Patologia de Estruturas
July 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Xitfafjni b` `struturis Ciornenf Afmjdn Ofanmi O`rmirbf Cfms`ei Cfm s`ei Rutnlnim Rutnlnim Xiuaf _fo`rtf bf Aijf D`a`m`
© Efpyrnjdt ?89> Fcnenmi b` R`xtfs Jricni ituianzibi ituianzibi efmcfrk` f Iefrbf Frtfjrécnef bi Aëmjui Xfr tuju`si b` 9>>8, `k vnjfr mf Orisna b`sb` ?88>.
EFMU@ADF @BNRF_NIA Irtdur Xnmtf Ediv`s< Eyafm Eyafm Jfmêiav`s bi Unavi< Unavi< Bfrns E. E. L. Lfwiatfwsln< Gfsî Jianzni Rumbnsn< Auns @mrnqu` Uémed`z< Xiuaf D`a`m`< _fs`ay C`rr`nri bfs Uimtfs< R`r`si Jiaafttn Cafr`mzimf
E IXI @ X_FG@RF J_ÉCNEF Kiau Siaank CFRF EIXI Eneafvni Rnk Kini (Ijçmeni Orisna Cftfjricnis) X_@XI_IÊÅF B@ CNJP_IU Snetfr Iz`v`bf BNIJ_IKIÊÅF Auenimi Bn Nfrnf X_@XI_IÊÅF B@ R@TRFU Mitéani Xnmd`nrf Ufir`s _@SNUÅF B@ R@TRFU Imi Xiuai _no`nrf NKX_@UUÅF @ IEIOIK@MRF OKC jrécnei
Bibfs Nmt`rmienfmins b` Eitiafjiêåf mi Xuoaneiêåf X uoaneiêåf (ENX) (Eïkiri Orisna`nri bf Anvrf, UX, Orisna)
Ofanmi, Ciorëenf Afmjdn
Xitfafjni b` `struturis / Ciorëenf Afmjdn Ofanmi, O`rmirbf Cfms`ei Rutnlni Rutnlnim, m, Xiuaf _fo`rtf bf Aijf D`a`m`. -- Uåf Xiuaf 7 Fcnenmi b` R`xtfs, ?89>.
Onoanfjricni.
NUOM >:4-40-:>:0-5 >:4-40-:>:0-55>-4 5>-4
9. Efmer`tf - B`t`rnfriêåf ?. Efmer`tf -
Kimut`mêåf ` r`pirfs 5. Efmstruêåf b` efmer`tf
2. @struturis b` efmer`tf 0. @struturis b` efmer`tf
irkibf N. Rutnlnim, O`rmirbf Cfms`ei. NN. D`a`m`,
Xiuaf _fo`rtf bf Aijf. NNN. Rëtuaf.
9>-?>>88
EBB-3?2.9452
Ëmbne`s piri eitéafjf snst`kétnef7
9. @struturis b` efmer`tf 7 Xitfafjni 7 @mj`mdirni 3?2.9452 Eno`a` Kirni Bnis - Onoanft`eérni Onoanft`eérni - E_O-4/> 2?:
Rfbfs fs bnr`ntfs r`s`rvibfs è Fcnenmi b` R`xtfs _ui Euoitåf, :>4 E@X 82 895-885 Uåf Xiuaf Orisna t`a. (99) 5840-:>55 58 40-:>55 www.fcnt`xtf.efk.or `-kina7 it`mbHfcnt`xtf.efk.or
X_@CÉENF
@st` anvrf î r`suatibf b` vérnfs imfs b` bnseussð`s, bnseussð` s, trfei b` `xp`rnçmenis, efmv`rsis ` r`jnstrfs. Î nm`jév`a qu` i ér`i b` Xitfafjni bis Efmstruêð`s eir`eni b` uk anvrf qu` vn`ss` i frn`mtir fs prfssnfmins quimtf ifs efme`ntfs oésnefs b`ssi nkpfrtimt` ér`i b` efmd`enk`mtf, qu` bnseutnss` f prfoa`ki bis `struturis b` efmer`tf irkibf ` qu` iofrbiss`, b` kfbf nmîbntf, is `struturis `strutu ris b` iêf ` kib`nri. Efkf sio`kfs, iajukis bis kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis pfb`k t`r frnj`k mf prfg`tf, nstf î, mi efme`pêåf bi `struturi. Rfbivni, kuntis v`z`s f prfg`tf måf efms`ju` imt`v`r is efmbnêð`s b` `xpfsnêåf ès quins i `struturi pfb` s`r suok`tnbi, m`k `sp`eneir fs kit`rnins ib`quibfs ès efmbnêð`s bf ikon`mt`, m`k k`skf efkpr``mb`r efkf i `struturi `mv`ad`e`ré. @ssi m`e`ssnbib` b` `qunaëornf ` f b`sif b` nmt`jrir prfssnfmins efk bnc`r`mt`s `xp`rnçmenis ` ituiêð`s ― s`gi mi ér`i b` prfg`tf fu b` kit`rnins ― cfrik cumbik`mtins piri `ser`v`r `st` anvrf ` tfrmirik-s` i kftnviêåf prnmenpia bf bfeuk`mtf qu` ipr`s`mtikfs. R`mtikfs `xpafrir if kéxnkf fs k`eimnskfs b` bimf qu` is `struturis pfb`k sfcr`r. Bnvnbnkfs f anvrf `k quitrf eipëtuafs7 Eip. 9 ― Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s< Eip. ? ― Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` efmer`tf< Eip. 5 ― Xitfafjni bis `struturis k`téaneis< Eip. 2 ― Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` kib`nri. •
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•
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Mf Eip. 9, ipr`s`mtikfs ipr`s`mtikfs fs efme`ntfs piri f `stubf `st ubf bi Xitfafjni bis EfmstruEfmstr uêð`s, ` mfs b`kins eipëtuafs iofrbikfs is `sp`enenbib`s `sp`e nenbib`s b` bimf, kimnc`stiêåf ` r`eup`riêåf b` eibi uki b`ssis `struturis. @stikfs en`mt`s b` qu` f issumtf måf s` `sjfti iqun, kis `ss` pissf `ri m`e`ssérnf. m`e`ssér nf. Mfssis `bneiêð`s `ståf `mv`ad`e`mbf ` pr`ensikfs eipientir `stubimt`s, tîemnefs, `mj`md`nrfs ` irqunt`tfs
(`mtr` futrfs) piri ituir, b`mtrf b` suis itrnounêð`s, m`ss` k`reibf. Efmsnb`rikfs qu` `ssi î i mfssi p`qu`mi efmtrnounêåf piri uk cuturf prõxnkf qu` e`rtik`mt` m`e`ssntiré b` prfssnfmins iptfs piri r`nkpaimtir is efmbnêð`s këmnkis b` s`jurimêi ` cumenfmianb cumenfmianbib` ib` i `ssis `struturis. `str uturis. Fs iutfr`s
UPKÉ_NF
9
XIRFAFJNI BIU EFMUR_PÊÐ@U EFMUR_P ÊÐ@U ..................................... ......................................................................... ....................................: : 9.9 Efmsnb`riêð`s nmnenins ........................................ .............................................................. ............................................ ............................... .........: : 9.? 9.5 9.2
Efme`ntfs ` b`cnmnêð`s ...................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................................ .........................? ...?? ? Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s ...................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................................58 .................58 Kimut`mêåf bis `bncneiêð`s ..................... .......................................... ........................................... ....................................05 ..............05
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XIRFAFJNI BIU @UR_PRP_IU @UR_PRP_ IU B@ EFME_@RF EFME_@ RF ................................. ................................................. ................ 39 ?.9 K`eimnskfs b` b`t`rnfriêåf ............................................. ................................................................... .................................30 ...........30 ?.? Bnijmõstnef ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .........................................93: ....................93: ?.5 Nmt`rv`mêåf ................... ........................................ ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .......................9:> ..9:>
5
XIRFAFJNI BIU @UR_PRP_IU K@RÉANEIU ...................................................945 5.9 K`eimnskfs b` b`t`rnfriêåf ............................................. ................................................................... .............................. ........ 943 5.? Bnijmõstnef ................... ........................................ ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .......................??5 ..??5 5.5 Nmt`rv`mêåf ................... ........................................ ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .......................?59 ..?59
2
XIRFAFJNI BIU @UR_PRP_IU B@ KIB@N_I .................................................?5: 2.9 Frnj`k bi b`t`rnfriêåf ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................ ...........................?29 .....?29 2.? Bnijmõstnef ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................................ ...................... ?3 ?32 2 2.5 Xrfcnaixni .................... ......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..........................?:8 .....?:8 2.2 R`ripni...................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................... ........................................ .................. ?4?
_@C@_ÇMENIU ONOANFJ_ÉCNEIU .................................................................... 58>
såf ipr`s`m ipr`s`mtibis tibis Is juris efk f sëkofaf `k v`rsåf efafrnbi `mtr` is péjnmis ?>? ` 58>. 58 >.
