Paul the Interpreter of Christ - A. T. Robertson

PROFESSOR

BY

PAUL A

INTERPRETER

THE

HARMONY

PRACTICAL of

A

ASPECTS

GRAMMAR

OF

Edition.

LIFE

THE

(Exposi

CHRISTIANITY

OF

GREEK

THE

NEW

into

Translation

TESTAMENT.

Dutch,

French,

Ger

Italian.

man,

A

OF

James).

SHORT Fifth

STUDENTS

FOR

press.

SOCIAL

AND

tion

GOSPELS

In

ROBERTSON

CHRIST.

OF

THE

OF

CHRIST.

OF

T.

A.

GRAMMAR

OF

LIGHT

GREEK

THE

HISTORICAL

OF

NEW

TESTAMENT

IN

Edition,

Fourth

RESEARCH.

THE

Re

vised.

JOHN

LOYAL:

THE

A

SKETCH

EPOCHS

IN

THE

LIFE

OF

JESUS.

EPOCHS

IN

THE

LIFE

OF

PAUL.

THE

PHARISEES

for LUKE

HISTORIAN

IN

STUDENT'S

THE

GLORY

THE

DIVINITY

PAUL'S

BAPTIST.

THE

Princeton

Stone

Lectures

1916.

THE

THE

The

JESUS.

AND

JOHN

OF

CHRONOLOGICAL

CHRIST:

GOOD

NEW

CHRIST

OF

IN

RESEARCH.

OF

TESTAMENT.

MINISTRY.

THE

OF

JOY

MAKING

LIGHT

THE

IN

IN

GOSPEL

THE

STUDIES

PHILIPPIANS.

IN

MINISTRY:

THE

JOHN.

OF

A

SKETCH

OF

JOHN

MARK. THE

CITIZENSHIP.

NEW

COMMENTARY

MATTHEW:

ON

The

Bible

for

Home

School. STUDIES STUDIES

IN

MARK'S

IN

THE

KEYWORDS

IN

LIFE

AND

THE

TEACHING

SYLLABUS

GOSPEL.

TEACHING

THE

LETTERS

FOR

TESTAMENT.

NEW

OF

OF

NEW

A.

JOHN

JESUS

JESUS.

OF

BROADUS.

CONCERNING

TESTAMENT

GOD STUDY.

THE

FATHER.

and

INTERPRETER

THE

PAUL

CHRIST

OF

BY

A.

T.

ROBERTSON, PROFESSOR

OF

NEW

SOUTHERN

THEOLOGICAL

LOUISVILLE,

I

H.

SEMINARY,

KENTUCKY

Know

XSJr

NEW

GEORGE

May

LL.D.,

INTERPRETATION,

TESTAMENT

BAPTIST

"That

D.D.,

M.A.,

DORAN

Him.'

YORK COMPANY

LITT.D.

mm.

OR

I92I.

COPYRIGHT, BY

PRINTED

GEORGE

IN

THE

H.

UNITED

COMPANY

DORAN

STATES

OF

AMERICA

TO

THE

MEMORY

MY

ANNABEL

OF

SISTER

R.

SARTIN

PREFACE

books

The

ought

a

cease.

of

scores

here

other

merely life

Paul's

interest.

books

to

and

in

Epochs

my

look

by

at

Paul

generation.

farseeing

vision

of

than

made

to

tJw

Life

have

Christ

Kentucky.

In

Paul's

Paul

of

various

have

not

and

of

present-day

up

Kingdom

T.

of

man

caught the

attempt in

keen

yet

in

corners

forward-looking

most

as

and

I

and

angles

the

life,

writers.

A.

Louisville,

never

Paul.

tell

we

had

has

a

the

We

world

many

that

teaching

was

his

is

effort

no

in

The

they

Paul,

studying

Christ-filled

wholly

volume

done

Christ.

of

and

cease

stop

we

much

more

present is

If

to

miss

man

never

on

not

shall

will

Paul

new

ROBERTSON.

with

of

his

God.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Author

The

of

publishers

this

which

chapters

The

grateful

acknowledgment

following

the

in

include

to

makes

Review

these

Expositor,

or

their

of

parts

several

issues.

Expositor

The

the

permission

chapters

in

appeared

and

for

periodicals

volume

first

to

(Lon

"

don),

Fields,

and

Methodist

The

Homiletic

The

The

Review,

interpretation

of

and

The

to

Paul

and

Home

Review,

World,

Baptist

The

from

Theological

lecture

of

Seminary,

the

fall

October

that

record

the

this

in

seed sown

grew

opening

Monthly,

Moody

further

Foreign

term

at

ist,

the

Southern

1911.

Baptist

the

CONTENTS

CHAPTM

PAGE

I

PAUL

INTERPRETER

THE

CHRIST

OF

13

.

II

III

THE

PAUL

VERSATILITY

DEITY

THE

AND

PAUL

OF

OF

40

CHRIST

50 ...

IV

PAUL

NOT

A

SACRAMENTARIAN

59 ...

V

VI

PAUL

AS

PAUL'S

CHURCH

ARCHITECT

ECCLESIASTICAL

CORINTH

IN

62

INDEPENDENCE

71 .

VII

PAUL

VIII

PAUL'S

80

PATRIOTISM

AND

STATESMANSHIP

MISSIONARY

92 .

IX

PAUL'S

INTEREST

YOUNG

IN

.

MINISTERS

106 .

X

PAUL'S

PREACHING

IN

THESSALONICA

117 .

XI

PAUL

AS

PASTOR

IN

.

126

EPHESUS ....

XII

PAUL

IN

THE

CENTER

OF

GREEK

CULTURE

141

PAUL

INTERPRETER

THE

OF

CHRIST

CHAPTER

PAUL

I do to a

try

Sir

use

W.

But,

lies

not

a

theme.

new

adequate

Bruce,

Du

Theology

narrower

his

even

path

of

Paul

came

how

his

reflected veal

Paul," the

this

in

I

historical

be

to

the

actual of

aspects

portrayed and

how

the

experience Christ

"Spiritual

Sabatier

Development

to

has

of

made

His

to

that

a

or

the how

he

was, to

his

Epistles necessarily which

Paul.

served

a

to

Matheson

Development

Doctrine." 13

is

show

contributed the

realm

aim

close

and

Christ

of

environment

apprehension,

Paul's

exegetical

Interpreter

the

theology,

keep

to

Stevens,

My

Paul's

of

mean

and

and

heritage

that

re

Mon-

Lucas,

discussion.

is

Alexander,

of

enter

to

in

itself has

Somerville,

purpose

than

one

the

new

ably

not

in

Paul

Holsten,

Schmidt,

Christology.

progressive

of

Pfleiderer, do

of

at

interest

This

hands

the

Everett,

Dykes,

I

Christ.

was

always

chief

Christology at

is

man

our

was,

He

phrase.

real

a

Jesus

treatment

Weiss.

Biblical

to

The

Bose,

teil, Paterson,

much

and

Paul,"

of

"Charm

the

felicitous

Paul

as

relation

ceived

of

away

Ramsay's

great

in his

B.

from

personality,

tractive. him

get

M.

tremendous

and

to

CHRIST

OF

INTERPRETER

THE

not

I

brilliant What

re

has of

St.

"Sketch I

have

is rather

in mind

of

combination

a

CHRIST

OF

INTERPRETER

THE

PAUL

14

these

points

two

of view.

It is hardly worth

while

critical foundations

for

to

long

pause

such

study. To-day

a

the

and

tame

unbiased

prolonged

and

deliberate

conviction

lived.

We

are

himself

is relieved

historic

existence.

"The

through Jesus had

There

radical

dozen

historical

no

German

the

fray

vigorously argued

the

delusion

of

to

and

may

But has or

the

these

the

claim

has

arena

did

a

the

wise

dogma

men are

gone

myth. and J.

that Even

Weiss

all

Jesus

Prof.

For

have

Jesus

But

"The

comers

live.

this

historic

he

His

we

are

careers

antiquarianinterest.

yet clear.

of

ever

show

after

that

Ger

Shirley J. the University of Chi Biblical world against

of

The

Hibbert

Journal

stiff debate historic

theologicalChrist. of

Soden

January,

fit subjects of

Granted

modern

Christ

and

is not

Paul

now

to

is pure

against all

Jesus

Paul

path

Christ."

admit

the

the

been

Both

be

can

claims

in the

prove

toricityof Jesus."

grateful.

doubt

attributingdivinity to Jesus.

steps forth

now

comforting

Drews,

show

to

Divinity School

cago,

the

He

Last

of

he

by

like Von

Case,

No

reall

raging at present in whether to as Jesus

realityand

scholars

into

gone

Paul

this

the

to

come

is

editions.

live in Palestine.

did

that

Christ-Myth,"

a

for

Cheyne

that, after

as

scholar.

think

to

man

a

grateful

fierce controversy

a

have

such

Oxford

the

from

lived.

that

every

K.

conclusion

research, he lias

very

opinion

many

labored

T.

Dr.

thing is challenged by somebody. produces

lay one's

to

that

It the

wholly

concerning "Jesus not must Jesus, one is gravely argued by

Jesus

of

different.

historyand The

Christ

PAUL

is

INTERPRETER

THE

CHRIST

OF

15

theologicalinvention, the attribution to the man Jesus of qualitieswhich he did not possess, the deification of the real man Jesus. Prof. W. B. Smith, mere

a

of New

Orleans, has

"Pre-Christian

undertaken

even

Jesus," the

strippedof

man

Christologicalvagaries, the rise above

voices with

man

the

the confusion

called

the

as

may

one

of

din

and

and

Christ.

We

earliest

Gospels

have

been

sources

of

Gospels

Mark)

have

The

effort to

in the

all the later Other

was.

Paul

boldly charge led the world

astray

the

just passed through

big

German

still remains

Paul

The

Christ

and

choose.

the

us

Gospels. He is even Christianity,or the perverter,

of

creator

this conflict.

ploded

of

simple Jesus

he

as

being responsiblefor having

from

show

to

find has

a

on

as

in

Jesus

high

the

Synoptic

spiritand

known

a

ex

Interpreterof conception of

Even

Pauline

the life of

place Jesus

different

failed.

dubbed

guns

the

as

have

the

to

the

(Q

us

pedestalas

does

and

Acts

Paul. Let and

the

violent any

then

us

Epistlesof of

statement

and

to

for

which

the

point

he of

ahead.

Christ. before line of

To

Do him

It

That

some

fact.

Let

after

Gospels

to

will

some

have

men

a

follow

us

apprehension

always pressingon,

*Ei" 8k.

Paul.

assumption, but

approach

on

the facts in the

assume

of

be

at

spasm

Paul

Christ.

in He

a

his was

he

began, to apprehend that was apprehended. He was always on but the prize slipped complete success, was

the

forget and his

great passion of his life.

one

push

to

to

on

the

best, the figureof Christ

all the while.

this great theme

Nothing can

be

more

here

riches

larger

grew

than

in

an

attempted.

out

PAUL

16

I.

THE

Paul

Paul

INTERPRETER

Christ

Knowing

first heard

of

he

in all likelihood of

ministry

but

a

But

said

(2 Cor.

after

may

he

He

after the

now

So

then the

along

was

hate

to

the

had

This

cultured brilliant,

fervor

been

of

Maccabeus

Judas

typicalPharisee.

lenistic life of the world life in

with

he

He

the

religiousnature

was

sect

and

was

had

of his

a

the

with

toward

all

the

Jews by

of

reason

citizen

and

Pharisee.

a

Nazarenes blazed

Hel

outlook

broader

a

Roman

orthodoxy

inflamed out

with

garments

only Stephen is stoned, he seems for understanding Jesus disqualifications

possess

see

young

man

a

The

light.

we

the

thou

all the

in touch

of

most

whom

terrible

while

As

and

Damascus

patrioti religiouspride of

the

was

no

so

insurrection.

an

had

Palestinian

many

Tarsus.

Hellenist, but contact

time

the

than

He

avoid

Jew and

fleshl

prejudices. He was for the Messiahship

claimant

young

Christ

first approach

to

he

certainl

to

Jesus

am

the

When

him

the road

came on

the

known

his

justlycrucified

who

die

known

from

Paul's

new

Paul

that.

Christ

on

line of

It

almost

"I

explicitstatement,

Tarsus.

he

have

we

public in

Jesus

once

had

remained

that

of

at

Paul the

to

see

on

recognized Jesus

persecutest." taught

to

evidence

no

looked

once

standpoint, "yet more."

time

5:16) that he had flesh (Kara trdp/ca)

that

Jesus

in

have

we

the

means

his

have

more

Jerusalem

to

cross.

on

He

is

It

student

before

course

likelyreturned men fascinatingtheory of some

back

the

his

Jesus began.

Jerusalem, is

finished

When

"

know.

not

a Jesus when in Jerusalem.

saw

Gamaliel

of

seminary

do

we

CHRIST

Flesh.

after the

Jesus

hardly probable that the

OF

holding

his a

the to

of

PAUL

THE

Nazareth.

Every step

tion

Christians

of

the

II.

Paul

his

ruptly

life,like at

full

halted.

The

going

was

in Paul's

in his eyes.

looked

the

hate

upon

and

great the

with

clearness

facts

and

In

speech and

tion in his

story

ence

he

was

heart

Himself

nor

with

and

voice

his consent. of the

hopelesslyin

Paul

before

ever.

On

he that

Risen

became

Him

for

life.

Paul's of

active

It But

the

Jesus

shined

of

memory.

the

Paul's

of

undoubted

convinced

look

revolu

doing. Jesus not

was

pres

Paul

that

that Jesus gave

blind remained

day Light

brain

all essentials the

of his

The

error.

In

life.

Paul.

not

salient features

from

not

he

had

unfortunate

The

was

to

blinded

whom

one

scorned

repeatedlytold and

It

spiritu

is

faded

never

Paul's

to

his

to

ab

abnormally the stamped upon

are

letter he

varied.

never

manifested wish

own

His

mind

vividness.

this climacteric event

He

He

was

all, though he

by

the

moments

and

great

Jesus, the

of

a

he looked

the earth, and

to

was

steel train.

a

greater

before.

face

essential

of

It

"

the supreme

was

very

seen

most

be

He

when

It

was

thrown

he had

His

Face.

nature

even

was

persecu

Christ.

to

collision

a

17

Christ.

Christ.

heresy caused pestilent

In

in the

Face

shock

was

But to

come

takes

speed against Christ

It

physicalnature. equipment. He had

CHRIST

from

whole

face of the Risen

of

test

he

is away

Christ

Seeing

violent revulsion into the

that

antithesis of

the very

comes

OF

INTERPRETER

into

with

him

his heart

for

"to

give the light of the knowledge of the glory in the face of Jesus Christ" (2 Cor. 4:6). He

of God

stood

give up

now

why Stephen

had

died rather than

under

PAUL

INTERPRETER

THE

lend any

endorsement

He

known

was

Jesus who

He

wholly as

had

for

hedrin

on

the

as

chief

to

of

the

disciplesof

to

the official papers

him

of

arrest

the defensive.

The

He

without

was

of

a

in

that

convert

new

new-found

Paul

joy.

he

was

a

he

(Acts

God"

mark

sure

a

his

of

Christ,but

in

a

would

tell others

must

novice

get

synagogues

proclaimed Jesus, that He is the Son of 9:20). He must give his witness. It is the

was

not

yet Paul

the

San-

Ananias

save

would

And

the

regard him

friend He

doubtful. Judas who were hearing from Jew or Christian. be silent. not "Straightway

Jerusa

Paul

would

Jews

and

of

in

Christians.

the

those

arrest

his clutches

escape

19

discipleof Christ.

a

foe

CHRIST

Damascus

to

come

with

renegade.

a

the

fled thither

had

lem.

had

him

to

as

he

and

OF

in

not

of high cul equipment. He was already a man experience in publiclife ture, great genius, and much trained in pub He was though comparatively young. mental

lic to

discourse, but his voice his

own

Jesus

why

he heard

as

ears

is the

Son

his old arguments all that heard

"And

the voice

was

as

of

a

as

the

that

of

old

Jesus. But message

He

Paul

have

describe, but He

knew

he

God.

powerful

He

where

they

They were might crop

all them had

till it became

did not

of

lamb

wolf

with

it deliver

was

that

found

had

uneasy out

and

called

on

his voice

familiar

as

well

and as

many

aspects of Christ

knew

one

that Jesus

strange reasons

refuting

all

as successfully Stephen had done. him were amazed" (Act 9:21). It

the voice of the wolf. fear

sounded

have

must

was

from

Messiah,

usually heard even

make the

havoc of

name

stuck sweet

for

now

to to

that he

his

him.

could

personal experience. the Son

of God.

He

PAUL

20

had at

the

His

and

of

will

IV. ment.

enough

grasped humanity

begin with

to

and the

It

Adapting Himself clear

was

Damascus

Arabia.

He The

ings. Ananias

to

at

the

Jews

none

to

He

anxious hear.

to

carry

through know

assumption

Now

other.

with in

the

on

much him?

order

to

preciselywhat

that he of

He see

his must

where

his call, but

had

own

they

mind. hos

were

opened

his heart he

theology could

old think he

delimita

a

Christianity

new

that

were

nor

in his

terms

doubt

told him

not

open had

his

Gentiles.

and

needed

was

to

come

He

and

Judaism

must

now

him.

hear

to

Christ had not

was

way

his old

Christ, how on

so,

Besides, there

acted each

even

The

once.

systems

had

tile to

But

through

the

of darkness

days

his bear

Christ to

in

years

take

from

for

easier

few

a

and

far hence

go

the three

ended

tion between two

to

his situation.

of

spend

to

season

a

it all the

him

to

come

needed

stock

adjustment

Damascus

his future.

go

The

make

must

Environ

New

he

made

judgment

call had

at

had

Thus

his

follow

take

to

His

to

that

Paul

to

in order

rebuffs at to

else he

whatever

hereafter.

retirement

him

Damascus,

get beyond this truth

never

Paul "

The

to

Christ, His

wise

was

in

dwelt

learn

may

as

Paul

He

proving that this is Christ" (Acts 9:22). Paul's first interpretati the keynote of his entire ministry. Jesus sounded

He

of

the

that

Jews the

risen state. of

nature

CHRIST

by experience. He stuck to that in strength,and confounded more

knew

"increased

OF

in His

two-fold

deity.

he

what

Christ

Jesus

seen once

INTERPRETER

THE

the whole

stood.

part of Arabia

Paul

We

matter

do

not

visited,but

PAUL at

He

race.

back

There

and

But

Christ. would

law

and

theology.

during

this

to

The

new

tion

of

He

the

back

cardinal a

old

and

he

could

wholly with

were

clear

a

He

grace.

has old.

supplant the

is the

for

alone

reflections

of

Israel is to the

and

till he

his work

to

of

melting pot

and

doctrines

new

in

is rooted

the

meditations

comes

how

see

face

was

grace

him

probably not

was

period,but

predominant. of

He

lore and

in the

looked' upon

Arabia

grace.

between

in rabbinic

that

Sinai

conflict

yet unskilled

had

Semitic

the

Mount

as

the

master

steadfastly into

Paul's

vision

a

as

Christ

gaze

far

as

21

of his ancestors

the old haunts

was

law, though

of

home

in his heart

He

grace.

