Pasear Detenerse - Francesco Careri-1

 

VNZAN_, DATAGA_ZA

 

Adcthrcnm Lustnvh Lcmc, ZM

Ycn Mncatngn 4 9> Ynmma da Ornvh ?>, 1:616 Gnujnmpng, Eãxcjh. Tam. (+1?) 11 11 96 96 >>

 

I_NGJAZJH JN_A_C  VNZAN_, DATAGA_ZA T_NDQJJCÚG DA ENQ_CJC VMN

 

Cmustrnjcúg da mn juocartn; _ninentah _ninentah Junmqucar ihren da raprhdujjcúg, raprhdujjcúg, dcstrcoujcúg, jhe jheugcjnjcúg ugcjnjcúg pûomcjn h trngsihrenjcúg trngsihr enjcúg da astn horn shmh puada sar ranmczndn jhg mn nuthrcznjcúg da sus tctumnras, snmvh axjapjcúg pravcstn phr mn may. Dcråknsa n JAD_H (Jagtrh Aspnþhm da Darajbhs _aprhlrî﬎jhs, www.jadrh.hrl) _aprhlrî﬎jhs, www.jadrh.hrl) sc sc gajasctn  gajasctn ihthjhpcnr h asjnganr nmlûg irnleagth da astn horn. Mn Adcthrcnm gh sa prhgugjcn gc axprasn gc cepmåjctneagta cepm åjctneagta raspajth n mn axnjtctud da mn cgihrenjcúg jhgtagcdn ag asta mcorh, rnzúg phr mn junm gh puada nsuecr gcglûg tcph da rasphgsnocmcdnd ag jnsh da arrhr u hecscúg. © da mn trndujjcúg; Enurcjc Vmn © da mhs taxths; Irngjasjh Jnrarc y pnrn astn adcjcúg; © Adcthrcnm Lustnvh Lcmc, ZM, Onrjamhgn, ?6>9 CZOG; 3    >:    ?    1?:  >?:  >:9  >:9

ENGCICAZTH N_JBCVCÃMNLH ZTNM@A_ OHN_CH ZTHV

 >:3  >:3

H_CLAG DA MHZ TARTHZ

DAM GNYALN_ GNYALN_ S DAM AJBN_ AM NGJMN NGJM N ¸AZ N^QÅ MN GQAYN ONOCMHGCN8 VCDLCG JCTS ZNGTCNLH DA JBCMA OHLHTÎ ZÊH VNQMH N_TAZ JÅYCJNZ LMHZN_CH JNOA[N NONKH

 

V_AINJCH

Asta mcorh rajhpcmn dcvarshs nrtåjumhs asjrcths durngta ug paråhdh da ?6 nþhs, dasda >339 bnstn bhy. Jhg ãm ba cgtagtndh jhgstrucr ug puagta agtra am jnecgnr y am datagarsa, agtra am cr y am astnr, tnm vaz agtra mh gúendn y mh sadagtnrch. Aepcazh n jhgscdarnr am bajbh da datagarsa jheh pnrta dam ngdnr, jheh ugn njjcúg qua qucara salucr scagdh gúendn, gúendn , ug mnrlh astnjchgnecagth ag ug rajhrrcdh cepnrnoma cepnrnoma.. Asta Asta mcorh puada sar maådh jheh ugn ra﬏axcúg shora am bajbh da thenr ug sctch y thenr ugn phscjcúg, da bnjarsa jnrlh da ug mulnr y nsuecr ugn rasphgsnocmcdnd ãtcjn y astãtcjn ag am eheagth da datagarsa. Varh tneocãg puada sar maådh jheh ug mcorh shora Ztnm`ar, h eakhr dcjbh, shora ec axparcagjcn parshgnm da Ztnm`ar, shora thdh mh qua ba npragdcdh da Ztnm`ar y shora thdh mh qua, jheh prhiashr, sclh npragdcagdh ag ecs jmnsas jheh nrtcstn, nrquctajth y prhiashr ag am Mnohrnthrch dc Nrtc Jcvcjba PMnohrnthrch da Nrtas JåvcjnsU. Astns njjchgas y ra﬏axchgas ea bng parectcdh amnohrnr prîjtcjns pnrn axpmhrnr mhs mulnras y astnr ag ammhs, cgtagths da norcr —nm eaghs pnrn eå— våns phscomas qua parectng axpngdcr am jneph da njjcúg da mn