9
XIRFAFJNI BIU EFMUR_PÊÐ@U
9.9 Efmsnb`riêð`s nmnenins Xitfafjni î i ençmeni qu` `stubi i frnj`k, fs k`eimnskfs, fs snmtfkis ` i mitur`zi bis bf`mêis. F t`rkf prfvîk bis piaivris jr`jis pitdfs (sfcrn (sfcrnk`mtf, k`mtf, bf`mêi) bf`mêi) ` afjni (ençmeni, `stubf), eugf snjmneibf î ‑`stubf bis bf`mêis ‛. Issnk, `ssi ençmeni pfb` s`r efkpr``mbnbi efkf f `stubf bf b`svnf biqunaf qu` î ibkntnbf efkf i efmbnêåf mfrkia fu `sp`ribi b` iajf, fu s`gi, uki imfrkianbib`, qu` efmnti efk i nmt`jrnbib` nmt`jr nbib` fu f efkpfrtik`mtf diontuia bf `a`k`mtf. M`ss` `stubf, `stio`a`e`k-s` fs t`rkfs ` b`ser`v`k-s` fs prfe`ssfs b` `vfauêåf, fs k`eimnskfs bfs c`mòk`mfs b`a`tîrnfs ` fs snmtfkis b` b`seiriet`rnziêåf bf `a`k`mtf, nmv`stnjimbf ` eaissneimbf is eiusis, frnj`ms ` snmtfkis bf bimf fu bi bf`mêi nmenb`mt` sfor` uk efrpf fu kitîrni. Xiri timtf, `ss` `stubf ipfni-s` `k nmsp`êð`s fu `xik`s `xi k`s piri i efkpr``msåf `/fu r`k`bniêåf bf b`c`ntf mftibf. mftibf. Rriti-s`, pfrtimtf, b` uki ér`i bf efmd`enk`mtf qu` vnsi `mt`mb`r quia î i bf`mêi nmstiaibi, piri qu` `sti pfssi s`r euribi b`mntnvi ` efrr`tik`mt`. F t`rkf pitfafjni î dnstfrneik`mt` efmd`enbf efkf s`mbf itr`aibf è ençmeni kîbnei< tfbivni, dé vérnis bîeibis, tikoîk t`k snbf `kpr`jibf `k futris ér`is bf efmd`enk`mtf, efkf i b` foris envns, s`kpr` itr`aibf if `stubf bis bf`mêis ` bimfs b` iajf fu iajuîk. efmstr uêð`s î i ençmeni qu` prfeuri, b` cfrki snsB`ssi cfrki, i pitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s tçknei, `stubir fs b`c`ntfs nmenb`mt`s mfs kit`rnins efmstrutnvfs, efkpfm`mt`s ` `a`k`mtfs fu mi `bneiêåf efkf uk tfbf, ouseimbf bnijmfstneir is frnj`ms ` efkpr``mb`r fs k`eimnskfs b` b`ijriêåf ` b` `vfauêåf bf prfe`ssf pitfaõjnef, iaîk bis suis cfrkis b` kimnc`stiêåf. Xfr futrf aibf, fs prfoa`kis m`k s`kpr` såf nb`mtneibfs nb`mtneibfs b` cfrki nk`bniti nk`b niti ` nmt`rpr`tibfs b` kfbf a`jëv`a ` `vn`v nb`mt`. Î m`e`ssér m`e`ssérnf nf ibftir, `k `k iajums eisfs, prfe`ssfs prfe`s sfs ` s`quçmenis b` nmsp`êð`s
Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s
`stubf, måf dé f pauria pauria bi piaivri. piaiv ri. Xfr `x`kpaf, uki ssuri î uki kimnc`stiêåf pitfaõjnei, pfrtimtf, måf pfb` s`r r`c`rnbi efkf uki pitfafjni. Mi pitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s, dé bnv`rsfs efme`ntfs ` t`rkfs `kpr`jibfs. Xiri nmtrfbuznr f `stubf, pfb`-s` efrr`aienfmir i pitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s efk i pitfafjni mi ér`i kîbnei, qu` î kins cr`qu`mt` mf eftnbnimf, efkf `xpfstf mf Yuibrf 9.9. Iaîk bi b`sernêåf `a`k`mtir bfs t`rkfs, î pfssëv`a efkpr``mb`r i s`v`rnbib` b` eibi bimf mfs `x`kpafs. Yuibrf 9.9 R` R`rkfs rkfs j`rins bf `stubf bi pitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s ` `x`kpafs R`rkfs
B`cnmnêåf
Uåf fs prfoa`kis vnsëv`ns fu fos`rvév`ns, nmbneitnvfs b` ciadis bf efkpfrtik`mtf mfrkia
Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s
Xitfafjni kîbnei
Cnssuris, trnmeis, kimedik`mtfs, b`cfrkiêð`s, kfcf
Bfr b` eio`êi, `mgff, tfmturi
mi quia s` b`v` cfeir piri i sfauêåf
Efrrfsåf, r`eiaqu` `cafr`seçmeni,
Eïme`r, b`pr`ssåf
Nmsp`êåf
Î f ed`el-up, quimbf f pitõafjf fu kîbnef iviani f s`u pien`mt`, iprfvimbf i efmbnêåf fu sfanentimbf mfvfs `xik`s fu `msinfs
Ivianir i `struturi Ivianir `str uturi r`juairk`mt` fu quimbf dfuv`r uk citf `xtrifrbnmérnf b` nmt`r`ss`
Ivianir i p`ssfi Ivianir piri sio`r i efmbnêåf ituia b` si÷b`
Imikm`s`
Î f `stubf bfs imt`e`b`mt`s< m`ssi `tipi, b`v`-s` `seutir bfs usuérnfs ` pien`mt`s f qu` `ståf s`mtnmbf
Kimnc`stiêåf pitfaõjnei
Î i rinz bf prfoa`ki, C`mòk`mf
Efmv`rsi efk sëmbnef ` kfribfr`s imtnjfs, iméans` b` prfg`tf, v`rncneiêåf bf `stibf bfs
Iméans` b` dnstõrnef bf pien`mt` ` bfs ciknanir`s, v`rncneiêåf
prîbnfs vnznmdfs
b` `xik`s imt`rnfr`s
@msinfs måf b`strutnvfs
Uåf `msinfs/`xik`s qu` måf bimncneik f pien`mt`
@sea`rfk`trni, piefk`trni, uatrissfk
K`bnêåf b` pr`ssåf ` c`or`, uatrissfk
@msinfs s`knb`strutnvfs
Uåf `msinfs/`xik`s qu` eiusik p`qu`mf bimf if pien`mt`
@xtriêåf b` efrpfs b` prfvi, puaa-fut
Onõpsni, `xik` b` simju`
Efrrfsåf, `cafr`seçmeni, r`eiaqu`
Eïme`r, b`pr`ssåf
Bnijmõstnef
Î i `xpanentiêåf ` f `seair`enk`mtf bis frnj`ms, k`eimnskf, snmtfkis ` ij`mt`s eiusibfr`s bf c`mòk`mf fu prfoa`ki pitfaõjnef
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
ois` mi MO_ 9285:7 kimuia b` usf, fp`riêåf ` kimut`mêåf (IOMR, ?892o). F kimuia b`v` s`r `mtr`ju` ifs prfprn`térnfs mf itf bi efkpri `/fu r`e`onk`mtf bi umnbib`, fu `mtåf r`pissibf, s` pfrv`mturi f o`k cfr v`mbnbf fu iaujibf. F usf ` i kimut`mêåf ib`quibfs if afmjf bi vnbi ÷tna bi `bneiêåf p`rknt`k qu` fs r`qunsntfs b` b`s`kp`mdf bfs snst`kis efmstntunmt`s s`gik pr`s`rvibfs. Div`mbf i m`e`ssnbib` b` r`cfrkis, i MO_ 93?487 r`cfrki `k `bneiêð`s ― snst`ki b` j`ståf b` r`cfrkis (IOM (IOMR R, ?892e) b`m` fs pirïk`trfs pirïk`trf s qu` b`v`k s`r it`mbnbfs m`ssi itnvnbib`, sfor`tubf itr`aibfs è j`ståf bf s`rvnêf, `k qu` s` bnseut`k bnr`trnz`s ` efmbnêð`s efmtrituins ` b` iefkpimdik`mtf bi itnvnbib`. I Cnj. 9.0 efrr`aienfmi `ss` efmgumtf b` mfrkis. MO_ 03:2 J`rnr ` eukprnr f efmgumtf b` kimut`mêð`s `stio`a`enbis è `bneiêåf if afmjf bi vnbi ÷tna.
M_O 93?48 Mi m`e`ssnbib` b` nmt`rv`mêåf, j`rnr ` eukprnr f efmgumtf b` bnr`trnz`s `stio`a`enbis piri `aiofriêåf bis itnvnbib`s. MO_ 900:0 _`qunsntfs b` b`s`kp`mdf, ibkntnbfs `k prfg`tf, piri s`r`k eukprnbfs if afmjf bi vnbi ÷tna bi `bneiêåf. Cnj. 9.0
MO_ 9285: Kimuia b` usf, fp`riêåf ` kimut`mêåf vnsimbf pr`s`rvir f b`s`kp`mdf `stio`a`enbf `k prfg`tf.
Efrr`aiêåf `mtr` mfrkis usibis piri nkpaimtir ` pr`s`rvir f b`s`kp`mdf bi `bncneiêåf
Ufuzi ` _npp`r (9>>4) `xpaneik qu` fs prfoa`kis b`ijribfs burimt` f eneaf b` vnbi bi `bneiêåf pfb`k s`r bnv`rsfs, eiusibfs timtf pfr `mv`ad`enk`mtf mituria bfs kit`rnins quimtf pfr ienb`mt`s fefrrnbfs burimt` f s`u usf. Iaîk bnssf, is iêð`s bfs prfssnfmins ` tîemnefs `mvfavnbfs mi efme`pêåf pfb`k nmbuznr i cfrkiêåf b` prfoa`kis, s`gi pfr ciadis b` prfg`tf ` `x`euêåf, s`gi pfr `sefadi bfs kit`rnins `kpr`jibfs `k fori. Nssf r`cfrêi i m`e`ssnbib` b` ivianir eibi prfoa`ki efk pr`ensåf ` prubçmeni. Yuimtf kinfr i ieunbib` mi ivianiêåf b` uk prfe`ssf pitfaõjnef nmstiaibf, kinfr s`ré i efmimêi bf prfssnfmia mi r`efk`mbiêåf bi k`bnbi efrr`tnvi `, pfrtimtf, mf sue`ssf bi nmt`rv`mêåf. Eio` if pitõafjf `ssi tir`ci. F pitõafjf î f prfssnfmia r`spfmsév`a pfr trioiadfs tîemnefs qu` `mvfav`k fs `stubfs ` is itnvnbib`s piri nb`mtneir, gustneir, bnijmfstneir ` prfjmfstneir uk prfoa`ki pitfaõjnef fu itî k`skf r`ianzir uki nmsp`êåf rftnm`nri pr`v`mtnvi. Mf Orisna, i prétnei bi itnvnbib` b` pitõafjf î itrnounêåf bf irqunt`tf fu `mj`md`nrf envna, envn a, efmcfrk` A`n m· 0.9>2, b` ?2 b` b`z`korf b`z`korf b` 9>33. M`ss` e`mérnf, eursfs b` põs-jribuiêåf `k Xitfafjni bis Efmstruêð`s
Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s
i `efmfkni ` sust`mtionanbib` bf s`tfr, efkf b`stieik K`b`nrfs, Imbrib` ` D`a`m` (?899). Fos`rvi-s` qu` `ss`s efme`ntfs `ståf r`aienfmibfs ifs prnmeëpnfs b` b`s`kp`mdf bfs kit`rnins ` snst`kis. 9.?.?
