Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Causes and Risk Factors: • •

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Viral Infection Genetics – People do not inherit DM type  itself! rather" they inherit a #enetic disposition or tendency to$ards de%elopin# it. I&&une'&ediated dia(etes – co&&only de%elops durin# childhood and adolescence" (ut it can occur at any a#e De%elop&ent of anti(odies Certain dru#s and che&icals )*. Pyrinuron – found in rat poison +trepto,otocin – anticancer - anti(iotic

/ody0s i&&une syste& attacks the insulin'producin# (eta cells of the ancreas

Destruction of pancreatic (eta cells

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Continuation….

Decreased insulin producti%ity nchecked #lucose production (y the li%er Fastin# hyper#lyce&ia

Reduced tissue uptake of #lucose

Intracellular 2ypo#lyce&ia

)*tracellular 2yper#lyce&ia

Gluco#enesis and #luconeo#enesis

/reakdo$n of fats

2i#h le%els of  ketones

Dia(etic ketoacidosis

Continuation….

2yperos&otic plas&a

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Decreased protein synthesis Cache*ia 3ethar#y Polypha#ia Decreased #a&&a #lo(ulins +uscepti(ility to Infections I&paired

Dehydration of cells

2yper#lyce&ic co&a

/lood #lucose4 renal threshold

Glucosuria – rine has a hi#h su#ar

1s&otic diuresis: ' ' ' '

Polyuria Polydipsia 2ypokalae&i a hyponatre&ia

IF 75R)65)D

IF 5R)65)D

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Glyce&ic control +elf'&onitorin# of (lood su#ar le%els Insulin therapy 8ei#ht &ana#e&ent – diet and e*ercise

 5he &or(idity and &ortality associated $ith dia(etes are related to the short'ter& and lon#' ter& co&plications. +uch co&plications include the follo$in#: 2ypo#lycce&ia fro& &ana#e&ent errors Increased risk of infection Micro%ascular co&plications 9e*. Retinopathy and nephropathy 7europathic co&plications • • •

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Patient &ay li%e a nor&al happy and lon# life

Co&plications &ay result to: Increased risk for ische&ic heart disease Cere(ral %ascular disease Peripheral %ascular disease $ith #an#rene of li&(s Chronic renal disease or end'sta#e renal disease Reduced %isual acuity and (lindness • • •

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