Mosaic

come

ancestral

to

was

CHRIST

OF

he actuallyjourneyed

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PAUL

22

THE

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INTERPRETER

THE

PAUL

24

put no

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PAUL

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In the last chapter Jewish people about Christ. Acts we Paul pleadingwith the Jews of Rome see in Jesus of God revealed as accept the Kingdom

Christ, and Rom.

9-1

Jews,

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VII.

1

the Paul

own

Paul

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that the law

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speaks

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John

shows

yet very

that

25

The

Jerusalem.

show

to

CHRIST

expounds the significanceof both of these of his system of the He gives the core is justification by faith in Christ, who

the

on

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point about knowledge

died

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PAUL

INTERPRETER

THE

reared

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talk

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uni

of Greek

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27

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Paul

CHRIST

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philosophy of

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Corinth

writes, but the great problems of Thessalonica

his

heart.

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he

felt

keenly

the

conflict

PAUL

28

INTERPRETER

THE

between

the

Kingdom

of

Rome.

He

foresaw

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these

great forces

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found

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own.

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discipleswere

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look

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to

chieflyto had

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Paul

has

to

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event.

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very

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first group

Christ

charged

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steady hope cheered

this

first years

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of

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hope

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Paul.

PAUL

mentions

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aspects of

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and

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"

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(Eph. 3:3f.). They

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Paul

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again.

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course

faith

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sermons.

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in Him

lives in Christ

meanwhile

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faith

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through

road.

about

Father.

dead, who

and

items

29

OF

INTERPRETER

THE

life

to

Paul's

I

us. nor

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grow

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some

four

years

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is in

Corinthians.

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see

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his

to

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PAUL

X.

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marvelous

spring

cares

the

all Paul's

emotion.

with

aglow

glimpse

"

agitationof spiri

much

discussion

whole

eternal

is here

of

all

Christ.

Ephesus.

atmosphere of Corinth, and communion with pinnacleof spiritual

the

to

flight from

heart

31

crisis has

The

heat.

Philippi,with

catch

to

seems

Glory of God in most personalof

is the

is in

CHRIST

OF

the

is at white

Paul

met

is

INTERPRETER

THE

holds

Christ

Christ

of possibilities

as

him

is with

ennobles

His

fast

to

him

in

men

and

all in Christ.

Battlingfor Liberty in is much disputed, and

Christ. the

"

book

The has

date no

32

PAUL

THE

very

clear

earmarks

against the ritual as

is

as

for

in

seen

freedom

Christians.

He and

Jerusalem

saved

the

Antioch

and

Galatia. blast of

They

followed

The

It

has

and

versal of

relation

neither

Jew It is

male.

of Paul's at

saw

the

as

traditional

here

statesmanlike

grasp

aside the Pharisaic

brushed

prerogativesin and

class In

dom

and

and

Christ of

national

Galatians

mission

he

the

made

Christ

lines did

not

run

the

root

the

cause

free.

you

with He

to

Stand

a

bold

Christ, they can

had

Paul

before

understand

cannot

go

back

is fe

nor

triumphant proof at

was

God.

fast in the

hand

there

stake.

under for

God us

all.

pretensionsto exclusive of

appliesthem

uni

shackles

Jesus

much

Kingdom

seizes upon

progress.

Galatians. seen

the

that

as

in His

in peril and SpiritualChristianitywas Paul saved that blessed heritagein Christ

He

Second

of great issues in that he

continuallyhow

and

once

bugle-

heat

from

is

and

is the

free, male

great conceptionand

a

Corinth

in

Christ

nor

at

controversy

Christ

In

bond

Apostles at

same

emancipator

Greek,

nor

the

conceives

ceremonialism.

all Gentile

just after

come

of

much

great Epistle. Paul

the

Galatians

to

seems

stand

Judaizers would

travels

the

to

the

the

reopened

early

as

bold

a

for

of

but

Paul's

Epistle

liberty.

Corinthians

day,

the Mosaic

the first mission

law

support

protest

made

took

ceremonial the

won

fasten was

Paul

15.

of

note

from

return

the

stay defeated.

not

effort

That

Acts

from

the

save

Judaizers to

Paul's

CHRIST

OF

time

Gentiles.

50, after

A.D.

tour

of

effort of the

the

on

INTERPRETER

to

Paul

through ideas

that

saw

Christ.

in Christ's

of human

free

libertywherewith the picture drawn the

how,

the weak

eyes

of

the

once

having

and

beggarly

rabbinism.

of

elements time

INTERPRETER

THE

PAUL

as

protest

a

tion and

ritual.

covets.

Christ

CHRIST

OF

That

message

against the bondage

It is vital union lives in Paul

and

is

good

of

mere

Christ

with

33

for all tradi Paul

that

is crucified with

he

Christ.

XII.

Paul

condensed

No

Redemption in Christ. do justiceto Paul's rea

Expounding statement

"

can

"

expositionof the varied relations of Christ to of redemption as wrought the phases of the work It is not in the Epistle to the Romans. merely

soned all out

is here

Paul

that

mental

powers,

greatest of themes, and

the

on

best, in the prime of his

his

at

seen

with

give play to his great genius. Paul Paul's in Romans gives his gospel. In a true sense evangel is the full and finest evangel of all (cf.Whyte, sufficient space

Thomas

Shepherd,

it is the

Christ

is the

Jesus

made

blood

on

by faith

of

had

does of

his

not

a

gospel;

new

joyfullypreached

Paul

make

all his

turns

argument

it clearer

thinking

and

the

on

the

to

that

actions. fact

that

propitiatoryofferingfor our sins by His the cross, which to us offeringis mediated

in Christ

justifies us us

Paul

center

It is

18).

p.

Nowhere

heart

make

that

one

Gentiles.

The

to

and

as

declares

righteous.

Redeemer

our

that God

so

righteousand

us

There

are

will

great words

freely

ultimatel in Romans

like

righteousness,santification,redemption, propitia tion, faith, justification, reconciliation,salva power, tion,

heirs. from of

no

condemnation, But

Christ.

they

are

Christ

righteousness,the

life, victory,sons,

all

meaningless

is here sole

seen

hope

as

of

to

adoption Paul, apart

the sole

means

redemption, the

PAUL

THE

sight,ever of

gleam

he

had

Ephesus ulative aon

tacked

the

at

show

for

and

God, and

the First-born of

universe, that

ture

and

given

head

(the

man

God, the Christ

fullness of

goal. We word

has

ever

in Colossians

XV.

Paul is

Ephesians summed

"we

a

up

real

been in

all the

in all. hid

are

between

with

is

Christ

in

refutingthe

the

on

of

of

the

the in

Christ

Gnostic

of the

and

man

and

No

than

of

form.

bodily

God.

na

mystery

ideal

our

of

key

God

cre

our

higher

Paul

utters

error.

Unfolding the Glory of Christ's Body. the complement of Colossians. God has "

all in Christ.

sense

and

man

Godhead

of

Hibbert

in the work

Christ

spoken

same

image

very

Christ is the

all.

at

the

died

sustainer

the

an

creation, that Christ

Peace-maker),

true

is all and

and

is the all

of

now

in The

man

is supreme

universe, the reconciler and

real

a

Christ

over

rank

and

one

controversy

spec

into the open

out

are

before

He

the

to

steps

creation, and

ated

elders of

the

to

Christology is

Christ

sins, that

is the author

fore-

"

new

a

Paul

and

Jesus

our

the

hybrid philosophyand

Pauline

The

(cf.the "Jesus or Christ" Journal), that Jesus was cross

of

This

center

that

out

never

of Christ. In heresy in Asia

Supremacy

degraded Christ

angel.

or

35

sees

in his address

foreseen

Essenism

is

He

on.

aware

Miletus.

at

the

Showing

is made

Paul

which

In

CHRIST

of glory in Christ.

riches

Paul

Rome,

him

beckoning

the

XIV.

to

OF

chase, for the goal is Christ, who

turous

of

INTERPRETER

we

all,"the church

are

the

He

is the

fullness

fullness of

general or

the

of

God.

Christ, that is

kingdom.

Christ

PAUL

36 is the

THE

head

head

the

INTERPRETER

is the

Nowhere

is

brought

out

in

Ephesians.

in Him,

one

of

one

new

both

partitionis

broken

He

into

the

great temple

The

riches

is the chief

of

Christ

The

Paid

Pastoral He

nature.

old

an

Paul

to

how The

grateful. Saviour and of

of

man,

He

sinners.

the

kings,and

Jesus Christ. and

of

He

He

stood

absent.

were

has the

sees

by

Paul his

course,

martyr's crown

to

be offered

all

to

Paul.

up

This

for

it.

But

He

has

he

ready he

and

for the

kept

for him. Christ

heart's

"

Paul's the

into

marvel

a

is

Jesus

deeply is the God

Saviour

and

brought

helped Paul

has

are

Hope.

between

great God

Jesus' sake. own

love

Potentate, King

one

death

ready

is his

put

in his last trial when

is

built

His

him

It is still

all,the

abolished

And

finished

do

lords,our

him

come

humanity.

side of

tender

is the Mediator

for

wall

are

and

it all is that

immortalityto light.

way.

He

He

ransom

Lord

of

we

Jesus, His

Christ

to

lesson

are

telling.But we with Christ Jesus.

worthy.

came

We

redeemed

the

man.

him

ministry,counting

in Him,

middle

and

in Christ

Epistles show is

into

all

and

Trusting

well

love have

unsearchable

are

sit in the heavenlies

to

XVI.

God's

of

works.

up

man

The and

are

so

Head.

our

Peace

We

grow

full

one

cornerstone

past all comprehension destined

to

are

Gentile.

down.

instead.

We

of

body

good

nature

Him,

and

Jew

for

human

man,

of

worthy

sense

in Him

of

dignity

Christ, to become some

The

church, the spiritualchurch.

the as

CHRIST

Colossians.

alive in Christ, created

made

in

in

is shown

as

OF

life

all the

all others

glorious end. the He

faith, he

is willing

is all and

in

experience. This

PAUL

is his all

INTERPRETER

THE

in his

testimony the

over

friend

and

Roman

CHRIST

37

Epistles. He has tested Christ Empire, by land and sea, with

Christ

foe.

OF

has

failed

never

him.

Paul

Christ out of the wealth to interpret qualified best tribute to Paul The experience of Christ.

of his

is

learn

to

us

rection.

Paul

"I know

that

has known

I have

him

all

same

appeared

previous efforts of Luther

has way

brushes

of aside

historical and

very

scientific

even

as

see

Christ

in

1911.

of

Knowl-

The

stream

continues.

with

trenchant Paul.

is that brilliant

criticism The

not

Reforma

in the

to

show

of

name

for

itself in

(p. 237).

explain away

Epistlesas

of

knowledge of "the study of Paul-

achievement"

the efforts to the

would

Early in 1912 (translatedby Interpreters

summary

nothing

he

Christ."

the historical

His

(p. 2).

and

advance

Paul

committed

delivered

was

conquered

not

committed

had

fought and

Paul, but did

day:

persuaded

am

I have

Soon

understand

to

of the

the third edition

Paul His

and

I

will know

of St. Paul

Paul

Montgomery)

inism

and

resur

all the years.

appeared

concerning

Schweitzer's

Paul

as

He un-

genuine (Steck, Van

good in the Tubingen criticism knowl it compelled the study of the sources of our

Manen).

edge, but a

He

face.

through

year

of criticism

that

Christ.

to

to

ing's "Testimony

the

believed

address, given above,

In the

tion

say

of His

end

the

at

to

his (TrapadrjKri) Him again face

The

to

the power

keep that which against that day." He

is able

him

unto

able

was

whom

him

he

Christ and

know

to

is for

narrow

be shown

He

sees

it failed

Jew. and

He was

to

understand

is

not

a

mere

Paul

who

is

littleinfluenced by the

than

more

sacramentarian

in

as

will

Mystery-Re-

PAUL

38

THE

in the

ligionssave nedy, St.

Paul

Schweitzer his

INTERPRETER

and

the

technical

some

Paul's

teaching which

Mystery-Religions

his

able

St.

Paul

keen

criticism M.

Paul

of

he

took

has

the

(Pauline

itor, July, 1917, have

years

seen

of

in the as

estimates

to

1911,

Paul.

been

again a wrote

grace

in

Theology

of

has

Kennedy

(September,

Expositor that

the

in which

world

Present

Day,

a

attack

new

be

knowl

our

Paul

labored

The

Expos

31). Jones thinks that recent strikingand a gratifyingchange in

a

subject (The

p.

As

a

6), a

of

of

man

the

in which

he

holds

has

instead

culture

herdsman view

he

that Paul

of

Tekoa

greatlyunder that

his letters

literaryEpistles (p. 8)

as

overstated

the schools

personal Letters, but and

a

result

Expositor, May,

thinks

of their purpose

has been

man

as

Amos

misunderstood

truth

both

Deissmann

like

the obscuration

was

Morgan

great increase of

a

misunderstood

tentmaker

(St. Paul, have

and

sacraments

p.

that

on

doubly a

took

comparative religionwill

in the

June, August, 1919). of

A.

the

that Paul

the

to

Paul

conclusions

been

and

key

(p. 16). Progress has been made knowledge of the chronologicaldata in Paul's M. Jones has shown in his discussion of Plooij'

study

life

the

doubt

side of

Criticisms

But

from

over

view

A.

The

of the Graeco-Roman

edge

the

H.

no

successfullyrepelledwith

the

presented by

Religion

it in

Jones

from

is

Prof.

(1917).

1917). on

The

volume,

(Ken

terms

eschatology

Baptistand Jesus (p. 243). This false line from a eschatologyand the

CHRIST

Mystery-Religions(1913).

in

finds

life and

of

use

OF

at

and

by and

times

dignityof Epistles. David

meaning.

Here

Deissmann.

Paul

workman.

He

a

with

the

Smith

literar has

pro-

PAUL

INTERPRETER

THE

duced

of St. Paul

and

Howson,

with

a

with

the

(1920),

in

scholarshipthe

He

but

John. mind

is

and

and

Christ

a

wider

than for

kinds

more

day, for

of

as

in

the

spite

of

back

and

Paul's

leadership

1

Bacon's

Paul

as

is

was

(1920)

Christ

be

must as

force

by

go

do

Luke

of

rid

of

mind.

a

Christ to

Christ

of.

His

is unshaken

of

and

Paul's for

of

Jesus

We

way

Paul

remains

gotten

his

Christianity

Paul

progress.

of

and

aspects of

Christians

and

into

must

Paul.

go

John

Mark.

Peter

leadership.

That

Paul

knew

Christ

God.1

volume, correcting a

of

of

that

Christ.

variety

more

as

deeper

Interpreter of

still dominant,

is

than

saw

and

of

matter

a

practicalturn

modern

influence felt the

new

I

we

(Paul

influence

greater

more

cannot

criticism

Spirit of

the

hands St.

all

Barnabas

after

chief

of

mind

is

Paul's

However,

men.

He

Christ, but

to

shows

of

men.

on

and

of

greatest

John

fellowship with

interpreted

old, the

modern

grip

has

the

for

John

keeping

by the singleness

more

a

sides

more

and

John

Christ his

of

and

seen

is that

genius

more

culture has

of of

been

Paul, but

of

out

That

that

has

truth

length

of

man

He

the

heart

the

admits

Hayes

Perhaps

honor

487).

p.

of

call Paul

not

that

reserves

times

at

of

breadth

knowledge

new

Let

Conybeare

with

surveys

does

Hayes

interpreterof

gaze

the

Epistles,1915,

judgment,

the

he

old and

facts.

His

which

of

scale

the

on

of condescension

touch

theologian.

an

39

great study of the Apostle, Tlie Life and

a

ters

and

CHRIST

OF

Jesus the

masterly

and

Paul

proof

study.

of

(1921), this

came

volume.

into

my

McNeile's

CHAPTER

THE

The Paul.

VERSATILITY

The

of

the

kingdom

theology

foreign

ple gospel abstract Christ

is

He

tianity,

So

Christ.

Christology, Paul

1

Paulus, Jiilicher,

1906; ond

Paulus

ed.)

;

A.

and

Resch,

Jesus

and

Paul

and

"Allen, and

son

Christology of

Place

Christ, Paul,

1912;

1912.

Christ,

Jesus

Mackintosh, See

also

R.

1909;

1909;

Strachan's

1916. 40

1912;

of The

;

Paul, Forsyth,

The the

the

Jesus

C.

1909)

Olchewski,

(sec

Criticism,

1904;

and

Rostron,

Doctrine

The H.

Jesus

Paul,

St.

of

Christologic,

paulinischcn Paul,

Bacon,

1904;

1911

Reid,

Essays,

und

Paulus,

und

Modern

Jcsu,

Logia

this

Christ,

Christ,

of

Pauline

Christus

Jesus

1909;

Light

the

of

con

treat

Jesus

to

(tr.),

Chris

rabbinising

Jesus

Paul

Biblical

1909;

2

for

Kaftan,

die

the

over

et

of

Paul"

or

Heine,

Paul

an

Christianity

some

Paul

und

of

volumes

St.

in

Apostle

(tr.),

Jesus

raging

1910;

or

the

"Jesus

1908;

(Cambridge

Paul

The

the

of

Jesus

Paulinismus

of

into

purpose

founder

by

Testimony

the

second

L'apotre

and

a

sim

the

by Jesus

thought

recent

Jesus,

Meyer,

the

Paul,

et

und

Paul

1915;

St.

condemned

Knowling,

Christ

der

is

Goguel,

1902;

preached

is still

several

Jesus

as

had

battle

give criticism

to

having perverted

to

of

disposed

not

of

destroyer

and

Breitenstein,

has

continues

the

have

we

The

troversy.1

topic.

called

reality the

in

Christ"

to

is accused

He

PAUL

OF

Apostle

great

time.

busy

"Back

of

cry

II

Die

A.

J.

Scott,

Weiss,

1921. Per

The

Wurzcln

Christology Person

of

of

Jesus

Individuality of St.

THE

OF

VERSATILITY

Christianity, though Montefiore not properly understand Judaism Sir W. he

M.

familiar

was

with

lenism, though he Palestinian tle of

the

lenism

of

Jew

Garvie

was

could

Day,

1913,

the

trainingof

universalised

Hebraism"

p.

"In

are

in Paul's

A.

H. W.

A.

but

Kennedy,4 in his

Theology of Professor

by

Apos Hel

The

in

of

Terms

the mind

of

a

of

Paul

a

universalised

St. Paul, p.

73).

mystery-religions of the Grseco-Roman held by some be the determining factor to by Professor theology,a view ably answered

Morgan

and

into the

Paul

"A

bottom.

3

Indeed, the world

at

with

Cities

The

Hel

PrincipalA. E. quantityand the qualityof

coalesced

(Ramsay,

that

But

32).