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nrquctajturn, nongdhgnr mn jmnustrhiúocjn bnoctnjcúg dcsjcpmcgnr a cgcjcnr ugn nvagturn jnpnz da cr trngsihrengdh am eugdh. Da bajbh, Ztnm`ar bn scdh, y sclua scagdh, ngta thdh ugn nvagturn axcstagjcnm, axcstagjcnm , ãtcjn y astãtcjn. Qgn phasån urongn, cgcjcndn jhg guearhshs neclhs prcgjcpchs da mn dãjndn da >336 ag _hen, qua bn nmhlrndh shoravcvcr y axprasnrsa makhs da mhs ihjhs dam aspajtîjumh jhgtaephrîgah. As eîs, n pasnr da bnoar parengajcdh hjumtn, h jumtn, ttcaga caga ugn lrng jngtcdnd da ndecrndhras qua mn bng jhghjcdh shora am tarragh y qua mn bng jhgvartcdh ag ugn axparcagjcn dcrajtn eadcngta jnecgntns, njjchgas tarrcthrcnmas, tnmmaras… S ash as nså phrqua Ztnm`ar scaepra bn agjhgtrndh am ehdh da snmcr n mn muz, jneocngdh rapagtcgneagta da dcrajjcúg, bnjcagdh dasnpnrajar buammns,kneîs utcmczngdh dcstcgths gheoras, scg mmalnr sus n puomcjnr ug nutãgtcjh mcorh (nugqua axcstag nmlughs qua puadag dasjnrlnrsa ag mn _ad, y htrhs ag jursh). Vhr tngth, asta mcorh aepcazn ag am pugth ag qua tarecgn ec prcear mcorh, \nm`sjnpas. Am ngdnr jheh prîjtcjn astãtcjn,> y, phr tngth, tneocãg ag mn vuamtn n _hen ranmczndn jhg Ztnm`ar ag >331 y ag mn prcearn pnrndn ranmczndn dam ag am Jneph, nOhnrch ag >333. Mualh pnsn n mn eatîihrn gnvalnr, gnvalnr mns dar darcvns cvns y n mhs euam euammas, mas, pnrn datagarsa daspuãs n prhiugdcznr prhiugdcznr ag mn bcsthrcn da Jnåg y Noam y ag su ramnjcúg jhg am lasth dam `n, am såeohmh > Jnrarc, Irngjasjh, \nm`sjnpas. Am ngdnr jheh prîjtcjn astãtcjn  P?66?U, Adcthrcnm Lustnvh Lcmc, Onrjamhgn, ?6>:, ?ª ad.

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dam atargh arrnr ag ousjn dam Htrh. Dasda nbå, sclua paralrcgngdh phr mn euarta da Jhgstngt y phr ugn guavn majturn jråtcjn dam Qrongcseh Qgctnrch, y vn ag ousjn da mn Guavn Onocmhgcn gnrrngdh mhs nþhs pnsndhs ag mns jcudndas da mhs rhe y su npnrtbacd ag mhs guavhs jnephs Za datcaga tneocãg ag Vcdlcg Jcty yda am jhgjagtrnjcúg. eugdh da mns hjupnjchgas bnoctnjchgnmas, dhgda mh cgihrenm vuamva n sar ug rajursh y mn nuthjhgstrujjcúg ugn vån da asjnpa qua as phscoma prnjtcjnr y qua parecta jhgstrucr guavhs aspnjchs n asjnmn ranm n pnrtcr da mns phscocmcdndas jhgstrujtcvns, da mns mujbns y da mhs dasahs da sus bnoctngtas. Da nbå, am mcorh pnrta bnjcn Zudneãrcjn, mn asjuamn eîs nvngzndn pnrn mns lrngdas jcudndas cgihrenmas vagcdarns, ngdngdh Zngtcnlh da Jbcma, Ohlhtî y Zêhasphgtîgahs Vnumh, agtra vnjåhs phr da eaehrcn, negascns jagshrns, mnoarcgths y ratúrcjns da mn salurcdnd. Ag bheagnka n Vntrcj` Laddas, am mcorh jhgjmuya jhg ug nrtåjumh shora am urongcseh ctcgarngta c tcgarngta y mn avhmujcúg parcpntãtcj parcpntãtcjnn da ”Nrtas Jåvcjns―, am jursh dhgda sa agsaþn n pardar tcaeph pnrn lngnr aspnjch, n ngdnr y n trhpaznrsa jhg nmlucag, n agtrnr ag jcarths mulnras pnrn datagarsa ag ammhs y bnjar nrquctajturn, n snmudnr jungdh mmalnehs ypnmnorns jungdh qua ghs ea vnehs. Jhgtcaga ndaeîs ugastns lmhsnrch da nyudn n trngsectcr thdns jhsns y ug engc﬎asth jnoazn nonkh.

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ENGCICAZTH >333

_avhmuìêh          

\a wngt n ravhmutchg ghg ihr tba nrts en phur mn vca nutbagtcqua Iraadhe hi nrt cs nmsh iraadhe irhe nrt _avhmutchg th mny cg tba nres hi n gaw ehtbar ravhmujcúg qua ta mmaln phr tarrcthrchs vårlagas rcvhmu rcvhmuzchga zchga par m–aengjcpn aengjcpnzchga zchga dalmc niiattc a damma pnsschgc

  _avhmuìêh ã rajhrdnr nhs cgdcvåduhs qua amas sêh mcvras

Vnsschgc    

\a swce cg tbcs aepntbcj prhjass wbara jndn junm as Jupcdh

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Nhgda ns satns vnzcns inzae gnsjar nehr dhgda nutúghens prhdujt prhdujtchgs chgs du sags sajargagt ceprhvcshs pntchs da jhgjcagjcn

 

Arrnehs trns mngdns cgstnocmas

   

trn stntc mns d– d–ngceh ngceh ihrtuctneagta neagta ravamndhs oascdas csmns ihrtuct da mn rnpprasagtnzchga oayhgd mhs enras da m–asparca asparcagzn gzn

Tarrcthcra    

Nrquctajturn cs n oanjb Inzar nehr ngtas da inzar ue prhkajth

   

Tarrcthcra cs n gaclb gaclbohur ohur ng nuthghehus prhdujar hi spnja tbnt en`as quastchgs nohut tcaeph

       

Tarrcthry ctsami wngts n ravhmutch ravhmutchg g qucara guavns bcsthrcn y lahlrniån jbarjba m–aengjc aengjcpntchg pntchg da sas pnsschgs pnsschgs dascdarn ug ug––arhtczznzch arhtczznzchga ga sagzn mcectc

>?

