dopcat os m jrmpko`mc hospcmy ai raws mgh àcufgs og 4 ar 0 hofbgsoags. Zb kmvb mcrbmhy Dopcat os hbs`rodbh hbs` rodbh kaw ta `rbm `rbmtb tb @M dopc dopcats ats og sb`t sb`toag oag 8.0.0. Kbrb Kbrb,, wb‟ wb‟cc cc hbs`rodb hobrb hobrbgt gt typbs ai @M dopcats. 8.0.9.= Pyffbt fbtro` ro` dop dopcat cat 8.0.9.= Pyf Ms fbgtoagbh mdavb, tkb stmghmrh pcat ai àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos os m syffbtro` dopcat og wko`k datk raws (dcub paogts) mgh àcufgs (rbh tromgjcbs) mrb rbprbsbgtbh og tkb smfb spm`b usogj tkb progòpmc àarhogmtbs . Xkbsb àarh àarhogmt ogmtbs bs rbprbs rbprbsbgt bgt tkb raw mgh àcufg pracb pra cbs. s. Og tko tkoss `ms `msb, b, agc agcy y tkb host hostmg mg`b `b dbt dbtwb wbbg bg raw paog paogts ts ar tkb host hostmg mg`b `b dbt dbtwb wbbg bg àcufg paogts `mg db rbmccy ogtbrprbtbh. Zotk syffbtro` pcat, tkb ogtbr-hostmg`b dbtwbbg raws mgh àcufgs `mg‟t db ogtbrprbtbh. Agcy m jbgbrmc stmtbfbgts `mg db fmhb mdaut tkb pmttbrg. rbpbc 6 XTRB) XTRB) ivozQ`mQdopcat(rbs.`m, rbpbc

8.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

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Gatb tkmt, og arhbr ta ogtbrprbt tkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg àcufg paogts mgh raw paogts, tkb sofpcbst wmy os ta fmeb mg msyffbtro` pcat . Xkos fbmgs tkmt, tkb àcufg pracbs fust db prbsbgtbh og raw spm`b ar vo`b-vbrsm.

8.0 8.0.9.4 .9.4 Msy Msyffb ffbtro tro`` dop dopcat cat Xa fmeb mg msyfbtro` dopcat , raws (ar àcufgs) paogts mrb pcattbh iraf tkb stmghmrh àarhogmtbs  ( ( P ) mgh tkb pracbs ai tkb àcufgs (ar tkb raws) mrb pcattbh iraf tkb progòpmcb àarhogmtbs   (^ ) (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0). Iar m jovbg mxos, tkb stmghmrh mgh progòpcb à-arhogmtbs mrb rbcmtbh ms iaccaws<

^ 6 sqrt(bojbgvmcub) [ P

• ^ < tkb progòpmc àarhogmtb ai m raw (ar m àcufg) ag tkb mxos • bojbgvmcub < tkb bojbgvmcub ai tkb mxos Hbpbghogj ag tkb sotumtoag, atkbr typbs ai hospcmy `mg db sbt usogj tkb mrjufbgt fmp (Gbgmho` mgh Jrbbgm`rb, 4>>:) og tkb iug`toag ivozQ`mQdopcat () () Uog im`tabxtrm V. V. Xkb mccawbh aptoags iar tkb mrjufbgt fmp mrb< =. –rawprogòpmc‖ ar ar   –àcprogòpmc‖ –àcprogòpmc‖ - tkbsb mrb tkb sa-`mccbh msyffbtro` dopcats , wotk botkbr raw rawss og prog progòpm òpmcc àarh àarhogmt ogmtbs bs mgh àcu àcufgs fgs og stmg stmghmrh hmrh àarhogm àarhogmtbs, tbs, ar vo`b vbrsm (mcsa egawg ms raw-fbtro`-prbsbrvogj ar àcufg-fbtro`-prbsbrvogj, rbspb`tovbcy). • –rawprogòpmc‖ –rawprogòpmc‖9d). • –rawjrbbg ‖‖.??4 FmogQ Fmo gQfb fbmc mc -> ->.; .;:9 :9 Hoggbr ->.9?0 Drbmeibmst Drbmeibmst ->.2>?

Hbs`ropto ptoag ag ai hof hofbgs bgsoag oag = dy àc àcufg ufg pao paogts gts # Hbs`ro kbmh(rbs.hbsÙU (rbs.hbsÙU= =VV$àc, 8)

## ## ## ## ##

àarh Zoib ->.;0:9 Mctbrgmtog Mctbrgmtogj j ->.>944 ->.>944 Laogtcy >.=8?8 Kusdmgh =.=9>?

Hbs`roptoag ai hofbgsoag 4< Hbs` s`ro ropt ptoa oag g ai ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g 4 dy ra raw w pa paog ogts ts # Hb

rbs.hbsÙU4 rbs.hbsÙU 4VV$raw # Hbs Hbs`ro `ropto ptoag ag ai hof hofbgs bgsoag oag = dy àc àcufg ufg pao paogts gts rbs.hbsÙU4 rbs.hbsÙU 4VV$àc

8.8. PR^^CBFBGX PR^^CBFBGXMT_ MT_ BCBFBGXP BCBFBGXP

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Zb cc usb tkb hmtm sbt `kochrbg   Uog Im`taFogbT pm` pmèmjb emjbV. V. Ot àg àgtm tmog ogss =; raw rawss mgh mgh ; àcufgs< hmtm(`kochrbg)

# kbmh kbmh(`koc (`kochrbg hrbg) )

Iojurb 8.=< Hmtm iarfmt iar àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos wotk suppcbfbgtmry bcbfbgts Xkb hmtm usbh kbrb os m àgtogjbg`y tmdcb hbs`rodogj tkb mgswbrs jovbg dy hobrbgt `mtbjarobs ai pbapcb ta tkb iaccawogj qubstoag< Zkmt mrb tkb rbmsags tkmt `mg fmeb kbsotmtb m wafmg ar m àupcb ta kmvb `kochrbg1 Agcy safb ai tkb raws mgh àcufgs wocc db usbh ta pbriarf tkb àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos (@M). Xkb àarhogmtbs ai tkb rbfmogogj (suppcbfbgtmry) raws/àcufgs ag tkb im`tar fmp wocc db prbho`tbh db prbho`tbh mitbr mitbr tkb @M. Og @M tbrfogacajy, aur hmtm àgtmogs < • M`tovb raws  (raws (raws =0 >.>:== >.0>: >.==? >.==? >.=:== >.=:== ->.0=0 ->.0=0 >.=80 >.>;8> ->.=>9

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## warch ## taQc taQco ovb

>.;:2? >.>928 >.>4429 >.>094 >.= >.=0?> 0?> >.09 .09;2 >.0? >.0?9 9;0 >.>? >.>?2 29

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^cat ai m`tovb mgh suppcbfbgtmry raw paogts< ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, rb rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

Puppcbfbgtmry raws mrb skawg og hmredcub àcar.

8.8.2 Puppcb pcbfbg fbgtmr tmry y àc àcufg ufgss 8.8.2 Pup ^rbho`tbh rbsucts (àarhogmtbs mgh às4) iar tkb suppcbfbgtmry àcufgs< rbs.`m$àc.sup

## $àarh $àarh ## # ## # ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

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Hof 4

Hof 0

Hof 8

t ty >. .> == >: 2= 8 -> >. .> >8 2? ?= : >. .> == >2 0: 4 -> >. .> >= 9? ik oo ir ty -> -> 0; = farbQioity farbQioi ty ->.=::= ->.=::= ->.>8;= ->.>8;= >.=>>; >.=>>; ->.>;2 ->.>;24 4 $às4 $às4 Hof = Hof 4 Hof 0 Hof 8 tkor tkort ty >.=0 >.=0: :9 >.> >.>88= 88= >.=0 >.=0= =?= >.>9 >.>9> >4; ioity >.>=>? >.>;?? >.>>?=? >.>>90: farbQi farbQioit oity y >.4;9= >.4;9= >.>4== >.>4== >.>?49 >.>?49: : >.>994 >.>994> >

^cat ai m`tovb mgh suppcbfbgtmry àcufg paogts<

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rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB) ivozQ`mQàc(rbs.`m, rb

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8.2 8.2 Io Ioct ctbr brog ogj j rb rbsu suct ctss

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Oi yau kmvb fmgy raw/àcufg vmromdcbs, ot‟s passodcb ta vosumcozb agcy safb ai tkbf usogj tkb mrjufbgts sbcb`t.raw   mgh sbcb`t.àc . sbcb`t.àc, sbcb`t.raw< sbcb`t.raw< m sbcb`to sbcb`toag ag ai àcu àcufgs/ fgs/raw rawss ta db hrmwg. Mcca Mccawbh wbh v vmcub mcubss mrb GRCC ar m cost  àgtmogogj àgtmogogj tkb mrjufbgts gmfb, às4 ar àgtrod< • gmfb < os m `kmrm`tbr vb`tar àgtmogogj àcufg/raw gmfbs ta db hrmwg • às4 < oi às às44 os og U>, U>, =V, =V, bx< bx< >.9, >.9, tkb tkbg g àcu àcufg fgs/ s/ra raws ws wot wotk k m às4 às4 7 >.9 >.9 mr mrbb hrmwg • oi às4 7 = , bx< 2, tkbg tkb tap 2 m`tovb àcufgs/raws mgh tap 2 suppcbfbgtmry àcufgs/raws wotk tkb kojkbst às4 mrb hrmwg • àgtrod< oi àg àgtro trod d 7 =, bx< 2, tkbg tkb tap 2 à àcuf cufgs/ gs/ra raws ws wotk tkb kojk kojkbst bst àgtrodutoags mrb hrmwg # Yo Yosu sumc mcoz ozb b ra raws ws wo wotk tk à às4 s4 76 >. >.; ; sbcb`t.ra `t.raw w 6 cost(às4 às4 6 >.; >.;)) )) ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, sbcb # Xa Xap p 2 m` m`to tovb vb ra raws ws mg mgh h 2 su supp ppc. c. ra raws ws wo wotk tk tk tkb b ko kojk jkbs bst t à às4 s4 ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, sbcb sbcb`t.ra `t.raw w 6 cost(às4 às4 6 2))

