passer5_tb1_ch02

a. hypothesis. b. theory. c. correlation. d. initial research question. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 5.

As part part of thei theirr res resea earc rch h on on bys bysta tand nder er apat apathy hy,, Joh John n Dar Darle ley y and and Bibb Bibb Lata Latan n é created fake “emergencies” in their experimental laboratory and observed people’s responses. When making these observations, what step of the scientific process were they engaged in? a. creating a hypothesis b. creating a prediction c. generating a theory d. conducting research Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

6.

A hy hypothesis is is be best co considered as as a( a(n): a. tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon. b. attempt to explain explain something after it has has already already occurred. c. set of formal statements statements that explain explain how certain certain events events are related to one another. d. particular type of experimenter expectancy. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

7.

John Darley and Bibb Latané made the following assumption: diffusion of responsibility reduces the likelihood of any single bystander feeling responsible to intervene in an emergency. This assumption is an example of a(n): a. dependent variable. b. operational definition. c. independent variable. d. hypothesis. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods

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APA Goal: 2.4 8.

A psych psychody odynam namic ic psyc psychol hologi ogist st assu assumes mes that that peopl peoplee with with unre unresol solved ved childh childhood ood issues issues are more more susce suscepti ptible ble to stress and anxiety. This psychologist’s assumption assumption is best viewed as an example of: a. a hypothesis. b. an experiment. c. correlational research. d. a dependent variable. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

9.

A human humanist istic ic psyc psychol hologi ogist st beli believe evess that that peop people le who who don’ don’tt have have a clear clear sens sensee of meanin meaning g in thei theirr lives lives are more vulnerable to depression and physical illness. This psychologist’s beliefs are best viewed as an example of: a. scientific skepticism. b. a hypothesis. c. a control group. d. conducting research. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

10.

A(n) A(n) ______ _________ ______ _____ __ is a form formal al set set of state statemen ments ts that that expla explains ins why why and and how cert certain ain even events ts are are relate related d to one another. a. hypothesis b. specific prediction c. theory d. operational definition Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 35 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

11.

A th theory is is be best de defined as as: a. a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon. b. a specific specific prediction, prediction, often often in the form form of an “if-then” “if-then” statement. statement. c. conducting research to test a prediction. d. a set of statements statements that explains the relationship relationship between between various events. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low

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Page: 35 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1 12. 12.

One One of the the mai main n diff differ eren ence cess betw betwee een n theo theori ries es and and hyp hypot othe hese sess is tha that: t: a. theories tend to be broader than hypotheses. b. hypotheses tend to be broader than theories. c. theories tend tend to be externally externally valid, whereas hypotheses hypotheses tend to be internally valid. d. theories use operational definitions, whereas hypotheses do not. not. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 35 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

13.

Which Which of the follow following ing state stateme ments nts regar regardin ding g theor theories ies and hypoth hypothese esess is is TRUE? TRUE? a. Hypotheses use independent variables, whereas theories use dependent dependent variables. b. Hypotheses specify specify lawful lawful relations relations between behaviors and their causes, whereas whereas theories do not. c. Hypotheses are derived from theories. d. Theories use operational definitions, whereas hypotheses do not. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 35 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

14.

Which Which of of the the follo followin wing g is a major major proble problem m of afterafter-the the-fa -fact ct or or hinds hindsigh ightt expla explanat nation ions? s? a. There are many many ways of explaining past events and there is usually no way way to know which which of these these explanations is correct. b. Hindsight explanations explanations fail to provide a foundation on which further further scientific scientific study can can occur. c. Science requires requires that theories be testable and hindsight hindsight explanations explanations are usually too theoretically complex and sophisticated to be testable. d. Hindsight explanations overemphasize the importance importance of external external validity. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 35-36 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1

15.

When When presen presented ted with with the the findi finding ngss of psych psycholo ologic gical al rese researc arch, h, it is is not unco uncommo mmon n for peop people le to comm comment ent that the results are trivial, obvious, and that they “knew that all along.” This tendency is referred to as: a. the law of parsimony. b. hindsight bias. c. the bystander effect. d. an unobtrusive measure. Answer: b

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Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 35-36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1 16.

If a resea researc rch h study study found found that that car career eer moti motivat vation ion was was highe higherr among among recen recentt immigr immigrant antss to Ameri America ca than than among Americans, most people could readily offer several reasonable explanations for this finding. However, if the study found that career motivation was higher among Americans than recent immigrants to America, most people could generate an equally convincing set of explanations. This example demonstrates the problems associated with: a. operational definitions. b. hypotheses. c. after-the-fact explanations. d. theoretical predictions. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 35 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1

17.

A friend friend of your yourss is tellin telling g you about about the the result resultss of a multim multimill illion ion-do -dolla llarr governm government ent-fu -funde nded d study study she heard about on the news last night. She complains that she could have predicted the results of the study before it was done and that here is yet another instance of the government wasting the taxpayers’ hardearned money. Which of the following issues would have the most relevance to the potential accuracy of your friend’s complaints? a. the limitations of hindsight explanations b. the problem of demand characteristics characteristics c. the limi limitat tation ionss of corr correla elatio tional nal rese researc arch h d. the problem of experimenter expectancy effects Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 35-36 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1

18. 18.

Scie Scient ntis ists ts typi typica call lly y tes testt the their ir unde unders rsta tand ndin ing g thr throu ough gh:: a. prediction and control. b. hindsight understanding. c. after-the-fact understanding. d. the use of survey research. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

5

19.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good theory? a. A good theory is complex and sophisticated. b. A good theory is difficult to test. c. A good theory organizes information in a meaningful way. d. A good theory uses operational definitions. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

20.

One common characteristic of a good theory is that: a. all things being equal, a good theory is simple. b. all things being equal, a good theory is complex. c. it tends NOT to generate new hypotheses. d. it focuses exclusively on independent variables. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

21.

The ________________ refers to the notion that if two theories can equally explain and predict the same phenomenon, then the simpler one is the preferred theory. a. law of least complexity b. law of parsimony c. law of consistency d. law of simplicity Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 1.1

22.

Imagine a research area in psychology in which there are several seemingly conflicting findings and theories. You develop a new theory that resolves these conflicts and explains the findings of this area within a single broad framework. Your theory best demonstrates which characteristic of a good theory? a. Your theory conforms to the law of parsimony. b. Your theory’s predictions are supported by new research. c. Your theory is testable. d. Your theory organizes information in a meaningful way. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 36 Style: Comprehension

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Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 23.