Snsåf snstçknei bf b`s`kp`mdf bis `bncneiêð`s
B`s`kp`mdf, `k t`rkfs j`rins, î f efkpfrtik`mtf `k usf bi `bneiêåf ` bfs s`us snst`kis. Efmcfrk` gé `vnb`menibf, is `xnjçmenis t`kpfrins piri pir i eibi `bneiêåf b`v`k s`r pr`s`rvibis burimt` uk b`t`rknmibf p`rëfbf b` t`kpf. Eio` ifs prfssnfmins `mvfavnbfs mi efme`pêåf bi `bneiêåf ` ifs usuérnfs qu` b`ai usucru`k nkpaimtir k`bnbis qu` vns`k pr`s`rvir fu itnmjnr `ssis `xnjçmenis. Nmeukoçmenis
I vnbi ÷tna b` prfg`tf (SPX) î uki b`mnêåf t`õrnei, ` s`u viafr prétnef b`v` s`r `stio`a`enbf mi `tipi b` efme`pêåf bi `bneiêåf. @ss` p`rëfbf nré oianzir tfbf f prfe`ssf b` `aiofriêåf bi fori, o`k efkf cumbik`mtir f kfbf efkf i `bneiêåf s`ré utnanzibi. utnan zibi. Rfbfs fs `mvfavnbfs `mvfavnbfs mi `bneiêåf pfssu`k i r`spfmsionanbib` r`spfmsion anbib` b` `bneir uk o`k qu` it`mbi i uki vnbi ÷tna b`, mf këmnkf, f t`kpf b`mnbf `k prfg`tf. Nssf snjmnei qu` f nmefrpfribfr, f efmstrutfr, f prfg`tnsti ` f cfrm`e`bfr b`v`k `mtr`jir uk o`k burév`a, efk kit`rnins ` kîtfbfs ib`quibfs, ` eio` if usuérnf s`junr is k`bnbis qu` ad` cfr`k `stio`a`enbis piri jirimtnr i cumenfmianbib` cumenfmia nbib` bi fori `mtr`ju`. I Cnj. C nj. 9.95 r`pr`s`mti `ss` efmgumtf b` nmeukoçmenis ipaneév`ns mi nkpaimtiêåf n kpaimtiêåf b` mëv`ns b` b`s`kp`mdf i uki `bneiêåf. Î b` r`spfmsionanbib` bf nmefrpfribfr, `k efmsfmïmeni efk fs prfg`tnstis, b`mnr f mëv`a b` b`s`kp`mdf iak`gibf. @ss` î f pfmtf pfmtf b` pirtnbi. pirtn bi. Eio` tikoîk i `a` nb`mtneir tfbfs fs rnsefs pr`vnsëv`ns mi îpfei bf prfg`tf, fs quins pfb`råf Nmefrpfribfr
Xrfg`tnsti
Efmstrutfr
B`s`kp`mdf bis `bneiêð`s
Cfrm`e`bfr
Psuérnf Cnj. 9.95 Nmeukoçmenis piri i nkpaimtiêåf bf b`s`kp`mdf `k `bncneiêð`s
Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s
Cnj. 9.90 Knerfcnssuri `k uk snst`ki b`
r`v`stnk`mtf `k irjikissi
Cnj. 9.9: Cnssuri fu trnmei fos`rvibi `k uk
snst`ki b` v`biêåf v`rtneia
Cnj. 9.93 Cnssuri `k uk snst`ki b`
r`v`stnk`mtf `k irjikissi
Cnj. 9.94 Cnssuri fu riediburi prõxnki è
io`rturi b` uki `bncneiêåf
Cnj. 9.9> Cnssuris prfbuznbis mf snst`ki b` v`biêåf v`rtneia b` uki efmstruêåf
Imiansibfs fs snmtfkis ` nb`mtneibis i `xnstçmeni b` uki nmefmcfrknbib` ` is suis prfvév`ns eiusis, b`t`rknmi-s` uk paimf b` iêåf piri f `stubf ` i efkpr``msåf kins knmuenfsi bf prfoa`ki. Rriêi-s`, `mtåf, uki `stritîjni b`
Xitfafjni bis efmstruêð`s
9.2.9
Rnpfs b` kimut`mêåf Kimut`mêåf efrr`tnvi
I kimut`mêåf efrr`tnvi î iqu`ai nmt`rv`mêåf qu` vnsi efrrnjnr uk `a`k`mtf fu snst`ki mf quia s` fos`rvi i nmenbçmeni b` ciadi fu b`s`kp`mdf k`mfr qu` f `sp`ribf. r`ianzir r`pirf fu suostntunêåf bf `a`k`mtf efk f fog`tnvf b`Ousei-s` r`stio`a`e`r i pa`mi cumenfmianbib` ` s`jurimêi qu`b`en`mt`, ad` cfri ibkntnbf `k prfg`tf. Xfr måf s` tritir sfk`mt` b` uki kimut`mêåf b` `k`rjçmeni, pfb`-s` bnvnbn-ai `k paim`gibi ` måf paim`gibi. I kimut`mêåf efrr`tnvi paim`gibi î iqu`ai b`enbnbi pfr k`nf bi fos`rviêåf fos`r viêåf b` uki qu`bi bf b`s`kp`mdf b` iajuk `a`k`mtf fu kit`rnia, måf m`e`ssirnik`mt` ipõs i sui ciadi, ` kuntis v`z`s î b`mnbi ipõs kimut`mêð`s b`t`etnvis fu pr`bntnvis. Gé i kimut`mêåf måf paim`gibi î iqu`ai cumbik`mtibi mi ciadi b` iajuk `a`k`mtf. I r`efmstntunêåf bf efmer`tf b` efornk`mtf bis irkiburis b` uki `struturi `str uturi qu` ipr`s`mti nmbëenfs b` rfkpnk`mtf bi sui p`aëeuai pissnvibfri, nb`mtneibfs mi kimut`mêåf pr`bntnvi, î uk `x`kpaf b` uki kimut`mêåf efrr`tnvi paim`gibi. Xfr futrf aibf, i suostntunêåf fu f tritik`mtf bis irkiburis fxnbibis b` uki `struturi b` efmer`tf irkibf î uk `x`kpaf b` uki kimut`mêåf efrr`tnvi måf paim`gibi. Kimut`mêåf pr`v`mtnvi
I kimut`mêåf pr`v`mtnvi î i nmt`rv`mêåf qu` vnsi pr`s`rvir f b`s`kp`mdf bi `bneiêåf `k iajuk kfk`mtf bi sui vnbi ÷tna, `vntimbf i b`ijriêåf b` imfkianis. Is nmt`rv`mêð`s fu kimut`mêð`s pr`v`mtnvis måf såf r`ianzibis quimbf s` b`ijri iajuk prfoa`ki, kis `k iajuk pfmtf qu` imt`e`b` f surjnk`mtf bi ciadi, b` cfrki i pr`v`mn-ai. Efmsnst` mi suostntunêåf b` p`êis fu mi r`mfviêåf bfs snst`kis b` prft`êåf, s`jumbf uki p`rnfbnenbib` `stio`a`enbi p`af ciorneimcior neimt` bf prfbutf. Pk `x`kpaf b` ipaneiêåf b`ss` tnpf b` kimut`mêåf î i r`mfviêåf bi pnmturi b` uki `bneiêåf. Kimut`mêåf pr`bntnvi
I kimut`mêåf pr`bntnvi î iqu`ai qu` tfki efkf ois` f iefkpimdik`mtf bfs pirïk`trfs fu bf b`s`kp`mdf b` uk `a`k`mtf fu snst`ki qu` r`e`o` kfmntfrik`mtf efmtëmuf. @ssi kimut`mêåf î `aiofribi b` cfrki snst`kitnzibi, `xnjnmbf uki iméans` iméan s` knmuenfsi bfs r`suatibfs efa`tibfs if afmjf bf t`kpf piri i tfkibi b` b`ensåf. Î uk tnpf b` kimut`mêåf kins cumbik`mtibf bf qu` i pr`v`mtnvi, pfr `mvfav`r bibfs ` ëmbne`s efkpiritnvfs. Xiri `ss` tnpf b` kimut`mêåf, fs `qunpik`mtfs ` f snst`ki imiansibf b`v`k p`rkntnr iajuk tnpf b` kfmntfrik`mtf, ` is ciadis b`v`k s`r frnumbis b` eiusis qu` tikoîk pfssik s`r
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XIRFAFJNI BIU @UR_PRP_IU B@ EFME_@RF
F efmer`tf irkibf î i sfauêåf `struturia kins `kpr`jibi mis efmstruêð`s orisna`nris ` `k jrimb` pire`ai bis `bneiêð`s bfs prnmenpins piës`s bf kumbf. I sui kinfr cr`quçmeni b` usf î gustneibi, prnmenpiak`mt`, p`afs r`buznbfs eustfs `mvfavnbfs mi sui prfbuêåf, b`vnbfs ifs s`us kit`rnins efmstntunmt`s, è kåf b` fori `kpr`jibi mi `tipi b` `x`euêåf `x`e uêåf ` if t`kpf b`sp`mbnbf b` prfg`tf, mfrkiak`mt` nmc`rnfr if bis `struturis b` iêf. Efk r`snstçmenis ib`quibis, ianibis if kfmfantnskf bis vnmeuaiêð`s vnmeu aiêð`s bfs `a`k`mtfs, `a`k`mtfs, is `struturis `str uturis b` efmer`tf irkibf p`rknt`k sfauêð`s kins fusibis bf qu` iqu`ais efme`onbis `k iav`mirni iutfpfrtimt`. Iaîk bnssf, i cr`quçmeni b` usf, ianibi if nmt`r`ss` `k p`squnsi bf efmer`tf, k`adfrfu i sui efkpr``msåf pfr t`emõafjfs ` prfg`tnstis `struturins, r`buznmbf is nme`rt`zis ` ftnknzimbf s`u `kpr`jf. Gé `k t`rkfs b` burionanbib`, i `xe`a`mt` r`snstçmeni bf efmer`tf è éjui ` è ijr`ssnvnbib` ikon`mtia tfrmi-f i sfauêåf `struturia j`riak`mt` efk k`mfr ëmbne`, p`rnfbnenbib` fu eustf b` kimut`mêåf `k r`aiêåf i