 

N_JBCVCÃMNLH ZT N_JBCVCÃMNLH ZTNM@ NM@A_ A_ >339

Mn [hgn as tnm vaz ug scstaen euy jhepmakh da trnepns… gh sã mh qua hjurra nmmå ag nusagjcn dam bheora, parh npagns mmaln nmlugh, thdh aepcazn n ehvarsa. Mn [hgn as tnm y jheh jh eh mn baehs jrandh ghshtrhs, as jheh guastrh astndh îgceh, gh sã mh qua hjurra ag da ammn, ash gh dapagda da mn [hgn, ash dapagda da ghshtrhs. Ngdrãc Tnr`hvs`c nr`hvs`c,, Ztnm`ar, >3:

 

qua mn [hgn as am ûgcjh mulnr ag am qua sa puada tagar asparngzn. Ag mn pamåjumn, mhs Ztnm`ar vng njhepnþndhs da dhs ﬎lurns qua parshgc﬎jng mns dhs ihrens da jhghjcecagth; mn jcagtå﬎jn, raprasagtndn phr ug iåscjh0 y mn buengcstn, raprasagtndn phr ug asjrcthr. Jnecgng scg salucrtrngsihrenjcúg, ugn sagdn jhgjratn phr uggcpncsnka ag jhgstngta scg pnsndh iuturh. Za trntn da ugn gnturnmazn dhgda am pncsnka qua npagns quadnon bn scdh trngsihrendh ag ugh guavh, dhgda cgjmush guastrn prasagjcn prhvhjn guavns eutnjchgas y dhgda pnrn ngdnr bnja inmtn tagar ugn astrntalcn, h nm eaghs ug rctunm. Mhs Ztnm`ar jhgdujag bnstn mn bnoctnjcúg dhgda mhs dasahs sa varîg juepmcdhs. Vnrn bnjarmh as prajcsh pardar tcaeph, > bny qua ntrnvasnr mn [hgn, bny qua sar ”dclgh da mh qua njhgtaja―. Dam 1 nm 2 da hjtuora da >331, ug jhmajtcvh da nrtcstns y nrquctajths rhenghs dcehs ugn vuamtn n pca phr thdns mns zhgns nongdhgndns da _hen0 mmnenehs n astn njjcúg ”Ztnm`ar n trnvãs da mhs tarrcthrchs njtunmas―― y axpmcjneh mas axpmcjnehss jhg dcstcgths entarcnmas; guearhsns ihthlrniåns, ug vådah, ug enpn, ug dcnrch da n ohrdh y

> Ztnm`ar as ug jhmajtcvh nrtåstcjh rhengh —qua then su gheora da mn njjcúg qua nquå sa dasjrcoa— qua ag mn dãjndn da >336 jhgvcrtcú am ngdnr ag su prcgjcpnm cgstrueagth da njjcúg. Ag ?66? sa trngsihreú ag Ztnm`ar/Hssarvnthrchghenda Ztnm`ar/Hssar vnthrchghenda y n pnrtcr da ?663 sa bn rnec﬎jndh ag ugn nrtcjumndn rad da ramnjchgas y prhyajths jhg dcstcgtns sclmns; Vrcenvarnrhengn, MNJXMnohrnthrch Nrtc Jcvcjba, Eusah _amnzchgnma, Ztnm`ar \nm`cgl Zjbhhm y Zpnja Axparcagja.

>4

 

ug engc﬎asth.? Ag dcjbh engc﬎asth Ztnm`ar dasjrcoa mhs ”tarrcthrchs njtunmas― jheh; ”Nquammns zhgns hmvcdndns qua ihreng am galntcvh da mn jcudnd jhgtaephrîgan, qua jhgtcagag ag su cgtarchr mn dhoma asagjcn dam dasajbh y dam rajursh. Zhg mulnras dciåjcmas da jhepragdar phr tngth, dciåjcmas puasth qua gh tcagagy, ugn mhjnmcznjcúg agda am prhyajtnr, tcaeph prasagta. Zhg mulnras nkaghs n mhs maglunkas dam eugdh jhgtaephrîgah, parh nm ecseh tcaeph agvång eagsnkas n qucagas astîg dcspuasths n rajcocrmhs. Ag tãrecghs ranmcstns, nmlughs phdrång jhgvartcrsa ag zhgns irngjns y sheatars sheatarsaa n dcstcgtns malcsmnjchgas. Zhg mulnras dhgda mhs guavhs dasahs jcudndnghs phdrång quadnr sntcsiajbhs. Nbhrn ocag, bhy phr bhy shg shora thdh ug lrng rajursh, mn ug ûgcjn samvn phr dhgda thdnvån phda-y ehs pardarghs, tarrcthrch båorcdh agtra mn jcudnd am jneph, dhgda mn gnturnmazn thdnvån puada avhmujchgnr onkh ihrens cepravcstns, prhdujcr aspnjchs ag aqucmcorch, aspnjchs damcjndhs qua shmh puadag jucdnrsa phr eadch dam nongdhgh. Jhghjar asths aspnjchs, ? Zhora astn prcearn jnecgntn cgcjcîtcjn da Ztnm`ar Ztnm`ar,, vãnsa Laggnrc Laggnrc,, Imnecgcn, ”Vrhlattc/Nzchgc; trn c guhvc aspmhrnthrc dammn jcttæ jhgtaephrîgan―, Imnsb Nrt, gûe. ?66, Ecmîg, >339, pîls. 9?-940 Da Jajjh, Aenguamn, ”Ghg vhmagdh nllcuglara nmtra jhsa nm ehgdh―, Imnsb Nrt, gûe. ?66, Ecmîg, >339, pîl. 940 _hecth, Mhragzh, ”Ztnm`ar―, ag Mngl, Vatar (ad.), Zuourong Dcsjcpmcga, Vrcgjathg Nrjbctajturnm Vrass, Guavn Shr`, >33:6->4>0 Ztnm`ar Ztnm`ar,, æ trnvars mas tarrcthcras njtuams , Kang-Ecjbam Vmnja, Vnrås, ?666. Am nrjbcvh jhepmath iua ndqucrcdh ag >333 phr am Ihgds Gntchgnm d–Nrt Jhgtaephrncga (IGNJ) y mn varscúg radhgdn dam enpn dam Vmngcsiarch _hen iua ndqucrcdn ag ?664 phr am Ihgds _ãlchgnm d–Nrt Jhgtaephrncga - Vrhvagja Nmpas Jôta Nzur (I_NJ-VNJN).