A psychologist during the time of Freud creates a new and different theory designed to explain human behavior. Using this new theory, it is relatively easy to design studies and experiments to evaluate its validity. This is in contrast to the concepts of Freud’s theory, which were very difficult to measure. This new theory best illustrates which characteristic of good theory? a. The theory is testable. b. The theory is parsimonious. c. The theory’s predictions are consistent with the findings of new research. d. The theory organizes information in a meaningful way. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 36 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

24.

A(n) _______________ defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to measure it. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. operational definition d. archival measure Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

25.

A(n) ______________ refers to any characteristic that can vary. a. operational definition b. hypothesis c. variable d. theory Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

26.

The essential function of an operational definition is that it translates: a. something measurable into something observable. b. something measurable into something abstract. c. something observable into something abstract. d. something abstract into something observable and measurable. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low

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Page: 37 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 27.

A psychologist is interested in studying stress. Because stress can mean different things to different people, she decides that she would like to assess stress by measuring people’s blood pressure. This psychologist has just created: a. a control group. b. an operational definition. c. a population. d. a case study. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

28.

Suppose that a clinician is willing to diagnose a person as having depression if, and only if, they have had persistent symptoms of depression for more than 6 months. Creating a specific criterion such as this in order to diagnose depression would be an example of which of the following? a. correlational study b. hypothesis c. case study d. operational definition Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 37 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 4.1

29.

An advantage of using operational definitions is that: a. other researchers will usually always agree with these definitions. b. they let other researchers know exactly how variables have been manipulated or measured. c. they automatically generate the relevant dependent and independent variables. d. they are consistent with the law of parsimony. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

30.

The social desirability bias was discussed as a limitation of which of the major ways of measuring behavior? a. physiological measures b. behavioral observations c. reports by others

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d. self-report measures Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 31.

____________ refers to the tendency to respond in what is believed to be a socially appropriate manner rather than according to how a person actually thinks, feels, or behaves. a. Reactivity b. The social desirability bias c. Confounding d. The placebo effect Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

32.

Stressful situations associated with taking a final exam can impact how well a person does on the exam. Identifying excessive noise in the room during the exam as a potential stress factor represents the use of examining which of the following levels of analysis? a. biological b. environmental c. psychological d. genetic Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

33.

A researcher is interested in the amount of sweat produced by students while taking a final exam in order to measure their level of stress. Which of the following levels of analysis is the researcher focusing on? a. biological b. environmental c. psychological d. genetic Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

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34.

Imagine you are about to take a final exam. You have noticed yourself becoming increasingly worried about the exam as it approaches. Examination of your apparent amount of stress under these circumstances would entail which of the following level of analysis? a. biological b. environmental c. psychological d. genetic Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

35.

A child psychologist is working with a young girl named Sally. In order to get more information, the psychologist interviews Sally’s parents and asks them about Sally’s childhood experiences. This would best be considered an example of which of the major ways of measuring behavior? a. self-report measures b. physiological measures c. reports by others d. behavioral observations Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

36.

If a researcher conducting an observational study of people at a shopping mall is making use of an unobtrusive measure, which of the following will he NOT have to worry about? a. He won’t have to worry about potential experimenter expectancy effects contaminating his observations. b. He won’t have to bother using operational definitions to define the variables in which he is interested. c. He won’t have to worry about the generalizability of the findings from his study. d. He won’t have to worry about the people in the mall changing their behavior because they know they are being watched. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

37.

Which of the following would be considered an example of an archival measure of behavior? a. measuring driving patterns by counting the number of “road rage” incidents reported in the newspaper b. measuring stress by taking someone’s blood pressure and monitoring the levels of stress hormones in the blood c. measuring depression by asking a person to indicate how depressed they are on a questionnaire d. measuring academic behavior by asking a parent to describe the study habits of her son Answer: a

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Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 38.

A social psychologist is interested in studying aggression in sports fans. He goes to various sporting events and keeps track of the number of aggressive acts that occur between fans using a well-defined coding system. This psychologist is using which of the following ways of measuring behavior? a. self-report measures b. psychological tests c. behavioral observations d. reports by others Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

39.

A young man is interested in making a good impression on the parents of the person he is currently dating. Because of this, when he meets them he overemphasizes his good qualities and ignores many of his shortcomings. This man’s behavior is most relevant to which of the following concepts? a. experimenter expectancy effects b. the social desirability bias c. confounding variables d. demand characteristics Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 38-39 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

40.

Imagine you have created a new personality questionnaire and you are worried about social desirability influencing people’s responses. Which of the following would minimize the impact of this potential problem? a. make sure that the sample of people completing the questionnaire is representative b. use random assignment c. use the double-blind procedure d. have the people complete the questionnaire anonymously Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

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41.

If you are conducting research that involves making observations of people’s behavior, one major issue that you would need to be concerned about is: a. that people may behave differently when they know they are being watched. b. that if you do not have a representative sample, then your observations will be confounded. c. that people’s behaviors often do not have good internal validity. d. that you must consider at least two different variables in order to draw cause-and-effect conclusions. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

42.

Researchers sometimes gather information about people’s overt behaviors by using _____________, which are preexisting records or documents. a. archival records b. physiological responses c. self-report measures d. random samples Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

43.

In order to assess the effectiveness of a new statewide seatbelt law, researchers collected data from the Department of Transportation regarding the number of traffic fatalities in the last year. This type of measurement of behavior is called a(n): a. case study. b. archival record. c. sample. d. meta-analysis. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

44.

When they know that they are being observed, people sometimes change their behavior. To counter this problem, psychologists will often use what are called _______________, which monitor behaviors in a way that people are unaware that they are being observed. a. hidden measures b. unintentional measures c. unobtrusive measures d. subtle measures Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium

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Page: 39 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 45.

A college advisor in a dorm wants to know how much TV students in her dorm are watching, but she has noticed that students tend to leave the TV room when she comes in to see who is watching. To get around this problem, she decides to measure wear-and-tear on the TV remote control as a measure of how much TV is being watched. Like many psychologists, this advisor is using a(n): a. unobtrusive measure. b. hypothesis. c. double-blind procedure. d. placebo control group. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

46.

A museum is interested in determining which particular pieces of art are the most popular but doesn’t want to directly ask its patrons. Instead, the head of the museum decides to keep track of the wear on the carpet in front of each of the pieces, assuming that the more popular pieces will have more worn carpet in front of them. This particular way of measuring art popularity is making use of a(n): a. confounding variable. b. placebo. c. representative sample. d. unobtrusive measure. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 39 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

47.

Which one of the following is NOT one of the five principles of the APA ethics code? a. responsibility b. right to privacy c. integrity d. justice Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

48.

The ethical standard of ___________ refers to how participants should be given full descriptions about the procedures involved in a study and told that they are free to withdraw from a study at any time. a. informed consent

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b. right to privacy c. psychological risk  d. social risk  Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5 49.