futris, b`sb` qu` ib`quibik`mt` prfg`tibi if ikon`mt` b` nms`rêåf. Ier`bntivi-s`, imtnjik`mt`, qu` f efmer`tf irkibf `ri uk kit`rnia `t`rmf, uki v`z qu` ipr`s`mtivi uk õtnkf efkpfrtik`mtf p`rimt` f usf ` i `xpfsnêåf if ikon`mt`. Dfg`, sio`-s` qu` måf î issnk. Efk f nmer`k`mtf b` sui ipaneiêåf sfor` bnv`rsfs ikon`mt`s `/fu sfanentiêð`s k`eïmneis, fos`rvfu-s` qu`, `k e`rtfs kfk`mtfs ` sfo e`rtis efmbnêð`s `sp`eëeis, iajums bfs efkpfm`mt`s qu` efmstntu`k f efmer`tf irkibf pissirik i ipr`s`mtir k`eimnskfs b` b`t`rnfriêåf tëpnefs, prfkfv`mbf uki r`buêåf pirenia fu tftia b` cumenfmianbib` bis p`êis ` ieirr`timbf eustfs b` r`pirf fu kimut`mêåf. X`re`o`u-s` qu` f efmer`tf irkibf måf `ri `t`rmf, ` qu` f ikon`mt` f b`t`rnfrivi b` bnc`r`mt`s bn c`r`mt`s cfrkis. Mf Orisna, Orisn a, sfk`mt` mf imf b` ?885, efk i puoaneiêåf bi mfvi MO_ 3994 qu` suostntunu i v`rsåf imt`rnfr b` 9>:4 ― mfrki qu` frn`mti
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
bf, piri eibi ikon`mt`, uki `seiai (mëv`ns b` nmt`msnbib`), bnvnbnbi `k eaiss`s I9, I?, O9, O?, E ` P. Is eaiss`s måf r`k`t`k bnr`tik`mt` i uk ikon`mt`, s`måf if bimf if efmer`tf. Xfb`-s` t`r, pfr `x`kpaf, bfns ikon`mt`s bnstnmtfs, bnstn mtfs, kis efk f k`skf jriu b` s`v`rnbib` if efmer`tf, f qu` efmbuz i uki k`ski eaiss`. @ssi s`v`rnbib` s`v`r nbib` b`v` s`r r`aienfmibi if mëv`a bf bimf prfbuznbf, prfbuz nbf, ` måf if tnpf bf bimf. Mf Yuibrf ?.5 î pfssëv`a mftir i virnionanbib` bi mitur`zi bfs ikon`mt`s b` eibi eaiss`, i quia `ssi mfrki ediki b` ‑eaissneiêåf bi `xpfsnêåf‛. Yuibrf ?.5
Eaiss`s b` ijr`ssnvnbib` ikon`mtia s`jumbf i IU 5388
Eaiss`
B`sernêåf
` mëv`a
@a`k`mtfs `k efmtitf efk f sfaf prft`jnbfs pfr tnmtis fu b` cumbiêåf nms`rnbfs `k sfafs måf efmtiknmibfs. @a`k`mtfs `k ikon`mt`s 9
nmt`rmfs. @a`k`mtfs `k ikon`mt`s `xt`rmfs `k r`jnð`s måf nmbustrnins ` b` eanki érnbf Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib`
I
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@a`k`mtfs `k efmtitf efk f sfaf måf efmtiknmibfs måf pr`vnstfs `k I9. @a`k`mtfs `k ikon`mt`s `xt`rmfs `k r`jnð`s måf nmbustrnins ` b` eanki t`kp`ribf Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib` @a`k`mtfs `k ikon`mt`s nmt`rmfs b` efmstruêð`s `k r`jnð`s nmbustrnins. @a`k`mtfs `k ikon`mt`s `xt`rmfs `k r`jnð`s måf nmbustrnins ` b` eanki trfpneia ` nms`rnbfs `k r`jnð`s nmbustrnins nmbust rnins `k quiaqu`r eanki.
9
@a`k`mtfs nms`rnbfs `k uki cinxi efkpr``mbnbi `mtr` `mt r` 9 lk ` 08 lk bi efsti bf kir, `k quiaqu`r eanki. @a`k`mtfs suok`rsfs `k éjui bfe` Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib`. @k uk eisf,
O
b`nxi suo`mt`mbnbf @a`k`mtfs nms`rnbfs `k itî 9 lk bi efsti bf kir, `k quiaqu`r eanki, `xe`tf `k efmtitf bnr`tf efk r`spnmjfs b` kirî ` mîvfi ?
sianmi. @a`k`mtfs suok`rsfs `k éjui siajibi Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib`. @k uk eisf, b`nxi suo`mt`mbnbf @a`k`mtfs nms`rnbfs `k zfmis b` r`spnmjf b` kirî ` mîvfis sianmis
E
Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib`, kis î pfssëv`a pr`ssupfr @a`k`mtfs `k efmtitf efk éjui efrr`mt`. @a`k`mtfs `k quiaqu`r
P
futrf ikon`mt` måf ibkntnbf `k I9, I?, O9 ` O? Ikon`mt`7 måf ciz r`c`rçmeni sfor` f jriu b` uknbib`, kis î pfssëv`a pr`ssupfr
Cfmt`7 ibiptibf b` IU (?88>).
I IU 5388 (IU, ?88>) tikoîk prfpð` i s`piriêåf bf t`rrntõrnf iustrianimf `k zfmis eankétneis, efmcfrk` i Cnj. ?.>, s`pirimbf is r`jnð`s `k eanki trfpneia, érnbf fu t`kp`ribf ` `stio`a`e`mbf r`efk`mbiêð`s b` prfg`tf `sp`eëeis piri
Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` efmer`tf
Cnj. ?.?3 Cnssuri ` b`spaieik`mtf bf efmer`tf mi r`jnåf bfs `strnofs, gumtf è ir`sti
b` uk pnair, mi enbib` b` Kîrnbi, Kîxnef
Cnj. ?.?: @stibf ivimêibf b` efrrfsåf bis irkiburis bi cie` nmc`rnfr b` uki vnji
mi r`jnåf k`trfpfantimi b` Xfrtf Ia`jr`, Orisna
Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` efmer`tf
uki ssuriêåf. I irkiburi igubi mi iosfrêåf bfs `scfrêfs< afjf, quimtf kins irkibi, k`mfs i p`êi sfcr` efk is iêð`s. Fs k`eimnskfs cësnefs tikoîk pfb`k s` b`s`mvfav`r mf `stibf cr`sef bf efmer`tf fu b`vnbf ifs b`sjist`s sup`renins, mf `stibf `mbur`enbf, frnjnmibfs pfr prfe`ssfs b` itrntf `mtr` uki cfmt` `xt`rmi ` i sup`rcëen` bf efmer`tf. Efkf efms`quçmeni, såf prfbuznbis `rfsð`s ` eivntiêð`s mfs `a`k`mtfs. I s`junr, iofrbik-s` fs k`eimnskfs b` r`triêåf bf efmer`tf, kfvnk`mtiêåf tîrknei, iêåf b` j`af ` b`j`af ` b`sjist` sup`renia pfr `rfsåf fu eivntiêåf. _`triêåf bf efmer`tf
I r`triêåf bf efmer`tf î bnvnbnbi `k r`triêåf pfr s`eij`k, pfr iss`mtik`mtf paéstnef, iutõj`mi ` pfr eirofmitiêåf. I r`triêåf pfr iss`mtik`mtf paéstnef paést nef î quimbf f efmer`tf s` ib`msi `, ipõs ipõs f `mbur`enk`mtf, `a`k`mtfs xfs ` rëjnbfs r`strnmj`k i sui kfvnk`mtiêåf, efkf `a`trfbutfs ` oirris b` iêf (Cnj. ?.58). Gé i r`triêåf r`tr iêåf iutõj`mi fefrr` b`vnbf b `vnbf if vfauk` bfs bf s efkpfstfs dnbritibfs, d nbritibfs, f quia î k`mfr qu` f vfauk` bf enk`mtf kins f bi éjui. Fu s`gi, tfbi pirtëeuai b` enk`mtf qu` dnbriti prfvfei uki p`qu`mi efmtriêåf mi knsturi. knst uri. Afjf, î uki kimnc`stiêåf pitfaõjnei qu` fefrr`ré, kins efkuk`mt`, `k efmer`tfs efk `a`vibfs efmsukfs b` enk`mtf, efkf fs efmer`tfs b` iati r`snstçmeni. I r`triêåf pfr eirofmitiêåf î pir`enbi efk i iutõj`mi, pfns tikoîk î uki efmtriêåf quëknei. Fefrr` quimbf f dnbrõxnbf d nbrõxnbf b` eéaenf (EiFD?) bf efmer`tf dnbritibf r`ij` efk f bnõxnbf b` eirofmf (EF?) bf ikon`mt`, cfrkimbf f eirofmitf b` eéaenf (EiEF5). Xfrîk, f EiEF5 î k`mfr bf qu` f EiFD?, eiusimbf i r`triêåf bf efmer`tf. Issnk, i r`triêåf pfr eirofmitiêåf fefrr` if afmjf bi vnbi ÷tna bf `a`k`mtf ` bfknmimt`k`mt` `k ikon`mt`s kins ijr`ssnvfs ` efk efmer`tfs b`sprft`jnbfs. Fos`rvi-s` qu` is r`triêð`s pfr iss`mtik`mtf paéstnef, iutõj`mi ` pfr eirofmitiêåf måf såf efkums mf bni i bni bi efmstruêåf envna m`k r`suatik `k Cnss nssu uri ris s
Kfvnk`mtf bf efmer`tf cr`sef
Cnj. ?.58 _`triêåf pfr iss`mtik`mtf paéstnef
Cfmt`7 ibiptibf b` Eirkfmi Cnadf ` Eirkfmi (?895).