Paul.

Hellenism

Paul

on

(Ramsay,

Teaching of

did

he

in current

grown

world"

disputesboth

this Greek

things

have

never

in the

Paul

that

he denounces.

which

thorough Jew

a

41

thinks

in his books

the best

Grasco-Roman

the Present 2

contends

Ramsay

1

PAUL

still advocated famous

now

in

Kennedy

The

Professor

volume, The

Paul, 1917,

St.

by

Religion

clearlyrefuted

Expositor

5

for

also

August

and

Dr. Maurice Jones6 considers September, 1917. of Paul this onslaught on the orthodox view paralle in importance with the crisis raised by the criticism

of

Baur:

1

Judaism

'Studies

May, *

"I have

St. Paul,

and

of

Paul

191 1, pp.

Cf .

doubt

no

and

1915, His

that this attack

p.

will be

as

87.

Gospel,

1911,

p.

8; The

Expositor,

376 ff.

Reitzenstein, Die

hell enistisc hen

Mysterien-religionen

1910.

*St. Paul 5

A

New

'"Pauline P. 31.

and

the

Mystery-Religions, 1913.

Interpretation of Paulinism. Criticism

in the

Present

Day,"

The

Expositor, July,

VERSATILITY

THE

Toronto.1

Professor

needed

note

Paul's

Teaching,"

Paul's

shows

Findlay

of

because

He

Stoic

save

all of

ability.

of

This

was

himself, but

he

evangelisethe to

of touch

Deissmann

argues

the

(Acts

xvii.

be sure,

world and

for

Epicurean

not

in his St. Paul.

cam

a

We

shall

notion

Paul

work is

of his

not

force his

the

theology,a Lightfoot

Now

Paul

of

kind

was

on a

and

with

between

Philadelphia.

because

Paul

he

a

Indi The

patch

crazy-quilt

great lucidityand

Philippians. It

Stoic

made

of ill-assorted

treated

alleged relations

commentary

that

1

new.

borrower

a

re

never

vidualityof

was

He

artisan

mere

"the gospel till we understand St. Paul" (R. H. Strachan, 1916).

that

a

straws

Christ.

Paul's

understand

but

18),

scholastic

no

was

of

scraps

grasping at

though

men,

work

projectinga great

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PAUL

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torals).

47

truth of

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of

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Christ

with

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to

go

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inthians, Galatians, Romans),

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pians.

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other

all

went

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PAUL

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48

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27,

28).

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himself

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51

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2:13

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9:5, Titus

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Lordship

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AND

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53

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Paul Christ

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championed the worship of Jesus

PAUL

54

Lord.

as

the

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force

Paul's

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not

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Jesus the

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him

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times

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conversion

in

9:10

From

salem).

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seen

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Damascus;

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very

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Lord

as

thou, Lord?"

art

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conviction

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deliberate

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faith

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personal experience.

dered

26:15).

a

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mind

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part, but

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this in

bear

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slip on

INTERPRETER

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Jeru

Paul's

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upon

all his

back

"he proclaimed prejudices and self-interest, theological (Acts 9:20), "prov Jesus that he is the Son of God" ing that this is the Christ (Messiah)" (Acts 9:22). Paul

had

sought

crossed kill him

to

his life

the

to

Jesus

to

end, but Paul

said

Godhead,

that

that

Paul

knew

knew

something

lation. a

He

and

Jews

in Damascus

Jewish

hate

faltered

never

and

only not

and

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of

a

things

rabbinical

of

God

Paul

several

unity

of

(Acts 9:23)

practicalTrinity

the

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sought

loyalt

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as

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famous

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PAUL He

ophy. in the

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in

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borrow

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foot's And

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M.

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his

in

sanity,in

dares

Ramsay

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knowledge

struggle with

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only

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But

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a

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two

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Jesus came

views

was

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upon on

the Cross

the Christ

was

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mere

him

touch

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human

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was

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(Docetic Gnostics).

in his death in both

czons

This

matter

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in

man

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God

good

have

not

held

matter.

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wing taught

that

*

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East

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it

solved

was

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(Light-

Lordship of Jesus.

that the

between

held

other

of

had

and

and

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Christ

of Asia

philosophy

diaries

Paul

not

phase of philosophy Christ. IncipientGnostic

of

the Person

in the Province

matter.

did

subtle

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ism

esoteric

Paul

Philippians)

on

of

have

scholars

from

say

the

Epistles(Col., Eph., the Pastorals) reveal

later

titanic

a

to

Paul's

that

all times, greatest in

in

grasp,

he

or

sophists with

that

Commentary

greatest philosopherof in

Seneca

the great Stoic

from

of

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of

a

marketplace

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in

contempt

recalls

one

words

many

so

in

in the

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Epicureans

"seed-collector,"

wisdom

linguistic gymnasts.

55

x

mere

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mere

CHRIST

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Athens, much

of

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deed, for

with

argued

OF

DEITY

man, at

his

but The

but

bap

(Cerinthian considered

PAUL

56

an

a"on

Jesus Christ

the bottom

at

tions of God. ogy

Paul

:6),the of

Jesus

Christ

of

series of

a

placed

Gnostics (sons

or

emana

challenged this degrading Christolin which

Christ, "Christ

he

holds

Jesus the

the

to

Lord"

(Col.

humanity of Jesus Christ "through the Cross" (Col. i :2o), the real deity of

the

the

as

Son

Incarnate

of

God,

"the

as

his love"

(Col. I 113), "the image of the in (i 115), "for in him dwelleth all the ful

visible God"

of the Godhead

ness

of

The

CHRIST

actual

blood

Son

OF

God.

masterly argument

a

unity of Jesus and 2

from

emanation

or

in

INTERPRETER

THE

"seated

the

on

bodily" (2:9), and Christ

righthand

of God"

(3:1).

primacy for Jesus Christ creation" (i :i5), not the end

as

born

of

the Creator

aons,

as

verse

(i : 1 6-1 7),

(1:18),

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eminence."

all

things

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uni

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universe spiritual might have the pre

he

is carried

line of argument

same

fear

of the material

Sustainer

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in

The

and

Paul

now

"the first

lesslyclaimed of all

is

out

in

Ephesians and in the Pastoral Epistles. It is impossible to say, therefore, that Paul did not the grapple with metaphysical philosophical and aspects of the Trinityand that for him Jesus had only the

"value-judgment" of

tion of the force as

subtle

tianityhas versy

tion of God

Jesus

Cor.

that

the noblest butes of God

met

conquered

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Christologicalheresy to

the Son

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(2

He

any

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meet.

rose

reflec

acute

Chris

as

in this contro

highest heights of appreciationand

the

to

of had

ever

without

of his words.

form

a

God

8:9;

is

not

of

men.

of God, the Preincarnate

Phil.

fit to He

He

2:6). apply gave

to

any

used

adora Son

language

mere

Jesus Christ

man,

the

of of

even

attri

(Acts 20:28; Rom. and, in all probability

THE

AND

PAUL

9:5;

Tit.

very

word

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in Phil.

passage

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in

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fact to

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have

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also

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with

6

God"

just as

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himself. Paul of do

nature.

his

was

was

2

God"

fact, a

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in the

of

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need

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3

"form" "likeness

a

par

God

(see

men,"4

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of

of

do

that

sentence

splithairs

not

refinements

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him

affect

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Jesus

God

with

claiming,"making

is meant to

mean

nature

say

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earthly son The

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just as

himself

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to

elvai

laa

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divested

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himself

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he of

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the Father

7

himself"

by "emptied

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can

in heaven

kv

lavrov

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i :i.

between

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fiyiiaa.ror6

Christ

state

equalitywith

an

servant"),

a

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divine no

as

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(John 5 :i8). The deity which Christ had actual as the humanity which he took upon

cannot

his

John

state

accused

Jews

on

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"exist

was

Jesus before his Incarnation, just

statement

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state J

famous

the

asserts definitely

Paul

get that clearly. It

man."

a

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being

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certainly called

around

up

grown

God."

distinctions

broad

the

the

it in

"form

fashion

of

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fact.

a

has

Preincarnate

form

"counted

Jesus as

the

57

God."

2:5-11.

Christ's

in

ing

of

literature

vast

CHRIST

he

Jesus, whom

to

Son

repeatedly "the

OF

John's Gospel (i :i),applied the

like

2:13),

DEITY

himself could

not

his father's not

8

"cling" and

on

the

CHAPTER

PAUL

In in

the

the

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to

Paul's

into

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Mithraists

tians.

is

method

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claims

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Christianity

from

reliable

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with

to

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exegesis

admits

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that

baptism

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of

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of

Paul

has the

of

historico-

alert

Mysteryfor

the

to

solution. 59

in

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holds

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attitude venture

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overboard

evangelical

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to

modern

Paul

his

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sacramentarian

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mere

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H.

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in

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article

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able

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raments

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NOT

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go

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side,

but

toward to

reply

PAUL

60

that

of

If

of

render

is

one

Corinthian

Christians

he

others.

the

of

that

of

ordinance "For

matter. to

of

cross

Paul

this

Christ

in

should

not

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apostle

to

one

of

Christ

side, and

preaching

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to

understand

to

baptismal

in

in

his

Paul

I

of

do

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regeneration.

indiffer

settles

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speech,

mission leaves

his

real

write

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thus

Paul

if

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as

baptism work

it is

how

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empty."

that

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baptize

to

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see

baptized

17

made

with

and

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on

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to

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liberty

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Paul

is

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himself

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interprets

symbolically

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CHRIST

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Paul.

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blast

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Professor

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stead

INTERPRETER

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of

possible he was

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PAUL

making his

of

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SACRAMENTARIAN

A

but

baptism,

61

he

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consider

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task.

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terms

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burial

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a

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sacramentarian

throw

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never

Paul

not

Paul, been

overboard.

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in

to

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standpoint Christianity.

scientific whose

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Christ

be

are

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:3~6,

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The

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NOT

exegesis. insight

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It

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CHAPTER

PAUL

AS

Paul

is

First

the

defensive

Corinthians.

The

on

Ephesus

strife

and

ARCHITECT

the

to

come

CHURCH

in

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ing

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to

return

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(Acts

Ephesus had

ing meant

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made to

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from

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cause

church

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18:27) great

his

and

(Gal.

Paul's

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Priscilla

not

had

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with

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in learn

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preachers,

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himself

eloquence

impression.

schism.

a

rate

16:12).

had

He

any

brother

and

Cor.

had

Peter

as

Apollos

(i

all very

At

name

disturbance

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Lord's

for

some

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possible.

the

Paul.

to

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recommendations

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James,

opposition

because

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use

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was

It

name).

it

though

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Corinth

is

for

have

reports

Paul,

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Christ's It

made

Judaizers

2:12),

of

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to

done

use

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for

and

Chloe

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stood

Cephas,

Paul.

with

Corinth.

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for

to

of

1:11)

in

chapters of

first four

household

church

CORINTH

IN

the

in

Cor.

(i

partisanship.

Apollos,

V

end

the

turmoil. The

situation

judging

from

and

from

2

in

Corinth

Paul's

Corinthians

must

have

language

own

where 62

the

been in

very

these

climax

bad,

chapters

is reached.

PAUL

Paul

is

is to

blame

conceit have

AS

seeking

and

in

Paul

God

all the

the

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is this

and

justify his he

for

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says

Christ's

word

Professor

in

he

Paul

The

is

pastor

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properly. which the

the

preacher

struction ture

had

is no

of a

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have

to

in

build

"We

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to

builder

and

not,

meets, had

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Paul's

house

of

houses

of

Margaret

often small

worship. The

worship.

has

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the

career.

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part

in

work

church

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for

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whole

indeed, build

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as

Masterbuilder"

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does

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fools

are

if he

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(4:10)

University,

of

architect

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Christ."

Paul

figure

up

him

it

do

to

Oxford

in

takes

Lock, Lady

Walter

fascinating subject.

separate

in

Paul

so

thinking primarily

does

church

and

Paul

"master-builder"

on

church

a

or

Paul

it makes

but

wise

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founder

as

field

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that

irony:

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applies the

is here

Corinth

sake

Divinity

monograph

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Corinth,

ye

excellent

But

In

keenest

*

is "God's

with

"building"

translated

of

which

of

Christ's

"architect."

God

(3:6), and

(3.9).

in

the

3:1-9;

Apollos watered

building"

3:11-17.

sake, but

The word

in

work

fool

a

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the who

Cor.

(i

increase

fellow-workers

figure

develops

like

"God's

of

house

Christ

Besides, it

glory.

merely

are

the

but

themselves

seed, and

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Apollos

nor

come,

members

spirit of

gave

and

husbandry" Apollos

the

he

have

that

the

planted

plant, but

deserves

of

63

neither

divisions

jealousy

4:6-21). the

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acted

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show

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for

ARCHITECT

CHURCH

there.

his

work

edifice a

in

Church

pity the

in

that con

architec

early Christians Present

church

PAUL

64

architecture the

and

has

for

The

In

and

light suits for

it

hear

the

not

the

for

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devil

the

it is

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for

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light

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and

and

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does

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synagogue

preaching and

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to

Jewish

Roman

cathedrals senses,

seems

success.

religiou

aesthetic

taste

beauty. Greek

The

that

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"architect"'

of workmen,

3

papyrus

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of

architect" him

under

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3

P.

Paul

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man

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with

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intellect is master

captains of industry). century

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looks

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INTERPRETER

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QtoSupov

II, 42 TOV

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65

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CHURCH

AS

PAUL

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than

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the

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The Sanhedrin Jews or foolishness like the Greeks. God made the head of the rejected this Stone which corner. Jesus called obedience to his words building the

on

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is under

The

architect

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6tn'e\iov lOrjua

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68

PAUL

of

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fire

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Paul

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combustion.

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churches

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people.

tornado is

uses

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by "destroy."

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(3:16-17).

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But

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CHRIST

OF

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PAUL

AS

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Cor.

11:9)

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10:1-13:10.

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Paul

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Cor.

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letters

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Ephesus (Acts

had

Corinth

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in Macedonia

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filled Paul's

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19:22). who

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Paul

malignant

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Timothy

sent

16:10-11); they

inexperience and

Paul

withering scorn

parently ineffective against the rampant Cor. 4:17;

burden

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their

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the criti

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charge

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church.

being

because

raised

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you"

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who

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help

actuallyaccused (2 Cor. 12:14). After

money

every

could

minister

might

thus

of

refused

I

churches, taking

other

himself

(2

some

left Corinth

I

(Acts 18:5;

fact, Paul

"robbed

that

preaching for

In

4:15).

Corinthians

the

cal

of

them

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occasional

received

and

Thessalonica

and

:8) and kept

II

his trade

and

69

Priscilla (Acts 18:1-4).

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by

Philippi

3:6;

ARCHITECT

CHURCH

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6:11-7:16).

1:12-3:3;

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praise,but Paul now minority by a powerful attempts to win the stubborn rebuttal of their charges (2 Cor. 10-13). He calls these Judaizers in Corinth "false apostles, deceitful fashioning

workers,

Christ," ministers "desire

against ii

occasion"

an

Paul

:i2).

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Paul

to

carry sent

themselves Satan and their

Titus

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into

Cor.

apostles

11:13-14)

manufacture

point against him

back

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(2

Cor.

apology

70

PAUL

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Corinth

all

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Paul but

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God

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cared a

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Sometimes

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the

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18).

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15:19).

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CHRIST

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INTERPRETER

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CHAPTER

PAUL'S

It

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Unity Many

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Paul

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INDEPENDENCE

ECCLESIASTICAL

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VI

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end

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Paul

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Christ

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12:4-11).

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Certainly

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Corinth

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a

body. must

be

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72

PAUL

schism

THE

in

peril in

the

body"

OF

(12:25). like

democracy

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INTERPRETER This

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is

CHRIST

preciselythe

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It is the

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be can democracy that each member in the assembly in Athens. heard But the peri as of the democracy is the demagogue. The religiou of all. So Paul demagogue is, if possible,the worst

proceeds order

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(i Cor.

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Cor.

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tempers

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dis

13).

Intercessory Prayer in

his

for

all future

among

after

of chaos

made

Jesus

Corinth

14)

prayed earnestly

apostlesand had

in

oneness

the

among

disciples(John 17),

he

the apostles night previously rebuked for the for unseemly strife in struggling like heathen The the table (Luke 22:24-30). at posts of honor very

strife continued that

so

after

had

Jesus

the

Passover

rebuke

to

the

meal

had the

apostlesby

feet with

begun

object

tation

pointed interpre previous occasions

the

heart

of

lesson

is

which

to

of

clear, therefore, that

lack of

unity

in mind

of

most

unity. Certainly Christ and

harmony

goal

is

will of

unity

them

Jesus

already organic union,

was

est

a

(John 13:1-16). On two apostleshad caused anguish of

their disputes as It

their

washing

this

unseemly

all in his prayer.

but

There want

of

the

full

lamentable

a

desired

and

among

his

by

the greatest.

was

had

Christ

to

desires

followers.

That

only possible by complete conformity

to

the

Christ.

Already teaching

in the

that

in doctrine

New

into

come

vary

Testament

in

degree

we

conflict. and

discern These

in value.

types of

differences Each

of the

INDEPENDENCE

ECCLESIASTICAL

PAUL'S

73

standpointand the world of Christ by a Peter, is the richer for the interpretation Paul, a a Luke, a John, a James, a a Mark, a Matthew, great writers

has

his

At

Jude, an Apollos. thing alike as at left Paul ences

result of No

of

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cared

for

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Christians

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house on

were

unless

his conduct of their

its

them

the

In

Christ

of the

heart

Paul

Gentiles

fought

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win

Gentiles

The

at

Jerusa

to

become

the church he

when

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formal

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household them

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i

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:6-io).

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Jerusa

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Phar

Peter

Jews.

without

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successfully. He nounced

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to

gospel was

headquarters

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to

insisted

these and

of

case

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with

party, the Judaizejs,to challenge this whole

the

in the

both

In

loyaltyto

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Cornelius

Barnabas

They

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unwillingfor the they also became

(Acts 10:1-11:18). and

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actuallybrought by lem

for

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tized

Barnabas

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Gnostics.

organic union.

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and Paul

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the

reconciliation

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But

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men

Christ.

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discussion

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fought

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for

alone

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bap Jews Paul

Pharisaic program.

Jerusalem that become Jews (Acts 15:1-5). But heresy vehemently and in the end, later

called it "no

anathema

on

argued for

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all who

freedom

in

all" and

preached

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(Gal.

of the Gentiles from

ECCLESIASTICAL

PAUL'S

the most

peace any

to

truth.

He

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union.

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he

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Christ

Paul

sake

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mere

submit

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considered

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Jew

be

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reach

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and

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his

on

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Paul's

only

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Twelve,

of any

ence

"Paul,

an

own

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fact admitted he man

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flout

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Paul.