The ethical guideline of informed consent specifically asserts that: a. participants can be deceived when it is ethically justified and no other alternatives are feasible. b. participants should be told of the key procedures in a study and told about any risks that may be involved. c. deception is always ethically justified and is a part of most experiments. d. experimenters need to be informed about significant research that has already been done in their research areas. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

50.

Considerations about whether the setting of an experiment is public or private and the manner in which information gained in an experiment will be recorded and distributed are most relevant to which ethical area? a. psychological risk  b. social risk  c. the right to privacy d. deception Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

51.

When participants are misled about the nature of an experiment, researchers refer to this as: a. a double-blind procedure. b. an expectancy effect. c. concealment. d. deception. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

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52.

The primary reason for using deception in psychological research is that sometimes it is the only way to obtain: a. a representative sample. b. a random sample. c. natural responses from participants. d. random assignment. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

53.

Deception is justified in psychological research: a. whenever a researcher would like to use it. b. only if there are no other alternatives available. c. only if the study has benefits that clearly outweigh the costs of using deception. d. when there are no other alternatives available and the benefits of a study using deception clearly outweigh the potential costs associated with the use of deception. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

54.

A researcher is designing a study and is debating the potential use of deception. After discussing the issue with her colleagues, it is decided that there really is no alternative methodology that she could use to test her idea. In addition, all of her colleagues agree that the cost of using deception in her study would strongly outweigh any positive benefits that would be gained from the study. Given this information, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The use of deception in this study is not ethically justified. b. The use of deception in this study is ethically justified. c. The use of deception in this study is ethically justified only if she does not tell her participants about the deception after the study is over. d. The use of deception in this study is ethically justified only if she uses the double-blind procedure. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 40 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

55.

Ethical guidelines for the treatment of animals in a research state that if there are experimental risks for animals, these risks need to be justified by the importance of the research. However, a problem associated with this guideline is that: a. the majority of psychologists feel that animal research is unethical and unnecessary. b. there are additional psychological ethical guidelines which prohibit all animal research. c. it is often difficult to make the determination of what is “justified.”

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d. the majority of research done with animals has no benefit for humans. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 41 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5 56.

Which of the following statements regarding animal research is TRUE? a. Animal research has significantly increased in recent years. b. Animal research has declined slightly in recent years. c. According to American Psychological Association standards, all animal research is unethical. d. Most psychologists and college psychology majors oppose animal research. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 41 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

57.

The case study is an example of which kind of research method? a. descriptive research b. correlational research c. experimental research d. hypothetical research Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 42 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

58.

A ________________ is an in-depth study of an individual, group, or event. a. naturalistic observation b. survey c. case study d. correlational study Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 42 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2

59.

Which of a. Case b. Case c. Case d. Case

the following would specifically be an advantage of the case study method of research? studies generally are not susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects. studies are a good method for studying rare events. studies are very useful for determining cause-effect relationships. studies generally are not vulnerable to experimental confounds.

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Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 42-43 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 60.

An important limitation of the case study research method is that it: a. is a poor method for determining cause-effect relationships. b. tends to be a poor source for new ideas and hypotheses. c. is a poor method for studying rare events or people. d. tends to have high external validity. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 42-43 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

61.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the case study research method? a. A single case study cannot be used to refute or challenge a theory. b. Case studies often have high internal validity. c. Case studies often have questionable generalizability. d. A case study is a poor method for studying rare events or people. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 43 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

62.

In ________________, the researcher observes behavior as it occurs in a normal or typical setting. a. survey research b. a case study c. correlational research d. naturalistic observation Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

63.

As part of a class on animal learning, students are sent to a local park and are asked to watch and record the feeding behavior of the crows there. These students are engaged in which method of research? a. a case study b. naturalistic observation c. a survey d. an experiment

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Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 43 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 64.

In order to learn about the social behavior of children, a developmental psychologist goes to an elementary school, finds a seat near one of the windows in a classroom, and watches the children playing on the playground outside during recess. This psychologist is engaged in which method of research? a. naturalistic observation b. correlational research c. a case study d. experiment research Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 43 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

65.

An important advantage of naturalistic observation is that: a. it can provide important information on cause-effect relationships. b. it can more easily be incorporated into meta-analyses. c. it can provide detailed information on naturally occurring behavior. d. it tends to have low external validity. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 43 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

66.

Case studies and naturalistic observations are similar research methodologies in that: a. they are both specific types of experimental research. b. they both frequently make use of unobtrusive measurement. c. neither of them are susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects. d. neither of them is well suited for making cause-and-effect interpretations. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 43-44 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

67.

Which of the following statements about naturalistic observations is TRUE? a. Naturalistic observations often make use of the double-blind procedure. b. It is difficult to make causal conclusions based on naturalistic observations. c. Naturalistic observations tend to have low external validity.

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d. Naturalistic observations tend to have more independent than dependent variables. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 43 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 68.

Initially, people or animals may behave differently if they are being watched, but, over time, they become acclimated to the presence of an observer and their behavior returns to normal. This process is specifically referred to as: a. adaptation. b. naturalization. c. adjustment. d. habituation. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

69.

Which of the following would be a potential limitation of naturalistic observation? a. The observer’s presence may disrupt or influence the behavior of the person or animal they are watching. b. Naturalistic observation makes improper use of random assignment. c. The settings in which naturalistic observations typically occur tend to have low external validity. d. Naturalistic observation relies too heavily on the use of archival measures. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 43-44 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

70.

In _______________, information about an area of interest is gained by administering questionnaires or interviews to many people. a. case studies b. naturalistic observations c. survey research d. experimental research Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

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71.

In order to estimate the results in a local election, a pollster contacts a select group of people and asks them how they voted. The pollster is using which of the following research methods? a. correlational research b. survey research c. the case study method d. naturalistic observation Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

72.

In survey research, a population is defined as: a. the number of people we select to be in a survey. b. the number of people who actually complete a survey. c. an individual participant in a sample. d. all individuals that we are interested in drawing conclusions about. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

73.

Which of the following correctly defines the term sample, as it is used in survey research? a. a subset of individuals drawn from the entire group in which we are interested b. all the individuals we are interested in drawing conclusions about c. all the members of any experimental or control group d. a preliminary survey designed to determine whether there are any problems with it Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

74.

An advantage of survey research is that it: a. allows us to make inferences regarding cause-effect relations. b. is an efficient way to gather information about people’s opinions and lifestyles. c. is usually conducted without people knowing that they are being observed. d. is unusually effective at reducing the placebo effect. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

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75.