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@KM^XBT 8. @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

# Pb Pbcb cb`t `t dy gm gmfb fbs s gm gmfb fb 3- cost(gmfb gmfb 6 `("bfpcayfbgt", "bfpcayfbgt", "ibmr" "ibmr", , "iuturb" "iuturb")) )) sbcb`t.ra `t.raw w 6 gmfb) ivozQ`mQraw(rbs.`m, sbcb # Xa Xap p 2 à àgt gtro rodu duto togj gj ra raws ws mg mgh h à àcu cufg fgs s sbcb`t.raw w 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2), ivozQ`mQdopcat(rbs.`m, sbcb`t.ra sbcb`t.à `t.àc c 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2)) + sbcb tkbfbQfogofmc()

utco cobr brss 8.9 Aut Oi agb ar farb –autcobrs‖ mrb prbsbgt og tkb àgtogjbg`y tmdcb, tkby `mg hafogmtb tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag tkb mxbs (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0). Autcobrs mrb paogts tkmt kmvb kojk mdsacutb à-arhogmtb vmcubs mgh kojk àgtrodutoags. Xkby mrb rbprbsbgtbh, ag tkb jrmpk, vbry imr iraf tkb `bgtraáh. Og tkos `msb, tkb rbfmogogj raw/àcufg paogts tbgh ta db tojktcy `custbrbh og tkb jrmpk wko`k dbàfb hoùct ta ogtbrprbt. Og tkb @M autput, tkb àarhogmtbs ai raw/àcufg paogts rbprbsbgt tkb gufdbr ai stmghmrh hbvomtoags tkb raw/àcufg os mwmy iraf tkb dmry`bgtrb (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0).

hbvomtoags tkb raw/àcufg os mwmy iraf tkb dmry`bgtrb (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0). M`àrhogj ta (Dbghoxbg, 4>>0)< Autcobrs mrb paogts tkmt mrb mrb mt cbmst agb stmghmrh hbvomtoag mwmy iraf tkb dmry`bgtr trb b . Xkby àgtrodutb mcsa, sojgo`mgtcy ta tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag ta agb pacb ai mg mxos. Xkbrb mrb ga mppmrb Xkbrb mppmrbgt gt autco autcobrs brs og aur hmtm. Oi tkbrb wbrb autcob autcobrs rs og tkb hmtm, tkby fust db supprbssbh ar trbmtbh ms suppcbfbgtmry paogts wkbg rb-ruggogj tkb àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos.

8.: Bxpar parto togj gj rb rbsu suct ctss 8.: Bx 8.:. 8. :.= = Bx Bxpar partt pcats pcats ta ^HI ^HI/^ /^GJ GJ cbs cbs Xa smvb tkb hobrbgt jrmpks ogta phi ar pgj cbs, wb stmrt dy `rbmtogj tkb pcat ai ogtbrbst ms mg T adlb`t< P`rb rbb b pc pcat at # P` s`rbb.pcat s`rbb .pcat 3- ivozQboj(rbs.`m) # Do Dopc pcat at ai ra raw w mg mgh h à àcu cufg fg vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s dopcat.`m dopca t.`m 3- ivozQ`mQdopcat(rbs.`m)

Gbxt, tkb pcats `mg db bxpartbh ogta m sogjcb phi cb ms iaccaw (agb pcat pbr pmjb)<

8.;. PRFFMT PRFFMT_ _

codrmry(jjpudr) pcatco tcost st 6 cost(s`rbb.pcat, dopcat.`m), jjbxpart(pca

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Farb aptoags mt< @kmptbr 0 (sb`toag< Bxpartogj rbsucts).

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5 )

Puf ffm fmry ry 8.; Pu Og àg`cusoag, wb hbs`rodbh kaw ta pbriarf mgh ogtbrprbt àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos (@M). Zb àfputbh @M usogj tkb @M() iug`toag UIm iug`toag UIm`taF `taFogbT ogbT pm` pmèmjb Gbxt, wb usbh tkb im`tabxt im`tabxtrm rm  T T pmèmjb ta prahu`b jjpcat4-dmsbh vosumcozmtoag aiemjbV. tkbV.@M rbsucts. Atkbr iug`toags UpmèmjbsV ta àfputb @M og T, og`cuhb< =) Rsogj huho.àm Rsogj huho.àm() () Umhb8V "mhb8") codrmry("mhb8") rbs.`m rbs .`m 3- huho.àm(kausbtmses, s`mggi s`mggi 6 IMCPB, IMCPB, gi 6 2)

Tbmh farb< kttp=>). kttps>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), rbpb c 6 XTRB, XTRB, # Mva rbpbc Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj jjtkbf jjt kbfb b 6 tkbfbQfogofmc())

Gatb tkmt, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `kmgj `kmgjbb tkb trmgspmrbg trmgspmrbg`y `y ai tkb vmromd vmromdcb cb `mtbjarobs m`àrhogj ta tkbor às4 vmcubs usogj tkb aptoag mcpkm.vmr 6 –às4‖ . Iar bxmfpcb, typb tkos<

2.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

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@kmgjb gjb tkb trm trmgsp gspmrb mrbg`y g`y dy às às4 4 vmc vmcubs ubs # @km ivozQf`mQvmr(rbs.f`m, mcpkm.vmr6"às4" mcpkm.vmr6"às4", , rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB, XTRB, rb

jjt jjtkbf kbfb b 6 tkbfbQfogofmc())

_au `mg vosumcozb tkb às4 ai raw `mtbjarobs ag mcc tkb hofbgsoags usogj tkb àrrpcat pmèmjb< "àrrpcat") codrmry("àrrpcat") os.àrr6IMCPB) ) àrrpcat(vmr$às4, os.àrr6IMCPB

Ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta `rbmtb m dmr pcat ai vmromdcb às4 usogj tkb iug`toag ivozQàs4 ()Uog ()Uog im`tabxtrm im`tabxt rm VV.>; >.8? GmusbmQy 2.80 4.?= =9.:0 >.0> =.:9 YafotQg 0.:0 :.>: >.09 8.49 >.=? YafotQy 2.9> =>.9= >.28 9.0? >.4?

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@KM^XBT 2. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Xkb vmromdcb `mtbjarobs wotk tkb cmrjbr vmcub, àgtrodutb tkb fast ta tkb hbgotoag ai tkb hofbgsoags. Ymromdcb `mtbjarobs tkmt àgtrodutb tkb fast ta Hof.= mgh Hof.4 mrb tkb fast ofpartmgt og bxpcmogogj tkb vmromdocoty og tkb hmtm sbt. Xkb iug`toag ivozQàgtrod() Uim`tabxtrm pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw m dmr pcat ai tkb àgtrodutoag àgtro dutoag ai vmromd vmromdcb cb `mtbjarobs. Xkb T àhb dbcaw skaws tkb tap =2 vmromdcb `mtbja `mtbjarobs robs àgtrodutogj ta tkb hofbgsoags< @agt gtro rodu duto toag ags s ai ra raws ws ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g = # @a `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 =, tap 6 =2 =2) ) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.f`m, `kao`b # @a @agt gtro rodu duto toag ags s ai ra raws ws ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g 4 ivozQàgtrod(rbs.f`m, `kao`b `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 4, tap 6 =2 =2) )

Xkb tatmc àgtrodutoags ta hofbgsoag = mgh 4 mrb adtmogbh ms iaccaw< # Xa Xatm tmc c à àgt gtro rodu duto toag ag ta ho hofb fbgs gsoa oag g = mg mgh h 4 `kao`b 6 "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 =) ) @agtro trodut dutoag oag ai ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs ta tkb hof hofbgs bgsoag oags s # @ag `kao`b 6 "ogh", "ogh", mxbs mxbs 6 = 4>) ) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.f`m, `kao`b

2.0 2.0.2 .2 @ac @acar ar ogho oghovoh vohumc umcss dy dy jraup jraupss Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passodcb ta àcar tkb oghovohumcs usogj mgy ai tkb qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs og tkb ogotomc hmtm tmdcb (paosag) Xkb T àhb dbcaw àcars tkb oghovohumcs dy jraups usogj tkb cbvbcs ai tkb vmromdcb Yafotogj . Xkb mrjufbgt kmdoccmjb  os os usbh ta spbòiy tkb im`tar vmromdcb iar àcarogj tkb oghovohumcs dy jraups. M àg`bgtrmtoag bccopsb `mg db mcsa mhhbh mraugh bm`k jraup usogj tkb mrjufbgt mhhBccopsbs 6 XTR XTRB B . Oi yau wmgt m àghbg`b bccopsb mraugh tkb fbmg paogt ai `mtbjarobs, usb bccopsb.typb 6 –àghbg`b‖  Xkb mrjufbgt pmcbttb  os os usbh ta `kmgjb jraup àcars. ivozQf`mQogh(rbs.f`m,

kohb b, ogh oghovo ovohum humc c cmd cmdbcs bcs cmdb ccmjb 6 "gagb", "gagb" , # koh cmdbc kmdoccmjb kmdoc 6 "Yafotogj", "Yafotogj" # à àca car r dy jrau jr aups ps pmcbtt pmc bttb b 6 `("#>>MIDD", "#>>MIDD", "#B:D;>>"), "#B:D;>>"), mhhBc mhhBccops copsbs bs 6 XTRB, XTRB, bccopsb.t bccopsb.typb ypb 6 "àgiohbg`b", "àgiohbg`b", jjt jjtkbf kbfb b 6 tkbfbQfogofmc())

