Pavement and Materials Design Manual 1999 - CHAPTER 7
Short Description
Pavement materials used in the design of roads and highways...
Description
Project appraisal Ch Environment
S T N E M E L E N G I S E D
Cross Section, Shoulders and Drainage Traffic Subgrade
Ch Problem Soils
Comparison of alternatives and selection of design Refinement of design, if required
L A R U T N C G I U S R E T S D
Pavement DesignNew Roads Pavement Rehabilitation Bituminous Surfacings Gravel Roads
Material class
Material properties CBR [%]
G80
CML test method
G60
Wet or moderate climatic zones: min 80 after 4 days soak
Wet or moderate climatic zones: min60 after 4 days soak
Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met):
Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met):
at 98% MDD of
min 80 at OMC of BS-Heavy
min 60 at OMC of BS-Heavy
1.7 and
BS-Heavy
min 60 after 4 days soaking
min 45 after 4 days soaking
1.11
CBR - swell [%]
max 0.5 measured at BS-Heavy compaction
max 1.0 measured at BS-Heavy compaction
Atterberg limits 1) max LL [%] max PI [%] max LS [%] Grading, sieve sizes [mm]
63 37.5 20 5 2 0.425 0.075 Particle
strength Soluble salts Field density
General requirements Wet or moderate
30 8 4
Dry climate
40 14 7
Grading envelope, G80 [% passing]
Coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials
General requirements
Wet climate
Wet climate
Dry or moderate
35 10 5
45 16 8
35 10 5
Coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials Dry or moderate
45 16 8
Wet climate
Dry or moderate
40 12 6
45 18 9
1.2 1.3 1.4
(no envelope for G60, coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials)
100 80 - 100 Grading requirements: 60 - 95 - dMAX shall be maximum 2/3 of the compacted layer thickness 30 - 65 - Grading Modulus (GM *) ): min 2.0 20 - 50 *) 10 - 30 GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100 5 - 15 TFVdry : min 80 kN TFVdry : min 50 kN TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry
TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry
1.7
2.7
Where the gravel is used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/. Nominal value: min 98% of MDD, BS-Heavy
1) It is emphasised that the Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
Material class
Material properties
G45 Wet or moderate climatic zones: min
CBR [%] at 95% MDD of BS-Heavy
45 after 4 days soak
max LL [%] max PI [%] max LS [%] *) Grading Modulus (GM) Particle size Soluble salts Field density
40 14 7
Wet or moderate climatic zones: min 25 after 4 days soak Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met):
min 45 at OMC of BS-Heavy min 25 after 4 days soaking
min 25 at OMC of BS-Heavy min 15 after 4 days soaking
max 0.5 measured at BS-Heavy compaction
max 1.0 measured at BS-Heavy compaction
General requirements Wet or moderate
CML test method
G25
Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met):
CBR - swell [%]
Atterberg limits 1)
Dry climate
Coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials
General requirements
Wet climate
Wet or moderate
45 18 9
45 16 8
Dry or moderate
50 20 10
1.11
Coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials Dry climate
45 16 8
Wet climate
50 20 10
min 1.5 *)
1.7 and
Dry or moderate
45 18 9
55 24 12
1.2 1.3 1.4
min 1.2
GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100
1.7
dMAX shall be maximum 2/3 of the compacted layer thickness Where the gravel is used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/. Nominal value: min 95% of MDD, BS-Heavy
1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
Material class
Material properties Material source
max LL [%] max LS [%]
CRS
Crushed rock. Shall be made by crushing and screening of fresh quarried rock or clean, un-weathered boulders of minimum 0.3 m diameter. All particles shall be crushed, no soil fines allowed.
Crushed stone. Made by crushing and screening of blasted rock, stones, boulders and oversize from natural gravel. Min 50% by mass of particles larger than 5 mm shall have at least one crushed face. Max 30% of material passing 5 mm can be soil fines.