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We Not

2.

of

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ecclesiastical men

from

was

did

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his

Twelve

Christians

there

glories in or

This

Their

Paul.

the

men,

independ (Gal. i :i, 11-12) : neither through

through Jesus Christ, and God raised him from the dead) :" "For

who

nor

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of

one

Gentile

the

agreed

heretics

but

man,

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Judaizers Paul asserted and gloried in his Twelve Apostles. The Judaizers

with

par

from

the Twelve

to

a

influence with

them

neither

female; for

be

can

independence has

strugglewith

Gnostics.

not

claimed

"There

be

can

and

ecclesiastical

independence of the charged that Paul was

wanted

Jesus" (Gal. 3 128).

Paul's

But

male

no

He

error.

protagonistof religiou

classes.

sexes,

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nor

free, there one

is the great

the

compromise

in Christ. And Paul gloried in his freedom all to enjoy the same libertyin Christ that he for himself.

and

for

error

not

he

for peace

not

was

price of loyaltyto

the

at

of apparent

sake

He

important thing.

price,not

at

75

INDEPENDENCE

I

the

neither

taught it,but

Jesus

Father,

Christ."

it Paul

did

I

came

did

PAUL

76

THE

INTERPRETER

not

obtain

the

Twelve

the

slightestevidence

all.

The

been

his

only and

apostoliccommission from

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in

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his conversion

after

consult

to

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i

visit of also

that

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fourteen

goes did

Jerusalem

he

ordination after is

not

go

him, but he

at

had

Paul

apparently show to

Jerusa

to

Arabia

did

make

I

Cephas It : 18-19). with

in touch

came

that

visit

to

(Gal.

again

to

on

years

brother

before

years

Paul

three

to

not

missionaries, Barnabas

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days

is

fact, there

comes

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and

the Lord's

James

the

from

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start.

After

:i6-i/). fifteen

13:1-3

for

CHRIST

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Paul

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service

Saul, before

lem

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In

man.

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work

at

OF

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the

in Jerusa Jerusalem apostles in a private conference lem (Gal. 2 :i-io),probably in between the first explo sion at Jerusalem (Acts 15:5) and the gatheringnext when

day

victory of

the

Scholars

(Acts 15:6-29).

of the visit in Gal.

time

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to

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point

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Paul

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Barnabas

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2:1-10

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Paul

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2:1-10,

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repute,"led to the frank and full recognitionby Cephas, James, and John, the Jeru their salem were "pillars,"that Paul and Barnabas The Jeru equals in rank and authority and power. before

salem

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Jews

:

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to

Paul

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Barnabas

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But of

work

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Paul

repute

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bluntly imparted

(Gal. 2:6).

In the face of the strong

language employed by

Paul

ECCLESIASTICAL

PAUL'S

it is

Paul

Barnabas

the

maintenance That the

of

words

in efforts to

For

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them.

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Christians differences exist

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example

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before

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genuine.

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Christians ecclesiastical

own

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all pause

us

Gentile

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15 129) are make

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ence.

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The

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and

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and

77

find the

impossibleto

between

INDEPENDENCE

terms

bishop mod

The

sense.

of Ignatius Epistles

One "elders"

has

only

and

to

look

"bishops'

describe the

in Tit.

thing

same

the

to

come

way

of sufficiency

plicityand Progress the

do

not

union would

of

Another mental

ual

line of

be

is open.

On

equally give

to

salvation

The

and

basis,how

long

New

Tes

the

which

of

killed the

to

of

to

very

is

Paul

to so

to

accept

hand

the

as

them

the

the

to

apart

from

by Justification New

Testament

non-ceremonialists the

sacramentalists

ordinances as

sacra

purely spirit

grace

failure.

convince the

up

by

long

with

sacramentalists

give

salvation

other

unable

is concerned

effort

insistence upon

up

organic

as

of

means

symbols of

saving

already experienced.

grace

Let the

cleavage

is doomed

cannot

If

reproducing

on

who

those

that the

independence

non-sacramentalists

ceremonialism

seem

keep

of

exponent?

an

interpretationof

faith

this

on

guarantee

not

salvation.

compel

rights

sim

the

recognitio

overlords.

achieved

can

ecclesiastical

powerful

the

head

ministry.

frank

by

that

no

Testament

here

all and

Who

itself may

type

made

again

ever

will make

the New

basis

pursue

may

satisfied with

are

ecclesiastical

it last?

tament

so

of

desire

were

be

only

can

liberties

of

who

those

denouncing

the

non-episco ministry is not

One he

only

the

Testament

will,but

if he

line of argument, way

New

the

recently The

on

convince

present-dayneeds.

for

adequate

world

the

see

has

Lightfoot.

as

to

We

point.

Headlam

non-Roman

the

that

bodies

pal

conclusion

episcopateis

of the historic

the

see

Dean

15, 7.

I

same

reunite

to

to

persons

same

CHRIST

OF

INTERPRETER

THE

PAUL

78

Paul

teach

meaning

of

us

real

all

patienceand

freedom

in

forbearance

Christ.

There

and

is

ECCLESIASTICAL

PAUL'S

in

variety and

to

be

has

been It

free. truth.

and

mind, left

right

of

world

Spirit we

our

can

would

given

keep

to

to

the

God

learn

conscience

love

to

if

each

were

of all

open

result

of

the

must

has

the

God

and

personal

guidance Mean

outcome.

other

good

the

the and

the

because

we

view

the

to

in

the

environment, grace,

and

open

Each

his

must

we

open

Bible,

then

determine

even

be

the

open

it

differently.

mind

propagate

is,

Bible

individual.

of

it

the

conscience,

experience of

the

the

heredity,

differences, it

But,

and

History,

the

to

and

God

the

harder

does But

things

keep

keep

Christianity This

as

see

live

to

another.

as

being

to

to

honest

preach

to

equation,

while

the

to

Christ.

of

still

order.

working

be

is

also

of

resented.

good

to

fight

hard

is

It

hard

is

mind

learn

can

type

any

as

men

some

a

is

human

the

for

by

others

view

one

that,

content

the

79

We

grace.

effort

on

that

mean

in

Any

view

its

mean

does

It

live.

force

not

and

nature

let

to

INDEPENDENCE

heartily

them.

What

precisely

alike

in

spite a

!

dull

CHAPTER

PAUL

VII

PATRIOTISM

AND

I

Patriotism sition

in

and

piety

countries

some

One

world-war. of

declaration

of

the

by the

large

a

first

the

of

Germany

justifying

the

Fatherland

in

Belgium

and

of

horror

holy

The

of

of

risen

God

olics,

letters

in

Catholics,

be

to

guilty

tremendous United

be

have

In

at

of

to

as

our

80

war.

and

the

king have

against Cath

Greek

their

of

issue

intensely country

own

the

driven

position

is

and

German

Jews

Mohammedans,

Christian

The

spirit

a

of

into

the

has

is

com

country

own

raised vital

war

above

rises

citizen

his

into

peoples

citizenship

case

treason.

import, States,

the

the

against

been

the

rate

any

loyal

each

in

Catholics

dragged

have

British

Protestants

Roman

Catholics

nations

self-defense. or

twain.

against

Kings

Neutral

pelled or

Greek

Mohammedans

religion,

in

rent

of

issues

of

conduct

reply

asunder,

torn

was

scholars

France. to

the

was

the

blindness

spiritual

Protestants,

against Jews. war.

and

seemed

against

Roman

quick

were

apparent

moral

republic

dom

the

at

the

to

group

theologians

in

oppo

present

foremost

theologians

and

the

fulminations

of

group

of

issues

and

scholars

in

apparently placed

are

is now

entered

of

one

in

the

upon

with

war

of

the land

the

great

will

is but

There

do.

to

of

They

thing German-

are

loyal to

all feel.

Americans

Americans,

now

are

they

be

to

real Americans

So

the

do:

to

of Ger

men

what

decide

must

one

adoption. mass

act.

who

descent

or

81

millions of

have

We

Germany.

birth

man

PATRIOTISM

AND

PAUL

So

feel, and German-

not

Americans. The

of

case

He

situation.

politics;for

the

with

and

inces of the Roman

people in

Celtic

Jew,

He

however

the best

to

the concepts

various

and

ways,

various

prov

old

province Paul

paid names

and

seemed

the

or

at

was

things in

not

per

Minor

The

soon

old a

once a

these

Chris

elements,

times.

at

The

them

designatedby were

quite the

Galatia, for instance,

Roman,

a

contradictory they and

terms

the

in Asia

Galatia.

Greek,

a

true

was

Roman

great North

Tarsian,

a

tian.

in

the

either

meant

the

was

characteristics

which

that

so

on,

in

not

old boundaries.

the

to

States,

tenacity in

Empire,

the peoples held

for

national

considerable

little attention

United

world

of

maelstrom

nations, though

Racial

sense.

sisted

like the

Rome,

in the present

study

our

in the

caught

was

melting-pot of same

is worth

Paul

overlapped mutually exclusive.

n

Paul a

appears

graduate

pleased and the

soon

at

of the

are

the

a

brilliant young

school

of

Gamaliel

stoning of Stephen by

the leader

Christians

tives

first as

by

in the

the

in the

Jerusalem, Sanhedrin,

first general persecution of

Jews.

undoubtedly mixed

Jewish rabbi,

Racial in

him,

and as

religiousmo he

presses

the

AND

PAUL

patriotismin these myself sake,

service

of

fathers,and who

is

all,God

It is not than

love

of

citizenship.It

is

mere

of one's

love

define

to

easy

the

of

land

The

found,

though

ence,

under in

the

up

rule.

Aramaean

traditions.

the cultured himself

the

himself, and

of

zen

to

Paul no

man's

dence.

In

ample

reasons

It

one

city where

pride in

the

"Cities

of

his

that of

the

versity,the home

the Orient of

a

met

dwelt

fell much

under

with

the

faith and

21

in

struggle of

people,to adapt which

found

he

citizen. of

139;

city of St.

gave

Jew

in Paul

cities of the

more

Hellenistic

Cilicia,""a citi He

22:3).

had

his birth and

Paul," Ramsay

justify Paul's

great

Palestine

Paul

in Tarsus

city" (Acts

mean

in

But

loyal Roman

a

"born

was

modern

was

be

independ

views.

and

conditions

world

Jews,

civilization,and

see

Jew, loyalto his

to

love

millions

customs

We

Japanese

Germans;

these

of

Jewish

the

lost their

many

Hellenized, though

not

But

But

into

or

out

as

more

his

still lived

Grseco-Roman

of their

many

was

the

them

Some

Diaspora.

spell of

the

of

many

Roman

this time

at

it is

of

it broadens

wherever

had

Jews

the

law, and

birth

one's

Japanese; Chinese, Chinese; Germans, Jews.

glory, and

the

patriotism,for

that, but

people

are

the are promises; whose is Christ as concerning the flesh forever" blessed (Rom. 9:3-5).

of whom

over

my

the

and

God,

brethren's

flesh; who

the

to

adoption,and giving of the

the

and

for

I

that

wish

I could

Christ

according is the

covenants,

"For

from

kinsmen

my

Israelites;whose the

words:

anathema

were

83

PATRIOTISM

the

West,

praise Roman

the

seat

of

philosophy,the meeting place

a

of

resi

gives Tarsus:

world, of

a

a

great many

Greek uni

cults,

PAUL

84 a

THE

where

town

known Paul

position than

more

Paul the

trained

Jew,

tocratic

yet

of

that

half

fashion

needed

in

He

like

a

left

its

a

he

modern

may

is

This

be.

Jew.

where

towns

edu aris

most

Hellenized,

great

in

Tarsus

at

stage

who

born

was a

bur

the Univer

attended

school

entering Gamaliel's

made

Paul, and

on

Palestinian

the

city.

probably spent his holidays at home college-student. Tarsus undoubtedly

impress

narrow

love

after

great

citizen and

have

may

this

be

to

Tarsus.1

Roman

a

glad

in the

Jewish boy

a

aristocracyas

Jerusalem,

citizen

certain

a

was

always the

population of the

for

sity of Tarsus, and,

of

though

Roman

a

to

up

of Tarsus."

gess

as

He

citizen

Jew,

a

Asiatic, city of

brought

local

was

the

among

"was

in the

he

life

to

foothold.

Jewish

a

CHRIST

OF

strong

a

Tarsus,

forgot

never

cated

had

Jews

Saul

as

INTERPRETER

him

Probably

most

of

least

to-day

men

they live, whatever the

than

more

the

their

race

of

problems

patriotism. But

Paul

was

Hellenizer.

a

birth.

by

Being

Being

lenism He

the the

as

He

Stoics

many

of

a

and the

Ramsay,

Stoic

43.

in

Greek

Paul's

Paul

of

the

than

in

Terms

He cus

Hel

that

nature.

Greek, with

current

able

or

Greek

religionand

with

contact

was

in his in

a

(called "Hebrew"

Epicureans terms

be

intellectual

points of He

not

certain

more

Hellene

a

Hebrew

a

Koine, the

ways.

Teaching of

48.

'Ibid., page

the

to

not

could

Aramaic

shows

in various

the

page

appeal

wrote

well

22:2).

thought

1

and

as

power,

Acts

its

made

spoke

be

not

yet nothing is

And

he

Jew,

a

loyal Jew,

a

brews, he would tom.

Hellenist,though

a

to

Athens,

in Greek

speak

with

and

used

Epistles,and of the Present

quoted Day,

three

from

Indeed,

Greek

in

of

one

word

one

the

their

how

knew

which

of interpretations

Paul's

of it from

Greek

much is

the

true, but

not

Paul

the initiates in those

to

*

and

them,

answer

cer

mystic to

turn

the service of Christ.3

to

terms

com

Hellenism."

Paul's

as

modern

Mystery-Religions. That tainlyknew the dialect of cults, and

"Previous

writers.

is that he derived

theology

85

sufficiently appreciatedthat

not

stated

be

may

the

of

have

parisons

PATRIOTISM

AND

PAUL

ni

Beyond

cosmopolite,and

true or

interpreted in

does

they tried

as

But

terms

He

world-power. Rome

not

Paul

is

conquer

citizens

than

said:

"But

could

say

We

Sum

know

1

am

who

Johannes

'Kennedy,

other

Weiss, St.

128) ;

22

not

appealed

Paul

and

the

but

Jesus,

Paul

The

this

possess

his

emergencies, as

and

more

prize non-

proudly

man

who

instinctive superior

an

to

a

Lysias bought

born." felt

did

Paul

privilege

Empire; probably

Claudius

Roman

Romanus

that Paul in

(Acts

a

others

over

citizen

I

full

were

Roman

citizens.

than

failed.

and

citizenshipwas all. There

to

great sum"

a

66-70 A.D.

citizens in the

slaves

it "with

in

the Jews to

citizen with

was

open

of

wish

that

not

be

patriotismmust

not

Roman

a

His

Jew

not

do

to

Palestinian

narrow

a

world-sympathy,

prerogatives. Roman

ity

a

the world,

of

and

more

citizen of

a

provincialCilician.

mere

a

is

doubt, Paul

a

pages

rightsas in

advantage. a

Roman

Philippi (Acts

59!.

Mystery-Religions.

in Csesarea

and

16:37) attitude

toward

the

and

magistrates

hostile

officers gave

tianityas (Acts

form

a

18:14-16). Paul

friendly to of

of

Cyprus,

(13:12).

Nero,

Even

evidence

without

under

fect Burrhus delivered

(28 :3of.).But in

Paul

his followers

with

of Caesar,

decrees

introducing Jewish allowed

not

to

was

Paul's

ministry

who

set

himself

:3f.). The

Roman the

up

as

God

Emperor-cult

Empire,

gospel

the

saw

to

meet

and

Paul it in

an

was was

acute

of

deal the

of

(14:5), where

acting contrary

of

charged

was

Romans

were

Felix

Thus

the Man

the chief as

and

early of

worshiped (2

form.

was

city officials

duplicityof

bound

Pre

liberty

(17:6-9),

which

be

im

Paul

in Iconium

shadow to

kindly for lack

whom

(Acts 24-26).

bear

to

he

The

preaching

case

Philippihe

customs

receive.

hard

Festus

in

Proconsul

Paul

the

by

accused

as

were

first Roman

Thessalonica

were

Ephesus

great

a

(Act 13:50), in

practicall

Certainlythe

mistreated

was

in Pisidia

and

the

to

2

gave

Philippi (16:22),

Paul

trial.

him

Roman

religiolicita

treated

Stratopedarch to

Rome

in

in Antioch

the

or

is

patriotism

Paul's

during Paul's formal

a

of

Sergius Paulus,

prisonment, probably finallydismissed of

life that

a

of

Centurion

the

so

Asiarchs

convert

a

Roman

a

recognized Chris

and

Judaism

as

Gallic

favor, and

The

Julius

(27:3).

Roman

citizen.

Paul.

to

(19:31).

was

idea

German

or

Paul's

in

is

Paul's

of

modern

our

all unkind

decision

a

It

side

British,

not

were

him?

the

touch

we

American,

an

after

government

to

nearly parallelto

more

in

that

Roman

Paul's

was

officers,finallyincluding the Emperor

himself, became citizen

What

(25:1 if.).

in

Sin

Thess.

religionof the a

preacher of

But

the

point

AND

PAUL

just here

note

to

him

to

of

the

make

to

or

rebel

a

show

and

did

anarchist

an

against all

injusticeof

libertyhas Christ

as

Paul

rulers

lived

ever

set

free"

us

called

No

than

for

many

that Paul's

ing but

the Golden

Paul's

of

personal character are

ordained

God, but

of

God."

powers

derive

vox

del in this

rule

from

"Rulers

God. to

The

case.

the evil."

not

a

the

that

be

from

Vox

have

the

terror

to

is the

This

dur

of

their power

people

are

said

is true,

That

Nero.

"The

They

Ger

and

quite independent

Nero.

are

written

were

by "divine right of kings."

not

work, but

of

words

It is sometimes

Quinquennium are

did

brethren,

in Russia

13:1-7

here

of human

ye,

These

(5:13).

to

not

freedom

"For

in Roman

words

Paul

necessary

"For

Paul.

religiousliberty.

words

was

champion

freedom pertinent for political as

him.

hesitated it

(Gal. 5:1).

freedom"

for

abler

ordinance

an

of

out

when

the

representedby as

He

wrong.

allow

not

as Christianity

(Acts 16:37; 25 :iof.).

were

87

pervert his views of government

God,

was

is that

him

injusticedone

PATRIOTISM

populi

right to the good is not

ideal,and

pictureof Romanoffs, Hapsburgs, Hohenzollerns, or York or police grafters in New Chicago. "He is a for good." of God minister to thee "They are min

a

God's

of

isters

this very line

the

thing."

fewer rulers.

Here of

functions

to wars

this

civic

between

They

as

kings.

are

nations a

on

If

or

they

had

rebellions not

driven

rush on

out

mayors,

always

certainlyhave

and

rule, do led

in broad

rulers, whether

ideal,there would

Nations,

of conquest.

sketches

Paul

presidents,or

governors,

lived up

service, attending continuallyupon

been

against

into

wars

by rapacious

PAUL

88

who

rulers dizement

of is

first

returned

in

man

the

Christ

than

rightsof But

and

the Roman

Pastoral

query.

and

no

witness.

and

to

the

lions

therefore, first of

and

may

and

and

lead

all a

men

little

think

that

in

to

gravity" (i

Tim.

one

preached

slaves.