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@KM^XBT 2. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Gatb tkmt, ta spbòiy tkb vmcub ai tkb mrjufbgt kmdoccmjb , ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta usb tkb oghbx ai tkb àcufg ms iaccaw ( kmdoccmjb 6 4 ). ). Mhhotoagmccy, yau `mg pravohb mg bxtbrgmc jraupogj vmromdcb ms iaccaw< kmdoccmjb 6 paosag$Yafotogj . Iar bxmfpcb< kmdo docc ccmj mjb b 6 og oghb hbx x ai tk tkb b à àcu cufg fg ta db us usbh bh ms jrau jraupo pogj gj vm vmro romd mdcb cb # km kmdoccmjb b 6 4, mhhBccops mhhBccopsbs bs 6 XTRB XTRB) ) ivozQf`mQogh(rbs.f`m, kmdoccmj # kmd kmdocc occmjb mjb 6 bxt bxtbrg brgmc mc jra jraupo upogj gj vmr vmromd omdcb cb ivozQf`mQogh(rbs.f`m, kmdoccmj kmdoccmjb b 6 paosag$Yafotogj, mhhBccops mhhBccopsbs bs 6 XTRB) XTRB)

Oi yau wmgt ta àcar oghovohumcs usogj fuctopcb `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcbs mt tkb smfb tofb, usb tkb iug`toag ivozQbccopsbs() Uog im`tabxtrm V ms iaccaw< "Yafotogj", "Ibvbr"), "Ibvbr"), ivozQbccopsbs(rbs.f`m, `("Yafotogj", jb jbaf af 6 "paogt") "paogt")

Mctbrgmtovbcy, yau `mg spbòiy `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcb ogho`bs<

2.8. PR^^CBFBGX PR^^CBFBGXMT_ MT_ BCBFBGXP BCBFBGXP

??

jbaf 6 "paogt") "paogt") ivozQbccopsbs(rbs.f`m, =.9 >.9,, tkb tkbg g oghovo oghovohum humcs/ cs/v vmro mromd mdcb cb `mtb `mtbjar jarobs obs wotk m

às4 7 >.9 mrb pcattbh • oi às4 7 =, bx< 2, tkbg tkb tap 2 m`tovb m`tovb oghovo oghovohumc humcs/v s/vmrom mromdcb dcb `mtbja `mtbjarobs robs mgh tap 2 suppcbfbgtmry àcufgs/raws wotk tkb kojkbst às4 mrb pcattbh • àgtrod< oi àgt àgtrod rod 7 =, bx< 2, tkbg tkb tap 2 ogho oghovohu vohumcs/v mcs/vmrom mromdcb dcb `mtb `mtbjaro jarobs bs wotk tkb kojkbst àgtrodutoags mrb pcattbh # Yos Yosumc umcozb ozb vmromd vmromdcb cb `mt `mtbja bjarob robs s wot wotk k às às4 4 76 >.8 ivozQf`mQvmr(rbs.f`m, sbcb`t.vmr sbcb`t.vmr 6 cost(às4 às4 6 >.8 >.8)) )) # Xa Xap p => m` m`to tovb vb vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s wo wotk tk tk tkb b ko kojk jkbs bst t à às4 s4 ivozQf`mQvmr(rbs.f`m, sbcb`t.vmr6 cost(às4 às4 6 => =>)) ))

Pbcb cb`t `t dy gm gmfb fbs s # Pb gm gmfb fb 3- cost(gmfb gmfb 6 `("IbvbrQg", "IbvbrQg", "MdhaQy", "MdhaQy", "HomrrkbmQg" "HomrrkbmQg", , "IbvbrQ_", "IbvbrQ_" , "YafotQy", "YafotQy", "YafotQg")) "YafotQg")) sbcb`t.vmr 6 gmfb) ivozQf`mQvmr(rbs.f`m, sbcb`t.vmr # tap 2 àg àgtro trodut dutogj ogj ogh oghovo ovohum humcs cs mgh vmr vmromd omdcb cb `mt `mtbja bjarob robs s sbcb`t.ogh h 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2), ivozQf`mQdopcat(rbs.f`m, sbcb`t.og sbcb`t.vmr sbcb`t.vm r 6 cost(àgtro àgtrod d 6 2), jjtkbf kbfb b 6 tkbfbQfogofmc()) jjt

Zkbg tkb sbcb sbcb`toa `toag g os hag hagbb m`à m`àrhog rhogjj ta tkb àg àgtrod trodutoa utoag g vmcub mcubs, s, supp suppcbfbg cbfbgtmry tmry oghovohumcs/vmromdcb `mtbjarobs mrb gat skawg db`musb tkby hag‟t àgtrodutb ta tkb àgstru`toag ai tkb mxbs.

2.9 Bxpar parto togj gj rb rbsu suct ctss 2.9 Bx 2.9. 2. 9.= = Bx Bxpar partt pcats pcats ta ^HI ^HI/^ /^GJ GJ cbs cbs Xwa stbps< =) @rbmt @rbmtbb tkb pcat ai ogtbr ogtbrbst bst ms mg T adlb`t adlb`t2

codrmry(jjpudr) pcatco tcost st 6 cost(s`rbb.pcat, dopcat.f`m), jjbxpart(pca

iocbgm bgmfb fb 6 "[email protected]") "[email protected]") ioc

Farb aptoags mt< @kmptbr 0 (sb`toag< Bxpartogj rbsucts).

2.9.4 Bxpart rt rbsu rbsucts cts ta txt/ txt/`sv `sv cb cbss 2.9.4 Bxpa Bmsy ta usb T iug`toag< wrotb.ogcb() wrotb.ogcb() Uog Im`taFogbTV pmèmjb. # Bx Bxpa part rt og ogta ta m X[ X[X X io iocb cb wrotb.ogiocb(rbs.f`m, "f`m.txt", "f`m.txt", sbp 6 "St") "St") # Bx Bxpa part rt og ogta ta m @P @PY Y io iocb cb "f`m.`sv", sbp 6 "5" "5") ) wrotb.ogiocb(rbs.f`m, "f`m.`sv",

Puf ffm fmry ry 2.: Pu Og àg`cusoag, wb hbs`rodbh kaw ta pbriarf mgh ogtbrprbt fuctopcb àrrbspaghbg`b àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos (@M). Zb àfputbh F@M usogj tkb F@M() iug`toag iug`toag UI UIm`ta m`taFogb FogbT T pm` pmèmjb emjbV. V. Gbxt Gbxt,, wb usbh tkb im`tabxtrm  T T pmèmjb ta prahu`b jjpcat4-dmsbh vosumcozmtoag ai tkb @M rbsucts. Atkbr iug`toags UpmèmjbsV ta àfputb F@M og T, og`cuhb< =) Rsogj huho.m`f Rsogj huho.m`f() () Umhb8V "mhb8") codrmry("mhb8") s`mggi 6 IMCPB, IMCPB, gi 6 2) rbs.f` rbs .f`m m 3- huho.m`f(paosag.m`tovb, s`mggi

8) Rsogj bpF@M Rsogj bpF@M() () UBxâsotoagV "Bxâsotoag") codrmry("Bxâsotoag") rbs.f` rbs .f`m m 3- bpF@M(paosag.m`tovb, jrmp jrmpk k 6 IMCPB, IMCPB, àrrb`toa àrrb`toag g 6 "dj") "dj")

Ga fmttbr wkmt iug`toags yau hbòhb ta usb, og tkb cost mdavb, tkb im`tabxtrm pmèmjb `mg kmghcb tkb autput. ivozQboj(rbs.f`m)

# P` P`rb rbb b pc pcat at

Dopc pcat at ai ra raws ws mg mgh h à àcu cufg fgs s ivozQf`mQdopcat(rbs.f`m) # Do

=>9

@KM^XBT 2. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB @ATTBPÂGHBG@B @ATTBPÂGHBG@B MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

2.; urtk tkbr br rb rbmh mhog ogj j 2.; Iur Iar tkb fmtkbfmto`mc dmèjraugh dbkogh F@M, rbibr ta tkb iaccawogj vohba àursbs, mrto`cbs mgh daaes< • @arrb @arrbspaghb spaghbg`b g`b Mgmc Mgmcysos ysos @aur @aursb sb Rsog Rsogjj Im`ta m`taFogb FogbT T (Yoh (Yohba ba àur àursbs). sbs). kttps=:d). • ^rog ^rogòpm òpmcc àfpag àfpagbgt bgt mgmcy mgmcysos sos (mrt (mrto`cb o`cb)) (Mdho mgh Zocco Zoccomfs, mfs, 4>=>). kttps>8). Ot fmebs ot passodcb ta mgmcyzb tkb sofocmroty dbtwbbg oghovohumcs dy tmeogj ogta m`àugt m foxbh typbs ai vmrom mromdcbs dcbs.. Mhh Mhhotoa otoagmcc gmccy y, agb `mg bxpcarb tkb mssaòmtoa mssaòmtoag g dbtw dbtwbbg bbg mcc vmromdcbs, datk qumgtotmtovb mgh qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs. Taujkcy spbmeogj, tkb IMFH mcjarotkf `mg db sbbg ms m foxbh dbtwbbg progòpmc àfpagbgt mgmcysos (^@M) (@kmptbr 0) mgh fuctopcb àrrbspaghbg`b mgmcysos (F@M) (@kmptbr 2). Og atkbr warhs warhs,, ot m`ts ms ^@M qumg qumgtotm totmtov tovbb vmrom vmromdcbs dcbs mgh ms F@M iar qumcotmt qumcotmtovb ovb vmromdcbs. ]umgtotmtovb mgh qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs mrb garfmcozbh hurogj tkb mgmcysos og arhbr ta dmcmg`b tkb ogubg`b ai bm`k sbt ai vmromdcbs. Og tkb ùrrbgt `kmptbr, wb hbfagstrmtb kaw ta àfputb mgh vosumcozb im`tar mgmcysos ai foxbh hmtm usogj Im`taFogbT (iar tkb mgmcysos) mgh im`tabxtrm  (iar (iar hmtm vosumcozmtoag) T pmèmjbs.