While conducting a survey interview, a participant becomes slightly embarrassed and decides to answer the questions in such a way as to make himself look more friendly and acceptable to the interviewer. The participant does this on his own and is NOT responding to any cues the interviewer is providing. This example most clearly demonstrates which limitation of survey research? a. experimenter effects b. demand characteristics c. the social desirability bias d. random sampling Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 45 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

76.

If a sample in a survey accurately reflects the important characteristics of the population from which it is drawn (e.g., the sample has 53% women and the population has 53% women), the sample is said to be: a. a random sample. b. a representative sample. c. randomly assigned. d. internally valid. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

77.

With regard to survey research it can be said that: a. it is better to have a smaller sample than a larger sample. b. it is better to have a larger unrepresentative sample than a smaller representative sample. c. it is better to have a smaller representative sample than a larger unrepresentative sample. d. it is better to have an internally valid sample than an externally valid sample. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

78.

Dr. Jones is interested in conducting a survey of all the college students at her university. She is careful when conducting her research to make sure that each student on campus has an equal chance of participating in her survey. To create her survey sample, Dr. Jones is using: a. random sampling. b. meta-analysis. c. random assignment. d. an operational definition. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium

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Page: 45 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 79.

Assume that you are a researcher conducting a survey. Which of the following steps would be most important if you wanted to ensure that the sample in your survey is representative? a. Use random assignment to create your sample. b. Use unobtrusive measures of behavior. c. Use random sampling to create your sample. d. Use a placebo control group in your survey. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

80.

A researcher is examining the relation between two variables: variable X and variable Y. If she is conducting a correlational study, the researcher ____________ variable X and ____________ variable Y. a. manipulates; manipulates b. manipulates; measures c. measures; manipulates d. measures; measures Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 45 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

81.

Which of the following goals is best suited to correlational research? a. to determine cause-effect relations b. to gather detailed information about a single variable c. to examine associations between several variables d. to observe behavior in natural settings Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

82.

Dr. Little has heard that people tend to become more politically conservative as they get older. She decides to conduct a study to see if this is true. She conducts a telephone survey in which she asks participants their age and political identification. She then uses statistics to determine whether there is a relation between these two variables. Which of the following research designs best describes Dr. Little’s research? a. experimental research b. correlational research c. naturalistic observation

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d. behavioral observation Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 45 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 83.

It is difficult to draw causal inferences in correlational research because: a. in correlational research we only manipulate the variables. b. placebo effects act as confounding variables. c. the social desirability bias invalidates any causal conclusions. d. we often can’t tell which variable causes the other. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

84.

A psychologist notes that there is a correlation between physical health and the number of vacations that a person takes. People who take more vacations tend to have better physical health. The psychologist suggests that people should take more vacations to improve their physical health. After thinking about this result, you realize that this association may be a result of a third factor: income. People with more income can afford more vacations and can afford better health care. This explanation best illustrates which limitation of correlational research? a. the bidirectional causality problem b. the third-variable problem c. the placebo effect d. experimenter expectancy effects Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 47 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

85.

Dr. Gonzalez has just completed a correlational study in which he found a strong association between parental expectations and child academic achievement. In other words, children who perform well in school tend to have parents who have high expectations of them. However, Dr. Gonzalez can’t tell which variable causes the other. It may be that high expectations cause children to perform better, but it may be that children who perform better in school cause their parents to have higher expectations. This particular problem is known as: a. the bidirectional causality problem. b. the third-variable problem. c. poor external validity. d. the experimenter expectancy effect. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: High

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Page: 47 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3 86.

You study 100 children for a month, measuring how much TV they watch and how many aggressive acts they perform. You find that TV watching and aggression are highly and positively correlated. Based on this study, you: a. can conclude that watching TV caused children to behave more aggressively. b. can conclude that an aggressive personality causes children to watch more TV. c. can conclude that TV watching and aggression are causally related, although you can’t tell which causes which. d. cannot draw any causal conclusions about the relation between TV watching and aggression. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 47 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

87.

A(n) _____________ is a statistic that indicates the strength and direction of a relation between two variables. a. relation coefficient b. association coefficient c. correlation coefficient d. causality coefficient Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

88.

Which of the following would be most useful in helping you determine if two variables are associated with one another? a. an unobtrusive measure of behavior b. a good operational definition c. a representative sample d. a scatterplot Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 48 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

89.

In a negative correlation, ___________ scores on one variable are associated with ____________ scores on a second variable. a. lower; lower b. higher; lower

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c. lower; random d. higher; higher Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47-48 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3 90.

Dr. Lahore is a psychologist who is investigating the relation between stress and illness. In her research, she has observed that as stress increases, the occurrence of physical illness also tends to increase. The association between these two variables is an example of: a. a positive correlation. b. a negative correlation. c. zero correlation. d. random correlation. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 47 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

91.

A clinical psychologist has observed that there appears to be an association between parental anger and childhood self-esteem. In particular, parents who score higher on ratings of anger and hostility tend to have children who have lower self-esteem. If this psychologist’s impressions are correct, the relation between parental anger and childhood self-esteem would be an example of: a. a positive correlation. b. zero correlation. c. a negative correlation. d. random correlation. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 47 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

92.

The plus or minus sign (+/–) on the correlation coefficient reflects: a. the strength of the association. b. the direction of the association. c. the magnitude of the association. d. the validity of the association. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

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93.

The size or absolute value of the correlation coefficient tells us: a. the strength of the association. b. the meaningfulness of the association. c. the direction of the association. d. the randomness of the association. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47-48 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

94.

Which of the following statements regarding correlation coefficients is FALSE? a. A correlation of .75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of .50. b. A correlation of –.75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of .50. c. A correlation of –.75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of –.50. d. A correlation of .50 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of –.75. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 47-48 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

95.

A(n) ___________ is a graph used to graphically represent a correlation between two variables. a. scattergram b. scatterplot c. correlation map d. association chart Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 48 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

96.

One of the important advantages of correlational research is that: a. it can be used to infer causal relations. b. it is not susceptible to the social desirability bias. c. it can be used to make predictions. d. it tends to have higher internal validity than do other research methods. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 48 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

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97.

Assume that there is a strong negative correlation between two variables: variable 1 and variable 2. If you know that a person’s score on variable 1 is low, what would be your best prediction for the person’s score on variable 2? a. The person’s score on variable 2 should also be low. b. The person’s score on variable 2 should be high. c. The person’s score on variable 2 should be average. d. The person’s score on variable 2 should be zero. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 48 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

98.