He,

toward

began

Nero

his fierce

in

us

:

for

them

and

wrote

an

genuine,

Christians

them

the

follow

we

guide they are

charged

all,that

tranquil and

all

are

appealing to

burning tigers,Paul

that

free,

nor

Paul

Unless

with

feeding "I

exhort

supplications, prayers,

tercessions, thanksgivings, be made

kings

be neither

ye

after Nero

had was

the

was

bond

of

world

urged

Christian

can

embittered

have

Nero

After

He

his country.

as

hesitation

burning Rome, them

"There

Christians?

I

brother

a

Voltaire, proclaimed the

and

become

Epistles,we have

a

the world

swering this so

to

man

the

was

slave whom

female; for

government

persecution of

as

which

neither

be

can

and

Paul

not

He

14-21).

doctrine

a

Paine

Tom

did

treat

Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). of

man

Nero.

runaway

slavery:

male

no

brotherhood

more

and

announced

be

can

be

To

their lot with

bear

to

Greek, there

nor

there

and

(Philemon

knell of human

death

staunch

a

emancipation of slaves,and free

set

slaves

fortitude, but

is

reactionary. He

apologistof

the

him

to

Paul

empire.

Onesimus, his converted

Christian

Jew

of

personal aggran

standpatter or

of to

for

CHRIST

order, includingtaxes.

blind

no

champion

in Christ

the

and

Philemon

urged Paul

schemes

law

OF

power

like Seneca, the

is not, the

wild

or

he

their

misuse

supporter sure,

INTERPRETER

THE

are

in

for

all

men;

high place; that

quiet life

2:if.). Here

in

all

in for we

godliness

the purpose

of

PAUL

is

government Roman the

PATRIOTISM

AND

he

the last trial made

be, Paul

would

unless

called

him

has

lion"

"the

him

the

to

lions, which

citizen.

Would

Paul

have

Rome

fight?

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would

to

would

have

opposed

Most

of the soldiers

were

hired

a

or

of

would

defense, Paul

bit," I believe. them

as

hardship No

of

with

a

as

service

on

soldier"

a

Tim.

(2

service

failure

give

to

Roman

a

call of

the

to

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the issue. and

pillage They

ready

for

In

pleasehim 2:3f.).

his used

"Suffer

Christ

entanglethhimself

war

a

"do

to

Christ.

of

na

express

people.

is

as

anyhow.

soldier

good

of this life;that he may as

Nero,

spoke kindly of soldiers,and

He

me

been

have

the

4:17),

always

not

the will of the

illustrations

soldier

did

for

conquest

mercenaries

when

end,

escaped as

of

were

tional convictions

Tim.

Nero's

to

loyal

plainwhat

responded depend on

war

fight,and

to

it

(2

had

he

the

bitter word

no

likely.He probably refers

not

At

citizen,in spiteof Nero.

outcome

is stilla

Paul

clearlypresented.

first stage of

89

Jesus.

in the affairs

who

enrolled

him

IV

And

Paul

that with

sure

would

Paul

issue

papyri and use

of

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the offer of

only

say,

Lord

was

service

between

coming

phrase was

made

Caesar"

Jesus."

;

So

but

he

or

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he

be He

Caesar, let

to

Polycarp

to

may

Master.

Christ

Caesar."

"Lord

We

and

Christ

to

give inscriptions

life

"Lord

said, "Lord

Christian.

a

philosophy, to Tarsus,

the

saw

The the

Greek

to

Christ

Paul

subordinate

not

alone

of all

most

was

to

Judaism.

and

Caesar.

evidence know if he

of that

would

steadilyrefused, and

went

to

death

rather

AND

PAUL

into

contrary

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tian

if

citizens,

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price

calls

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panoply

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6:1016).

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God,

to

true

and

world-rulers

to

not

was

justifies is

gospel soldiers

other

of

the

of

this

is

obligations

high

peace-at-any-

a

"League

the

of

gospel to

in

it

if

peace

Christ

withstand

Chris

Christ.

of

wish

rule,

Paul

His all

spirit

to

teaching

Peace."

Enforce that

His

man.

and But

12:18).

(Rom.

clear

allowed it

have

to

the

to

91

PATRIOTISM

put the

darkness

to

courage

on

the

evil

day

(Eph.

CHAPTER

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

marvel

The centuries next

inductive

the

has

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ship

in of

world" the

Paul

the not

imperial of

that

of

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Seneca.

think

to

life of

of

Paul

Caesar

the

Empire.

at

other did

distance.

"Of

all the most

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the

the 92

in

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first the

like

future

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of

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forces

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get

was

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a

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are

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rejuvena right

a

apostle much

per

pertinent

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re

whatever

planned

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not

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in

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can

men

Roman

in

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by

moment

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exercised

man

is

deliberately

But

the

on

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Seneca

and

this

the

comparably

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negligible quantity

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and

on

influence

and

Statesman

Pauline

Caesars

is

both

reasoning.

"attention

a

But

Power

with

paragraph:

as

was

superficialopinion

spective

No

Paul

of

influence

social

energize

his

in

still

practised

"The

on

con

Aristotle

he

concentrates

a

policy

reputation.

operate tion

as

(p. 50).

leased

chapter

he

matters

methods

deductive

(pp. 49-100) which

philosophy of

the

for

thought,

nineteen

pre-eminent,

all

Christianity.

masterful

a

Paul"

Studies work

and

of

of

rules

in

himself,

Jesus

these

is still

history, he

principles

the

that, after

is

Paul

Lord

the in

STATESMANSHIP

Christian

the

cerning reigns

of

of

to

VIII

in

Paul.

power

Empire.

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Among

appeared statesman

of

he

as

A as

any

except Seneca; and

Seneca

practicalinfluence be

can

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Empire. the

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upliftof

that

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for

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religion and

work dom

and

Paul

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self

showed

hope

Ramsay

sums

his

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guess

now

remember

barism

civilization

served,

or

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tian

after

clusion

by

through

interest in

is

and

in

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the

Pauline

one

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gave

held

it

been

for

been:

free of

in him

the

for

Paul

the

if

"

one

would

man

Bar

Graeco-Roman and

religious bond;

that civilization

part of

form."

either its

force

of

pre

was

is

this

its

or

now

Chris

course

Startling as

the

So

statesman

no

"

Roman

civilization.

it maintained,

admit

of

together.

supreme

new

which

essential

some

He

Greek

powerful

too

could

combined

the

have

might

unaided

channel

every

for

it not

Roman

proved

Greek

and

He

that

case

"Had what

at

spiritualprincipk

Jew

Christian.

religiousbond

Paul.

sentiment

highest development the

life.

the

of

of

commonwealth spiritual

Roman

Empire

up

for

how

This

Jew, Greek, and

Paul

toward

commonwealth spiritual

one

to

positionof

unity

the

stood

progress.

ship

the

and

masses

together in

insight

the lines that tended

along

Paul

Empire.

far short

as

intellectual

the

for

strength and

of

fell

of

name

force in the life of the Roman

great reconstructive

a

the

to

and

there

period

the

character."

moral

deal

good

had

that

in

did

of claim

in

Paul

ministers

Imperial

none

93

STATESMANSHIP

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

con

appeal

to

facts. But scious

all that

lay rather

greatness

profession a

of

statesman

Paul's

in the career.

in the

realm He

of

the was

uncon

not

by

political sphere,though

94-

PAUL

Paul

was

to

Paul

at

was

the

Kingdom

for

he

of

he

salonica

Christ

had

as

rival

a

accused

was

other

the

Paul

throughout

ism

Rome

of

Christ.

Rome in

he

enters

to

been

there,

This

is while

years

work

province in

to

I

must

the

third

from

Macedonia. and

Gentile

is

an cer

of

Kingdom

imperial

imperialism of

by

and

church

the churches The

in

collection

shadow

(Acts he

have

19:21).

spent three The

spread through There

Paul

and

been

still absent

I

missionary campaign.

messenger had

and

"After

where

Ephesus

heavy

was

which

and

Macedonia

Rome"

see

(Acts 19:14).

ducting a great salem

also

is in

communication

was

is

to

passed through

Paul

with

just returned

of the

Jerusalem, saying,

go

Asia

Corinth

Titus

had

Ephesus of

vision

a

there

The

Empire.

and Paul

What

the

spread

to

Roman

Paul

he

during in

that

"saying

early began

spirit,when

Achaia,

Thessalonica

the

plan to capture the Christ, province by province. By and by "Paul into his definite plans : purposed

for

Empire

the

gave

So

In

of

Jews

picture of place of God

in the

up

Lord.

as

longed

Christ

Caesar,

the

Jesus" (Acts 17:7).

one

is that

tain

drawn

himself

Jesus

by

king,

God

set

to

of

Kingdom

worship the worship of a (2 Thess. 2:3-10). In Thes-

probably

of sin who

man

the

and

Emperor

place of

in the

CHRIST

and taught citizenship of the Empire the laws (Rom. 13:1-7). times apprehensive of a conflict between

in the

saw

OF

of his Roman

proud

obedience

man

INTERPRETER

THE

sent

on

letter.

the

for in of

Christianitywas

in constant

Timothy

Macedonia

to

Corinth.

troubles

were

was

But poor

the

Paul

saints

had while

is in

con

Jeru

Asia, Galatia, Achaia, and a

schism on

the

between horizon

Jewish because

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

of

the

this

activityof

influence

of

presence

in

collection

is

at

Rome

averted the

and

with

Jerusalem had

hoped to avert by the mollifying

Christ

of

it

He

his

of

the

Jerusalem

But

Paul's

as

before.

once

effect

the

by

James

time.

same

95

Paul

Judaizers.

cause

the

Conference on

the

the

peril to

STATESMANSHIP

wishes

to

eye

Rome

use

proclaiming the gospel to all the world. He had often planned to go to Rome (Rom. But Paul i :i3). sees as a goal Spain beyond Rome for the gospel (Rom. The plan to go to 15:24, 28). as

for

platform

a

passion of his life. It was carried out as part of Christ's plan for Paul in spite of every obstacle So (Acts 23:11; 28:14). 27:24; Rome

became

then

we

that Paul

see

statesman's

a

field

as

all the

master

a

of

grasp

if that time

was

were

he

kept

missionary

a

his

He

problem.

all that

was

his eye

on

be

to

the

with

statesman

each

worked

done, and

wider

yet of

outlook

the

Kingdom of God and related the particularto the general, the part to the whole. Paul had a high opinion of the dignity of his task. He

felt himself He

Apostles. from

of

not

Christ

to

(Acts 9:15; cial charge

to

Eph. 3:1)

"Unto

all

3

:8).

:

the This

win

the me,

this

where

Christ

gospel

to

proud

was

who

less than

Twelve

given, riches

Christ

to

of

directly the chosen

the

Gentiles

of

this spe

(Gal.

preach

aim

so

to

alreadynamed,

the

unto

Christ"

preach

2:9;

least of

the

specialsphere of service

it my was

was

to

grace

Paul's

He

Gentiles am

the

commission

man.

Paul

unsearchable was

his

the

carry

15:16-18), "making

pel,not

any

26:17-20).

saints, was

Gentiles

from

with

par

a

received

had

Jesus and

vessel

apostle on

an

(Eph. (Rom.

the

that I

gos

might

96

PAUL

not

build

THE

Paul

He

He

on

was

of

afraid

was

be

persona

he

represented and with

power

for Christ

power

do

Rome,

felt himself he waited Paul for

had

We

do

that

the

he

He

the

and

the

was

had

though

dom But his to

in Rome

he

whence But

for his service

in

the

about

the

love

of

the

of

Christ

his

in

in

that the

fails

who

of

his

life and

power

(Phil. 3:10-14). of

correctness

of

mystery

Paul

passion

ambition

his

proof

metaphysical theory

a

Christ

know

the

Lord

as

Person

Second

the

was

Christ

his "under

Christ'' all

passes

(Eph. 3:4), knowledge (Eph.

patiencewith the shallow mind imagined it had pierced the depths of the wis and the knowledge of God (Rom. 11:33-36).

:i8).

that

goal

doubt

no

to

give

understand

beyond

Trinity. Jesus

standing

3

far

went

(Phil. 1:21) glory

won

(Phil.3 120).

anywhere

here

not

worshipped Jesus as can Trinity. But no one of

He

of Heaven

passionateloyaltyto Jesus

Saviour.

see

had

did not, when

rather

Christ

offer

God. He

went.

that

Paul

goes.

of

The

Jesus to

he

Kingdom

Paul

to

must

Christ.

Jesus

and

he

citizen of the

apology

no

ambassador

throne

did.

Rome

for the Lord

had

Paul

the

at

wherever

as

a

which

to

of

potentates.

circles,the government

two

that

Christ

The

120).

5

treat

to

and

kings

man.

no

grata in

with

par

a

Cor.

(2

earth

to

(Rom.

the ambassador

as

Christ

of

commissioner

heaven's

peace.

in

in behalf

CHRIST

foundation"

himself

upon

the world

to

was

Paul

looked

OF

man's

another

upon

15:20). of God

INTERPRETER

he own

that

Paul

had

small

could

not

doubt

life of

by

Christ

Christ

the that

(Gal.

realityof the mastery made

2:20;

of

his will subservient 2

Cor.

10:5).

I* is

that

clear

Paul

and

in

and

death, the

his

of

a

The the

love

that

Cor.

(2

tempted

this

that

of

his

life.

5:14)

and

give

to

will

him

keep

unsympathetic

Cross

the

and

his

ministry

and Paul

A.

tury of

the

science the

in

D.

the

religious and

the God's

human

2:6-10;

of

Rom.

way

interest

With

revealed

and

the

wisdom, the

new

Paul

at

the

the

soul

is"

will

have

results.

With

of

of

the

religiou first

cen

developments discoveries

Jesus

is

Incarnation

and

of

in

Christ

the

climax

perpetual challenge

joy of

16:25-27).

faiths,

power

last in the

Resurrection

for

no

other

to

to

or

he

phase

long

ere

of

mission

the

have

of

midst

ethnic

in

will

mere

a

God

intellect and

as

sin

for

Nowhere

this

barren

task

clamor

old

thought-forms

philosophy.

Cross own

be not

current

give

to

mystery

and of

will

to

his

love

Christ.

He

is

men

him

to

men

Without

mission.

no

Christianitywas

thought

for

all

in the

the

imperative

so

preaching.

message

track

thought,

2:85-11.

missionary needs

when

substitute

a

Christ

of

life and

ary's no

as

him

Cor.

written

holds

Christ's

of

the

on

new

It

Every

environment

philosophy, culture, social service

it up.

for

2:2;

2

Phil.

and

keeps

experience

overpowering

ners

Paul

force

in

written

for

117;

1

have

not

life from

15:3-9;

could

has

Christ

regulating

Cor.

i

theology

Saviour

(i Cor.

Lord

has

he

his

life, the

Paul

2:5). what

man

when

Risen

in

all creation, of

of

eternal

1:13-22;

Tim.

i

*

and

97

central

Lord

as

of

hope

Col.

mere

gether

an

preaching

6:14;

5:14-19;

Christ

made

Crucified

sin, the Gal.

STATESMANSHIP

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

man

of

the

( i Cor.

PAUL'S

MISSIONARY

And

24).

to

eyes

Christ. and

Jew

STATESMANSHIP

yet Paul's love for the Jews did

the

stubborn

But

Paul

fact

made

of

for not

the middle

tile that Cross

Christ

between

God

in

Jerusalem Paul

Christians. Paul

Some

he

cause

and of

of

his

of

each

other

rise

again

misunder

and

lives

Jew

Paul's

passion Jesus over

of

tears

be

of

them, the

make

the

Paul

Jews become Gentiles

make

to

with

himself

set

the

Jewish Judaizers,charged that by

Gentiles

be

Jews.

become

tremendous

power

Christianityfrom becoming merely a form Pharisaic Judaism instead of the true Judaism, that in the posi the heart, the spiritual Israel. Paul was a

missionary abroad, who

actuallytry 5 :/;

6:10;

to 2

do

hinder Cor.

as

synagogues

they

would

to

not

the

allow

scattered

the spread of the

fail to

help

11-29).

n

by

many

of

sympathize

with

his

is misunderstood

his work

always preached

long

who who

people at home,

mission

He

Gen

saved

tion of the

the

understood

always

refused

Against them

and

Jew.

tryingto

was

known

medieval

parts of the world.

and

not

was

have

love

Christian

reenforce

broken

would

(Eph. 2) The

have

blood

by the

the

with

Jew

Gentile

follow

to

protest against present-day hatred

a

Christian

tween

between

Jew and

between

should

as

could

down

Christian.

Europe

Jews

if he

hatred

Christ

in many

to-day

for the

in

refusal

It would

up.

broken

both

and

Jew

standing on

had

by making

by loving

of

wall

their

shut his

not

plea for forbearance

a

giving them Paul's heart beyond measure

how

99

(Gal. But

over

gospel.

to

the There

he

and

work, 1

who

:6-io; 4:12-20;

kept to

his work.

in their synagogues

Jews him

his

do

world were

These

so. were

numerous

as

Jewish

nuclei

for

God-

PAUL

100

fearers

THE

from

Paul

crossed

and

Pharisaism

But whole of

ish to

had

the

the

and

the

(Rom.

that

courage

of

Areopagus as

par

God

had

(Rom.

9

slain

was

no

male

has

tianity,but

God

The

Jews

female

Paul the

saw

battle

:

bond

for ye

That it. with

are

was

is

(Acts it never

and

the

understand

of the

midst

and

Jew

all the

one

The

man

ideal of

of

Hosea

free, there

nor

a

on

promises

prejudicein be neither Jew

Paul nor can

in Christ

humanity

goal of prejudice,with

It is still the race

first

grace

Gentiles

overlooked

had

can

neither

of

door

in the

Race

"There

not

Jew

(Acts 17:28).

:24~3o).

is all there.

it did

the

in the

Gentiles

be

to

put Gentile

Paul

:

gospel came

closed

to-day

us

the

and

as

the

included

can

the

been

never

fool

privilege. That

to

open

for

Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). in Christ

the

as

wall

the

to

1:16; 2:10), but to

the

the Greeks

to

the

displayed,when

Christ

by

Greek, there be

both

penaltycame

for

middle

the

recognized that

to

offspringof

Isaiah, but it

and

all the

to

love

and

wide

Athens,

alike the

prophets

down

debtor

well

as

easy

Paul

proselyte

apply

the wise

The

door not

bear

must

about

commanding

was

(Rom.

stood

It is

One

not

perilof privilege. But

That

will be.

and

He

Jew.

faith

14:27).

do

which

bridge by

a

Jesus

broken

He

2:9)

the

of

had

him.

first

Jew

always

deep

a

:i4).

i

stop with also

of

barbarians, both

(Rom.

in

itself.