9.4 9. 4 @a @afp fput utmt mtoa oag g 9.4. 9. 4.= = T pm pm`èm emjb jbss Ogstmcc rbquorbh pmèmjbs ms iaccaw< "Im`taFogbT", "im`tabxtrm")) "im`tabxtrm")) ogstmcc.pmèmjbs(`("Im`taFogbT",

Camh tkb pmèmjbs< codrmry("Im`taFogbT") "Im`taFogbT") "im`tabxtrm") codrmry("im`tabxtrm")

=>;

9.4. @AF^RXM @AF^RXMXOAG

=>?

9.4.4 9.4. 4 Hm Hmtm tm ia iarf rfmt mt Zb‟cc usb m sudsbt ai tkb wogb  hmtm hmtm sbt mvmocmdcb og Im`taFogbT pmèmjb< codrmry("Im`taFogbT") "Im`taFogbT") hmtm(wogb) hi 3- wo wogb gbU, U,`(=,4, =9 =9, , 44 44, , 4? 4?, , 4; 4;, , 0> 0>, ,0= 0=)V )V kbmh(hiU, => 4.== 0.=8 4.;9 0.0? Bgv= 4.>> 4.== 4.?9 4.;? 0.4= Bgv= =.:2 4.=; 0.=8 0.>: 0.28 Bgv4 4.0> 0.=; 4.>8 4.89 4.89

Xa sbb tkb stru`turb ai tkb hmtm, typb tkos< str(hi)

Xkb hmtm àgtmogs 4= raws (wogbs, oghovohumcs ) mgh ; àcufgs ( vmromdcbs )< )< • Xkb rst tw twaa àcufg àcufgss mrb im`tars (`mtb `mtbjaro`mc jaro`mc vmromdcbs )< )< cmdbc  (Pmufur, (Pmufur, Daurjuboc ar @kogag) mgh saoc  (Tbibrbg`b, (Tbibrbg`b, Bgv=, Bgv4 ar Bgv8). • Xkb rbfmo rbfmogogj gogj àcu àcufgs fgs mrb gufb gufbro` ro` (àgtoguaus vmromdcbs )).. Xkb jamc ai tkos stuhy os ta mgmcyzb tkb `kmrm`tbrosto`s ai tkb wogbs.

9.4.0 T àh ahb b

Xkb iug`toag IMFH () () U Im`taFogbr  pmèmjbV pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta àfputb IMFH. M sofpcobh iarfmt os < sup.vmr r 6 GRCC, GRCC, ogh.su ogh.sup p 6 GRCC, GRCC, jrmp jrmpk k 6 XTRB) XTRB) IMFH (dmsb, g`p 6 2, sup.vm

• dmsb < dmsb < m hmtm irmfb wotk g raws (oghovohumcs) mgh p àcufgs (vmromdcbs). • g`p g`p ## ## ## ## ##

= 4 0 8 2

"$boj" "$vmr" "$ogh" "$qumc "$qumco.v o.vmr" mr" "$qumg "$qumgto. to.vmr vmr" "

@KM^XBT 9. IM@XA M@XAT T MGMC_POP MGMC_POP AI FO[BH HMX HMXM

"bojbgvmcubs "Tbsucts iar "rbsucts iar "Tbsuc "Tbsucts ts iar "Tbsuc "Tbsucts ts iar

mgh tkb tkb tkb tkb

ogbrtom" vmromdcbs" oghovohumcs" qumcot qumcotmto mtovb vb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" " qumgto qumgtotmt tmtovb ovb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" "

9.0 Yos Yosumc umcozm ozmtoa toag g mgh mgh og ogtbr tbrprb prbtmt tmtoag oag Zb‟cc usb tkb iaccawogj im`tabxtrm   iug`toags< • jbtQbojbgvmcub (rbs.imfh) (rbs.imfh).; =.2;4 =8.0? :2.4 =.=8? =>.82 ;2.9 >.924 2.?0 ?=.9

im`tabxtrm  pmèmjbV Xkb iug`toag ivozQboj () () ar ivozQs`rbbpcat (()) U im`tabxtrm pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw tkb s`rbb pcat (tkb pbr`bgtmjbs ai ogbrtom bxpcmogbh dy bm`k IMFH hofbgsoags)< ivozQs`rbbpcat(rbs.imfh)

9.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

===

9.0.4 9.0 .4 Jrm Jrmpk pk ai vmro mromdc mdcbs bs 9.0.4.= 9.0 .4.= Mcc vmro mromdc mdcbs bs Xkb iug`toag jbtQfimQvmr ()Uog ()Uog im`tabxtrm V os usbh ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar vmromdcbs. Dy hbi hbimu muct, ct, tko tkoss iug iug`t `toag oag rbt rbtur urgs gs m cost cost àg àgtmo tmogog gogjj tkb àar àarhog hogmtb mtbs, s, tkb às às44 mgh tkb àgtrodutoag ai mcc vmromdcbs< vm vmr r 3- jbtQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh) vmr ## ## ## ## ## ##

IMFH IMFH rbsuct rbsucts s iar vmromd vmromdcbs cbs 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag = "$` "$àa aarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs" " 4 "$` "$às as4" 4" "@as "@as4, 4, qum qumco coty ty ai ai rbpr rbprbs bsbg bgtm tmto toag ag" " 0 "$àgtrod" "$àgtrod" "@agtrodu "@agtrodutoags toags" "

Xkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts `mg db m``bssbh ms iaccaw< # @aarho @aarhogmt gmtbs bs ai vmr vmromd omdcbs cbs kbmh(vmr$àarh) # @as4< @as4< qum qumcot coty y ai rbp rbprbs rbsbgt bgtmto mtoag ag ag tkb im` im`tar tarb b fmp kbmh(vmr$às4) # @agt @agtro rodu duto toag ags s ta tkb kbmh(vmr$àgtrod)

hofb ho fbgs gsoa oags gs

Xkb iaccawogj jurb skaws tkb àrrbcmtoag dbtwbbg vmromdcbs - datk qumgtotmtovb mgh qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs - mgh tkb progòpmc hofbgsoags, ms wbcc ms, tkb àgtrodutoag ai vmromdcbs ta tkb hofbgsoags = mgh 4. Xkb iaccawogj iug`toags Uog tkb im`tabxtrm  pmèmjbV pmèmjbV mrb usbh< • ivozQimfhQvmr () () ta pcat datk qumgtotmtovb mgh qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs

==4

@KM^XBT 9. IM@XA M@XAT T MGMC_POP MGMC_POP AI FO[BH HMX HMXM

• ivozQàgtrod() ta vosumcozb tkb àgtrodutoag ai vmromdcbs ta tkb progòpmc hofbgsoags # ^c ^cat at ai vm vmro romd mdcb cbs s ivozQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, rbpbc rbpbc 6 XTRB) XTRB) # @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oag ta tkb ior iorst st hof hofbgs bgsoag oag "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 =) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.imfh, "vmr",

# @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oag ta tkb sb` sbàgh agh hof hofbgs bgsoag oag ivozQàgtrod(rbs.imfh, "vmr", "vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 4)

Xkb rbh hmskbh cogb ag tkb jrmpk mdavb ogho`mtbs tkb bxpb`tbh mvbrmjb vmcub, Oi tkb àgtrodutoags wbrb ugoiarf. Tbmh farb og `kmptbr (@kmptbr 0). Iraf tkb pcats mdavb, ot `mg db sbbg tkmt< • vmrom mromdcbs dcbs tkmt àgtr àgtrodut odutbb tkb fast ta tkb rst hofbgs hofbgsoag oag mrb< Avb Avbrmcc rmcc.qumc .qumcoty oty

9.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

==0

mgh Kmrfagy. • vm vmromdcbs romdcbs tkmt àg àgtrodutb trodutb tkb fast ta tkb sbàgh hofbgsoag mrb< mrb< Paoc mgh Mòhoty.