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
ssuris s` cfrkik quis` qu` snkuatim`ik`mt` ` `k j`ria s` afeianzik mfs pfmtfs fmb` `ståf nmstiaibfs fs `strnofs, `str nofs, efmcfrk` naustri i Cnj. ?.09. ?.09. Rriêåf mi ca`xåf ` efrtimt`
Mf eisf bis vnjis, vnji s, f bnk`msnfmik`mtf bis p`êis p `êis î c`ntf mf `stébnf NNN b` b`cfrkiêåf prfpfstf p`ai MO_ 3994 (IOMR, ?892i). M`ss` `stéjnf, piri `c`ntfs b` ftnknziêåf ftnkn ziêåf bi s`êåf, f kfk`mtf kfk`mtf `tfr b` prfg`tf î iqu`a` prõxnkf if bi ruëmi ruë mi bf `a`k`mtf,, nstf î, bf s`u `stibf-anknt` `a`k`mtf `stibf-ank nt` ÷atnkf (@AP). Efkf efms`quçmeni, i p`êi `mefmtri-s` ssuribi mi r`jnåf trienfmibi. @ssis ssuris, tfbivni, såf ankntibis pfr mfrki, piri `c`ntfs b` burionanbib`. Eio` if prfg`tnsti v`rneir ` `vntir i ssuriêåf `xe`ssnvi bis p`êis, pfr k`nf bi v`rneiêåf b` b`cfrkiêð`s ` io`rt io`rturis uris kéxnkis kéxnki s b` ssuris fu bf `stibf-anknt` b` s`rvnêf (@AU). Is ssuris mis `struturis b` efmer`tf såf ivianibis burimt` f s`u s`rvnêf ` måf mfs nmstimt`s qu` imt`e`b`k f efaipsf. Is io`rturis kéxnkis b` ssuris, imiansibis mf @AU-Z (`stibf-anknt` b` io`rturi b` ssuris) p`ai MO_ 3994 (IOMR, ?892i), såf ankntibis `k cumêåf bi ijr`ssnvnbib` quëknei bf ikon`mt` fmb` i p`êi `sté nms`rnbi, b` iefrbf efk is eaisCnj. ?.09 Cnssuris eiriet`rëstneis
b` `scfrêfs b` triêåf
s`s b` ijr`ssnvnbib` ikon`mtia. Nmb`p`mb`mt`k`mt` bi frnj`k, is ssuris prfbuznbis pfr `scfrêfs `xe`ssnvfs b` `xåf s`
kimnc`stik efk uki cfrki o`k eiriet`rëstnei ` fefrr`k ip`mis mi pirt` trienfmibi bi s`êåf. Rfki-s` efkf `x`kpaf uki vnji onipfnibi efk buis eirjis efme`mtribis b` kijmntub` X, kfstribi mi Cnj. ?.0?. Efk f eirr`jik`mtf b`ssi vnji, v nji, is trig`tõrnis trig`tõr nis b` t`msåf b` triêåf ` efkpr`ssåf qu` m`ai ituik såf ipr`s`mtibis mi Cnj. ?.05. Is t`msð`s b` triêåf såf piria`ais if `nxf afmjntubnmia bi vnji mf tr`edf `k qu` i `xåf puri fefrr`, fu s`gi, mf våf e`mtria b`ssi vnji. Mfs b`kins tr`edfs, is trig`tõrnis såf nmeanmibis, b`vnbf è nmuçmeni b` futrfs `scfrêfs, efkf fs efrti efrtimt`s. mt`s. Mis `xtr`knbib`s bi vnji, is trig`tõrnis såf p`rp`mbneuair`s `mtr` sn, pfrtimtf is ssuris s` b`s`mvfav`råf p`rp`mbneuairk`mt` ès bnr`êð`s bis t`msð`s b` triêåf. Efk ois` m`ssis anmdis b` t`msåf, Rdfkiz (?88:) efk`mti qu`, mf k`nf bf våf, is ssuris t`mb`k i s`r p`rp`mbneuair`s if `nxf afmjntubnmia bi p`êi p `êi `, prõxnkf ifs ipfnfs, `ssis ssuris s` nmeanmik i iprfxnkibik`mt` 20¸ efk i dfrnzfmtia. Mis
vnjis iatis, `ssis ssuris pfb`k ed`jir i 38¸ b` nmeanmiêåf. n meanmiêåf.
Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` efmer`tf
B`ençmenis m`ssi `tipi pfb`k prfkfv`r uki r`buêåf bf efornk`mtf mfknmia bis irkiburis, b`nximbf-is kins suse`tëv`ns ifs itiqu`s ikon`mtins, efkf kfstribf mi Cnj. ?.::, ?.::, qu` r`pr`s`mti uki vnsti vnst i nmc`rnfr bi vnji v nji b` s`êåf einxåf qu` efkpð` f tioua`nrf b` uki pfmt` b` efmer`tf irkibf, efk `xpfsnêåf b` irkiburis. I r`kfêåf nmefrr`ti fu pr`kituri bfs `sefrik`mtfs ` cfrkis pfb` nmbuznr if surjnk`mtf b` ssuris pfr b`cfrkiêð`s paéstneis `xe`ssnvis. M`ssi `tipi, ibknt`-s` qu` f efmer`tf, inmbi `k prfe`ssf b` euri, måf pfssun uki r`snstçmeni r`snstçmen i k`eïmnei suen`mt`. Yuiaqu`r `scfrêf pfb` euaknmir `k kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis, kuntis v`z`s nmtimjëv`ns. Xfr nssf, b`stiei-s` i m`e`ssnbib` b` uk prfg`tf ib`quibf b` cfrkis ` b` r`tnribi bfs `sefrik`mtfs. I Cnj. ?.:4 naustri pfssëv`ns prfoa`kis frnumbfs b` nmefmcfrknbib`s b`ssi mitur`zi. nnn) Nmeçmbnf
Is prnmenpins kimnc`stiêð`s b`s`mvfavnbis mis `struturis b` efmer`tf irkibf `xpfstis ès iatis t`kp`rituris såf i b`t`rnfriêåf k`eïmnei, i b`cfrkiêåf tîrknei ` f b`spaieik`mtf (spiaanmj). @ss`s c`mòk`mfs såf cumbik`mtibfs mis iat`riêð`s cësnef-quëkneis mi pisti b` enk`mtf ` mfs ijr`jibfs ` mi nmefkpitnonanbib` tîrknei `mtr` ikofs. Eibi k`eimnskf s` b`s`mvfav` `k uki cinxi `sp`eëei b` t`kp`rituri, r`pr`s`mtitnvi bi mitur`zi quëknei bf kit`rnia, j`rimbf iat`riêð`s knerf`struturins virnibis. Ip`sir b` is iatis t`kp`rituris prfpfrenfmir`k trimscfrkiêð`s b` eumdf quëknef ` cësnef mf efmer`tf irkibf, i cfmt` j`ribfri bf prfe`ssf, f cfjf, måf î uk ij`mt` qu` f ijr nb` qunkneik`mt`,
Cnj. ?.:: Snsti nmc`rnfr bi vnji einxåf b` pfmt` b` efmer`tf irkibf
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
Fs `qunpik`mtfs fu kit`rnins `kpr`jibfs piri f bnijmõstnef pfb`k fu måf prfbuznr bimfs mi `struturi. B`ssi cfrki, fs `msinfs såf eaissneibfs `k
måf
b`strutnvfs fu s`knb`strutnvfs.
?.?.9
@msinfs måf b`strutnvfs
Fs `msinfs måf b`strutnvfs b`str utnvfs måf bimneik f `a`k`mtf `stubibf< pfr nssf, såf fs kins r`efk`mbév`ns r`efk`mbé v`ns piri s`r`k `sp`eneibfs, `sp `eneibfs, s`kpr` qu` pfssëv`a. I s`junr, b`tiadik-s` fs prnmenpins, efkf ssuròk`trf, `sea`rfk`trni, `sea`rfk`trni, uatrissfk, uatr issfk, piefk`trni, piefk`trni, r`snstnvnbir `snstnvnbib` `aîtrnei, p`rk`ionanbib`, t`rkfjrii nmcriv`rk`adi ` `xt`msfk`trni `aîtrnei. Cnssuròk`trf
F ssuròk`trf î uk nmstruk`mtf qu` fog`tnvi k`bnr i kijmntub` bi io`rturi bi ssuri b` b`t`rknmibi p`êi. Iaîk b` `struturis b` efmer`tf irkibf, f nmstruk`mtf tikoîk pfb` s`r usibf `k r`v`stn r`v`stnk`mtfs, k`mtfs, iav`mirnis, iav`mirn is, `mtr` futrfs. F usf bf ssuròk`trf måf nmbnei i frnj`k fu f k`eimnskf b` b`t`rnfriêåf qu` `sté nmstiaibf mf efmer`tf ssuribf< tfbivni, `a` s`rv` efkf oianzibfr bi kijmntub` bi kimnc`stiêåf qu` nmenb` (Cnj. ?.>2). Xfb` s`r usibf gumtf efk futrfs `msinfs b` kinfr pr`ensåf.
Cnj. ?.>2 Iméans` b` cnssuri
efk cnssuròk`trf
K`bnbis sue`ssnvis bi io`rturi bis ssuris, `k t`kpfs pr`b`mnbfs p`af prfssnfmia, pfb`k nmbneir s` f prfe`ssf b` b`t`rnfriêåf nmstiaibf î fu måf itnvf. @ss` citf pfb` nmcfrkir s` f k`eimnskf prfss`ju` mf t`kpf, f qu` igubi mi b`mnêåf sfor` i frnj`k ` i eiusi. Bnenak`mt` is iméans`s efk ssuròk`trf såf efmeausnvis, eio`mbf if prfssnfmia r`ianzir uki iméans` erëtnei bis k`bnêð`s c`ntis.