Assume that there is a strong positive correlation between two variables: variable A and variable B. If you know that a person’s score on variable A is low, what would be your best prediction for the person’s score on variable B? a. The person’s score on variable B should also be low. b. The person’s score on variable B should be high. c. The person’s score on variable B should be average. d. We can’t accurately predict what the score on variable B should be. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 48 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

99.

In experimental research, the researcher ______________ the independent variable and _________________ the dependent variable. a. manipulates; manipulates b. manipulates; measures c. measures; manipulates d. measures; measures Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

100.

The logic behind most experimental research contains three essential steps: manipulate one variable, measure whether this manipulation affects another variable, and: a. interpret the correlation between the two variables. b. attempt to manipulate other factors. c. attempt to control or hold constant other factors. d. use random sampling. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium

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Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 101.

What are the three essential characteristics of experimentation? a. measure one variable, measure another variable, examine correlation between the two variables b. manipulate one variable, measure another variable, attempt to control other factors c. manipulate one variable, manipulate another variable, examine correlation between the two variables d. manipulate one variable, manipulate another variable, attempt to control other factors Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

102.

One of the essential features of true experiments is that: a. participants in all conditions are treated exactly the same. b. except for the measurement of the dependent variable, participants in all conditions are treated the same. c. except for the manipulation of the independent variable, participants in all conditions are treated the same. d. except for the use of random selection, participants in all conditions are treated the same. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 49 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

103.

One of the essential differences between experimental research and correlational research is that: a. in experimental research all variables are measured, whereas in correlational research at least one variable is manipulated. b. in correlational research all variables are measured, whereas in experimental research at least one variable is manipulated. c. experimental research tends to use random sampling, whereas correlational research tends to use random assignment. d. experimental research tends to have higher external validity than correlational research. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 49 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

104.

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is TRUE? a. Correlational research tends to take place in the laboratory, whereas experimental research usually studies behaviors in more natural contexts.

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b.

Correlational research is better suited for examining cause-effect relations than is experimental research. c. Experimental research uses random assignment, whereas correlational research does not. d. Experimental research only measures variables, whereas correlational research manipulates at least one variable. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 49 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 105.

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is FALSE? a. Correlational research makes more use of random assignment than does experimental research. b. Causal explanations can be made with appropriate experimental research, but not with correlational research. c. In experimental research, at least one variable is measured, whereas in correlational research, all variables are measured. d. Correlational researchers are not able to keep extraneous factors constant the way that experimental researchers can. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 49 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

106.

In experimental research, the _______________ variable is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. a. independent b. dependent c. operational d. random Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

107.

Which of following most accurately describes the distinction between independent and dependent variables? a. Researchers look for the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable. b. Researchers look for the correlation between the independent and dependent variables. c. The dependent variable “depends upon” the independent variable. d. The independent variable “depends upon” the dependent variable. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium

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Page: 49-50 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 108.

An educational psychologist wants to study the effectiveness of using the Internet as a way of taking academic classes. She designs a study in which one group of students is assigned to take a course in a standard classroom with a live instructor. Another group of students is assigned to take the same course over the Internet. The psychologist then compares the course grades for students in each of the two groups. In this case, the instruction group (regular class vs. Internet class) would be considered the: a. dependent variable. b. correlational variable. c. confounding variable. d. independent variable. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 49 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

109.

Dr. White wants to look at the impact of failure on self-esteem. He designs an experiment in which half of the participants are led to believe that they have failed on an ambiguous task, whereas the other half of the participants are told that they have succeeded. Dr. White then has the people in his study complete a questionnaire measuring self-esteem and he looks to see if there are any differences between the success and failure groups. In this example, self-esteem would be considered the: a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. placebo variable. d. confounding variable. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

110.

A stress researcher wants to look at the effect of meditation on anxiety. To do this, she creates two groups of subjects: one group receives instruction in meditation, whereas the other receives no training at all. One month later, she has subjects complete a questionnaire designed to measure anxiety and she looks to see whether there are any differences in anxiety between the two groups. In this experiment, the meditation condition (meditation vs. no meditation) would be the _____________ variable and anxiety would be the _____________ variable. a. dependent; dependent b. independent; dependent c. dependent; independent d. independent; independent Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 49-50

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Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 111.

A researcher is interested in interpersonal attraction and the factors that affect it. She designs a study in which she looks at the effect of similarity and social warmth on interpersonal attraction. Participants in her study meet a target person who either is or is not similar to the participant (the similarity variable) and who is either friendly or is aloof (the social warmth variable). After interacting with the target person under these conditions, participants are then asked to rate how attractive they think the target person is. In this study, similarity and social warmth are the ___________ variables and interpersonal attraction is the ___________ variable. a. independent; dependent b. dependent; independent c. confounding; dependent d. independent; confounding Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 49-50 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

112.

In an experiment, a ______________ is defined as a group that is not exposed to the treatment or that receives a zero-level of the independent variable. a. contrast group b. experimental group c. check group d. control group Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

113.

Control groups are important in experiments because: a. they make calculations of the correlation coefficient possible. b. they provide a standard of comparison for the experimental group. c. they provide needed confounding variables. d. they decrease internal validity and external validity. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

114.

An animal researcher is studying the effect of a new drug on the memory of mice. One group of mice receives the drug, whereas a second group does not. The memory of the mice is then tested by how quickly

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they can negotiate a maze. In this example, the group of mice that does NOT receive the drug would be considered the: a. experimental group. b. correlational group. c. control group. d. confounding group. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 115.

A clinical psychologist has developed a new form of psychotherapy to treat a particular personality disorder. In order to test its effectiveness, a group of people with the personality disorder is selected to receive the therapy for 8 weeks. A second group of people with the disorder is also created, but this group receives no therapy at all. At the end of the 8 weeks, the mental health of people in both groups is assessed to evaluate the new psychotherapy. In this study, the people who did NOT receive any therapy would be in the: a. experimental group. b. control group. c. random group. d. sample group. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 50 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

116.

In true experiments, ____________ is important because it allows a proper comparison between groups to be made. a. a control group b. random selection c. a representative sample d. a confounding variable Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

117.

If you are a participant in an experimental study, the procedure that ensures that you have an equal chance of being in any group or condition within the experiment is called: a. random sampling. b. random choice. c. random assortment. d. random assignment. Answer: d

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Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 118.

In survey research, _____________ is typically used to ensure that a sample is representative, whereas in experiments, _____________ is used to balance differences between subjects across the various experimental groups. a. random sampling; random assignment b. random assignment; random sampling c. random sampling; random appointment d. random appointment; random assignment Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

119.

Dr. Jun is conducting an experiment that has two experimental groups. In order to control for differences between her subjects, she flips a coin and uses chance to determine which subjects belong in which group. The procedure that Dr. Jun is using to place participants in the various groups is called: a. random sampling. b. random assignment. c. random grouping. d. random choice. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

120.