9.0.4.4 ]umg ]umgtotmt totmtovb ovb vmromd mromdcbs cbs Xa bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs, typb tkos< qumgto.vmr 3- jbtQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumgto.vmr") qumgto.vmr "qumgto.vmr") qumgto.vmr ## ## ## ## ## ##

IMFH IMFH rbsuct rbsucts s iar qumgto qumgtotmt tmtovb ovb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag = "$` "$àa aarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs" " 4 "$` "$às as4" 4" "@as "@as4, 4, qum qumco coty ty ai ai rbpr rbprbs bsbg bgtm tmto toag ag" " 0 "$àgtrod" "$àgtrod" "@agtrodu "@agtrodutoags toags" "

Og tkoskaw sb`toag, wb‟cc hbs`rodb kawm`àrhogj ta vosumcozb qumgtot qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs. omdcbs.ai Mhhotoa Mhhotoagmccy gmccy,, wb‟cc skaw ta kojkcojkt vmromdcbs ta botkbr o)mtovb tkbor vmr qumcoty rbprbsbgtmtoag ag tkb im`tar fmp ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoags ta tkb hofbgsoags. Xkb T àhb dbca dbcaw w pca pcats ts qum qumgt gtotm otmtov tovbb vmro mromd mdcbs cbs.. Zb usb rbpbc 6 XT XTRB, RB, ta mv mvaoh aoh tbxt avbrcmppogj. "qumgto.vmr", rbp rbpbc bc 6 XTRB, XTRB, ivozQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumgto.vmr", àc àc.vm .vmr r 6 "dcmè") "dcmè")

==8

@KM^XBT 9. IM@XA M@XAT T MGMC_POP MGMC_POP AI FO[BH HMX HMXM

Droby, tkb jrmpk ai vmromdcbs (àrrbcmtoag òr`cb) skaws tkb rbcmtoagskop dbtwbbg vmromdcbs, tkb qumcoty ai tkb rbprbsbgtmtoag ai vmromdcbs, ms wbcc ms, tkb àrrbcmtoag dbtwbbg vmromdcbs mg mgh h tk tkbb ho hofb fbgs gsoa oags gs.. Tb Tbmh mh fa farb rb mt ^@ ^@M M (@ (@km kmpt ptbr br 0) 0),, F@ F@M M (@ (@km kmpt ptbr br 2) mgh mgh FI FIM M (@kmptbr :). Xkb fast àgtrodutogj qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs `mg db kojkcojktbh ag tkb s`mttbr pcat usogj tkb mrjufbgt mrjufbgt àc. àc.v vmr 6 –àg –àgtrod trod‖‖. Xkos prahu`b prahu`bss m jrmh jrmhobg obgtt àca àcars, rs, wko` wko`k k `mg db ùstafozbh usogj tkb mrjufbgt jrmhobgt.àcs . "qumgto.vmr", àc àc.vm .vmr r 6 "àgtrod", "àgtrod", ivozQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumgto.vmr", jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), rbpbc rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

9.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

==2

Pofocmrcy, yau `mg kojkcojkt qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs usogj tkbor às4 vmcubs rbprbsbgtogj tkb qumcoty qumcoty ai rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtmtoa tmtoag g ag tkb im`t im`tar ar fmp. Oi m vmrom mromdcb dcb os wbc wbccc rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtbh tbh dy tw twaa hofbg hof bgsoa soags, gs, tkb suf ai tk tkbb às às44 os `casb `casbh h ta agb. Iar safb ai tkb otb otbfs, fs, farb tkmg 4 hofbgsoags fojkt db rbquorbh ta pbrib`tcy rbprbsbgt tkb hmtm. # @a @aca car r dy às4 às4 vm vmcu cubs bs< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar ar fm fmp p ivozQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumgto.vmr", "qumgto.vmr", àc àc.vm .vmr r 6 "às4", "às4", jrmhobgt. àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), jrmhobgt.àcs rbpbc rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

9.0.4.0 Jrmp Jrmpk k ai qumcot qumcotmtov mtovb b vmromd vmromdcbs cbs Coeb qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs, tkb rbsucts iar qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs `mg db bxtrm`tbh ms iaccaw<

qumco.vmr qumco .vmr 3- jbtQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumco.vmr") "qumco.vmr") qumco.vmr ## ## ## ## ## ##

IMFH IMFH rbsuct rbsucts s iar qumcot qumcotmto mtovb vb vmromd vmromdcb cb `mtbja `mtbjarob robs s 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag = "$` "$àa aarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs" " 4 "$` "$às as4" 4" "@as "@as4, 4, qum qumco coty ty ai ai rbpr rbprbs bsbg bgtm tmto toag ag" " 0 "$àgtrod" "$àgtrod" "@agtrodu "@agtrodutoags toags" "

Xa vosumcozb qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs, typb tkos<

==9

@KM^XBT 9. IM@XA M@XAT T MGMC_POP MGMC_POP AI FO[BH HMX HMXM

ivozQimfhQvmr(rbs.imfh, "qumco.vmr", "qumco.vmr", àc àc.vm .vmr r 6 "àgtrod", "àgtrod", jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:") "#I@8B>:") jrmho

)

Xkb pcat mdavb skaws tkb `mtbjarobs ai tkb `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcbs.

9.0. 9. 0.0 0 Jr Jrmp mpk k ai og ogho hovo vohu humc mcss Xa jbt tkb rbsucts iar oghovohumcs, typb tkos< og ogh h 3- jbtQimfhQogh(rbs.imfh) ogh ## IMFH IMFH rbsuct rbsucts s iar oghovo oghovohum humcs cs ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 ## Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag ## = "$` "$àa aarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs" " ## 4 "$` "$às as4" 4" "@as "@as4, 4, qum qumco coty ty ai ai rbpr rbprbs bsbg bgtm tmto toag ag" " ## 0 "$àgtrod" "$àgtrod" "@agtrodu "@agtrodutoags toags" "

Xa pcat oghovohumcs, usb tkb iug`toag ivozQfimQogh () () Uog im`tabxtrm V. V. Dy hbimuct, oghovohumcs mrb àcarbh og dcub. Kawbvbr, coeb vmromdcbs, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta àcar oghovohumcs dy tkbor às4 mgh àgtrodutoag vmcubs<

9.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

àc.ogh h 6 "às4", "às4", ivozQimfhQogh(rbs.imfh, àc.og jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), jrmho rbpb rbpbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

==:

Og tkb pcat mdav mdavb, b, tkb qumcotm qumcotmtov tovbb vmrom mromdcb dcb `mtbja `mtbjarobs robs mrb skawg og dcm` dcmè. e. Bg Bgv=, v=, Bgv4, Bgv0 mrb tkb `mtbjarobs ai tkb saoc. Pmufur, Daurjubuoc mgh @kogag mrb tkb `mtbjarobs ai tkb wogb Cmdbc. Oi yau hag‟t wmgt ta skaw tkbf ag tkb pcat, usb tkb mrjufbgt ogvosodcb 6 –qumco.vmr‖ . Oghovohu Oghovo humcs mcs wotk sofoc sofocmr mr pra pracbs cbs mrb `ca `casb sb ta bm`k atk atkbr br ag tkb im`t im`tar ar fmp. Iar tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag, rbmh farb mt @kmptbr 2 (F@M) mgh @kmptbr : (FIM). Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passodcb ta àcar tkb oghovohumcs usogj mgy ai tkb qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs og tkb ogotomc hmtm tmdcb. Xa ha tkos, tkb mrjufbgt kmdoccmjb  os os usbh og tkb ivozQimfhQogh (()) iug`toag iug` toag.. Iar bxmfpcb, oi yau wmg wmgtt ta àcar tkb wogb wogbss m`à m`àrhog rhogjj ta tkb supp suppcbfb cbfbgtm gtmry ry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb –Cmdbc‖, typb tkos< ivozQfimQogh(rbs.imfh,

kmdoccmjb 6 "Cmdbc", kmdoccmjb "Cmdbc", # à àca car r dy jr jrau aups ps pmcbtt pmc bttb b 6 `("#>>MIDD", "#>>MIDD", "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), mhhBccops copsbs bs 6 XTRB, XTRB, bccopsb.t bccopsb.typb ypb 6 "àgiohbg`b", "àgiohbg`b", mhhBc rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB # Mva rb Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj )

==;

@KM^XBT 9. IM@XA M@XAT T MGMC_POP MGMC_POP AI FO[BH HMX HMXM

Oi yau wmgt ta àcar oghovohumcs usogj fuctopcb `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcbs mt tkb smfb tofb, usb tkb iug`toag ivozQbccopsbs() Uog im`tabxtrm V ms iaccaw< ivozQbccopsbs(rbs.imfh, `("Cmdbc" "Cmdbc", , "Paoc"), "Paoc"), rbpb rbpbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB)

9.8. PRFFMT PRFFMT_ _

==?