5
XIRFAFJNI BIU XIRFAFJNI @UR_PRP_IU K@R K@RÉANEIU ÉANEIU
Is vimtij`ms bis `struturis b` iêf, efkf v`afenbib` ` prfbutnvnbib` bi fori, ankp`zi bf eimt`nrf b` foris, pr`ensåf efmstrutnvi, iprfv`ntik`mtf bfs `spiêfs, iaëvnf bis cumbiêð`s ` r`buêåf bfs r`sëbufs mins b` efmstruêåf, inmbi måf sust`mtik, prnfrntirnik`mt`, f usf bi sfauêåf b` cfrki j`m`rianzibi mf Orisna. Xiri `bneiêð`s efmv`menfmins, f eustf ijr`jibf b`ssi iat`rmitnvi, k`bnimt` iajums erntîrnfs b` iméans`, pfb` s`r iatf ― kis måf m`e`ssirnik`mt` s`ré s`kpr` kinfr ― `k r`aiêåf ès `struturis b` efmer`tf irkibf, s`gi mi `tipi b` prfbuêåf (iatf viafr b` `qunpik`mtfs b` kfmtij`k, fp`rérnfs quianeibfs `te.), mf trimspfrt` bfs p`rs bi usnmi snb`r÷rjnei if eimt`nrf fu p`ai prõprni kitîrni-prnki. kitîrni-prnki. F usf b`ssi iat`rmitnvi inmbi b`v` s`r efmsnb`ribf sfo uki iméans` tîemnef-`efmòknei ` uki euaturi k`mfs nk`bnitnsti `k t`rkfs b` r`suatibfs, f qu` pfb`, nmeausnv`, tfrmé-ai kins oiriti bf qu` f usf b` `struturi b` efmer`tf irkibf. @ssi sfauêåf tfrmi-s` itritnvi quimbf såf efmsnb`ribfs fs o`m`cëenfs ijr`jibfs if eustf, prnmenpiak`mt` quimtf è ijnanbib`, ifs k`mfr`s eustfs bis cumbiêð`s, è ano`rbib` irqunt`tòmnei, `mtr` futrfs. Mfs p`rëfbfs civfrév`ns bi `efmfkni, i ijnanbib` b` prfbuêåf tfrmi-s` prnfrntérni. Iaîk bnssf, fs s`afs v`rb`s bis `bneiêð`s, efkf A@@B, U`af Eisi Izua ` U`af Iqui, jimdik cfrêi ` ofi ie`ntionanbib` bf k`reibf, ciz`mbf efk qu` is `struturis k`téaneis t`mdik ofis p`rsp`etnvis mf e`mérnf bi efmstruêåf envna ` s`gik ivianibis efkf sfauêåf `struturia piri `bneiêð`s diontienfmins efmv`menfmins, efkf gé fefrr` mfs @stibfs Pmnbfs ` mi Nmjait`rri. Fs snst`kis `struturins efkpfstfs pfr p`rs b` iêf `ståf suse`ptëv`ns i ijr`ssð`s bf ikon`mt` b` efmstruêåf bi `struturi, f qu` efkprfk`t` f s`u b`s`kp`mdf mf t`kpf. K`eimnskfs cësnefs, quëknefs ` onfaõjnefs pfb`k s` b`s`mvfav`r mf iêf, s`mbf i efrrfsåf k`téanei i kins efmd`enbi, pfns `ss` c`mò-
k`mf î kuntf cr`qu`mt` m`ssis `struturis. Is r`efk`mbiêð`s b` burionanbib`
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
`ss`s k`eimnskfs s` b`s`mvfav`k if afmjf bf t`kpf. @k sëmt`s`, imiansi-s` i `ssçmeni bf prfoa`ki, fu s`gi, i ‑bf`mêi‛, i quia pfb` s`r b` eumdf quëknef, cësnef, onfaõjnef fu k`eïmnef. k`eïm nef. Mf s`jumbf tõpnef, mf quia s` b`oit` f bnijmõstnef, î ipr`s`mtibi i jiki b` `qunpik`mtfs ` b` `msinfs m`e`ssérnfs piri nb`mtneir i imfkiani. M`ss` M`ss ` tõpnef, r`ianzi-s` b`sb` f a`vimtik`mtf b` bibfs itî i nmt`rpr`tiêåf bfs prfoa`kis, s`mbf s `mbf ipr`s`mtibfs fs ‑`xik`s‛. ‑`xik`s‛. Mf t`re`nrf t`re`n rf tõpnef, `k qu` s` bnseut` f r`pirf, såf ipr`s`mtibis iajukis cfrkis b` efrr`êåf bfs prfoa`kis bnijmfstneibfs, fu s`gi, is r`efk`mbiêð`s piri simir f prfoa`ki.
5.9 K`eimnskfs b` b`t`rnfriêåf Fs k`eimnskfs `mefmtrik-s` s`piribfs `k quëknefs, cësnefs, onfaõjnefs ` k`eïmnefs. 5.9.9
K`eimnskfs quëknefs b` b`t`rnfriêåf
F prnmenpia ` kins cr`qu`mt` k`eimnskf quëknef b` b`t`rnfriêåf bis `struturis b` iêf î i efrrfsåf k`téanei. I efrrfsåf î b`mnbi efkf uk prfe`ssf `spfmtïm`f, prfvfeibi p`ai nmt`riêåf quëknei bf k`tia efk f ikon`mt`, prfkfv`mbf vir virniêð`s niêð`s quëkneis bis suis prfprn`bib`s, efk p`rbi p`rbi bis eiriet`rëstneis eiriet`rëst neis `struturins. `struturin s. Xfb`-s` eiriet`rnzir `ss` k`eimnskf efkf uk prfe`ssf b` b`t`rnfriêåf cësnef-quëknef, uki v`z qu` fs prfbutfs bi efrrfsåf eiusik uki iat`riêåf bi j`fk`trni bis p`êis k`téaneis, b`vnbf è bnssfauêåf bfs k`tins pfr r`iêð`s quëkneis (vni s`ei, pfr k`nf b` jis`s) fu `a`trfquëkneis (vni ÷knbi, pfr k`nf b` `a`trõantfs). Xiri fs kit`rnins bi efmstruêåf envna, i efrrfsåf `a`trfquëknei `a`trfquëknei î i kins cr`qu`mt`, r`pr`s`mtimbf, s`jumbf _ined`v, S`a`vi ` Siab`z (?88>), >5% bfs eisfs. I fefrrçmeni bf c`mòk`mf tikoîk î r`aienfmibi if eirr`jik`mtf qu` nmenb` mi p`êi, f `stibf b` t`msåf, f quia j`ri b`cfrkiêð`s qu` pfb`k tfrmir f kit`rnia kins suse`ptëv`a suse`ptëv `a mi r`jnåf t`msnfmibi. Ib`kins, citfr`s eankétnefs, efkf t`kp`rituri ` uknbib`, gustneik gust neik f b`s`meib`ik`mtf bf c`mòk`mf, c`mòk`mf, ciz`mbf efk qu` s`gi fos`rvibf b` cfrki dfaëstnei. F k`eimnskf b` efrrfsåf î uk c`mòk`mf nmtrëms`ef ifs k`tins. I efrrfsåf quëknei b`s`mvfav`-s`, nmeausnv`, mi nmb÷strni snb`r÷rjnei, burimt` i ciorneiêåf, b`vnbf ès iatis t`kp`rituris. B` iefrbf efk _ined`v, S`a`vi ` Siab`z (?88>), mf b`efrr`r bf prfe`ssf b` aiknmiêåf aik nmiêåf i qu`mt` b` k`tins c`rrfsfs, c`r rfsfs, `k tfrmf tfr mf b` 5% i 0% bf k`tia tritibf î p`rbnbf. Rriti-s` bi efrrfsåf b` sup`rcëen` qu` fefrr` mfs `a`k`mtfs gé mis prnk`nris nbib`s ipõs i prfbuêåf. J`mtna (?89?) efk`mti qu` i b`t`rnfriêåf eiusibi p`ai r`iêåf cësnef-quëknei `mtr` kit`rnia ` ikon`mt` suok`t`-f i prfe`ssfs b` b`sjist`, virniêð`s quëkneis bi sui efkpfsnêåf fu kfbneiêð`s b` eumdf `struturia, tfrmimbf-f
nmib`quibf piri usf. F c`mòk`mf prfkfv` uki trimscfrkiêåf b`j`m`ritnvi
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
Cfrkis b` efrrfsåf (snmtfkitfafjni)
I efrrfsåf k`téanei pfb` s`r umncfrk`, afeianzibi (fu måf umncfrk`) ` jiavïmnei. n) Efrrfsåf umncfrk`
R`k-s` i efrrfsåf umncfrk` quimbf f k`eimnskf bi efrrfsåf s` b`s`mvfav` `k tfbi i sup`rcëen` bf `a`k`mtf `struturia, fefrr`mbf b` cfrki efmtëmui, efk tixi iprfxnkibik`mt` njuia `k eibi pfmtf bi p`êi. Î uki efrrfsåf cienak`mt` b`t`etibi, bibi i sui vnsnonanbib` `k tfbi i `xt`msåf bf `a`k`mtf. I efrrfsåf umncfrk` j`riak`mt` s` b`s`mvfav` mfs k`tins `k efmtitf bnr`tf efk i itkfsc`ri, p`af citf b` f k`tia s`r suok`tnbf i uki cr`mt` c r`mt` b` itiqu` qu` qu` î njuiak`mt` umncfrk`. I efrrfsåf prfbuznbi pfr éenbfs `k p`êis suok`rsis tikoîk pfb` prfbuznr `ss` tnpf b` kimnc`stiêåf. Mi Cnj. 5.0 såf ipr`s`mtibis p`êis efk efrrfsåf umncfrk`.