30 3
35 4
1) 1)
Grading, sieve sizes [mm] 50 37.5 28 20 10 5 2 1,18 0,425 0,075 Aggregate strength Soluble salt content Field density requirements
CML test method
CRR
[% passing] Coarse Type
Fine Type
100 87 - 97 75 - 90 52 - 68 38 - 55 23 - 40 18 - 33 11 - 24 4 - 12 TFVsoaked : min 75% of TFVdry
100 87 - 97 62 - 77 44 - 62 27 - 45 22 - 38 13 - 27 5 - 12
[% passing] Coarse Type 100 90 - 100 75 - 95 60 - 90 40 - 75 29 - 60 20 - 45 17 - 40 12 - 31 5 - 15 TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry
1.2 1.4
Fine Type 100 90 - 100 65 - 95 40 - 70 29 - 52 20 - 40 15 - 33 10 - 24 4 - 12
TFVdry : min 110 kN
1.7
2.7
For aggregate used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/.
Nominal value: min 88% of Aggregate Density
Nominal value: min 100% of MDD BS-Heavy
1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
Material class
Material properties
C2
CM
Earthworks quality soils/gravel Nominal quality of source material - with requirements as given here
min UCS [MPa]
ICL - test max PI after stabilisation [%] Before stabilisation: min CBRsoaked [%]
2,0 1,0 0,5 Stabiliser content [ % design ] shall be minimum the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value 1)
8
8
8
30
20
-
20 min 1.5
25 min 1.2
35 -
at 95% MDD of BS-Heavy 1)
Grading modulus
C1
CML test method
Subbase quality soils/gravel
Source material
max PI [%]
*) *)
Particle size, d MAX
GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100 d MAX to be max 2/3 of compacted layer thickness
TFV dry : min 50 kN Aggregate strength Nominal value: min 97% of MDD BS-Heavy Field density The content of organic matter should not exceed 0.5% - 1% - 2% for C2 - C1 - CM materials respectively.
-
1.21 1.22 1.2 and 1.3
1.11 1.2 and 1.3 1.7 2.7
1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
curing membrane
cemented base course
Loose - 50 mm granular layer to be kept wet.
cemented subbase
Material properties Max nominal size Grading, sieve sizes [mm] 50 37.5 28 20 14 10 5 2 1,18 0,425 0,300 0,075
Material class
DBM 40
DBM 30
Dense bitumen macadam 40 mm
Dense bitumen macadam 30 mm
% passing
% passing
100 95 - 100 70 - 95 56 - 76 53 - 70 39 - 56 24 - 40 19 - 35 9 - 25 7 - 21 2-9
100 90 - 100 70 - 95 58 - 82 52 - 73 40 - 56 24 - 40 19 - 35 9 - 25 7 - 21 2-9
Bitumen content
nominally 4.0%
nominally 4.5%
Type of bitumen Aggregate strength Layer thickness
60/70 or 40/50 penetration grade TFV soaked : min 75% of TFV dry TFV dry : min 110 kN 80 - 200 mm 60 - 150 mm
CML test method
1.7
3.22
2.7
LAMBS
Material properties
Large aggregate mix for base course
CML test method
Shape of the grading curve, n-value Aggregate strength
Aggregates shall be made by crushing of fresh rock or clean, large boulders with a diametre >0.3 m. min 37.5 max 50 *) min 0.4 max 0.7 TFV soaked 24hrs : min 75% of TFV dry TFV dry : min 110 kN
1.7
Water absorption [%]
max 3
3.13
Aggregate LS [%] Filler content, pass. 0.075 mm [%]
1.4 1.7
Bitumen content [%] Mix design
max 2 5-8 Traffic TLC 20 and TLC 50: 40/50 pen. grade Traffic TLC 1 to TLC 10: 60/70 pen. grade 3.5 to 4.5 to be determined in the mix design Shall be carried out in accordance with Ref/7- 4/
Layer thickness
min 1.5 x ( dMAX ), preferably 2 x ( dMAX ) 80 - 200 mm compacted thickness
Aggregate type Max particle size, dMAX [mm]
Bitumen grade
2.7
3.5 3.22
Material class
Material properties
PM 80
Max nominal size [mm]
PM 60
PM 30
CML test method
80 60 30 125 100 50 The layer thickness of the penetration macadam should correspond with the aggregate fraction in order to obtain stability of the layer.