Mctbrgmtovbcy, yau `mg spbòiy `mtbjaro`mc vmromdcb ogho`bs< jbaf 6 "paogt") "paogt") ivozQbccopsbs(rbs.imfh, =4) os m fuctovmromtb hmtm mgmcysos fbtkah iar suffmrozogj mgh vosumcozogj m àfpcbx hmtm tmdcb og wko`k oghovohumcs mrb hbs`rodbh dy sbvbrmc sbts ai vmromdcbs vmromdcbs (qumgtotm (qumgtotmtovb tovb mgh /ar qumcotmtovb) stru`turbh ogta jraups. Ot tmebs ogta m`àugt tkb àgtrodutoag ai mcc m`tovb jraups ai vmromdcbs ta hbgb tkb hostmg`b dbtwbbg oghovohumcs. Xkb gufdbr ai vmromdcbs og bm`k jraup fmy hobr mgh tkb gmturb ai tkb vmromdcbs (qumcotmtovb ar qumgtotmtovb) `mg vmry iraf agb jraup ta tkb atkbr dut tkb vmromdcbs skauch db ai tkb smfb gmturb og m jovbg jraup (Mdho mgh Zoccomfs, 4>=>). FIM fmy db àgsohbrbh ms m jbgbrmc im`tar mgmcysos. Taujkcy, tkb àrb ai FIM os dmsbh ag< • ^rogòpmc àfpagbg àfpagbgtt mgmcysos (^@M) (@kmptbr 0) wkbg vmromd vmromdcbs cbs mrb qumgtotmtov qumgtotmtovb, b, • Fuct Fuctopcb opcb àrrbspa àrrbspaghbg ghbg`b `b mgmc mgmcysos ysos (F@M) (@kmp (@kmptbr tbr 2) wkbg vmro vmromdcb mdcbss mrb qumcotm qumcotm-tovb. Xkos jcadmc mgmcysos, wkbrb fuctopcb sbts ai vmromdcbs mrb sofuctmgbauscy àgsohbrbh, rbquorbs ta dmcmg`b tkb ogubg`bs ai bm`k sbt ai vmromdcbs. Xkbrbiarb, og FIM, tkb vmromdcbs mrb wbojktbh wbojktbh hurogj tkb mgmc mgmcysos. ysos. Ymrom mromdcbs dcbs og tkb smfb jrau jraup p mrb garfmco garfmcozbh zbh usogj tkb smfb wbojktogj wbojktogj vmc vmcub, ub, wko` wko`k k `mg vmry iraf agb jraup ta mgat mgatkbr. kbr. Xb`k b`kgo`m go`mccy ccy,, FI FIM M mssojgs ta bm`k vmromdcb ai jraup l, m wbojkt bqumc ta tkb ogvbrsb ai tkb rst bojbgvmcub ai tkb mgmcysos (^@M ar F@M m`àrhogj ta tkb typb ai vmromdcb) ai tkb jraup l. Fuctopcb im`tar mgmcysos `mg db usbh og m vmrobty vmrobty ai bchs (^mjës, 4>>4), wkbrb tkb vmromdcbs vmromdcbs mrb arjmgozbh ogta jraups< =. Purvby mgmcysos , wkbrb mg oghovohumc os m pbrsag5 m vmromdcb os m qubstoag. ]ubstoags mrb arjmgozbh dy tkbfbs (jraups ai qubstoags). 4. Pbgsary mgmcysos , wkbrb mg oghovohumc os m iaah prahu`t. M rst sbt ai vmromdcbs og`cuhbs sbgsary vmromdcbs  (swbbtgbss, (swbbtgbss, dottbrgbss, bt`.)5 m sbàgh agb og`cuhbs `kbfo`mc vmromdcbs (pK, jcuàsb rmtb, bt`.).

=4>

:.4. @AF^RXM @AF^RXMXOAG

=4=

0. Bàcajy , wkb wkbrb rb mg ogh oghovo ovohu humc mc os mg ad adsbr sbrv vmto mtoag ag pcm` pcm`b. b. M rs rstt sbt ai vmro mromd mdcbs cbs hbs`rodbs saoc `kmrm`tbrosto`s 5 m sbàgh agb hbs`rodbs arm. Xofbs sbrob sbrobs s , wkbrb 8. Xofbs wkbrb sbv sbvbrm brmcc ogh oghovo ovohu humcs mcs mrb ads adsbrv brvbh bh mt ho hobrb brbgt gt hmtb hmtbs. s. Og tk tkos os sotumtoag, tkbrb os àffagcy twa wmys ai hbgogj jraups ai vmromdcbs<

• jbgbrmccy jbgbrmccy,, vmromdcb vmromdcbss adsbrvbh mt tkb smfb tofb (hmtb) mrb jmtkbrbh tajbtkbr. • Zkbg v vmrom mromdcbs dcbs mrb tkb smfb iraf agb hmtb ta tkb atkb atkbrs, rs, bm`k sbt `mg jmtkb jmtkbrr tkb hobrbgt hmtbs iar agb vmromdcb. Og tkb ùrrbgt `kmptbr, wb skaw kaw ta àfputb mgh vosumcozb fuctopcb im`tar mgmcysos og T saitwmrb usogj Im`taFogbT (iar tkb mgmcysos) mgh im`tabxtrm  (iar (iar hmtm vosumcozmtoag). Mhhotoagmc, wb‟cc skaw kaw ta rbvbmc tkb fast ofpartmgt vmromdcbs tkmt àgtrodutb tkb fast og bxpcmogogj tkb vmromtoags og tkb hmtm sbt.

:. :.4 4 @a @afp fput utmt mtoa oag g :.4. :. 4.= = T pm pm`èm emjb jbss Ogstmcc Im`taFogbT mgh im`tabxtrm ms iaccaw< "Im`taFogbT", "im`tabxtrm")) "im`tabxtrm")) ogstmcc.pmèmjbs(`("Im`taFogbT",

Camh tkb pmèmjbs< "Im`taFogbT") codrmry("Im`taFogbT") "im`tabxtrm") codrmry("im`tabxtrm")

:.4.4 :.4. 4 Hm Hmtm tm ia iarf rfmt mt Zb‟cc usb tkb hbfa hmtm sbts wogb  mvmocmdcb og Im`taFogbT pmè pmèmjb mjb.. Xko Xkoss hmtm hmtm sbt os mdaut m sbgsary bvmcumtoag ai wogbs dy hobrbgt luhjbs. "Im`taFogbT") codrmry("Im`taFogbT") hmtm(wogb) àcgmfbs(wogb) ## ## ## ##

U=V U0V U2V U:V

## ## ## ## ## ## ##

U?V U==V U=0V U=2V U=:V U=?V U4=V

"Cmdbc" "Ahar.Ogtb "Ahar.Ogtbgsot gsoty.dbi y.dbiarb.s arb.skmeo kmeogj" gj" "Iru "Iruo oty. ty.dbi dbiarb arb.sk .skmeog meogj j" "Ppo`b.dbiarb.skmeogj"

"Paoc" "Mrafm.qu "Mrafm.qumcot mcoty.dbi y.dbiarb.s arb.skmeo kmeogj" gj" "Ica Icawbr wbr.db .dbiar iarb.s b.skmeo kmeog gj" "Yosumc.ogtbgsoty"

"Gumg`b" "Ahar.Ogtbgsoty" "Iruoty" "Ppo`b" "^kbgaco`" "Mrafm.pbrsostbg`y" "Mttmè.ogtbgsoty"

"Purim`b.ibbcogj" "]umcoty.ai.ahaur" "Icawbr" "^cmgtb" "Mrafm.ogtbgsoty" "Mrafm.qumcoty" "Mòhoty"

## U40V "Mstrogjbg`y"

"Mcàkac"

=44 ## ## ## ##

U42V U4:V U4?V U0=V U0=V

@KM^XBT :. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB IM@XAT M@XAT MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

"Dmcmg`b" "Dottbrgbss" "Kmrfagy" "Xypo` "Xypo`mc" mc"

"Pfaatk" "Ogtbgsoty" "Avbrmcc.qumcoty"

Mg ofmjb ai tkb hmtm os skawg dbcaw<

Iojurb :.=< Hmtm iarfmt iar Fuctopcb Im`tar mgmcysos kttp, , ?, 4), jraup typb 6 `("g" typb "g", , "s" "s", , "s" "s", , "s" "s", , "s" "s", , "s" "s"), ), gmfb.jrau .jraup p 6 `("arojog", "arojog","ahar", "ahar","vosumc", "vosumc", gmfb "ahar.mitbr.skmeogj" "ahar.mitbr.skmeogj", , "tmstb", "tmstb","avbrmcc"), "avbrmcc"), guf.jraup .sup 6 `(=, 9), guf.jraup.sup jr jrmp mpk k 6 IMCPB) IMCPB)

Xkb autput ai tkb FI FIM M() iug`toag os m cost og`cuhogj < progt(rbs.fim)

## **Tbsu **Tbsucts cts ai tkb Fuctop Fuctopcb cb Im`tar Im`tar Mgmcys Mgmcysos os (FIM)* (FIM)** * ## Xkb mgmcys mgmcysos os wms pbriar pbriarfbh fbh ag 4= oghovo oghovohum humcs, cs, hbs`ro hbs`rodbh dbh dy 0= vmromd vmromdcbs cbs ## *Tbsuc *Tbsucts ts mrb mvmocmdc mvmocmdcb b og tkb iaccawog iaccawogj j adlb`t adlb`ts s < ## ## gmfb

## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

= 4 0 8 2 9 : ; ? => == =4 = 4 0 8 2 9 :

gmfb "$boj" "$sbpm "$sbpmrmt rmtb.m b.mgmc gmcysb ysbs" s" "$jr "$jrau aup p" "$ "$pm pmrt rtom omc. c.mx mxbs bs" " "$ "$og ogbr brto tom. m.rm rmto toa" a" "$ogh" "$ "$qu qumg mgto to.v .vmr mr" " "$qumg "$qumgto. to.vmr vmr.su .sup" p" "$ "$qu qumc mco. o.vm vmr. r.su sup" p" "$suffmry "$suffmry.qum .qumgto" gto" "$suffmry "$suffmry.qum .qumco" co" "$jcad "$jcadmc. mc.p`m p`m" " hbs`roptoag "b "boj ojbg bgvm vmcu cubs bs" " "s "sbp bpmr mrmt mtb b mg mgmc mcys ysbs bs ia iar r bm bm`k `k jr jrau aup p ai vm vmro romd mdcb cbs" s" "rbs "rbsuc ucts ts iar iar mcc mcc tkb tkb jrau jraups ps" " "rbs "rbsuc ucts ts iar tkb pmrt pmrtom omc c mxbs mxbs" " "ogb "ogbrt rtom om rmt rmtoa oa" " "r "rbs bsuc ucts ts iar tkb oghov oghovoh ohum umcs cs" " "r "rbs bsuc ucts ts ia iar r tk tkb b qu qumg mgto totm tmto tovb vb vm vmro romd mdcb cbs" s"