>1

 

parjcocrmhs ag su davagcr davagcr,, raprasagtnr raprasagtnrmhs mhs scg gajasc gajascdnd dnd da da﬎gcrmhs lrnjcns n mn raprasagtnjcúg cgvhmugtnrcn; asta iua am sagtcdh da guastrh vcnka.―: Guastrh rajhrrcdh pnrtcú da mn astnjcúg nongdhgndn da Yclgn Jmnrn. Jhgstrucdn pnrn mhs eugdcnmas da iûtohm da >336, kneîs mmalú n utcmcznrsa y ag mn njtunmcdnd sa prasagtn jheh ugn guavn rucgn jhgtaephrîgan. jhgtaephrîgan . Mualh am vcnka prhsclucú n trnvãs da mhs jnephs, mhs råhs y mns mågans iãrrans, n mh mnrlh da ugn irngkn axtarchr jaþcdn nm jagtrh da _hen, eîs nmmî da mn parciarcn da mn dãjndn da >316. >316. N mh mnrlh dam rajhrrcdh mhs b bnoctngtas noctngtas dam mulnr mulnr,, mhs pnsthras, mhs pasjndhras, mhs jnepascghs y mns jheugcdndas da nmongasas y phmnjhs, ghs daknrhg ntrnvasnr sus ”prhpcadndas ”prhpcadndas―― cgdcjîgdhghs mhs sag sagdarhs, darhs, mns zhgns da agtrndn y da snmcdn. Astns lagtaspamclrhsns, bng jrandhmns ugnvåns nutãgtcjn rad da cgihrenjcúg; sa rajhghjag agtra ammhs n `cmúeatrhs da dcstngjcn. Ammhs shg mns prcgjcpnmas iuagtas pnrn am jhghjcecagth da mhs mulnras, mhs nutãgtcjhs luåns dam tarrcthrch. Vhsaag ug jhgtrhm noshmuth dam ecseh, mh jhghjag ag thdhs sus pmcaluas, trnzng mhs rajhrrcdhs. Jnsc scaepra bny ugn aspajca da sagdarh nm ﬎gnm dam junm junm bny ug nlukarh ag mn : Asta pîrrnih as ugn pnrîirnscs eån dam ”Engcia ”Engciasth sth Ztnm`ar Ztnm`ar――, asjrcth phr Mhragzh _hecth ag >339 jhg hjnscúg da mn axphscjcúg ”Enppa―, jhecsnrcndn phr Aenguamn Da Jajjh y jamaorndn ag mn Lnmmarcn Jnra Hii da Ecmîg. Am taxth iua puomcjndh phstarchreagta ag dcstcgths cdchens ag dclcmngdar.mcoarh.ct/stnm`armno/tnr`hws`y/engciasth/engciastcgl.bte Pûmtcen jhgsumtn; norcm da ?6>9U. Yarscúg jnstammngn cgjmucdn ag Varîg, Enrtå (ad.),  Nrquctajtur  Nrquctajturns ns pnrn am njhgtajcecagt njhgtajcecagth h  (jntîmhlh da mn axphscjcúg bheúgcen jamaorndn ag am Aspnc d–Nrt Jhgtaephrngc da Jnstammúg), Lagarnmctnt Ynmagjcngn, Ynmagjcn, ?66?.

>9

 

rad phr am qua sa puada pnsnr. As phscoma ntrnvasnr mns jnmmas, mns våns iãrrans y mns trnzns urongns pnrn mualh vhmvar n agtrnr ag mn [hgn phr htrh nlukarh. Vhr thdns pnrtas bny mulnras da pnsh; paþnsjhs nphyndhs ag ug eurh pnrn phdar snmtnr phr agjcen, ugn varkn jhg mhs onrrhtas sapnrndhs, ugn tnomn shorathdns ug ihsh, ugnsaþnvnmmn jhg mns pugtns dhomndns. Zclucagdh astns mas, vcsctnehs jcudndas ag mns rcoarns da mhs råhs, lrutns dagtrh da mhs jnþhgas, tcagdns da jnepnþn dagtrh da mhs jnþnvarnmas, pnrquas shora mhs vcndujths, clmascns qua pnrajång gnvas cgdustrcnmas y iîorcjns ag dasush qua pnrajång pnraj ång jntadrnmas. Ngduvcehs phr ug aspnjch cgtareadch, ug pnrãgtascs ag mn jcudnd, jhg mhs jbnmãs y mns vcvcagdns cgtagscvns scaepra n pugth da npnrajar am bhrczhgta, scaepraehgtnka prasagtas ag am agjundra. S scgaggajascdnd da gcglûg sa sujadån ugn sajuagjcn da lahlrniåns batarhlãgans, jhg ug aspnjch y ug tcaeph prhpchs, sheatcdns scg cgtarrupjcúg n guastrn parjapjcúg. Ycsctnehs rucgns rhengns ag am ecseh astndh ag qua mns vcarhg Khbng \hmilngl vhg Lhatba, Gcjhmns Vhusscg y Lchvnggc Onttcstn Vcrngasc, aspnjchs surranmas y gahrranmcstns dhgda thdnvån vnlnougdang mhs parshgnkas da Iadarcjh Iammcgc y Vcar Vnhmh Vnshmcgc. ûmtcehs am daonta shora mn jcudnd bnDurngta puasth mhs agjcen da nþhs, mn easn jntalhråns guavns qua parectag cgtarpratnr am tarrcthrch eatrhphmctngh. Jndn vaz eîs, sa utcmczng axpraschgas jheh ”jcudnd dciusn―, ”gh mulnras m ulnras―― h ”mulnras parcurongh parcuronghss― pnrn da﬎gcr nquammhs aspnjchs uronghs qua jrajag y sa eumtcpmcjng ag astn lnmnxcn cgda﬎gcdn qua as njtunmeagta mn eatrú-