Christ

race.

to

were

(Matt. 23:15)

partitionfor

and

words

Judaism

Paul

God

the real heathen.

to

over

to

Gentiles, like Cornelius

of

worship

that the hard

converts

CHRIST

predisposedto hear the gospel of the Jews had already in Gentiles whom

in the

in mind

OF

were

These

terested

the

among

Caesarea, who grace.

INTERPRETER

Chris class

STATESMANSHIP

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

101

prejudice,and with sex prejudiceis not so nearly over I thought in The New Citizenship (1918). But it as of the race will come. Paul fought for the freedom did Christ set in Christ us (Gal. 5). "For freedom free."

So

world

Paul The

cry.

deserved

and

in

one

the

China

or

terrible

Japan

they

may

feel after

And

Paul

went

darkness

in

that

is

But

out

with

in

and

of

the

to

all of

Paul's

It is easy

preaching

the

The

1:17-31). their

system

But

the Cross

to

2:1-5). osophic had

an

and

beclouded

1

See

easy

for

men

these

if

God

haply

sit

that

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Chapter VI, PauFs

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102

PAUL

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.

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103

principle.One

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STATESMANSHIP

MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

in the

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PAUL

104

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Jesus

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ened

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the

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of Pisidia

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thoroughly evangelistic before he firmly the work

piratesand mosquitoes nor of

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MISSIONARY

PAUL'S

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105

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Paul

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tical and

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107

great campaign among

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In his turn

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personal experience.

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INTEREST

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evidence can

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trace

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PAUL

108

Paul

see

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my

John

Mark"}.

preacher

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led

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4:11), possibly while time

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(Acts 15 136-41). unfavorable light

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:5),whatever

13

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CHRIST

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Barnabas,

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"Making

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allow

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If Paul

Titus

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great offence

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proved

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Titus

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name

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(Gal. 2:3).

other

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Jerusalem Conference,

useless

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Paul

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likelihood

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in

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the

8:16; 12:18) and

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the

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CertainlyMark's final success Nothing brightens a teacher's a

109

MINISTERS

unwilling to gloss over

was

Perga.

at a

much

too

YOUNG

IN

(2

the

free the of

full by Paul

church

called Titus Cor.

greatlyabout Corinth

8:23). (2 Cor.

110

PAUL

7:6)

and

Paul

the

and

INTERPRETER

of

Crete

for

"to

there

wanting"

OF

back

in

Paul in

set

(Titus

15)

I

Titus

his

order

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and

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the

then

plays

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this

gifted young and back

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nabas. him

So

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whether

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Silas

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to

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spiritua Titus

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to

the prowess

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forth

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fit into Paul's was

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Unfortunately

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the brethren

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picked out Timothy to (Acts 16:1-3). He caught Paul's

his heart.

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on

Mark.

lost

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reputation among Paul

him

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was

first tour

Paul

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applies to

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found

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child

minister

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the

near

4:10).

Timothy the

gospel"

Paul

Tim.

(2

that

wisdom

Christ and

true

was

was

left

Paul

great part in all social reconstruction.

a

"sons

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a

wrote

The

preacher to-day.

social ills is the

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Epistlethat is full of nuggets of preacher. The advice given to Titus of

collection

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CHRIST

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THE

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then reappeared in Beroca

with

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Timothy shared

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Paul's

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whatever Luke

matter

a

way

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(Acts 17:14)

He

Paul

Philippi

and

prob-

in

ably Athens

Thessalonica to

(Acts 17:15; Silas to and

Corinth

with

in

Paul him

by

Judaziers sent to

Corinth

was

with

Paul

Corinth

He

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and

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imprisonment,

second

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(i

Tim.

two

Epistles

Paul

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exercise train

of

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the

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scholarly side

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nothing

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exercise

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cies made

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4:17;

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11:9).

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with

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112

PAUL

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faithful the

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and

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self

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joy

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4:15).

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put into his and

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6:20)

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young

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).

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IN

INTEREST

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responded quickly to with Aquila and went inth

where

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MINISTERS

113

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labored

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trast

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16:12). ation

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4:1-5). and

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himself

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derful

min

is sensitive

partisanshipof the Corinthians of it all (i Cor. 4:6-13). No out

narrow

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Paul

glory belongs.

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church

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masterly

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Paul

1-4).

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Paul the was

cer

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utmost one

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(Tit. 3:13).

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MINISTERS

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in

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Csesarea

and

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115

crimes for

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mob

19:29). with Paul's

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Paul

Paul

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6.

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:26)

X

CHAPTER

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he

rabbis

opposed

any

that

this much

was

So

language.

worshipped

was

the rabbis

of all and

to

conflict"

approved of

Go"d

speak (i 12). to

be

the

gospel,so we speak" (i 14). "We (1:9). "But, preached unto you the gospel of God" of God" it is in truth, the word as (i 113). Paul had high conception of his own message example for the preacher of to-day.

and

a

away

from

being

social reformer.

a

mere

entertainer

He or

offers was

even

Every vestige of pretense

an

miles

just is gone.

a

PREACHING

PAUL'S

whether

not

Christ Paul

Cor.

(2 from

apart

There

5:13).

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preached other doctrines, but messages

real

a

the

And

11:4).

of Christ.

need

for Christ Paul of

the

in

word

Holy Spirit. but

only,

the

Had

Spiritto worth

gospel of He

and God

and

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void.

back

come

successful lonica.

his

because

it

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Paul

like bread

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Paul

word

and

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full

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blessing him

unto waters.

was

not

in

so

least have

at

least

at

the

wholly

not

Holy

search

to

return

upon

days.

and

gospel of

of God's

not

ex

because

reallypreached

will

purpose

a

It

equally Thessa-

clear

con

of

in the power

preacher, too man

under

and please God Praise pleasemen. to

was

Every preacher likes is

afflictio

Holy Spirit.

Paul's

any

The

of

like that ?

his word

science if he preaches God's the

1:5).

the

power

"assurance"

after many

the

Holy

message, was

you

the

much

preacher to-day

with

everywhere

But

bless

if he

see

Thess. in

the

hunger

unto

in

and

word

preaching every

said that

has

will

for

while

not

came

(i

promised

accompany

heart

own

and

its

the power

Holy Spirit" (1:6).

God

not

with

power,

the

Spiritto

Christ

about

God.

in

from

heart

a

Cor.

2

the world.

over

gospel

assurance"

the

of

pected the Holy was

"Our

call their

to

get away such

for

who

those

(Gal. 1:6-7;

preaching was

"received

joy

refused

to-day all

also

in much

Thessalonians

it

is

"gospel"

Paul

never

for

himself

no

were

never

was

that his

claimed

Spirit,and with

There

is

There

grace

will

world

there

as

of

gospel

beside

him

people thought

not

or

THESSALONICA

IN

to

sweet

orders.

sometimes. His

real

But

praisemust

not

is

men.

sweet

to

the preacher come

from

PAUL

He

God.

"For of

in

nor

but

men,

neither

is

by

must

from

of

truckled

others"

this very the

to

nor

of

not

tone

pleas

as

(2:4). words

seeking glory

denials

vigorous

to

using

found

we

nor

you

him

hearts"

our

(2:5), "nor

some

who

timeserver

were

know"

these

accused

been

error,

He

proveth

time

any

from

from

plain

who

ye

of

not

suit the audience, "not

to

at

neither

men,

is

CHRIST

gives it to

guile" (2:3).

God

as flattery,

God

as

exhortation

the message

ing

OF

tell the truth our

uncleanness down

INTERPRETER

must

"For

it.

see

THE

of

It

(2:6).

that

had

Paul

thing, of being

foibles and

fancies

a

of

the crowd. Once

Paul

more

"nor

money,

"For

(2:5). travail burden

of

any

of God"

If

was

work

at

But

that

Paul

To-day

man.

trade

a

do

nor

with

herd

heart, the father

all his

cherisheth

her

ately desirous unto

you,

the

not

souls, because Could ye

a

know

father

pastor speak how

with

couraging

his you,

own

and

:

God

become more

dealt

we

labor

and

we

might

not

and

He

gently the

a

"But nurse

being affection pleasedto impart

dear

also to

own

our

(2 :8).

us"

"As

the flock?

one

of

you,

children, exhorting you, to testifying,

with

shep

heart. when

on.

so,

only, but

each

live

to

had

as

tenderly of until

preachers

let

not

dealt

well

very

gospel

manly preacher

you,

even

the

enough

truth.

were

we

gospel of were

ye

our

heart, the mother

children

of you,

do

of

is witness"

you a

them

people

the midst

own

unto

was

we

pay

to fidelity

gentle in

were

we

the

loved

them

we

there

ever

God

that

day,

preached

we

you,

(2:9).

Paul

and

night

working

:

preaching for

brethren,

remember,

ye

of

charge

of covetousness,

cloak

a

the

scouts

the

end

a

as

and

that

en

ye

PREACHING

PAUL'S

should

walk

exceedingly

more

There

(2:17). literally

loved

passion

for

in

them

These

without

all real

to

these

converted. for

prophet

with

The

Beecher

to

up

who

is in

bare

his

Christ

and

a

of

be

after he

when is

out

of

spent

for

no

him. their

But

lost. live

touch

arm

in

into

Paul

flame Wake

in

man

with the and

(Phil. 4:13).

so

the

Then

of

he

his

waits

to

hear

the

on

his

the

of

souls

to

the

do

God on

the

put

Lord God

all

no

fire.

pulpit The

pew.

power.

could

be

with

in

is

will

tea

man

in

essay

pink

other

set

they

an

souls

no

altar

pulpit

God.

day

the

man

the

a

world

up

the

up

over

will

but

read

may

but

power,

from

coal

of

wake the

One

the

Thessalonica

at

prosaic,

even

preside

right. to

wake

power

the

was

the

There

go

preaching

preaching.

may

tongue

want

you

Paul's

elements He

passion

lips.

in

commonplace

vital

had

yearned

his.

and

spend

to

Paul

that.

soul"

power

desire"

He

own

giving

felt

the

12:15).

elements

seem

may

Christ

willing

Cor.

in

souls

won

like

that

"his

our

are

great

Christ.

preaching

imparted

Even was

(2

souls

are

he

with love

a

loving

his

in

"Ye

"endeavored

face

your

into

He

Paul

resisting

people

and

Paul

see

no

souls

way.

And

is

Christ.

preached other

to

125

(2:11).

(2:20).

joy"

our

THESSALONICA

God"

of

worthily

and

glory

IN

one

will had

if

way

there make

poured

things through

CHAPTER

PAUL

It is than

He

was

that

Luke

work

in

(Acts

in

Corinth in

the

to

faithfulness.

parallel

in the

address

Luke

heard

this

the

in

two

telligent conception

of

combining

of

the

Epistle is

a

absence the

to

circular

(Col. 4:16) Paul

is

logian, But

he

heart.

as

that

well

the

is great,

foremost

also,

loved

the

to

of

the

Miletus

church to

meet

in

an

in in

experience certain

Laodicea

runs

19:1-20:1.

Ephesus

evangelist, of

statesman as

that

to

that

spite the

this

Colossse

and

Ephesus.

to

He

pastor.

members

unreservedly

"elders"

to

it with

form

can

in

to

repeatedly

Acts

we

work

heart

way

It is almost

went

as

a

in

personal

any

Ephesians. letter

in

narrative

Paul's

Miletus

at

preserved

refers

accounts

missionary

He

himself

came

and

of

Paul

his

of

wonderful

has

Ephesus

historical the

By

he

happens

so

elders

but

18),

epitome

the

this

and

address

It

own

to

churches.

18:11,

20:31).

Paul's

Ephesus

founded

(Acts

year

in

longer he

(Acts

pastor

as

to

a

ministers

In

conduct

where

cities

preserved

Ephesus

talk

remained

Ephesus

has

EPHESUS

IN

Paul

about

20:17-38).

heart

his

the

any

of

years

PASTOR

that

probable

in

three

AS

XI

them.

to at

of

Ephesus

Paul 126

on

preacher,

Christian had

shepherd and

Probably (Acts

his

history.

the

flock

the

way

20:17) to

theo

Rome

gave

these wno

had

AS

PAUL

been

picked the

by

note

at

Ephesus

they

in

as

"to

*

herd"

2

fold

is

his

the

like

of

the

"elders"

were

and

of

the

who

watched

care.

And

they

weak to

feed and

all the

you

had

been

set

had

They God.

for

ing of

Human

Paul

is here

he

left

in

the

this

to

of

of

the

speaking

charge

of

had

in face the

whose

an

the to

great

departed hurriedly after

Paul

Dr.

for

and

made

these

Holy

the

men

Spirit.

face work

the

of

called

was

interest

in hunt

E.

Hatcher,

W.

interestingaddress Call

it

duty

eye

of

the

liveliest

the

their

all under

each

as

"over

or

Spirit hath

by

gospel.

Virginia, Element

task

men

yourselves

unto

or

"alder

(our

sharp

a

that

God

took

of

Holy

believed

called

ministers

"the

he

apart

yet Paul

Richmond,

which

men.

Statesmen,"

keep heed

three

a

officers

"shepherds" to

"shep

same

Egypt

welfare

"Take

Paul

been

And

in

the

he

"shep

to

have

"bishops"

also

sick.

of

"Elder

the

and

verb

synagogue

papyri

over

flock

flock,

bishops."

the

were

were

the

the

the

They

seers"

to

for

Japanese

experience.

was

ministry

and

which

substantive we

like

in

village rulers

men")

the

God

This

Here

"pastor."

our

men

same

"bishops"

of

the

as

The

or

church

interesting

great church

new

:i).

I

elected

and

It is

in the

"elders"

root

127

Ephesus

blood."

own

same

conception

They

in

(20:28).

the

shepherd

with

purchased

EPHESUS

Philippi (Phil.

indifferently

were

herd"

while

Paul

"bishops"

as

termed

are

IN

plurality of pastors

the

to

by

out

church

PASTOR

to

the

with

the

in uproar

on

Ministry." men

Ephesus

whom when

created

by

PAUL

128

Demetrius of

experience and of

body

a

he

draws

these

His

in

them

from

Asia, after what

was

an

first

the

I

manner

day

is

be

The

preacher

come

say.

of

on

power

all lowliness

only

of

mind"

(20:19).

by his

Paul

fullyrecognizedand

preacher cannot the

eloquent

the downfall

of

a

is

that

to

sure

"the Lord

with

minister's

mes

The

The

that

sermon

I

Sunday.

on

are

counts

in

contradicts

or

sincerely believe

the noblest

exceptions,beyond

are

life

double

by his spirit. This Indeed, the frankly faced.

the whole

There

time

pastor should

leads

served

in

foot

set

all the

every

either confirms

life that

on

I

your

life and

it.

escape

words

that ministers the world.

had

He

is the

there

"Ye

you

and

later.

sage

end

that

work

that

who

exposure

is measured

the

what

or

sooner

For

book.

with

was

This

is shorn

designed to

own

open

(Acts 20:18). able to

is

Ephesus. his

upon

it with

does

men.

very

know,

Paul address

service

a

speak frankly

to

power

whole

freely

life among

selves

The

CHRIST

great privilegefor

a

ministers.

for better

them

purpose

with

fellow

skill.

consummate

equip

OF

It is

(Acts 20:1).

minister to

INTERPRETER

THE

a

in all

men

doubt, and

preacher givesevery preacher a pang in his heart. for the pastor to make The only way his life preach is the path of sheer straightforward and

ness

The as

open

could

(i

Cor.

field where

tetic teachers mission

honesty.

question of salary confronted

in Corinth

mission

a

9;

2

wisdom

board

to

take

support

him

and

n).

sophistsand

many

taught

Cor.

Paul

care

for pay. of

understand

Paul that

in

Ephesus

Ephesus other

There till the he

was

a

was

peripa no

was

church not

a

AS

PAUL

PASTOR

financial adventurer. Thessalonica

lippiand did

he

while

he

Corinth or

to own

in

was

is

helped

Paul

Paul

"I

living as

did.

Paul

man's

no

made

He

his

yourselves know

that these

my

necessities,and

to

(20:34). He horny hands, himself

and

Corinth

used

Priscilla and

that

so

himself

receive"

the

(20:35).

Paul

unto

his

He

me"

rough,

labored

for

Aquila, apparently,as

"In

all

words

said, it is

show

to

things

laboringye ought

remember

to

his trade.

with

were

toil.

manual

to

(Acts 18:1-3).

example,

that

his

minis

for

ministered

hands

ashamed

not

was

for

them

silver

make

to

livingby

own

Phil-

pastor ought

need

no

they

independent 3:8) and in

Thess.

had

Paul

Phi-

as

11:8-9;

was

coveted

"Ye

he

Cor. He

that

Ephesus

gold,or apparel" (Acts 20:33). The be paid a decent salary or be allowed

terial discounts.

and

in

do?

(2

11:9).

129

evidence

no

(2

Thessalonica

Cor.

(2

There

Corinth

did

What

4:15-16). as

in

was

EPHESUS

IN

of

offered

an

you

help the weak, Lord Jesus, that

to

the

blessed

more

I gave

in

give

to

himself

as

than

to

exam

an

of ple to these ministers from Ephesus in the matter independence and simple duty to those dependent on The modern one. preacher is not allowed by public

opinion

to

engage

yet he is paid, as in the the

in secular

rule,too

comforts

decent

preacher

againstthis

a

and

snare

of

Paul

(i

little to support his life.

warned

Tim.

of

is

Money

Timothy

6:3-10).

But

household is provide for his own unbeliever (i Tim. 5:8). To enforce Paul simple manliness appeals to an

will not an

unknown

did

Paul

pursuits as

saying of Jesus that

makes

us

a

and

family

perilto repeatedly

a

man

worse

who than

this lesson

otherwise

hunger

for all

AS

PAUL

in

as

PASTOR

day with

public,"night and is

EPHESUS

IN

131

(20:31).

tears"

a resisting pastor like that whose passion ate sympathy touches every life. Paul was than a pulpiteer, far more though he was the greatest of preachers. He had the note of realit

There

no

in all his work as

well

taught "from "publicly"(20:20). This

as

is where

said

who

pulpitshe

of

There

he

it she

two

are

know

not

them

use

how

awkwardness

and

picture of

Paul

be

or

the pastor has

to

and

a

or

about

to

to

be

must

was

the

brieflyso

enough

pastor

in

he

leave would

harm

than

best

learn and

shop

visit the

women

as

his business.

well

to

God

and

to

the

In

unsaved. carelessness

good

to

both or

by The

is done.

wise

a

the

grip on

a

in the

Jews

and

faith toward

men.

homes.

to

our

the

It is not The

Paul

men

"went That

be congenial and

forgot the main to

days

quickly

(Acts 20:25).

how

never

these

word

children.

the

as

In

the office and

to

go

put in

knew

friends, but he

"testifyingboth toward

He

is that of

things and

perfunctory.

to

get

reached

their

in

of

how

to

as

it.