Layer thickness [mm] 2
Bitumen spray rate [l/m ] Bitumen type Aggregate strength
*)
Grading, sieve sizes [mm] 100 75 63 50 37,5 28 20 14 10 Flakiness Index Grading, sieve sizes [mm] 50 37,5 28 20 14 10 6.3 5 Flakiness Index
3- 4
3-4 2-3 80/100 or 60/70 penetration grade TFV soaked : min 75% of TFV dry TFV dry : min 110 kN
3.5 2.7
Main fraction % passing
% passing
% passing
100 75 - 100 0 - 50 0 - 25 0-5 -
100 80 - 100 0 - 50 0 - 25 0-5 -
100 80 - 100 0 - 50 0 - 25 0-5
-
-
35
Key stone % passing 100 85 - 100 0 - 50 0 - 25 0-5 -
2.3
2.4
*)
% passing
% passing
100 85 - 100 0 - 50 0 - 25 0-5 35
100 85 - 100 0 - 55 0 - 25 0 - 10 35
2.3
2.4
*) Requirements for alternative use of a bituminous mix instead of key stone are set out in the text.
Material class
Material properties Aggregate source 1)
PI [%] CBRsoaked [%] Aggregate strength
FBMIX Foamed bitumen mix Natural gravel or crushed material, free from lumps of clay or other deleterious matter. max 14 before admixture of bitumen min 30 before admixture of bitumen, tested at 95 % MDD of BS-heavy TFV soaked : min 75% of TFV dry Traffic TLC 3 and TLC 10: TFVdry : min 110 kN Traffic TLC 1 and lower:
Grading, sieve sizes [mm]
CML test method
1.2 and 1.3 1.11 2.7
TFVdry : min 80 kN
% passing 100 80 - 100 60 - 95 42 - 78 30 - 65 20 - 50 10 - 30 5 - 15
37,5 28 20 10 5 2 0,425 0,075
1.7
o E-Modulus [MPa] 3.21 min 1600, measured by indirect tensile strength, tested at 29 C o Marsh all stability [N] min 6000 tested at 40 C 3.18 Marshall flow [mm] 2-4 M oi st ur e c on te nt a t m in : m ix d es ig n m oi st ur e l es s 1 .5 % p oi nt s 1.1 the time of laying [%] max: mix design moisture plus 0.5% points 3.5 Type of bitumen 80/100 or 150/200 penetration grade Adhesion agents Approved adhesion agents shall be admixed at min 0.5% by weight of bitumen 3 3.22 Bitu men content Consumption, residual bitumen: 80 to 100 litres per m of compacted material Field density min 96% of Marshall dry density 1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
Material class
Material properties
CML test method
BEMIX Bitumen emulsion mix
Aggregate source 1)
PI [%] CBRsoaked [%] Aggregate strength
Natural gravel or crushed material, free from lumps of clay or other deleterious matter. max 8 before admixture of bitumen min 30 before admixture of bitumen, tested at 95 % MDD of BS-heavy TFV soaked : min 75% of TFVdry Traffic TLC 3: TFV dry : min 110 kN Traffic TLC 1 and lower:
Grading, sieve sizes [mm]
1.2 and 1.3 1.11 2.7
TFVdry : min 80 kN
% passing 100 80 - 100 60 - 95 35 - 70 25 - 50 18 - 35 10 - 25 5-8
37,5 28 20 10 1.7 5 2 0,425 0,075 o E-Modulus [MPa] 3.21 min 1200, measured by indirect tensile strength, tested at 29 C o Ma rshall stability [N] min 4500 tested at 40 C 3.18 Marshall flow [mm] 2-4 Moisture content at min: mix design moisture less 1.5% points 1.1 the time of laying [%] max: mix design moisture plus 0.5% points Type of base bitumen 80/100 or 150/200 penetration grade 3.5 3 Consumption, residual bitumen: 80 to 100 litres per m of compacted material Bitumen content 3.22 Field density min 96% of Marshall dry density 1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.
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