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phmcs jhgtaephrîgan. Nbhrn ocag, astns cgvastclnjchgas sa cgtarasng shora thdh phr mns jhgjagtrnjchgas jhgjagtrnjchgas da entarcn da dcjbn lnmnxcn, phr mhs ”mmaghs―0 as dajcr, phr mhs takcdhs y mns astrujturns urongns0 gugjn bng daspmnzndh su pugth da vcstn bnjcn am cgeagsh ”vnjåh― qua jhgtcagag ashs takcdhs y astrujturns. Vhr amphr jhgtrnrch, am vcnka da Ztnm`ar jhgscstcú ag ugn trnvasån am cgtarchr da asths vnjåhs, hosarvngdh mn jcudnd jhgstrucdn dasda am axtarchr y parectcagdh ugn majturn da mn ecsen dasda ug pugth da vcstn eúvcm a cgearsh ag mns dcgîecjns dam tarrcthrch. Agthgjas pudh varsa jmnrneagta júeh mns pnrtas mmagns da mh jhgstrucdh —as dajcr, mhs dcstcgths irnleagths da jcudnd— phdång cgtarpratnrsa jheh mns csmns da ug nrjbcpcãmnlh juyh hjãngh as ug lrngdaehstrngdh vnjåh cgihrea.qua Ztnm`ar gnvalúntrnvasnrmhs phr mhs dcstcgths enras, as phscoma n pca ag su thtnmcdnd y scg shmujcúg da jhgtcgucdnd. Zc n mhs pnrquas y n mhs lrngdas vnjåhs uronghs sa nþndag thdns mns tcarrns da gndca, mhs eîrlagas nongdhgndhs mmaghs mmaghs da znrzn znrzns, s, atj., phdraehs hosarvn hosarvnrr qua am vnjåh sclua rnec﬎jîgdhsa n dcstcgtns asjnmns, jhgstctuyagdh am ihgdh shora am qua ﬏htng mns astrujturns urongns n mns qua, utcmczngdh ug tãrecgh iåscjh, phdajmustars; jûeumhs cgihreas dhgda mn enehs sa mmnenr tarcn jhgjagtrn y sa hrlngczn ihren ihrengdh gdh astrujturns. N pasnr da su jhepmakcdnd, am dcoukh da mn jcudnd nm qua sa mmalnrån suengdh mhs aspnjchs vnjåhs phdrån vhmvar n maarsa jheh ugn ihren eadcngta am ush da laheatråns jhepmakns. Za trntn da ugn ihren qua mn jcvcmcznjcúg jhgtaephrîgan jhgtaephrîgan bn jhgstrucdh ”asphgtîganeagta―

>2

 

pnrn så jhg am ﬎g da nuthrraprasagtnrsa, jhg cgdapagdagjcn da mns tahråns da nrquctajths y urongcstns, y phr ammh puada jhgscdarnrsa am rasumtndh da ug prhjash gnturnm, ug prhjash dcgîecjh y jhepmakh jhepmakh qua, nm clunm qua mhs prhjashs da ihrenjcúg da mns guoas y mns lnmnxcns, 4

puada sar dasjrcth phr mn laheatrån Mn jcudnd sa dasnrrhmmn eadcngta irnjtnm. ugn dcgîecjn qua rasumtn dciåjcm da prhlrnenr daocdh n mn lrng jngtcdnd da vnrcnomas ag kualh; ug prhjash ag am qua pnrtcjcpng mns njjchgas cgtarramnjchgndns da dcstcgtns iuarzns mhjnmas, n eagudh ag jhgtrnsta agtra ammns, ndaeîs da mn njjcúg pmngc﬎jndhrn da ugn cgtamclagjcn jagtrnmczndn. Vhr ammh, am mh, mhs jmustars sa dasnrrhmmng ndhptngdh ugn ihren y ugn astrujturn ag mns zhgns eîs prhonomas, y ag am enrjh lagarnm jrajcecagth agtra ammhs ydam ag prhjash su cgtarchr, îransdavnjåns, zhgns dakng, gh astrujturndns. Mns astrujturns y mhs vnjåhs sa dcstrcouyag da ihren crralumnr y prasagtng mn jnrnjtaråstcjn da mn nuthscecmctud, ugn prhpcadnd cgtrågsajn n mhs irnjtnmas. Nm clunm qua hjurra ag mns astrujturns gnturnmas 4 Mhs jhgjapths raiarcdhs nquå sshora hora mn ihren irnjtnm da mn jcudnd shg am rasumtndh da guearhsns dcsjuschgas ag am sagh dam Mnohrnthrch Ztnm`ar, n mns qua am nstrhiåscjh Irngjasjh Zymhs Mnocgc bn nphrtndh ugn jhgtrcoujcúg iugdneagtnm. Zus cgvastclnjchgas vng dcrclcdns n mn npmcjnjcúg da mn laheatrån irnjtnm n mn dasjrcpjcúg da mn dcstrcoujcúg da mns lnmnxcns ag am ugcvarsh. Vnrn umtarchras prhiugdcznjchgas, vãnsa; Ontty, Ecjbnam,, ”Gaw \nys hi Mhh`cgl nt Jctcas― y En`sa, B. N., Bnmvcg, Z. y Ztng Ecjbnam Ztng-may, A., ”Ehdammcgl Qrong Lrhwtb Vnttargs―, Gntura, gûe. :3340 Irng`bnusar, Vcarra, Mn Irnjtnmctã das strujturas uroncgas, Ngtbrhphs, Vnrås, >334.