Random assignment is important in experiments because: a. it eliminates experimenter expectancy effects. b. it ensures that the samples are representative of the population. c. it magnifies the validity of the operational definitions used in the study. d. it balances differences between participants across experimental groups. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

121.

In experiments, researchers often use random assignment to assign participants to the various groups or conditions in their experiments. An alternative to random assignment is to design the study in such a way that each participant:

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a. is exposed to all conditions in the experiment. b. is equally likely to end up in any one of the experimental conditions. c. is randomly sampled. d. is able to provide this or her own independent and dependent variables. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 51 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4 122.

Dr. Williams is conducting an experiment and decides to use a design where each participant will be exposed to all of the conditions in her study. In designing her study, Dr. Williams is: a. making use of random assignment. b. making use of an alternative to random assignment. c. using the double-blind procedure. d. controlling the placebo effect. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50-51 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

123.

As an alternative to random assignment, researchers will sometimes design experiments where each participant is exposed to all conditions or groups in an experiment. This second procedure controls for differences between individual participants by: a. balancing these differences between the conditions or groups. b. holding these differences constant. c. making use of the double-blind procedure. d. increasing external validity. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50-51 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

124.

Random assignment controls for important differences between individual participants by ____________. This is in contrast to designs in which each participant is exposed to each condition or group in an experiment. These latter designs control for individual differences by ___________. a. balancing them; randomly sampling them b. holding them constant; balancing them c. balancing them; holding them constant d. randomly sampling them; holding them constant Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 50-51 Style: Comprehension

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Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 125.

Often, psychological researchers will manipulate more than one variable in an experiment. The main reason for this is that: a. it reduces demand characteristics. b. it better captures the complexity of human behavior. c. it allows variables to be both independent variables and dependent variables at the same time. d. it reduces experimenter expectancy effects. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 51 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

126.

A researcher conducted an experiment assessing the effect of alcohol and expectation on sexual arousal. How many independent variables are there in this experiment? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. it can’t be determined from the information given Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 51 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

127.

If you were a researcher who was curious as to whether or not your latest research finding will extend to real-world situations, which of the following designs would be most useful? a. a case study b. a true experiment c. a correlational study d. a double-blind study. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 52 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

128.

Case studies, naturalistic observations, and correlational studies are all similar in that: a. none of them need to be concerned with the problem of social desirability. b. the experimenter has a high degree of control over the research setting. c. none of them need to be concerned with the problem of reactivity. d. they are all poorly suited for drawing cause-effect conclusions. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low

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Page: 52 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 129.

All of the research methodologies presented in the text share the common feature that: a. they all involve the manipulation of at least one variable. b. they are all used to test hypotheses and build theories. c. they all have high external validity. d. they are all are well suited for drawing cause-and-effect conclusions. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 52 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

130.

Internal validity represents the degree to which: a. the results from an experiment are generalizable to other situations. b. an experiment supports clear causal conclusions. c. a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn. d. it effectively utilizes random sampling. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 53 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

131.

If an experiment allows for clear causal conclusions to be drawn, it is said to have strong: a. operational definitions. b. external validity. c. internal validity. d. hypotheses. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 53 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

132.

All of the following decrease internal validity, EXCEPT: a. random assignment. b. confounding variables. c. demand characteristics. d. the placebo effect. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 53

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Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 133.

A psychologist is interested in looking at the effectiveness of a new computer program in helping students learn math. She decides to test this new program with a group of middle school students. At this particular school, the boys and girls tend to be disruptive when they are in the same classroom, so she decides to run them separately in the experiment. She creates a group of boys who use the computer program four times per week. She creates a group of girls who do not use the computer program to serve as a comparison group. This experimental design is flawed because gender is a ______________ and as a result, the internal validity of the study has been __________. a. confounding variable; lowered b. dependent variable; lowered c. confounding variable; raised d. dependent variable; raised Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 53 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

134.

The placebo effect refers to: a. when an unintended “triple blind” design occurs. b. how people’s behavior can change because of their expectations rather than the treatments they receive. c. the problems associated with drawing causal conclusions in correlational research. d. how researchers can accidentally or unintentionally manipulate other dependent variables. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

135.

A researcher conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new prescription medication gives the actual medication to a group of people. A second group of participants are told they are receiving the medication but instead are given an inert sugar pill. Although the drug is found to be effective for the people who actually took it, a sizeable percentage of the people given the sugar pill also improve. The improvement of this second group is most likely due to: a. experimenter expectancy effects. b. the placebo effect. c. the high internal validity of the study. d. the high external validity of the study. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

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136.

Sally has been suffering from depression and finally decides to seek help from a clinical psychologist. After a couple of months of therapy, Sally’s depression starts to decrease. However, her improvement really isn’t due to any of the therapy she has received from her therapist but instead is a product of Sally’s expectation that psychotherapy is supposed to be effective and therefore she should be getting better. This example is best considered as an example of: a. an experimenter expectancy effect. b. the double-blind effect. c. the placebo effect. d. a study with high external validity. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

137.

Placebo effects make it difficult to draw causal conclusions because we can’t tell whether: a. it is the treatment or the participants’ expectations that are responsible for the results. b. it is the treatment or the experimenters’ expectations that are responsible for the results. c. random sampling or random assignment is the appropriate procedure to use. d. it is the independent variable or the dependent variable that is responsible for the results. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

138.

Experimenter expectancy effects are: a. subtle cues that participants pick up about the hypotheses of an experiment. b. subtle and unintentional ways that experimenters can influence their participants to respond in ways consistent with experimental hypotheses. c. instances in which participants improve because of their expectations rather than the actual treatments they receive. d. instances in which experimenters mistakenly use random selection instead of random assignment. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

139.

The internal validity of an experiment is lowered by experimenter expectancy effects because: a. the behavior of the experimenter may have caused the participants to respond the way they did. b. there is confounding and we can’t tell whether the independent variable or the dependent variable caused the results. c. the results of the experiment may have been due to participants’ expectations about the treatment they thought they were receiving. d. the participants may have used cues in the experiment to figure out the researcher’s hypothesis.

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Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 53-54 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 140.

Dr. Treadwell is designing a study to test the effectiveness of a new memory enhancement technique. He has two research assistants who will be carrying out the research for him and because he is curious, he tells one of the research assistants to expect the technique to significantly improve memory, whereas he tells the other assistant to expect only a moderate improvement. Neither research assistant mentions their expectations to the participants. After the study has been completed, Dr. Treadwell notices that each research assistant obtained results consistent with what they had been led to expect. Participants who had the first research assistant actually showed a significant improvement in memory, whereas participants who had the second research assistant only showed a moderate improvement. This result is most likely an example of: a. the placebo effect. b. demand characteristics. c. experimenter expectancy effects. d. the double-blind procedure. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 54 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

141.