Cnj. 5.0 5.0
Efrrfsåf umncfrk` `k (I) vnji k`téanei b` eisi dnstõrnei ` (O) juirbi-efrpf
Mf prnk`nrf eisf, i vnji efmstntun i aig` sup`rnfr bf r`s`rvitõrnf b` éjui b` uki `bneiêåf bi bîeibi b` 9>?8, `k uki enbib` dnstõrnei dnst õrnei bf nmt`rnfr nmt`r nfr bf `stibf bf _nf Jrimb` bf Uua, mf Orisna. B`buz-s` qu` is p`êis cfrik suok`tnbis i uki uknbib` nmt`msi ` umncfrk` burimt` s`u usf, f qu`, bibi i nm`xnstçmeni bf usf b` tnmtis b` prft`êåf mi îpfei, prfkfv`u b`t`rnfriêåf efmtëmui. Mf s`jumbf eisf, kfstri-s` f juirbi-efrpf nms`rnbf `k uki r`jnåf efst`nri, ès kirj`ms bf rnf @ist, mfs @stibfs Pmnbfs, s`mbf suok`tnbf if k`skf prfe`ssf b` efrrfsåf, bibi i umncfrknbib` bi ijr`ssåf bf ikon`mt` qu` f `mtfrmi. @ssi î i efrrfsåf tëpnei bf iêf-eirofmf ` bf iêf pitnmév`a. nn) Efrrfsåf afeianzibi fu måf umncfrk`
I efrrfsåf afeianzibi afeian zibi fu måf umncfrk` b`s`mvfav` s` b` cfrki pfmtuia7 kimnc`s ti-s` `k pfmtfs b` efrrfsåf efk j`fk`trnis virnibis, prfcumbnbib`s bnstnmtis
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
5.9.2
K`eimnskfs k`eïmnefs b` b`t`rnfriêåf
Fs k`eimnskfs k`eïmnefs b` b`t`rnfriêåf såf iqu`a`s qu` s` b`s`mvfav`k `xt`rmik`mt` if kit`rnia, fu s`gi, î uki iêåf `xt`rmi è `struturi. Ufor`eirjis
Eirr`jik`mtfs `xe`ssnvfs måf pr`vnstfs ` b`vnbfs i iat`riêð`s bf usf bi `bneiêåf prfvfeik t`msð`s måf pr`vnstis `k prfg`tf qu`, eisf uatripissibi i r`snstçmeni ibknssëv`a bfs `a`k`mtfs, b`ijrik kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis b` sfor`eirji. F prfg`tnsti, m`ss` eisf, måf pfssun r`spfmsionanbib` sfor` is efms`quçmenis qu` nmenb`k mi `struturi, efkf b`cfrkiêð`s `xe`ssnvis fu, `k ÷atnki nmstïmeni,, efaipsf pirenia fu tftia. X`rsy (?884) b`stiei i sfor`pfsnêåf bis efms`nmstïmeni quçmenis sfor` efmstruêð`s `k `struturis b` iêf efk nbib`s ivimêibis. Iêfs ‑v`adfs‛ måf sfabibfs, j`riak`mt`, såf s`msëv`ns ifs edfqu`s ` ipr`s`mtik rupturis oruseis, b`vnbf è måf fefrrçmeni b` b`cfrkiêð`s paéstneis bf kit`rnia, efmcfrk` Cnj. 5.9:. Mf eisf bis sfor`eirjis, i rupturi ruptu ri b` p`êis `k iêf måf fefrr` b` cfrki orusei. J`riak`mt` J`ria k`mt` dé iajuki b`cfrkiêåf ― ès v`z`s `xe`ssnvi `xe`ssnv i ― imt`s b` f efaipsf fefrr`r, siavf f snst`ki b` anjiêåf. Mis anjiêð`s k`téaneis, is b`cfrkiêð`s j`riak`mt` såf p`qu`mis, pfns mfrkiak`mt` såf cfrkibis pfr p`êis tikoîk p`qu`mis `k r`aiêåf ès bnk`msð`s bfs `a`k`mtfs `struturins (pnair`s, vnjis `te.). Issnk, mi `xnstçmeni b` sfor`eirjis måf pr`vnstis, `ssis b`cfrkiêð`s tfrmik-s` pfuef p`re`ptëv`ns ‑i fadf mu‛ fu if usf bi `bneiêåf. Eisf `ssi sfor`eirji snji fefr-
Cnj. 5.9:
Crijnanbib` if edfqu` b` uki
`struturi k`téanei bitibi bf imf b` 9>?8 Cfmt`7 X`rsy (?884).
2
XIRFAFJNI BIU @UR_PRP_IU B@ KIB@N_I
I kib`nri î uk kit`rnia b` jrimb` utnanbib` piri f s`tfr bi efmstruêåf envna, ` î cr`qu`mt`k`mt` `kpr`jibi `k bnv`rsis sntuiêð`s, b`sb` efkf kit`rnia b` ieioik`mtf mfs snst`kis b` v`biêåf itî `k uk `a`k`mtf `struturia. Efmtubf, efkf quiaqu`r futrf kit`rnia bi efmstruêåf envna, i kib`nri `sté prfp`msi è b`t`rnfriêåf pfr ij`mt`s `xt`rmfs. Xfr s`r uk kit`rnia frjïmnef, i kib`nri pfssun e`rtis pirtneuairnbib`s quimtf ifs k`eimnskfs b` b`t`rnfriêåf, ipr`s`mtimbf kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis o`k `sp`eëeis. Mf pissibf, p`ai jrimb` cr`quçmeni b` utnanziêåf, ianibi è ciati b` kimut`mêåf, kuntis foris efk kib`nri ipr`s`mtivik kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis b` nmt`msnbib`s snjmneitnvis, ès v`z`s `k uk eurtf `spiêf b` t`kpf. @ss` citf ernfu uki p`re`pêåf b` qu` i kib`nri måf î uk kit`rnia buribfurf, tikpfuef ib`quibf piri s`r usibf efkf sfauêåf piri uk snst`ki `struturia. Ptnanzibi b`sb` fs prnkõrbnfs bi dukimnbib`, iefkpimdimbf i sui dnstõrni, i kib`nri cfn uk bfs prnk`nrfs kit`rnins bi efmstruêåf `kpr`jibfs efkf sfauêåf `struturia. Efk f ivimêf bf s`tfr bi efmstruêåf envna, pissfu-s` i efmd`e`r kins sfor` s`u efkpfrtik`mtf, ` mfvfs erntîrnfs b` prfg`tf, itî `mtåf b`sefmsnb`ribfs, pissirik i t`r pip`a b`ensnvf mi efme`pêåf bis `struturis, efkf i burionanbib`. I pr`vnsåf bfs citfr`s ` ij`mt`s pft`meniak`mt` ijr`ssnvfs if kit`rnia î b`t`rknmimt` mi pr`bnêåf bi vnbi ÷tna bis `struturis, `vnb`menimbf-s` i m`e`ssnbib` b` s` ibftir`k k`bnbis pr`v`mtnvis efmcfrk` f ikon`mt` `k qu` f `a`k`mtf `stiré nms`rnbf. M`ss` efmt`xtf, snknairk`mt` ès mfrkis orisna`nris b` prfg`tf b` `struturis b` efmer`tf irkibf, f @urfefb` 0 (@M, ?882) b`m` eaiss`s b` s`rvnêf piri is `struturis b` kib`nri, `k cumêåf bi ijr`ssnvnbib` ikon`mtia,
f qu` måf fefrr` mi MO_ :9>8 (IOMR, 9>>:). I mfrki mienfmia ipr`s`mti erntîrnfs sup`renins quimtf è burionanbib`, ès v`z`s ip`mis nkpaëentfs `k ef`en`mt`s bf
Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` kib`nri
ès cfadis. Gé f e`rm`, fu burïk`m, î efkpfstf pfr eîauais kfrtis fu nmitnvis, qu` pfssu`k i efafriêåf kins `seuri ` ‑s`ei‛< sui cumêåf î sust`mtir f trfmef. I uknbib` b`ssi r`jnåf î k`mfr bf qu` i bf iaourmf, f qu` gustnei iajukis kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis ipr`s`mtibis m`st` eipëtuaf. Xfr k, i k`buai î uki pire`ai qu` s` afeianzi mf `nxf bf trfmef ` r`pr`s`mti f prnk`nrf er`senk`mtf bi érvfr`. Efk f er`senk`mtf bi kib`nri, cfrkik-s` imîns `k vfati bi k`buai, s`mbf pfssëv`a nb`mtneir i nbib` bi érvfr` pfr k`nf bi efmtij`k b`a`s. I kib`nri î cfrkibi pfr e`auafs`, d`kne`auafs` ` anjmnmi. U`jumbf Eirviadf (?890), mf eisf bi kfaîeuai b` e`auafs`, fs jrupfs b` dnbrfxnai (-FD) qu` i efmstntu`k såf fs jrimb`s r`spfmsév`ns p`ai ibsfrêåf bis kfaîeuais b` éjui, citf qu` ieioi `mcriqu`e`mbf is eib`nis ` r``tnmbf m`jitnvik`mt` mi eipienbib` r`snst`mt` bis p`êis. Xfr nssf qu` is mfrkis b` prfg`tf b` `struturis b` kib`nri a`vik `k efmsnb`riêåf i uknbib`, prfpfmbf uki efrr`êåf bis r`snstçmenis efk ois` m`ssi virnév`a ` mf efmtrfa` mf t`kpf.
2.9 Frnj`k bi b`t`rnfriêåf M`sti s`êåf, `xpaimik-s` is frnj`ms bis kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis `k `struturis b` kib`nri, fs prnmenpins prnmenpin s k`eimnskfs ` fs r`sp`etnvfs ij`mt`s qu` b`ijrik b`ijrik i b`t`rnfriêåf bf kit`rnia, `vnb`menimbf is prnmenpins imfkianis bfs `a`k`mtfs. Efkf gé r`c`r`menibf, fs ij`mt`s qu` b`jribik i kib`nri såf b` eumdf onfaõjnef, itkfscîrnef, quëknef, fu ipir`e`k efkf efms`quçmeni bf nmeçmbnf. 2.9.9
Ij`mt`s onfaõjnefs
Fs ij`mt`s onfaõjnefs såf fs kins efrrnqu`nrfs ij`mt`s eiusibfr`s b` b`t`rnfriêåf bis kib`nris. Fs prnmenpins ij`mt`s onfaõjnefs ijr`ssfr`s b`ssis `struturis såf (N) fs cumjfs xnaõcijfs ` (NN) fs nms`tfs xnaõcijfs. Edikik-s` xnaõcijfs tfbfs iqu`a`s cumjfs ` nms`tfs qu` s` iank`mtik b` kib`nri. F k`eimnskf b` itiqu` b`ss`s s`r`s s` b`ijri, `ss`meniak`mt`, `k vni ÷knbi, s`mbf nkpr`senmbëv`a i pr`s`mêi b` uknbib` ` i `c`tnvi efmbnêåf bi kib`nri b` r`tç-ai. r`tç -ai. U`jumbf M`jråf M`jr åf ` Cirni (?88>), iajums pfuefs ij`mt`s ijrnb`k i kib`nri s`ei, b`stieimbf-s`, pfr fri, is tîrkntis b` kib`nri ― ` f kins efkuk î f eupnk ― ` iajums tnpfs b` eirumedfs. Is prnmenpins efms`quçmenis b`ss` itiqu` såf i r`buêåf bi s`êåf trimsv`rsia bi kib`nri, prfkfv`mbf iat`riêåf cësnei, ` i p`rbi bi eipienbib` r`snst`mt`, euaknmimbf `k iat`riêåf k`eïmnei. Sia` b`stieir, efmcfrk` Eruz (?889), qu` fs prfoa`kis eiusibfs p`afs ij`mt`s onfaõjnefs onfa õjnefs s` b`ijrik s`jumbf enreumstïmenis bnstnmtis. b nstnmtis. @mquimtf uki nmc`stiêåf pfr eirumedf ic`ti i `struturi b` cfrki j`m`rianzibi, i ijr`ssåf pfr eupnms
b`t`rnfri i kib`nri b` kfbf pfmtuia, sfor`tubf `k zfmis b` nmt`msi uknbib` ` oinxi nmsfaiêåf.