>3

 

jhepmakns qua phsaag astn ecsen jnrnjtaråstcjn (mns jhstns, mns ehgtnþns, mns guoas), phdaehs n﬎renr qua mn ihren irnjtnm da mn jcudnd gh phsaa ug tnenþh n ugn asjnmn da﬎gcdn, mmhh qua sclgc﬎jn qua gh thdns mns jcudndas tcagag ugn ihren irnjtnm n mn ecsen asjnmn; am îran eatrhphmctngn axprasn dcjbn ihren ugn asjnmn dcstcgtn dada mnsVnrås da Oarmåg h Mhgdras. Nbhrnn ocag, phdaehs n﬎renr qua n pnrtcr da ugn asjnmn datarecgndn as phscoma rajhghjar ugn ihren da mn jcudnd jnrnjtarczndn phr jmustars da dcstcgth tnenþh qua sa nlrupng ag thrgh n ugh jagtrnm. Qgh da mhs rasumtndhs cgtarasngtas da asta prhjash as mn ihrenjcúg da ug ohrda crralumnr ag thrgh n mn entarcn qua parecta qua am vnjåh sa ndagtra ag ammn. Za trntn da ug iagúeagh qua puada hosarvnrsa jmnrneagta îrans ndns enrlcgnmas, ag mns zhgns parciãrcjns nûgag ghmns astrujtur astrujturndns da ihren da﬎gctcvn y ag jhgstngta trngsihrenjcúg. Ag guastrn axpmhrnjcúg da mn jcudnd pudcehs varc﬎jnr jhg lrng axnjtctud mns jnrnjtaråstcjns dasjrctns ngtarchreagta. Tneocãg mn majturn da mn jnrthlrniån parecta var, phr ugn pnrta, mn avcdagta dcsjhgtcgucdnd da mn jcudnd jhgstrucdn y, phr htrn, mn jhgtcgucdnd y mn jnpnjcdnd da pagatrnjcúg dam scstaen da vnjåhs. As dajcr dajcr, , mnqua Ihren Qrocs da _hen eujbh eî eîssntrnvasnjhepmakn qua mn suama prasagtnr mn as jcudnd rndcnm, dn phr dhs juþns da vnjåhs, y sa pnraja eîs n mn ihren da ug nrjbcpcãmnlh; ug nrjbcpcãmnlh irnjtnm. Nm dasnrrhmmh da dcjbn ihren bng jhgtrcoucdh tngth ugns jhgdcjchgas neocagtnmas aspajå﬎jns (am scstaen hrhlrî﬎jh da mhs onrrngjhs y mhs vnmmas, am scstaen bcdrhlahmúlcjh bcdrhlahmúlcjh

?6

 

da mhs råhs y mhs jngnmas, am jmcen, mn valatnjcúg) jheh mns jhgdcjchgas jumturnmas (mn bcsthrcn ngtclun y mn rajcagta, mn aspajumnjcúg cgehocmcnrcn, am jrajcecagth nouscvh, mns juastchgnomas cgtarvagjchgas dam pmnganecagth pûomcjh). pûomcjh). Am scstaen da lrngdas vnjåhs uronghs astî ihrendh phr amîrans jhgkugth da pnrquas bcstúrcjhs, phr mns guearhsns sheatcdns n sukajchgas nrquahmúlcjns h neocagtnmas, phr mns lrngdas îrans cgdustrcnmas y iarrhvcnrcns ag dasush y phr mns lrngdas cgirnastrujturns. Nbhrn ocag, phdaehs jhgstntnr ndaeîs mn prasagjcn cephrtngta da îrans cgtarstcjcnmas qua, suendns n mns ngtarchras, invhrajag mn jhgaxcúg y mn jhgtcgucdnd dam scstaen da vnjåhs0 as dajcr, dam enr, h eakhr dcjbh, da mhs enras dam nrjbcpcãmnlh. Mh qua dcstcgtns bnstn nbhrn baehs mmnendh phsaa ag ranmcdnd cdagtcdndas, y gh as vnjåh tng vnjåh jheh puadn pnrajar pnrajar.. Ag su enyhr pnrta, sa trntn da aspn aspnjchs jchs hmvcdndhs, hmvcdn dhs, ohrrndhs da guastrhs enpns eag eagtnmas, tnmas, nmlh nså jheh negascns urongns. Nmmå dhgda gh bny gcglugn ihren da jhgtrhm npnragta, sa sa vcva ag ugn cgihrenmcdnd y, n eagu eagudh, dh, ag ugn cmalnm cmalnmcdnd cdnd dcius dciusns, ns, jhg ugn ugnss ralmns prhpcns. Mhs måectas da asths tarrcthrchs sa daspmnzng jhgstngtaeagtaa sclucagdh ugns ramnjchgas da iuarzns jhgstngtaeagt ag jhg mhlrng irajuagjcn, nroctrnrcns. Zhg aspnjchseutnjcúg gúendnsy,qua shoravcvcr ehvcãgdhsa ugn vaz nmjngzng ug vcndujth, ugn guavn jheugcdnd, am jarjndh cmalnm da ug buarth, ug pugth da dasjnrln da earjngjåns, ugn pnrjamnjcúg a cgjmush ug pnrqua. Ag asths eheagths, am iuturh da eujbns da mns îrans qua ntrnvasnehs as hokath da dcsjuscúg ag mns ndecgcstrn-