:.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

## ## ## ## ##

; ? => == =4

"rbsuc "rbsucts ts "rbsuc "rbsucts ts "suffm "suffmry ry "suffm "suffmry ry "r "rbs bsuc ucts ts

iar iar iar iar ia iar r

tkb tkb tkb tkb tk tkb b

=42

qumgto qumgtotmt tmtovb ovb suppcbf suppcbfbgt bgtmry mry vmromdc vmromdcbs" bs" `mtbja `mtbjaro` ro`mc mc suppcb suppcbfbg fbgtmr tmry y vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" " qumgto qumgtotmt tmtovb ovb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" " `mtbja `mtbjaro` ro`mc mc vmromd vmromdcbs cbs" " jc jcad admc mc ^@ ^@M" M"

Yosumc umcozm ozmtoa toag g mgh mgh og ogtbr tbrprb prbtmt tmtoag oag :.0 Yos Zb‟cc usb tkb im`tabxtrm  T T pmèmjb ta kbcp og tkb ogtbrprbtmtoag mgh tkb vosumcozmtoag ai tkb fuctopcb im`tar mgmcysos. Xkb iug`toags dbcaw Uog im`tabxtrm  pmèmjbV pmèmjbV wocc db usbh< • jbtQbojbgvmcub (rbs.fim)< (rbs.fim)< Bxtrm`t tkb bojbgvmc bojbgvmcubs/v ubs/vmromg`bs mromg`bs rbtmogbh dy bm`k hofbgsoag (mxos). • ivozQboj (rbs.fim)< (rbs.fim)< Yosumcozb tkb bojbgvmcubs/vmromg`bs. • jbtQfimQogh (rbs.fim)< (rbs.fim)< Bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar oghovohumcs. • jbtQfimQvmr (rbs.fim) (rbs.fim).9=2 ;.:; ::.: >.0:4 2.0= ;0.> >.4:> 0.;9 ;9.; >.4>4 4.;? ;?.:

im`tabxtrm  pmèmjbV Xkb iug`toag ivozQboj () () ar ivozQs`rbbpcat (()) U  im`tabxtrm pmèmjbV `mg db usbh ta hrmw tkb s`rbb pcat<

=49

ivozQs`rbbpcat(rbs.fim)

@KM^XBT :. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB IM@XAT M@XAT MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

:.0.4 :.0 .4 Jrm Jrmpk pk ai vmro mromdc mdcbs bs :.0.4.= :.0 .4.= Jra Jraups ups ai vmro vmromdc mdcbs bs Xkb iug`toag jbtQfimQvmr () () Uog im`tabxtrm V os usbh ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar jraups ai vmrom mromdcbs dcbs.. Xkos iug`toa iug`toag g rbtu rbturgs rgs m cost àgtm àgtmogog ogogjj tkb àarhogm àarhogmtbs, tbs, tkb às4 mgh tkb àgtrodutoag ai jraups, ms wbcc ms, tkb jraup 3- jbtQfimQvmr(rbs.fim, "jraup") jraup "jraup") jraup ## Fuctop Fuctopcb cb Im`tar Im`tar Mgmcys Mgmcysos os rbsuct rbsucts s iar vmromd vmromdcb cb jraups jraups ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 ## Gmfb Hbs`roptoag ## = "$àarh" "@aarhogmtbs" ## 4 "$às4" "@as4, qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag" ## 0 "$` "$àgtr agtro od" "@ag "@agt trodu rodut toag oags" ## 8 "$àrr "$àrrbcm bcmtoa toag" g" "@arrb "@arrbcmt cmtoag oag dbtwbb dbtwbbg g jraups jraups mgh progò progòpmc pmc hofbgs hofbgsoag oags" s"

Xkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts `mg db m``bssbh ms iaccaw< @aarhogmt gmtbs bs ai jra jraups ups # @aarho kbmh(jraup$àarh) # @as4< @as4< qum qumcot coty y ai rbp rbprbs rbsbgt bgtmto mtoag ag ag tkb im` im`tar tarb b fmp kbmh(jraup$às4) # @agt @agtro rodu duto toag ags s ta tkb kbmh(jraup$àgtrod)

hofb ho fbgs gsoa oags gs

Xa pcat tkb jraups ai vmromdcbs, typb tkos<

:.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

"jraup") ivozQfimQvmr(rbs.fim, "jraup")

=4:

• rbh àcar 6 m`tov m`tovbb jraups ai vmr vmromdc omdcbs bs • jrbb jrbbg g àca àcarr 6 supp suppcbfb cbfbgtm gtmry ry jraups ai vmrom mromdcbs dcbs Xkb pcat mdav mdavbb occu occustrm strmtbs tbs tkb àrr àrrbcmt bcmtoag oag dbtwb dbtwbbg bg jrau jraups ps mgh hofbgso hofbgsoags. ags. Xkb àarhogmtbss ai tkb iaur m`tov gmtb m`tovbb jrau jraups ps ag tkb rst hofbgso hofbgsoag ag mrb mcfa mcfast st ohbgt ohbgto`mc o`mc.. Xkos fbmgs tkmt tkby àg àgtrod trodutb utb sofocmrc sofocmrcy y ta tkb rst hofbg hofbgsoag soag.. @ag` @ag`brgo brgogj gj tkb sbàgh hofbgso hofbgsoag, ag, tkb twa jraups - ahar mgh ahar.mitbr.skmeb - kmvb tkb kojkbst àarhogmtbs ogho`mtogj m kojkbst àgtrodutoag ta tkb sbàgh hofbgsoag. Xa hr hrmmw m dm dmrr pc pcat at ai jr jrau aups ps àg àgtr trod odut utoa oag g ta tk tkbb hofb hofbgs gsoa oags gs,, usb usb tkb tkb iu iug` g`to toag ag ivozQàgtrod ivozQàgtr od()< # @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oag ta tkb ior iorst st hof hofbgs bgsoag oag "jraup", mxbs mxbs 6 =) ivozQàgtrod(rbs.fim, "jraup", # @ag @agtro trodut dutoag oag ta tkb sb` sbàgh agh hof hofbgs bgsoag oag ivozQàgtrod(rbs.fim, "jraup", "jraup", mxbs mxbs 6 4)

=4;

@KM^XBT :. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB IM@XAT M@XAT MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

:.0.4.4 ]umg ]umgtotmt totmtovb ovb vmromd mromdcbs cbs Xkb iug`toag jbtQfimQvmr () () Uog im`tabxtrm V os usbh ta bxtrm`t tkb rbsucts iar qumgtotmtovbb vmrom tov mromdcbs. dcbs. Xkos iug`to iug`toag ag rbturgs m cost àgtm àgtmogog ogogjj tkb àarhogm àarhogmtbs, tbs, tkb às4 mgh tkb àgtrodutoag ai vmromdcbs< qumgto.vmr 3- jbtQfimQvmr(rbs.fim, "qumgto.vmr" qumgto.vmr "qumgto.vmr") ) qumgto.vmr ## Fuctop Fuctopcb cb Im`tar Im`tar Mgmcys Mgmcysos os rbsuct rbsucts s iar qumgto qumgtotmt tmtovb ovb vmromd vmromdcbs cbs ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66 ## Gm Gmfb Hbs`roptoag ## = "$` "$àa aarh rh" " "@aa "@aarh rhog ogmt mtbs bs" " ## 4 " "$` $às as4" 4" "@as "@as4, 4, qum qumco coty ty ai ai rbpr rbprbs bsbg bgtm tmto toag ag" " ## 0 "$àgtrod" "$àgtrod" "@agtrodu "@agtrodutoags toags" "

Xkb hobrbgt àfpagbgts `mg db m``bssbh ms iaccaw< @aarhogmtbs bs # @aarhogmt kbmh(qumgto.vmr$àarh) # @as4 @as4< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar arb b fm fmp p kbmh(qumgto.vmr$às4)

# @agtro @ag trodut dutoag oags s ta tkb hof hofbgs bgsoag oags s (qumgto.vmr$àgtrod) kbmh

Og tkos sb`toag, wb‟cc hbs`rodb kaw ta vosumcozb qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs àcarbh dy jraups. Gbxt, wb‟cc kojkcojkt vmromdcbs m`àrhogj ta botkbr o) tkbor qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag ag tkb im`tar fmp ar oo) tkbor àgtrodutoags ta tkb hofbgsoags.

:.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

=4?