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
o) Rîrkntis Rîrkntis b` kib`nri s`ei
Xiri f s`u b`s`mvfavnk`mtf, bnc`r`mt`k`mt` bnc`r`mt`k`mt` bis tîrkntis suot`rrïm`is, suot`r rïm`is, is tîrkntis b` kib`nri s`ei m`e`ssntik b` uki uknbib` bi frb`k b` 90%, fu s`gi, i uknbib` mituria bf ir gé ad`s î suen`mt`. Is efaòmnis j`riak`mt` såf efkpfstis pfr e`rei b` 988 i ?08 nmbnvëbufs. @a`s nmjr`ssik pfr vni iîr`i mi kib`nri, ` tçk efkf eiriet`rëstnei prnmenpia p`rcuriêð`s b` `mtribi kuntf r`buznbis, quis` nmvnsëv`ns i fadf mu, s`mbf kuntf bncëena afeianzir fs s`us mnmdfs. X`af citf b` fs nms`tfs ouseir`k prft`êåf efmtri pr`bibfr`s, is jia`rnis `ståf s`kpr` `sefmbnbis, måf s`mbf ie`ssëv`ns p`ai sup`rcëen` `xt`rmi bi p`êi b` kib`nri, b`s`mvfav`mbf-s` mf nmt`rnfr bi p`êi, pr`c`r`meniak`mt` mf iaourmf. Mi nmsp`êåf, uk sfk efk p`reussåf fei pfb` nb`mtneir i `xnstçmeni b` jia`rnis nmt`rmis `, pfrtimtf, b` uki efmtiknmiêåf bi kib`nri. Ib`kins, snmins snmi ns `xt`rmfs b` nmc`stiêåf efmCnj. 2.95
Isp`etf aiknmibf bi kib`nri efk pr`s`mêi b` r`stfs b` t`rri mfs eimins
Cfmt`7 I-9 X`st Efmtrfa (s.b.).
snst`k, mi kinfrni bis v`z`s, b` p`qu`mis p`aftis c`eins, c`ein s, bi frb`k b` 9 kk i ? kk b` bnïk`trf, mi sup`rcëen` bf `a`k`mtf. Is Cnjs. 2.90 ` 2.93 kfstrik f `stibf b` b`t`rnfriêåf b` uki s`êåf b` kib`nri s`rribi ` itieibi pfr tîrkntis b` kib`nri s`ei. Ufk`mt` efk i s`rrij`k bi kib`nri cfn pfssëv`a nb`mtneir f `stibf fu jriu b` b`t`rnfriêåf ` i p`rbi b` s`êåf qu` `ss`s nms`tfs prfkfv`rik. Issnk, kuntis v`z`s s` tfrmi kins nmt`r`ssim nmt`r`ssimt` t` suostntunr i p`êi bf qu` nmsp`enfmé-ai, vnstf qu` i r`efkpfsnêåf bfs `a`k`mtfs s`rribfs efkprfk`t` i `stîtnei bi `struturi. nn) Eirumedfs
Fs eirumedfs såf nms`tfs qu`, bnc`r`mt`k`mt` bis tîrkntis, s` b`s`mvfav`k pfr airvis. Bnz-s`, pfrtimtf, qu` s` triti b` uk Cnj. 2.92 Xrfcumbnbib` b` itiqu` pfr tîrknti `k uki
nms`tf efk eneaf onfaõjnef virnibf, vnstf vn stf qu`
kib`nri
`a` sfcr` bnv`rsis kutiêð`s if afmjf b` sui
Cfmt`7 Edrns Oirimsln (EE O^ ?.8, dttps7//cane.lr/p/ >@qzBP).
XIRFAFJNI B@ @UR_PRP_IU
Xfrtimtf, `vnb`meni-s` qu` f efmtrfa` bf t`fr bi uknbib` mituria bi kib`nri î cumbik`mtia piri jirimtnr i sui `stimqu`nbib` ` prfpfrenfmir f s`u usf ib`quibf, `vntimbf b`c`ntfs efkf `kp`mik`mtfs, irqu`iêð`s, tfrêð`s, `mtr` futrfs. @ss`s k`eimnskfs `ståf bnr`tik`mt` r`aienfmibfs è r`snstçmeni bi kib`nri ` è sui suse`ptnonanbib` if itiqu` pfr cumjfs. Is iat`riêð`s b` j`fk`trni bi kib`nri pfr virniêð`s dnjrfseõpneis såf uk c`mòk`mf nrr`v`rsëv`a, måf div`mbf k`bnbis efrr`tnvis piri r`eup`rir f `a`k`mtf. Is virniêð`s virn iêð`s j`fkîtrneis tnpneik`mt` fos`rvibis `ståf naustribis naustribi s mi Cnj. 2.?5 ` b`p`mb`k, oisneik`mt`, bi bnc`r`mêi b` v`afenbib` b` s`eij`k `mtr` cie`s, bf k`eimnskf b` `vipfriêåf b„éjui, bf r`v`stnk`mtf bnc`r`mt` `mtr` cie`s, bi pfrfsnbib` ` bi p`rk`ionanbib` bi kib`nri. I virniêåf j`fkîtrnei ipr`s`mtibi pfb` s`r pfr (N) `meimfik`mtf, (NN) irqu`ik`mtf, (NNN) tfrenk`mtf (tfrêåf) fu (NS) ssuriêåf ssuriêåf..
@seimfik`mtf
Rfrenk`mtf
Irqu`ik`mtf
Cnssuris b` efkpr`ssåf
Cnj. 2.?5 Sirniêð`s j`fkîtrneis fos`rvibis `k kib`nris Cfmt`7 ibiptibf b` J`rfai (?899).
Bibi i kijmntub` `k qu` `ssis virniêð`s j`fkîtrneis s` ipr`s`mtik, knerfssuris fu ssuris sup`renins pfb`k s` b`ijrir mi sup`rcëen` bis p`êis. I gustneitnvi `sté issfenibi ifs eneafs b` nmedik`mtfs ` efmtriêð`s, p`ai virniêåf b` uknbib` mituria bf `a`k`mtf. Mi s`eij`k, riediburis sup`renins pfb`k ipir`e`r pfr s`eij`k orusei ` måf umncfrk` bf kit`rnia inmbi ÷knbf, efk i sup`rcëen` bi kib`nri p`rb`mbf
uknbib` kins répnbf bf qu` f s`u nmt`rnfr. Is eikibis nmt`rmis nkp`bnråf nkp`bn råf qu` is `xt`rmis sfcrik r`triêåf, f qu` j`ri t`msð`s qu` `xe`b`k i r`snstçmeni bi
Xitfafjni bis `struturis b` kib`nri
è prft`êåf vni tritik`mtf efmtri i iêåf bf ikon`mt`. Is k`bnbis ipr`s`mtibis mi s`quçmeni såf r`efk`mbiêð`s b` prfg`tf. Uui nkpaimtiêåf pfb` kntnjir i suse`ptnonanbib` bi kib`nri i imfkianis qu` efkprfk`tik i sui vnbi ÷tna ` f s`u b`s`kp`mdf. 2.5.9
B`tiad`s b` prfg`tf
Fs b`tiad`s b` prfg`tf pfb`k s`r s`r bnvnbnbfs `k (N) anjiêð`s a njiêð`s `mtr` vnji ` pnair fu `mtr` vnji ` vnji, (NN) ( NN) `mefmtrf bi ois` bf pnair efk f t`rr`mf ` (NNN) eirjis eirj is susp`msis. Anjiêð`s `mtr` `a`k`mtfs
Efmcfrk` gé bnseutnbf, i kib`nri î uk kit`rnia aik`mtfsf. Iaîk b` nmbneir f s`mtnbf bi kinfr r`snstçmeni bi kib`nri, is oris iuxnanik i efkpr``mb`r efkf is kimnc`stiêð`s pitfaõjneis pfb`k s` b`s`mvfav`r s`jumbf k`bnbis `sp`eëeis b` prfg`tf ibftibis. Pk bfs prnmenpins pfmtfs i s`r bnseutnbf î f `mjist` bis p`êis `struturins b` kib`nri, prnmenpiak`mt` pfrqu` î bncëena prfkfv`r uk `mjistik`mtf p`rc`ntf `mtr` fs `a`k`mtfs, vnstf qu` b`cfrkiêð`s r`snbuins fefrr`råf `mtr` p`êis efm`etibis. @ssis b`cfrkiêð`s prfvçk bf b`safeik`mtf r`aitnvf bis edipis k`téaneis bi anjiêåf, bfs piricusfs fu pr`jfs, bi cfaji r`aitnvi `mtr` f curf ` f `a`k`mtf b` efm`xåf, `mtr` futrfs. B`ss` kfbf, ibkntnr i `xnstçmeni b` `mjist` p`rc`ntf mf prfg`tf `struturia pfb` s` tfrmir irrnseibf. I efms`quçmeni, mf eisf b` vnjis, î i ituiêåf b` kfk`mtfs pfsntnvfs sup`rnfr`s if eiaeuaibf, f qu` feisnfmi uk ef`en`mt` b` s`jurimêi nmc`rnfr if r`qu`rnbf pfr mfrki, pfb`mbf eiusir itî k`skf f efaipsf bf snst`ki `struturia. F s`jumbf pfmtf i s`r bnseutnbf mf `mjist` î i qu`ståf bf b`tiadik`mtf. I Cnj. 2.5: kfstri buis sntuiêð`s b` prfg`tf bi anjiêåf b` vnji efk pnair b` kib`nri. Mi Cnj. 2.5:I, `kpr`jfu-s` uki edipi b` anjiêåf mi ois` nmc`rnfr bi vnji, citf qu` prfkfv`u uk efkpfrtik`mtf kuntf prõxnkf if b` uki rõtuai p`rc`nti. Gé mi I
O
C`mbnadik`mtf
Cnj. 2.5: Anjiêåf (I) rftuaibi ` (O) `mjistibi, j`rimbf c`mbnadik`mtf
Cnj. ?.9? Xrîbnf CIP/
PUX, efk kimnc`stiêð`s tëpneis b` itiqu` pfr eduvi éenbi Cfmt`7 Uimtfs (?899).
Cnj. ?.92 Xnair`s efk
anxnvniêåf euribfs efk vipfr qu`mt` `k fori mi enbib` b` Uipueini bf Uua (_U)
Cnj. ?.?4 Efmer`tf bi eikibi b` efornk`mtf (I) eirofmitibf ` (O) måf eirofmitibf
Cnj. 2.9> X`rcuriêð`s mi sup`rcëen` b` kib`nri, tëpneis b` uk itiqu` pfr eirumedfs Cfmt`7 Kfr`nri (?88>).
Cnj. 2.?9 Cfrkiêåf b`
`spîen` v`j`tia `k vnji b` kib`nri
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