Ephesus is presented ministry. Pastoral visitin

house at

when

spiritua knowledge that

incidental

preaching the kingdom"

make

in

the

enter

One

interest

seize

to

it and

never

visitations. no

was

preachers

among

more

to

bore

store

her

wished

in the homes

by the house can

of the

for winning the skilfully preacher repels either by

the

cases

privateministry

is reminded

never

levity with

house"

to

One

would

and

house

other is that of zeal without

life. The does

when

extremes

private conversations lightnessand

fail.

that

wished

out

was

he

so

ministers

many

woman

he

and

Greeks Lord

thing,

repentance

Jesus Christ"

PAUL

132

He

(20:21). and

had

all times

at

same

in

both

of

because

message

emphasize be

to

It

faithful

in

private.

to

of

to

or

over

resentment

requireswisdom

to

all round.

reminds

Paul

keep

the

down

tone

peculiar conditions because

all classes

at

cer

the balance

the elders

declaringunto you anything profitable"(20:20). Preaching to be effec

I shrank

"how

CHRIST

for

message

public and

doctrine

one

tain situations.

that

the

OF

pastor is constantly tempted

The

and

INTERPRETER

THE

was

from

not

pertinentand make a hit. It is so easy sins in of denunciation of the the to eloquent grow took his work Paul seriously and people elsewhere. of the welfare felt his responsibility for the spiritual tive

be

must

in

church he

is able

am

I

a

true

great

thing

when

the

in

classes

from

not

God" "the

counsel

all that he

and

by

when

his

loyaltyto

the

and

truth

whole

and

when

a

to

of

to

One

wise be But

God,"

that

I shrank

"For

of

counsel

his words,

note

be

may

omit

yet may

God.

counsel

:

something knows

silent without

not

keeps on

in

loyal

pastor who

Paul

be

all

to

reason

whole

while

God."

It is

of

the

you

does

silence.

speak

to

"the

says

it is this

say

unto

of

The

I

That

only

can

full duty

his

private.

It is worth

whole

vital

to

declaring

done

in

and

It

can

that

day

(20:26).

say.

now

he

wishes this

you

to

has

pastor

(20:27).

able

it all

upon

all men"

of

be

feels constrained

Paul

on

testifyunto

to

public

back

pastor

every

blood

the

looks

he

what

say

from

pure

is

to

"Wherefore

say:

As

Ephesus.

the

dis

his eye fear

of

men.

Paul

of

had

his

the Jews"

"trials which

(20:19).

Some

befell of

me

these

by are

the

plots

narrated

PAUL

AS

by Luke

in Acts

into the

synagogue,

three

PASTOR

Paul,

19.

months,

and

he

Soon

the

Ephesus for soned daily for

bound

was

force

felt the The

school

Paul's

it has

and

school

long

period

a

the

became

province and

rea

province of Asia in Ephesus (19:10). the spiritualdynamo

All

work

Tyrannus

he

where

and

so

over

synagogue

(19:9-10). It

years

of church

results.

of

of

for all the

two

the

(19:8).

Jewish

Tyrannus

campaign

have

to

of

combination

intensive

an

of

of

to

as

God"

of

the

leave

school

"entered

for the space

persuading

kingdom

the space

beautiful

a

such

the

133

his custom,

was

and

compelled to

was

in

was

as

spake boldly

reasoning

things concerning

EPHESUS

IN

left its mark

the

upon

world. Luke with

Paul's

touched

readily admit

In

carried

were

One

the

hem

the

faith.

But, after

in the

faith of this

One

Ephesus.

left them.

disease

striking

that occurred.

chiefs of Paul

who

in

work

miracles

of

three

narrates

is the unusual

some

to

away

Christ's

no

was

would

say

connected The a

with

next

had

his

demons

Paul's

the

We

may

this

with

God of

honors

the in

blessed

are

us

not

of view.

Certainly

handkerchiefs.

Some

work. the

concerns

exorcist

incantations

woman

merely recording legends

was

Paul's

incident

without

in

Luke

strollingJewish

of

that

so

to-day superstition

no

that belief?

or

magic

that

sick

garment.

but the faith. Many superstition, spiteof ignorance and narrowness there

the

superstitionconnected all,is there

type

the handker

cases

is reminded

of

connected

incidents

by

doing

who

which it.

He

came

he

of Sceva,

sons

seven

to

Ephesus.

claimed

thought

to

that

cast

he

He out

would

134

try the to

"spell" that

new

demoniac

a

INTERPRETER

THE

,PAUL

"I

:

demon who

It

leaped

them

of the

all

magicians burned

magazines and

in

of

and

huge

vile

vampire

removed

from of

a

the

prophet

of

that

in

see

bad

and

He

books

and

books

and

it would

if the vicious

and

"So

touched

the

mightily grew Paul

of the

denunciation the

be

peri

powerful

prevailed"(19:20). in his

be

pictures could

movie

public life.

the

life of

Ephesus

was

peril

its

in

center.

very

The

other

incident

relates

whose

great temple

was

people

boasted

their

of

the

of

the

the

all the

new

a

of

magical

then

bandit

literature

Some

And

Ephesus

city.

incantations. their

stirred

vast

a

holocaust.

our

Lord

of

center

fled

they

encounter

burned,

should

we

this

be

and

right

sense), and

wounded,

cities could

holy

but

all

out

came

in this

of

If

The

I know:

Paul

and

brought

Paul

whom

boomerang.

occurs

big pile.

a

our

a

burned,

word

and

said

he

Sceva, probably all of

of

the

was

themselves

them

a

outcome

charms

concerning

like

demon

papyri

So

Jesus

and

sons

The

which

Ephesus,

the

that, naked

so

city.

by

know

The

seven

in the

them

mastered

a

the

on

("both"

out

was

ye?" (19:15).

CHRIST

employed.

thee

"Jesus I

retorted: are

but

Paul

adjure

preaches" (19:13).

OF

great

that

Diana

enterprises of

little silver

"brought (19:24).

of the

shrines

no

little

Demetrius

worship of

The

ancient

the

was

the

"god-factories" in Ephesus.

the

unto

the

head

It is not

of

Diana The

city.

temple-keeper

temple world.

one

was

of

One

of

manufacture Diana

goddess

business was

the

the

city was

city of

the

pride

(19:35).

wonders

seven

the

to

the of

which

craftsmen" one

clear

of

these

that

Paul

AS

PAUL

Demetrius

attacked

ever

But

the

of

success

business

for his

peril to

IN

PASTOR

who

pocket.

own

work

Paul's

for

Christianitymeant

quick

saloon

their

by

name.

in

decrease

meant

was

The

135

business

his

or

Demetrius,

EPHESUS

to

men

what

saw

and

business

the

see

long

ago

fightthe preacherswho attacked their vested law. in government and rights strongly entrenched So the movies to-day are resistingreal control by the did a shrewd public. Demetrius thing. He called began

to

together

fellow-craftsmen, the

the

shrine

makers,

interest

:

Paul"

frankly appealed

"Sirs, ye know

that

brand

of

gods

that

this

our

This

is the

dous

tribute

The

preacher

in all Asia trade

business

the

them

righteousness

was

it.

the

Paul

Paul's

selfish on

"danger tremen

a

in

work

of

ruin

Public

Ephesus.

never

concern.

:

girls. Now,

end

opinion

mentions

"Great a

Thus

patrioticgrounds

about the

as

a

mob

as

expo

will vindicate the

also that the

is Diana

word

under

though

even

in

Ephesus

(19:28), with and

the best

was

it is

and

peril,which was a crafty craftsmen slogan which of

made

are

make

will strike back

men

do

in

the

poor,

fail at first. Demetrius

streets

that

wink busi at righteousnesscannot tainted with idolatry,licentiousness,graft

then, such

Diana

"this

disrepute" (19:27).

cocoanut

of

have

we

how

there

then

self-

of

of

Let

So

into

the power

to

oppression

sure.

!

come

in the

meat

that is

ness

the

recounted

preached that "they are no gods hands" (19:26), as if they did not

with

of

he

of

their

to

this business

by

(19:25). Then

wealth"

our

and

union

guild or

So

true.

they

he

shout

of the their

preacher worship

gives on

the

Ephesians" private pelf

is roused

against

who Jewish interloper

PAUL

136

THE

threatened

the

The

got

mob

Gaius

and not

was

a

to

as

these

Or

he

does

with

arena

escaped?

likelythat

sentence

him

led

human

the

he

had

Demetrius.

had

stay longer

better years

in

been

a

the

had

to

and

wide

crisis in

no

a

one

do

we

in

time

heard

his

cry

Paul

lay

sick

the

Ephesus (Acts 20:1-3).

city,but

it

many

a

follow

in

the

Ephesus

lifted his bed

blood,

that, after riotous

mob

sooner

than in

work

had

He

way.

prudent

to

left

his

the

go

wake?

whose on

to

But courage

has

another.

Far

sleepy quiescent pastorate

results.

the

pastor since Paul

pastor

city can

in

His

not

was

had

and

know

a

this very

for his

left

in

into

know.

not

he

successful

he,

somehow

and

we

win

thrown

felt that

rate

refer

when

he

that

wild

incident

dismissed

Paul

How

this than

with

too

now.

has

is

do

to

he

very

any

Ephesus

at

Does

at

at

not

beasts

the

Ephesus howling At

would

illeither

time, for

the mob

planned

brought

was

promi

his

animals

possible that

certainlystirred

world

of

with

been

first,though

Paul

amphitheater,

Ephesus

wild

God

It is

Ephesus

have

may

but

by

another

to

hold

to

beneath

wolves

1:8-11),

town-clerk

in

"fought 15:32).

death

he heard

the

he

of

up.

on

that mob

(answer)

Cor.

(2

and

of wild

by Cor.

the

another

at

or

suffer for him

that

actual

Probably

seems

time

as

of

refer

of Diana.

companions in travel Macedonia (19:29). Paul

prisoner in Ephesus,

a

the

It

Paul's

(i

yells of

dow?

of

says

Ephesus"

at

the

Ephesus, the temple

be consumed

Paul

(19:31).

to

of

let others

to

CHRIST

OF

(19:30), but the Asiarchs, men the city who liked Paul, simply

go

beasts

two

man

in

let him

glory

Aristarchus

off himself nence

INTERPRETER

of

many

PAUL

Paul is

has

now

laid to

Rome

And

and

tion for

is

the

en

poor

premonitions

sion

of

wrote

Rome

to

Paul

given Corinth

church.

Jerusalem

from

befall unto

there:

me

in

me

abide

me"

for

so

dear

as

my

from

the Lord

That

language

true

soldier

fearlessly. This

of

a

who

is the

lippi,Corinth

and

many

for

of

Christ

the

walks

cause

calmly

hold

into supreme

is the

not

may

which

I

spiritof the

sees

another for

left

danger

received the grace

to

go.

It

the hero. a

coward, but faces

Ephesus,

city when

him

any

accom

peril and

who

man

be set

to

I

of

their

life of

my

and

such

change

to

that

braggart

shall

men

was

ministry

in

afflictions

and

not

so

had

and

that

some

Duty

the

in

bonds

Paul.

he

Spirittestifieth

Holy

enough

occa

Jerusalem the spiri

Jesus, to testifythe gospel of

(20:24).

the

the

and

He

when

things

For

myself,

unto

the

the

bound

the

the

I

the

Judaizers

on

been

"But

course,

God"

is not of

have

not

plish of

that

of

in Galatia

I go

city, saying

every

by danger.

account

and

knowing

not

The

influence

behold,

collec

Asia, Ga-

Corinth

in

as

Antioch their

and

the

Jerusalem on

15:31).

save

would

but

aside

in

also

trip (Acts 20:4).

in

back

on

must

messengers

(Acts 20:22-23).

warnings course,

the

on

far

now,

Jerusalem,

unto

The

of trouble as

plans

Macedonia

to

at

fears

"And

been

saints

(Rom.

he

has

"I

said:

with

trouble

and

He

Jerusalem

Paul

his

and

Achaia, Jerusalem, and

Achaia.

this visit

had

to

with

are

Paul

route

latia, Macedonia, churches

137

Jerusalem

to

go

Ephesus

he

now

EPHESUS

to

(Acts 19:21-22).

Achaia

had

in

Macedonia,

Rome."

see

IN

face set

While

to

go

PASTOR

his

his way.

on

to

AS

it But

for the sake

was now

it

Phi-

best he

of that

AS

PAUL

the

about

speech

the

to

the

the

his face

see

Timothy

wolves

down

knelt

Paul's

neck

tender

time

sees

labor

to

was

whom

Paul

group

of

shore

kissed

in

saw

the

saw

him

that

to

Ephesus

they

had

probable that

Paul

on*

imprisonment

did

13). Certainly

to

Trophimus

(2

sick

ful if all the elders

about

was

a

the

any

modern

the

great

his return

from

the first Roman

Ephesus

to

when

Tim.

4:20).

were

alive,though Paul about

Even

not

will

seems

Tim.

again (i

Miletus

at

was

It

it is doubt

so

only

them

seeing

richlyrepay

left

he

at

the

gave

again.

Ephesus, study

of

preacher. in his address

last words

benediction

own

Paul.

story of them

Paul's

his

they turned

as

great experience,those three years

and

their

himself

but

enough,

on

from

apprehension

own

with

sea

tell the church

to

a

was

received

come

he

It

on

Ephesus stood

words

solemn

they

fell

and

sore

out

His

been

had

foreboding

(20:36-38).

ship put

board.

on

back

way

message

all

on

and

you

to

God,

able

to

build you

among

wept

ministers

parting as

put strength into their hearts

courage

his

and

the

preachers from

the

them

about

their

and

and

of

sorrow

prayed

master

great and

the

This

(20:25).

more

and

as

this

that

no

greatly to

added

the

confident

felt

would

It

where

Paul

Miletus

at

the

in

here

distance. Paul

1

Ephesus

Asia

with

grapple

to

139

Christianity. But of

elders

arising in

the cloud

and

of

future

EPHESUS

IN

PASTOR

all them

preachers:

to

up,

which

the and are

word to

"And of

give

serve

may

as

I

now

his grace, you

sanctified"

the

Paul's

commend which

is

inheritance

(20:32).

Cer-

PAUL

140

tainly

preachers

word

of

food

for

of

the

INTERPRETER

THE

God's the

flock.

most

of

which

grace

saints,

all

it

should

OF

should

they first

be

CHRIST

built

proclaim. feed

the

the

by

up If

it

shepherd

is

XII

CHAPTER

IN

PAUL

The

THE

presence

according rabbis

them

Paul remained

Paul's took

thy

that

(Acts

back

It

Athens

from

in

ately

sent

ing

news

when

we

be

to

of

(i

brief

visit

Paul

has

down

othy

and

to

to

Macedonia

seem

very from

does

Athens,

but

Acts

part 18:16 141

of

distress

it

good

Timothy,

sent

not states

and

18:5). in

immedi

of

Christ,

concerning

Luke

Silas

to

come

gospel

you

(Acts small

the

speed"

all

"Wherefore

and

in

Timo

thought

we

alone;

Corinth,

and

did

there.

But Athens

almost

was

the

was

as

because

comfort

3:1-2).

on

a

with

Timothy

minister to

Timothy

gone

played

It would

God's

Thess.

from

Athens

at

you,

of

him

forbear,

Timothy

far Silas

but

forth

hatred.

unto

Thessalonica

longer

no

and

establish

Bercea,

to

behind

brother

that

seems

fol

sent

Paul

as

misapprehension

could

left

faith"

Paul

by

to

come

Jewish

and

and

him

commandment

17:15).

Paul

Silas

with

should

they

The

they

jealousy

went

"a

time

Evidently

Jewish

companions

and

our

of

object

accident

to

Thessalonica

of

while

Beroea.

still in

due

17:15.

out

This sea

CULTURE

was

Acts

Silas

and

the

as

Athens in

Bercea.

to

far

as

chief

Paul

ran

in

Paul

narrative

the

to

who

lowed

to

of

GREEK

OF

CENTER

the

that

your this

narrate

that, after

Timothy

came

Evidently

Tim

work

in

Timothy

Athens. did

not

PAUL

142

THE

till after

come

waited

for

INTERPRETER

the

them

first events

point is

Paul to

this

in Athens

of

center

Cross

To

(Acts 18:1), and

planning

appeal of

resist the

intellectual life for

the

but

purposes

apparently was not

come

of

message

the

of Christ.

Athens

There

still the intellectual

was

universities

were

Alexandria, but the

eclat

The

names

of

Athens

great of

There

sive

the

to

and

age

philosophy and

letters.

further, still shed

no

go

temples, groves,

and

who

Paul

he

think

that

and

art

of

out

not

was

respon

of

atmosphere with

touch

for art's

a

of Athens.

walks

artistic

wholly

was

beauty and

love of

prestigeof

Aristophanes, Thucydides,

to

intellectual

that

Athens, Greek

the those

are

and,

Tarsus,

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle,^Eschylus,

Lysias, Demosthenes, around

the in

names

the world.

capitalof

Pergamus,

at

had

Sophocles, Euripides, halo

and

Paul

have

not

may

all intents

elsewhere, but could

on

go

immaterial.

alone

was

He

left Athens

Paul

CHRIST

Athens, "while

at

Athens."

at

till shortlybefore the

OF

the

sake, that Greek

mythology, philosophy, like Greek of his element out distinctly repelledPaul, that he was

literature

in Athens of

Christ

was

and

and

did

to

the

not

that

Paul

and

not

was

a

the University of school

of

shown

by

the

in the address ence

in the

a

with

fine

in

present the gospel

to

of

as

well

literature

and

literaryfinish

report) and by

that

the he

of

the

of

rabbinical

had

a

philosophy

(allowing for the

product

a

of

as

Paul

Others

universityman.

Jerusalem,

in Athens

that

Athens,

university man,

Tarsus

Gamaliel

acquaintance

how

intellectuals

un-Hellenic

affirm

know

Greek

Luke's

allusions literary

wide as

is

style influ in the

PAUL

IN

address

that Paul

of the Christian

of

Athens

far, to

reach

the

far

is

element

of

is shown

in the

in both

provoked within idols" (Acts 17:16).

him

Paul's

pagan

reaction

He

did

of

of

have

He

knew

with

city

the

the

Greek

shows

his

much

so

Epistles

present his philosophy of the universe

to

that of the

whole a

Paul's

conduct

January,

affirms

Lightfoot

in many

that

of

dist Review

Can

P. Be

knew

Biblical Review

1921, we

have

Sloan

our

schools

(New

not a

yet pagan

of

York)

calls dares

opposition

Stoics in Athens.

Athens

raises

the

culture

to-day.

In

Learning" E.

Dr.

brought

M.

In

a

in

still rules

The

Metho

Jan.-Feb., 1921,

seriouslyargues whether Christian." Certainly some

in

Poteat

learning

atmosphere

learning. for

the

even

He

in

"Christianityand

on

captivityto Christ, that

H.

in

question of Christianityand

brilliant article

the

of the

side

acquain

that

to

Epicureans and

training

poets whom

greatest philosopherof the ages.