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jchgas eugcjcpnmas. Eujbhs amaeagths dam scstaen da vnjåhs qua sa jhgscdarng dalrndndhs y qua daoag sar rajnmc﬎jndhs daoarîg tneocãg snturnrsa pnrn daknr aspnjch n guavhs irnleagths da jcudnd. Zcg aeonrlh, phdrång npmcjnrsa engarns nmtargntcvns da dasnrrhmmnr mn jhgsarvngdh sumnrlh gnturnmazn da nrjbcpcãmnlh.jcudnd _hen, jcudnd qua n mh da mn bcsthrcn scaepra jrajcú shora så ecsen n trnvãs da astrntc﬎jnjchgas, phdrån dasnrrhmmnrsa gh shmh eadcngta am nþndcdh da guavns ”engzngns― ag su parciarcn axtarchr, scgh tneocãg phr eadch da mn dastrujjcúg y mn rajhgstrujjcúg da nmlugns pnrtas da su cgtarchr, h cgjmush eadcngta mn suparphscjcúg y mn dagsc﬎jnjcúg da mns pnrtas jhgstrucdns. Da bajbh, sarån phscoma salucr jhgstruyagdh ag am cgtarchry da eujbhs onrrchsda da>3326, cgjraeagtngdh ag dcjbhs onrrchs, n eagudh dascarths, mn dagscdnd dags cdnd yy,, phr tng tngth, th, am aiajth jc jcudnd, udnd, scg hostnjumchostnjum cznr su jhgtcgucdnd gc mn pagatrnjcúg dam scstaen da vnjåhs ag am cgtarchr da mn jcudnd, ugn jnrnjtaråstcjn qua scaepra bn scdh prhpcn da _hen, cgjmush ag am cgtarchr da mn ngtclun jcudnd neurnmmndn. Vhr tngth, gh sa trntn da snturnr, scgh da njaptnr am scstaen dcsjhgtcguh da 1 Ag ugn rajcagta cgvastclnjcú cgvastclnjcúg g tctumnd tctumndnn ”VAAV Zbhw― (>339), dcrclcdn phr Enssceh Jcui﬎gc, Agzh Invn y Nmoarth Cnjhvhgc, sa bn prhpuasth sntcsinjar mns gajascdndas da vcvcagdn ag _hen dagsc﬎jngdh mns îrans dam cgtarchr da mhs VAAV (Vcngc dc Adcmczcn Ajhghecjn a Vhphmnra PVmngas da Jhgstrujjcúg Ajhgúecjn y VhpumnrU), engtagcãgdhsa dagtrh da mhs måectas da mhs astîgdnras urongåstcjhs pravcsths, jhg ug lrng nbhrrh ag mhs lnsths da urongcznjcúg y scg jhgsuecr am suamh da mn jnepcþn rhengn.

??

 

mn jcudnd y mn gnturnmazn asphgtîgan da sus vnjåhs, n eagudh eîs cgtarasngtas qua mh prhyajtndh. Eujbns vajas sa trntn da aspnjchs gnjcdhs y jrajcdhs iuarn dam prhyajth da mn ehdargcdnd (y tnm vaz jhgtrn ãm), da ug prhyajth ehdargh qua da bajbh as cgjnpnz da rajhghjar sus vnmhras phr tngth, da njaptnrmhs. Asths tarrcthrchs daoag sary,jhgscdarndhs jheh ugn guavn wcmdargass jrajcdn agtra mhs pmcaluas da mn jcudnd0 sa trntn da mulnras qua, ag enyhr eadcdn qua mhs daeîs, raprasagtng guastrn jcvcmcznjcúg, su davagcr cgjhgsjcagta y eûmtcpma. Za phdrån dasjrcocr Ztnm`ar jhg ugn eatîihrn, jheh ug vcnka n mhs dasvngas da mn jcudnd, n ughs mulnras dhgda mn jcvcmcznjcúg lunrdn sus dasajbhs, sus rajuardhs y dhgda nbhrn bng surlcdh, agtra thdnsguavns astns jhsns, guavns ramnjchgas, guavhs bnoctngtas, dcgîecjns ag jhgstngta eutnjcúg. Gh sa trntn tng shmh da ugn suen da aspnjchs rascdunmas qua asparng sar mmagndhs jhg jhsns, scgh qua eîs ocag astîg n mn asparn da sar mmagndhs jhg sclgc﬎jndhs. Gh ihreng ugn gh jcudnd qua bnyn qua trngsihrenr ag jcudnd, ug îran dasprhvcstn da ug sagtcdh qua ma sarî nsclgndh phr eadch da ugn ihren junmqucarn da jhmhgcznjcúg, scgh ugn jcudnd pnrnmamn jhg ugns dcgîecjns yprhpcn, ugns astrujturns prhpcns, jhg cdagtcdnd dhtndn ihrenm cgqucatn y pnmpctngta da ugn pmurnmcdndas, da radas da ramnjchgas, da bnoctngtas, da mulnras, da ehgueagths, y qua daoarî agtagdarsa ngtas da sar snturndn h, ag am eakhr da mhs jnshs, rajnmc﬎jndn. Asths aspnjchs shg vctnmas pnrn mn jcudnd ag am ecseh astndh ag qua sa agjuagtrng. Ndaeîs da sar pnrtas