In a famous experiment by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1966), teachers at an elementary school were told at the beginning of the year that certain students were “late bloomers” and most likely these particular students were going to become strong students during the school year ahead. Sure enough, by the end of the year, the identified students were doing much better in school. Interestingly, the researchers had selected these children randomly at the beginning of the year. The findings in this study are most relevant to the problem of: a. demand characteristics. b. experimenter expectancy effects. c. the placebo effect. d. random sampling. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: High Page: 54 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

142.

The problem of participant placebo effects and experimenter expectancy effects are both minimized by: a. unobtrusive measurement. b. random assignment. c. random sampling. d. the double-blind procedure. Answer: d

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Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 143.

A researcher is concerned that his expectations about the effectiveness of a new drug are influencing the reports of participants in his studies. Specifically, he believes that this new drug is effective and has shared this information with participants in his research. Now he is wondering if this might be affecting people. In order to better control the effect of his own expectations on participants, this researcher should: a. operationally define his independent variable. b. use the double-blind procedure. c. collect unobtrusive measures of participant improvement. d. use random sampling. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

144.

Dr. Kiel is designing a study to test the effectiveness of a new anxiety medication. The study includes a placebo control group and neither the participants nor the research assistants who give out the medications know whether the participant is receiving the actual drug or a placebo. This study is a good example of: a. the placebo procedure. b. operational definitions. c. random sampling. d. the double-blind procedure. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

145.

The double-blind procedure strengthens the internal validity of a study because: a. it minimizes the effect of experimenter or participant expectations on the outcome of an experiment. b. it creates more confounding variables in the experiment. c. it eliminates the problem of the social desirability bias. d. it ensures that a given sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

146.

_______________ refers to the process of repeating an experiment to determine whether the same results can be obtained.

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a. Replication b. Meta-analysis c. Random sampling d. Program evaluation Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 55 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 147.

Dr. Davis is planning a study on the effect of rewards on the academic achievement of young children. For his study, Dr. Davis decides to use white male children from an upper-class neighborhood. Having taken an introductory psychology course, you can see that Dr. Davis is going to have some problems because he won’t necessarily be able to apply his results to girls or to students of other races and ethnicities. This particular problem substantially weakens the ___________ of Dr. Davis’s study. a. external validity b. control validity c. internal validity d. survey validity Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 55 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

148.

The concept of replication is most closely associated with which of the following? a. internal validity b. reliability c. random selection d. the placebo effect Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 55 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

149.

When discussing the concept of replication, the text presents research related to extrasensory perception (ESP). Which of the following best summarizes the current state of this research and the attitude that science should have toward it? a. As research techniques have gotten more sophisticated, there are a growing number of ESP abilities that have been shown to be reliable and valid and science should continue to investigate these phenomena. b. The scientific research on ESP hasn’t produced solid evidence that supports the existence of this “super” ability so science shouldn’t bother to continue studying this supposed phenomenon. c. The scientific research on ESP hasn’t produced solid evidence that supports the existence of this supposed ability but science should continue to examine phenomena such as this with an open-minded but skeptical attitude.

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d.

Researchers have consistently demonstrated valid and reliable ESP abilities in scientific settings but conservative critics have unfairly rejected these results. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 55 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.3 150.

In the Myth or Reality section of this chapter, you read about parapsychological phenomena such as extrasensory perception (ESP). According to your text, which of the following procedures is commonly used to examine telepathy? a. ganzaniga procedure b. goldstein procedure c. ganzfeld procedure d. double-blind procedure Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 56 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

151.

In an experiment, the main difference between internal validity and external validity is that: a. external validity concerns the degree to which the experiment supports clear causal conclusions, whereas internal validity concerns the generalizability of the results. b. internal validity concerns the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions, whereas external validity concerns the generalizability of the results. c. internal validity is based on random sampling, whereas external validity is based on random selection. d. internal validity is based on random selection, whereas external validity is based on random sampling. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 55 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

152.

Dr. Sussman conducts a study on the effect of various motivational factors on job performance. In her study, she does an excellent job of controlling extraneous factors and as a result, we can have high confidence in the causal conclusions she draws. However, the participants in her study were from a select group of the population and, therefore, Dr. Sussman will be rather limited in terms of her ability to apply her results to other people and situations. Taken as a whole, this study would be said to have ________ internal validity and __________ external validity. a. good; good b. poor; good c. good; poor d. poor; poor Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: High

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Page: 55 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 153.

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive statistic? a. mean b. range c. standard deviation d. statistical significance Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 57 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

154.

A measure of variability that takes into account how much each score in a distribution differs from the mean is called the: a. range. b. mode. c. standard deviation. d. statistical significance. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 58 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

155.

Which of the following are all measures of central tendency? a. mean, standard deviation, range b. mode, statistical significance, range c. standard deviation, mean, mode d. mean, Mediumian, mode Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 57-58 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

156.

Measures of variability: a. capture the degree of variation in a distribution of scores. b. address the question, “What’s the typical score?” c. tell us how likely it is our findings occurred simply due to chance. d. is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium

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Page: 58 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3 157.

The point that divides a distribution of scores in half when those scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest is called the: a. median. b. mode. c. mean. d. standard deviation. Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 58 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

158.

Dr !ones has recently measured depression in a sample of people The lowest score in the sample is a " and the highest score is a #$ %ased on this information& we can conclude that: a. the mean score is 19. b. the mode score is 2. c. the range is 38. d. the results are statistically significant. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 58 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

159.

A researcher concludes that the results in her most recent study likely occurred by chance Thus& the results in her study: a. have no standard deviation. b. have more than one mode. c. cannot be described using descriptive statistics. d. lack statistical significance. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 59 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

160.

The procedure of _______________ is used to combine the results of different studies that focus on the same topic. a. meta-analysis b. random sampling c. random assignment d. confounding

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Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 59 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3 161.

Meta-analysis is used to: a. ensure that a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn. b. evaluate the internal validity of a particular study. c. evaluate the external validity of a particular study. d. combine the results from different studies examining the same topic. Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 59 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

162.

The text discussed research addressing whether exercising during the day helps people to sleep better at night. In a review by Shawn Youngstedt and colleagues (1997), they concluded that the association between these two variables was weak in the 38 studies that they examined. This review illustrates a(n): a. operational definition. b. meta-analysis. c. representative sample. d. negative correlation. Answer: b Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 59 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

163.