Clearly, then,

full of

cultural

Paul gravely discusses the question whether Sir W. M. writings of Seneca. Ramsay Paul

"spiri

Paul's

the

with

He

in

views

extreme

intellectual

of

of the

some

Stoicism

There

outstanding fact of him. splendor all around

contact

he quotes in his address.

vowed

Paul

2:1-5).

saw

an

is the

genius and

point of

a

he

audience,

that

in Acts.

as

This

the

to

man

a

Athens.

tance

in his

of these

narrative

environment

could, possibly too

failure,and

truth

was

was

he

as

repeat this experiment (i Cor.

to

He

scholastic

philosophicminds in

143

and

in the

as

resulted

never

as

went

CULTURE

Epimenides. They something of a compromise

made

message

and

effort that

an

GREEK

Aratus, Cleanthes,

to

affirm

even

OF

CENTER

Dr.

"University

teachers

in

our

PAUL

144

INTERPRETER

THE

schools

modern

laughed

of

is

result

The

faith that

and see

back

is

be

to

deplored.

for the

Bible

Part

of this result is due

of

it is due

of

the

what

to

is

bigotry which

So

sors.

and

sphere Christ

of

be The

unconcealed,

to

the

works

of

a

between

time.

knowledge than

Part

ignorance of

outside of their

special

specialt

intellectual

sphere of learning. Chris

one

widens.

But

himself

is

interest. friend

Greek

God

for

make

to

is not

truth."

one

their

hostile No

real

reallyoutside of of

lover

of all real progress word

to

infidel, profes

Every

the lid off.

have

harm

Christ

"the

in grace

or

Christ's

knowledge.

of

in

calls

nature

should

Bible.

the

calls "the

and

in all thingsbecause infallibility

the breach

discovery in

of

in

indignation against the

He

faith

pride

clash

even girlsby sceptical,

learning.

to

sudden

greater

thing to

pietyand

overcome

realms

assumes

with

retort

boys

own

is

learning

sad

a

Christ

Chesterton

specialknowledge

tians

the

intolerance

no

It is of

the

to

that

dogmatise in

There

of

old

the

and

educated," the one-sided

ists who

Athenians

intellectual

college with

from

and

the

between

in homes

scorn

new

breach

widening

a

with

the

of

some

as

people, reared

young

come

court

laugh

in Athens.

Paul

at

and

frankly anti-Christian

are

Christianityout

CHRIST

OF

truth There fear

for

Jesus

in human to

means

is

the

nothing the

be in

Word

God. It is

himself

extremely interestingto in the

idolatrous

Athens.

no

flattery.He

in

the

of

midst

is

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how

Paul

bore

beautiful,artistic,intellectua

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observe

is

no

ashamed of

the

cringing,no of the world.

faltering

gospelof

Christ

Unfortunately

address

the

he

what

meant

Paul

the

the

Gentiles

who

"reasoned

Paul

according

his

to

Paul

Athens. this

to

modern

with

any

who

wished

the

rival

schools the

both

lingo

"What

of

of each

the

Paul

the

would

initiated

of 1

this babbler

him.

of

and

the with are

day. him, none

the of

of

some

of the

some

and

not

they clash, though

attacked and

a

Paul

agora

notes

conceals

in derision

is

Epicureanism

when

with open

with

Philosophers

other

Epicureans

joined of

Paul.

in

sophists or

in the

compared

verbiage

Undoubtedly of

him.

discredit

technical

tries

and

Paul

with

had

philosophy

leading philosophies

to

scorn.

the

two

much

usually

with

of

but

had

one

exponents

challenged considerate

custom

with

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the

the

Socrates

scale.

discuss

to

day

the

in London

Park

agora

in

And

every

every

strange, therefore, that

in touch

Stoicism,

agora

them

17:17)

preacher,

street

Hyde

the

among

(Acts

was

the the

With

spoke as

small

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talking in

It is not

use

else.

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he

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in

found

from

city.

every

in fact, a

one

every

been

in

(17:17),

was,

had

synagogue"

custom

difference, that

access

too

the

chance-comers

he

synagogue.

(the agora)

market-place

came

in

out

Here

Judaism.

persons"

the

to

came

Jesus

Christianity and

Athens

devout

his

shows

speak

to

between in

only infer

Mount

Christianity

sure,

"the

and

also

the

on

contrast

be

To

Paganism.

the

of

relation

presents

Jews

Sermon

145

can

we

did

he

add, but what

to

In

the

lined

that

interrupted so

was

purpose.

CULTURE

GREEK

OF

CENTER

IN

PAUL

sophis

Stoics, for these

Paul. so

their

they

He

did

sneered

say?" (17:18.)

not at

The

IN

PAUL

the

near

CENTER

OF

the hill for murder cases, as

of

case

the

council

remains court

rather

whether as

or

philosophers before

the

allowed

his

Paul

continue

to

had

would

be

as

of

his

or

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to

Their

motive

yet there

is

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interest

the

should

be

it

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hostile as

on

go

a

is

language

catch

the

case

any

council

teacher

new

to

to

thought

been

The

In

(17:19-20).

concerning

the

by

council

him

point enough

hangers-on gathered round

outcome

question

in the agora.

have

press

politeand of

of

best

rushed

if he

the

may

entertainment.

of the council

idea

trial before

on

see

what

see

popular

tion

the

in

university lecturer,but

a

to

the

further

merely

was

of

form

whole

popular harangue

to interesting

views.

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council

standing

no

the

formally

was

for

arraigned

On

on

religiousquestions

was

But

met

criminal

extreme

the place has

present. Paul

for

who

than

wrong-doer

a

l

147

the council

other

divinities.

the

at

argument

basileios

Socrates

troducing strange of

and

cases

in the stoa

in the

CULTURE

In later times

Acropolis.

but

GREEK

who

a

atten

crowd

hear

to

the

aroused

had

Epicurean and Stoic philosophers The flippantcuriosityof the Athenians is attested by Demosthenes and not Thucydides. They wanted, merely the the

than

freshest

of the

tidbit

with

the

the

"new,"

last "extra." agus

thing (the news),

new

So

of

latest

Paul

his chance

listen

to

/3o"riXetos

the

"newer"

bit of

gossip, the philosophic speculation, the very very

stood to

in the midst

put the

cause

council, the philosophers,and

would

but

him.

They

would

the

of the

Areop

of Christ

before

crowd, for

a

if

they

while

at

PAUL

148

It

rate.

any

The

it

reason sense

of

word

is

Paul

the

conciliatoryand

of

this critical audience. think

Athens.

in

is

win

to

Paul

winning.

that

Paul

that

the

for his message,

favor

of

sympathy

tainly they

he

as

his

For

this

used

the

of

the

It is

but

drive

to

Cer

world.

usual

possiblethat

even

The

spirithad in the city

idols

many

center

not

His

religiousthan

more

were

audience. the

saw

intellectual

superstitiousalso.

and the

more

double

of this adjectivepiqued the interest of the audi

sense

to

ence

in

see

which

Greeks.

There

in Athens the

to

various

Paul's incident

from

saying

of

habit

and

is his

He

worship

the

Athenians

set

an

altar "To

inscriptionshows there

Pausanias

statues

he

wishes

an

worship

that

the

god

of

spoke to

all the

Athenians

this

to

introduce

his theme

This

recognized

of

Paul

they

( 17 123).

So

gods.

eager

that

altars to

unknown

whom

So

of

a

objects instinct

the

gods

took and

an

Instead

of "the

turn

God"

Unknown

cites

in Athens.

right direction.

in the

to

He

Pausanias, Philostratus, and

opening

that

states

they had not Diogenes Laertes

might

be

thirtythousand

observation

own

(cf. 17:14)

were

up

of all the

very

"idols"

of

Josephus

devout

most

divinities.

worship."

your

be

to

it.

used

pious. happily introduced.

were

theme

the

were

said

were

Athenians

Paul

sense

that the Athenians

says

of

CHRIST

opportunity

great

impossibleto

provoked

and

OF

rather than "religious." "superstitious" employed in both senses by the Greeks,

the

away

ear

seems

desires

been

his

was

introduction catch

must

INTERPRETER

THE

that

heard.

speak

advantage to

correct

polytheist a misapprehension that he was in introBesides, Paul avoided the charge of illegality

also

the

IN

PAUL

OF

CENTER

GREEK

CULTURE

that he

ducing "strange gods" by showing they proclaiming the God whom ship without understanding his is

once

fore

in

worship

ye

He

theme

Unknown

is "The

has called

their attention

catches

his message

without

increased

the

real

and

no

forth

set

name

strikingand

It is

it opens

the door

the

unto

yet, but his

as

God."

curiosityof

at

there

wide

for

He

has

legal complications.

any

natural

"What I

wor

He

nature.

was.

ignorance,this

you" (17:23).

reall

was

trying to

were

Socrates

skilful than

more

149

for

Athenians

discovery. The

He

gressive. "the

God

"Lord

ing

at

about

all

things would

and

had

decided

the

of

our

Paul

Zeus

was

used

to

He

his

says

he

leaves

no

had

(alas), for

the idea of

a

every

limited

earth

on

gods

pares and

inter

power

of

of the Athe

They

not.

to

noth

the Creator

as

only primus

point

next

between

(17:24). in

were

things therein,"

imagination vice

is,

and

Olympus.

"He

gods.

God

pro

this God

point, but

and

limitations

Paul's

sharply

the

virtue

all

(17:24).

this

at

They

even

Mount

and

pictureof

This

every

God

But

gods

logicaland

tell who

to

they accepted it or

life.

phase of

earth"

appeal to

nians whether almost

the world

and

other

is clear and

proceeds

once

of heaven

for them.

on

Paul

that made

room

for

of

argument

this

dwells

The

world

and

even

time, It

was

the

"Unknown in

now was

believed

of

line

God"

and

temples made

Parthenon, the

modern

spoke.

not

draws

in

most

to

beautiful

in

the full

be the home

(Minerva), the patron goddess of

all other

with

its ruins

probably

cleavage

wisdom

hands"

temple wonder

sight

as

of Athene and

the arts

PAUL

150

full view.

that had was

There

Paul

of

roots

has

could

be

at

of

one

its belief

Jesus

CHRIST

glorioustemples

struck

now

habitations.

spiritand

a

other

were

mythology,

pagan local

OF

INTERPRETER

Athens.

of

and

THE

had

in

the

in

tap

local

gods

that God

taught

worshipped anywhere

well

as

in

Gerizim. Stephen was Jerusalem or on Mount stoned by the Jews for saying and proving from the Old Testament (Isa. 66:1-2) that Jesus was right

as

and It

be

can

not

was

Paul

national

a

that

man,

Gentile

worshipped by Paul

deity,Jewish

proclaimed,

demolishes

next

another

Greek

or

the

but

Jew anywhere.

or

God

of

"is served

Others

wished

to

the

appease

men.

God

that

needed

by men's hands, as though he thing" (17:25). In its crudest form the that the deity was to be fed by the food fices.

all

error

pagan

Ger

or

any

heathen

held

in the

sacri

god

his

from

had by votive offerings. The Old Testament already refuted the fallacyof this notion (Isa.66:1-2; Ps. 5:8-12). Paul shows the crudity of that idea wrath

since ail

God

"himself

gives

to

things" (Acts 17:25).

both

Creator

self the Life

and

Preserver

life,and

This

"Unknown

of all

things.

of the Universe.

could intelligent

He

Probably only in

Paul

the

is

God" is him the

more

greatness of

this

philosophy of the universe. Epicureans were practical atheists while the were really pantheists. But Paul proclaims one

Stoics

sonal

Socra

thought,

tes

God

and

the

follow

breath, and

all

whose

Plato

consistentlyas supreme

spirit,he

God. must

The

true

had

will dominates

the

glimmerings

of such

they

allowed

Jesus be

had

other

universe.

gods

view, but

a

beside

taught that,

worshipped

in

per

since

spirit. So

the

God

not one

is

Stephen

PAUL

IN

CENTER

taught

when

Paul

is the

Paul

OF

true

CULTURE

GREEK

consented

of

But

his death.

to

successor

151

in the

Stephen

now

spiritua

of worship. interpretation Paul

proceeds to prove that Greeks God" worship the "Unknown

now

should

Jews

He

28).

is the

race

or

nation.

men

to

dwell

"He on

noting that ing the unity of

broken the

of

Wall down

evolution

of

it is

Jew

who

Aratus

the

by the blood of Christ and not or thereby (Eph. 2). Whether by which God brought man's process

God"

quotes also

del Harris

has

have

and

glimpses of of

all

Father men

of

and hand

of

God

to

disobedient

seasons"

"for

shown,

seen are

and and

in him

The

about

is thus race,

each

their habitations."

by God

is the

Creator

as

whole

race

other, sinful God's

are.

nations

him

as

is not

an

as

the

as

that

all

Father is thus

and

erring

providentia

whose

well

had

the Father

pictured by Paul not meaning at all

history of

determined

to

move

thus

poets

relation

our

though they

in the

them.

to

live and

we

Greek

spirits.The to

the

to

poets

known

makes

now

Paul

Zeus.

of

Greek

the

offsprin

God's

said

image

Epimenides, as Dr. J. Ren-

line from

a

the whole

their bodies

is

he

saved, but that God

are

bound

of

in the

man

are

we

had

words

whom

God

of

that

true

the truth

men.

spiritof

the

for

being."

our

Gentile

and

Jew

the

seen

Cross

boldly applies these He

proclaim

has

who

of

It is

earth."

is here

Jew

a

race,

Cleanthes

and

"Unknown

a

one

nation

every

the

as

(17:26-

of any

not

one

face

the

body to be ready of God, it remains as

of

made

the

slain

be

and

men

partitionbetween

on

enmity

all

all the

worth

middle

of

God

well

as

"appointed "the

bounds

absentee

God

PAUL

152

with

is

interest in the race,

no

with

his

redemptive

unmindful

not

nations

God

him

to

in

as

Prodigal Son,

but

he is

fearful

and

I

should

seek

him

and

find

Jesus

made

plain in

come

back

with

him,"

groping in

man

a

hands, like Helen

if

and

come

Parable

of the

because

thus

come

and

hearts

repentant

the dark

it is the

haply they

yes,

the

Paul

the heathen

2, but

God,

forgivenessand pardon if they them. what Jesus has done to save

describes

work

activelyat

plight of

find of

CHRIST

(cf. John 3:16).

Romans

they

feel after

might

the

of

"that

OF

purpose

described

as

will of

back

INTERPRETER

THE

Paul's

language

by feelingwith

Kellar, in order

reach

to

his

after

out

God, like the tendrils of the plantturning toward heathen

light. The i :2o), but been

not

far

the

from

each

his

heard a

wonderful

of

the

gospel

Paul are

is

first

idols. God

in God's that

one

this

one

is like unto

head art

and

or

stone

be? heart

device

How of

or

whom or

him

of man"

he

or

be?

of

mentions

gold, or

silver can

he

hear

take

plan

oblige.

themselves

degrade

to

knew

back

to

with

up

not

it and It

him.

heart

the very

Athenians.

the

to

and

heed.

definite

redemption is refusal

items

that

for all to

men.

worship

"offspring"of such a Paul proclaims should not by thinking "that the God by silver,or stone, graven

The

( 17 129).

We

are

gold. Why should It is a powerful

idolatry. Paul

has

Father

the

only

come

giving

was

would

ready

Noblesse as

Paul

them

now

involved

The

that

to

we

of grace

message

of

Surely some

appeal

God

(Rom.

time, "though he is

us," if

of

of

of

all the

them

one

voice

was

heart

yearning

far from

excuse"

"without

are

the

is

not

deterred

not

of wood

Father

our

thrust

by

the

at

the

beau-

PAUL

IN

CENTER

tiful statues

of

leaders of

of

that

lived

stultified the

human

the animal, the

doms.

He

bears

reaches

the

marred

for

calls

"The

toward

God's

times

of

action

with

and

longsuffering.The all

just

not

he

for

in which

that the

in

the

the

The

Areopagus

the

word

John

as

Sadducees,

Sanhedrin.

the

to

light of and

the real

has

day the

uses

and

has

and

come

Paul

Areopagus

warned

will

This

had

as

It is

all this, that

the

culture

gospel of

that

judge

been

whom

was

But

will be hath

"has

of

repen

a

bold

by

the

Paul

judged

ordained"

Areopagus

appointed

a

day

righteousness

of

world

condemned

world he

God

the

itself

of

of the

Council

the

unrighteousness.

the whole man

in

declare

to

Athenians

he

(17:31).

agus

that

sin.

all the

Socrates

forbearance

men

light.

to

of

did

say,

the

failed

Besides, Paul and

to

has

Pharisees

Peter

before

and

tance

the

to

Paul

to

(17:30),

commands

Jesus

the Council

all,as

to

cringed

Athens

now

destroyed, but

not

he

now

long night.

did

Baptist did

spiri

his hearers.

patient

was

immortality

the

"repent" before Jesus

is

king

his

in

and

part of

with

race

Athens.

life and

after

the

Man

everywhere repent" (17:30), even

philosophers in come

reason.

overlooked"

God

but

"But

live.

to

brought

atmosphere

image, though

the

on

complacency,

should

they

an

the mineral

God

own

ignorance

not

allowed

intellectual

sin.

by

Paul

in

from

turn

every

The

vegetable,and

up

of

stamp

at

truth.

time

at

men

153

CULTURE

goddesses

fundamental

idolatrythat

above

and

gods

declaring this

GREEK

OF

declaration, for Court goes on

of on

that

(17:31).

Areop to

say

day "by It has

PAUL

IN

CENTER

cared

hear

to

satisfied.

The

Council

harmless

Paul

preacher?

unfaithful

witness

He

to

member

of

named There

were

given.

The

outcome

always on

ble

different of

kinds

the

The

Christ

of

Sower.

can

they save

brilliant A

may

will, sinners

THE

Jesus

as

had

risen.

run

after

but in

END

stand

or

Thessa-

seed his

failed.

the

falls Para

He

will

had

stick

to

fads

in

latest but

not

message

in

He

for

are

in

The

nothing Athens

converted.

as

shows

his result.

preacher's

not

and

Jesus

names

reception.

an

borne

her

not

Paul

Athenians if

soil

crucified

Christ

philosophy, of

varied

a

took whose

while.

Lord

was

others was

worth

was

receives

preached it.

it

some

not

some

Council,

a

disap

a

least

was

also

was

was

the

at

there the

he

to

had

Damaris

Christ.

but

loyal

He And

A

but

been

depth.

Paul

Was

so,

more

was

Paul

that

it pass.

had

Christ. a

woman

let

situation.

Dionysius,

lonica,

concluded

they

their

beyond

gone

Probably

one.

difficult

a

and

that

curiosity

eager

had

evidently

teacher

pointed

Their

155

all

heard

had

they

then.

than

in

But

(17:32).

again"

CULTURE

GREEK

OF

the

anywhere

Cross else.