Xa ogtbrprbt tkb jrmpks prbsbgtbh kbrb, rbmh tkb `kmptbr ag ^@M (@kmptbr 0) mgh F@M (@kmptbr 2). @arrbcmtoag dbtwbbg qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs mgh hofbgsoags. hofbgsoags. Xkb T `àhb ahb dbc dbcaw aw pcatss qumg pcat qumgtotm totmtov tovbb vmrom mromdcbs dcbs àcarbh dy jraups. jraups. Xkb mrju mrjufbg fbgtt pmcb pmcbttb ttb os usbh ta `km `kmgjb gjb jraup jrau p àca àcars rs (sbb 1jjpudr 1jjpudr, , ivozQàgtrod(rbs.fim, `kao`b pmc pmcbtt bttb b 6 "là") "là")

@agtro trodut dutoag oags s ta hof hofbgs bgsoag oag 4 # @ag

`kao`b 6 "qumgto.vmr", "qumgto.vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 4, tap 6 4> 4>, , ivozQàgtrod(rbs.fim, `kao`b pmcbtt bttb b 6 "là") "là") pmc

=04

@KM^XBT :. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB IM@XAT M@XAT MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Xkb rbh hmskbh cogb ag tkb jrmpk mdavb ogho`mtbs tkb bxpb`tbh mvbrmjb vmcub, Oi tkb àgtrod àg trodutoa utoags gs wbr wbrbb ugoi ugoiarf. arf. Xkb `mc` `mcùcmt ucmtoag oag ai tkb bxpb` bxpb`tbh tbh àg àgtrod trodutoa utoag g vmcub mcub,, ughb ughbrr gucc kypatkbsos, kms dbbg hbtmocbh og tkb progòpmc àfpagbgt mgmcysos `kmptbr (@kmptbr 0). Xkb vmromdcbs wotk tkb cmrjbr vmcub, àgtrodutb tkb fast ta tkb hbgotoag ai tkb

hofbgsoags. hofbgsoa gs. Ymrom mromdcbs dcbs tkmt àgt àgtrodu rodutb tb tkb fast ta Hof.= mgh Hof.4 mrb tkb fast ofpartmgt og bxpcmogogj tkb vmromdocoty og tkb hmtm sbt. Xkb fast àgtrodutogj qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs `mg db kojkcojktbh ag tkb s`mttbr pcat usogj tkb mrjufbgt mrjufbgt àc. àc.v vmr 6 –àg –àgtrod trod‖‖. Xkos prahu`b prahu`bss m jrmh jrmhobg obgtt àca àcars, rs, wko` wko`k k `mg db ùstafozbh usogj tkb mrjufbgt jrmhobgt.àcs . "qumgto.vmr", àc.vm àc.vmr r 6 "àgtrod", "àgtrod", ivozQfimQvmr(rbs.fim, "qumgto.vmr", jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), jrmho àc.vmr.sup àc.vmr.s up 6 "voacbt", "voacbt", rbpb rbpbc c 6 XTRB, XTRB, jbaf af 6 `("paogt", "paogt", "tbxt")) "tbxt")) jb

:.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

=00

Pofocmrcy, yau `mg kojkcojkt qumgtotmtovb vmromdcbs usogj tkbor às4 vmcubs rbprbsbgtogj tkb qumcoty qumcoty ai rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtmtoa tmtoag g ag tkb im`t im`tar ar fmp. Oi m vmrom mromdcb dcb os wbc wbccc rbpr rbprbsbg bsbgtbh tbh dy tw twaa hofbgsoags, tkb suf ai tkb às4 os `casbh ta agb. Iar safb ai tkb raw otbfs, farb tkmg 4 hofbgsoags fojkt db rbquorbh ta pbrib`tcy rbprbsbgt tkb hmtm. # @a @aca car r dy às4 às4 vm vmcu cubs bs< < qu qumc mcot oty y ag tk tkb b im im`t `tar ar fm fmp p ivozQfimQvmr(rbs.fim, àc.vm àc.vmr r 6 "às4", "às4", jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), jrmho àc.vmr.s up 6 "voacbt", "voacbt", rbpb rbpbc c 6 XTRB) XTRB) àc.vmr.sup

Xa `rbmtb m dmr pcat ai vmromdcbs às4, typb tkos< `kao`b 6 "qumgto.vmr", "qumgto.vmr", mxbs mxbs 6 =) ivozQàs4(rbs.fim, `kao`b

:.0. 0 Jr Jrmp mpk k ai og ogho hovo vohu humc mcss :.0.0 Xa jbt tkb rbsucts iar oghovohumcs, typb tkos< og ogh h 3- jbtQfimQogh(rbs.fim) ogh ## Fuctop Fuctopcb cb Im`tar Im`tar Mgmcys Mgmcysos os rbsuct rbsucts s iar oghovo oghovohum humcs cs ## 66666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6666666666666666666 66

=08

## ## ## ## ## ## ##

Gmfb "$àarh" "$às4" "$àgtrod" "$àarh.pmrtobc" "$wotkog.ogbrtom" "$wotkog.p "$wotkog.pmrto mrtomc.og mc.ogbrtom brtom" "

= 4 0 8 2 9

@KM^XBT :. FRC FRCXO^CB XO^CB IM@XAT M@XAT MGMC_POP MGMC_POP

Hbs`roptoag "@aarhogmtbs" "@as4, qumcoty ai rbprbsbgtmtoag" "@agtrodutoags" "^mrtomc àarhogmtbs" "Zotkog ogbrtom" "Zotkog "Zotkog pmrtomc pmrtomc ogbrtom" ogbrtom"

Xa pcat oghovohumcs, usb tkb iug`toag ivozQfimQogh () () Uog im`tabxtrm V. V. Dy hbimuct, oghovohumcs mrb àcarbh og dcub. Kawbvbr, coeb vmromdcbs, ot‟s mcsa passodcb ta àcar oghovohumcs dy

tkbor às4 vmcubs< àc.ogh h 6 "às4", "às4", ivozQfimQogh(rbs.fim, àc.og jrmho jrmhobgt. bgt.àcs àcs 6 `("#>>MIDD" "#>>MIDD", , "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), rbpb c 6 XTRB) XTRB) rbpbc

Og tkb pcat mdavb, tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb `mtbjarobs mrb skawg og dcm` dcmè. e. Bg Bgv=, v=, Bgv4, Bgv4, Bg Bgv0 v0 mrb tkb `m `mtbj tbjaro arobs bs ai tkb saoc saoc.. Pmuf Pmufur, ur, Daurj Daurjub ubuoc uoc mgh @kogag mrb tkb `mtbjarobs ai tkb wogb Cmdbc. Oi yau hag‟t wmgt ta skaw tkbf ag tkb pcat, usb tkb mrjufbgt ogvosodcb 6 –qumco.vmr‖ . Oghovohumcs Oghovohu mcs wotk sofoc sofocmr mr pracbs mrb `casb ta bm` bm`k k atkbr ag tkb im`tar fmp. Xkb rst mxos, fmogcy appasbs tkb wogb =HMF   mgh, tkb wogbs =YMR   mgh 4OGJ . Ms hbs`rodbh og tkb prbvoaus sb`toag, tkb rst hofbgsoag rbprbsbgts tkb kmrfagy mgh tkb ogtbgsoty ai wogbs.

:.0. YOPRMCO\MXOAG YOPRMCO\MXOAG MGH OGXBT^TBX OGXBT^TBXM MXOAG

=02

Xkus, tkb wogb =HMF (pasotovb àarhogmtbs) wms bvmcumtbh ms tkb fast –ogtbgsb‖ mgh –kmrfagoaus‖ àgtrmry ta wogbs =YMR mgh 4OGJ (gbjmtovb àarhogmtbs) wko`k mrb tkb cbmst –ogtbgsb‖ mgh –kmrfagoaus‖. Xkb sbàgh mxos os bssbgtomccy mssaòmtbh wotk tkb twa

wogbs X= mgh X4 `kmrm`tbrozbh dy m stragj vmcub ai tkb vmromdcbs Ppo`b.dbiarb.skmeogj mgh Ahar.ogtbgsoty.dbiarb.skmeogj. Fast ai tkb suppcbfbgtmry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb `mtbjarobs mrb `casb ta tkb arojog ai tkb fmp. Xkos rbsuct ogho`mtbs tkmt tkb àg`brgbh `mtbjarobs mrb gat rbcmtbh ta tkb rst mxos (wogb –ogtbgsoty‖ & –kmrfagy‖) ar tkb sbàgh mxos (wogb X= mgh X4). Xkb `mtbjary Bgv8 kms kojk àarhogmtbs ag tkb sbàgh mxos rbcmtbh ta X= mgh X4. Xkb `mtbjary `mtbjary –Tbib –Tbibrbg` rbg`b‖ b‖ os ega egawg wg ta d dbb rbcm rbcmtbh tbh ta mg bx`bccbg bx`bccbgtt wogb wogb-prahu -prahuògj ògj saoc. Ms bxpb`tbh, aur mgmcysos hbfagstrmtbs tkmt tkb `mtbjary –Tbibrbg`b‖ kms kojk àarhogmtbs ag tkb rst mxos, wko`k os pasotovbcy àrrbcmtbh wotk wogbs –ogtbgsoty‖ mgh –kmrfagy‖. Gatb tkmt, ot‟s passodcb ta àcar tkb oghovohumcs usogj mgy ai tkb qumcotmtovb vmromdcbs og tkb ogotomc ogotomc hmtm tmdcb tmdcb.. Xa ha tkos tkos,, tkb mrjuf mrjufbgt bgt kmdoccmjb  os os usbh og tkb ivozQfimQogh (()) iug`toag iug` toag.. Iar bxmfpcb, oi yau wmg wmgtt ta àcar tkb wogb wogbss m`à m`àrhog rhogjj ta tkb supp suppcbfb cbfbgtm gtmry ry qumcotmtovb vmromdcb –Cmdbc‖, typb tkos< ivozQfimQogh(rbs.fim,

kmdoccmjb 6 "Cmdbc", kmdoccmjb "Cmdbc", # à àca car r dy jr jrau aups ps pmcbtt pmc bttb b 6 `("#>>MIDD", "#>>MIDD", "#B:D;>>", "#B:D;>>", "#I@8B>:"), "#I@8B>:"), mhhBc mhhBccops copsbs bs 6 XTRB, XTRB, bccopsb.t bccopsb.typb ypb 6 "àgiohbg`b", "àgiohbg`b", rbpb pbc c 6 XTRB # Mva rb Mvaoh oh tbx tbxt t avb avbrcm rcmppo ppogj gj )

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