A psychologist specializes in a research area in which there is an ongoing debate about the effectiveness of a particular treatment. In order to gain more information, this psychologist reviews approximately 50 studies that have utilized this particular treatment, and using this information, the psychologist finds that the vast majority of the studies found the treatment to be effective. This psychologist has just completed what is best described as a(n): a. experimental study. b. correlational study. c. meta-analysis. d. operational definition. Answer: c Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 59 Style: Application Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

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164.

A meta-analysis has the strongest association with which of the following terms? a. placebo effect b. representative sample c. random selection d. replication Answer: d Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 59 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

165.

Which of the following was NOT listed as a question that one should ask to facilitate critical thinking? a. Do the studies have strong external validity? b. Are there other plausible explanations for the conclusions being drawn? c. What is the most reasonable conclusion to draw? d. What evidence is presented? How good is it? Answer: a Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 60-61 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1

True/False Questions 166.

With regard to the seven steps involved in the scientific process, forming hypotheses typically occurs after theory building. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33-34 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

167.

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 33 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

168.

Hypotheses typically specify lawful relations between certain behaviors and their causes, and tend to be broader than theories. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low

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Page: 33 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1 169.

All other things being equal, a simpler theory is considered to be better than a more complex theory. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 35 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

170.

An operational definition defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

171.

One of the main limitations of archival measures of behavior is that they are vulnerable to the social desirability bias. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

172.

An unobtrusive measure assesses behavior without participants being aware that they are being observed. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

173.

According to ethical guidelines, deception is justified when there are no other alternatives and the study has potential significant benefits that outweigh the risks of deceiving participants. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

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174.

The research method in which the researcher observes behavior occurring in a natural setting is called a case study. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 42 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

175.

Random sampling occurs when every member of a target population has an equal chance of being in a survey. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

176.

In correlational research, the experimenter measures all of the variables and statistically determines whether there is an association between them. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

177.

The problem in which we can’t tell which of two variables causes the other (i.e., does A cause B or does B cause A) is called the third-variable problem. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 47 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

178.

A correlation of .53 is considered to be stronger than a correlation of –.78. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 48 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

179.

In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that is manipulated by the researcher. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low

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Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 180.

Random assignment is used to ensure that a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

181.

Researchers often manipulate more than one independent variable in experiments because it better captures the complexity of human behavior. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 51 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

182.

If an experiment has a confounding variable, this significantly lowers its internal validity. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 53 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

183.

One of the primary techniques for reducing both the placebo effect and experimenter expectancy effects is random selection. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

184.

External validity is concerned with how generalizable the results of a study are to other people and settings. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 55 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

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185.

Mean, median, and mode are all measures of variability. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 57-58 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

186.

Inferential statistics are used to determine whether a set of findings is merely a chance occurrence. Answer: true Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 59 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

187.

Statistical significance means that a set of research findings is socially significant. Answer: false Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 59 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 188.

John Darley and Bibb Latané made the assumption that a diffusion of responsibility reduces the likelihood that any one bystander would feel responsible for helping in an emergency. This assumption is an example of a(n) ____________. Answer: hypothesis Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 33 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1

189.

The major drawback of ____________ understanding is that there are many different ways to explain the causes of events and we can never be sure which explanation is correct. Answer: hindsight Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 3.1

190.

Instead of hindsight understanding, scientists prefer to use ____________, ____________, and theory building in order to gain knowledge. Answer: prediction; control Book: Passer

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Difficulty: Medium Page: 36 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.1 191.

Concepts such as “intelligence” and “memory” mean different things to different people. This is why scientific researchers use ________________ in order to define variables specifically in terms of how they are produced or measured. Answer: operational definitions Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 37 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

192.

Researchers who make use of _____________ measures to assess behavior must be particularly aware of the problem of social desirability. Answer: self-report Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 38 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.4

193.

Because people or animals sometimes change their behavior when they know they are being watched, researchers often make use of ____________ measures of behavior in order to avoid this problem. Answer: unobtrusive Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 39 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

194.

The ethical guideline of '''''''''''' recommends that participants be given a full description of the  procedures and risks involved in an e(periment and should be told that they are free to )uit the e(periment at any time Answer: informed consent Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 40 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.5

195.

A ______________ is an in-depth examination or analysis of a single person, group, or event. Answer: case study Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 42

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Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2 196.

When a sample accurately reflects the important characteristics of the population from which it is drawn, it is said to be a(n) ______________ sample. Answer: representative Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

197.

A major drawback of the ____________ research method is that unrepresentative samples can lead to inaccurate projections about how an entire population of people would respond. Answer: survey Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 44 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

198.

The primary goal of _____________ research is to examine the associations between naturally occurring events or variables. Answer: correlational Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 45 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

199.

In a _____________ correlation, as the scores on one variable increase, the scores on the second variable decrease. Answer: negative Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 47 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

200.

In ______________ research, the experimenter measures whether the manipulation of one variable causes a change in a second variable. Answer: experimental Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 49 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

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201.

In an experiment, the variable that is measured by the experimenter is called the ___________ variable. Answer: dependent Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

202.

A ___________ is a group that is exposed to a zero-level of the independent variable or is not exposed to a treatment. Answer: control group Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

203.

____________ is the technique typically used in experimental research to balance out differences between participants. Answer: Random assignment Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 50 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

204.

In contrast to random assignment, in which participants are assigned to one of the experimental groups or conditions, it is also possible to design an experiment in which participants are exposed to ______ of the groups or conditions in the experiment. Answer: all Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 51 Style: Comprehension Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

205.

When two variables are ______________ it means that they have been combined in such a way that we can’t determine which one had an effect on the dependent variable. Answer: confounded Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 53 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

206.

The ____________ refers to when participants in a study show a change in behavior not because of the treatment they have received but because of their expectations about that treatment.

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Answer: placebo effect Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6 207.

____________________ refer to the unintentional and subtle ways that experimenters can influence and affect their participants to behave in a manner consistent with the experimental hypotheses. Answer: Experimenter expectancy effects Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.6

208.

In experimental research, the _______________ procedure is designed to minimize experimenter expectancy effects and the placebo effect. Answer: double-blind Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.2

209.

_______________ statistics allow one to summari*e and describe a set of data& whereas _______________ statistics tell us how likely it is that our findings are merely a chance occurrence Answer: Descriptive+ inferential Book: Passer Difficulty: Medium Page: 57 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

210.

The ''''''''' is the most fre)uently occurring score in a distribution Answer: mode Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 57 Style: Knowledge Topic: Research Methods APA Goal: 2.3

211.

The statistical procedure in which the results from many different studies on the same topic are combined is called a(n) ___________. Answer: meta-analysis Book: Passer Difficulty: Low Page: 54

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