?:

 

cgtalrngtas da ug scstaen, y da dcouknr su ihren lagarnm, ma dng ugn cdagtcdnd prhpcn qua gh gajasctn ugn rajnmc﬎jnjcúg, qua aqucvnmdrån n su bhehmhlnjcúg. Vhr Vhr tngth, jheh ihren da lnrngtån dam dasnrrhmmh asphgtîgah da su davagcr, prhphgaehs pnrn asths aspnjchs ugn aspajca ”vnrcngta dam nongdhgh―. Am eagsnkas nrta sarî am eadch pnrndanjjadar n sus vnmhras y sus y pnrn jhepragdarmhs, mn jmnva da su majturn. Baehs asjhlcdh am rajhrrcdh jheh ugn ihren da nrta nr ta qua parecta suornynr suornynr ug mulnr phr eadch dam trnzndh iåscjh da ugn mågan, ug sagdarh qua dasnpnrajarî trns guastrh pnsh. Za trntn da ugn ihren da nrta gúendn qua, nm clunm qua am wnm`nohut da mhs nohrålagas nustrnmcnghs, as tneocãg ugn majturn pscjhlahlrî﬎jn, ug cgstrueagth da jhghjcecagth iagheaghmúlcjh, ugn cgtarpratnjcúg sceoúmcjn dam tarrcthrch, ugn raprasagtnjcúg. Da ralrash da asta vcnka y jhg am ﬎g da dasjrcocr guastrn axparcagjcn baehs dcoukndh ug enpn, am Vmngcsiarch _hen, thengdh jheh raiaragjcn mhs cgjcarths enpns lahlrî﬎jhs da mns prcearns axpmhrnjchgas dam Guavh Eugdh; ugn sunva mågan asohzndn ag jhmhr omngjh qua quadn cgscgundn agtra ughs jhgtcgagtas y ughs enras thdnvån phr axpmhrnr, ugns tcarrns dasjhBcj sugt ghjcdns dhgda puadag maarsa mns pnmnorns mahgas. Am enpn euastrn ug nrjbcpcãmnlh da mmaghs y vnjåhs, dhgda mhs ûmtcehs sa pcgtng da nzum, jheh sc iuasa ug cgeagsh enr qua sa cgscgûn agtra mhs mmaghs da mns csmns nenrcmmns da mn jcudnd jhgstrucdn. As ugn cgvctnjcúg n daknr mhs nenrrndarhs y n gnvalnr n trnvãs da mhs lhmihs, mns agsagndns y mns onbåns, agtra

?4

 

mhs vnjåhs nongdhgndhs da mn jcudnd, ugn cgvctnjcúg n axpmhrnr mhs eîrlagas rajhrtndhs y batarhlãgahs da mns jhstns, n nmjngznr mns pmnyns y nquammns hrcmmns dhgda mns tcarrns y mns nluns —mhs mmaghs y mhs vnjåhs— sa nmtargng jrangdh aspnjchs båorcdhs, dhgda mn jcudnd gúendn trnon ugns ramnjchgas cgãdctns jhg mn jcudnd sadagtnrcn.

?1

 

OHN_CH ZTHV ?666

Trns nþhs da axpmhrnr mhs tarrcthrchs njtunmas, Ztnm`ar aepazú ug trnonkh da cgtarnjjcúg c gtarnjjcúg jhg sus bnoctngtas. Za pnsú da ugn insa da hosarvnjcúg y da asjujbn da mn gnturnmazn båorcdn da mhs mulnras n nsuecr rasphgsnocmcdndas ag mh qua raspajtn n su trngsihrenjcúg, ousjngdh ugn engarn jucdnr daasphgtîgans. ammhs eadcngta mn pnrtcjcpnjcúg ag sus da eutnjchgas Am mnohrnthrch da astn guavn axparcagjcn iua am Jneph Ohnrch dam ngtcluh entndarh da _hen, ug îran ag dasush dhgda mn sadceagtnjcúg dam tcaeph y mn nusagjcn da ug prhyajth bng dndh mulnr n ug akaepmh noshmutneagta cgãdcth da nuthhrlngcznjcúg y da jhgvcvagjcn agtra dcstcgtns jumturns. Ag ug pntch cgtarchr astîg npnrjndns durngta jnsc thdh am nþh mns jnrnvngns da mhs rhe `nmdarnsbn  —gúendns ctnmcnghs aspajcnmczndhs ag trnonknr am eatnm y mhjnmczndhs ag astn zhgn dasda >166—, tneocãg astîg mhs astnomhs da mhs jnsc :66 jnonmmhs da mns jnrrhzns pnrn turcstns, am Ycmmnllch Lmhonma —ug cephrtngta jagtrh shjcnm hjupndh phr lruphs da jcudndnghs euy dcvarshs— y nmlugns jheugcdndas da sagalnmasas, ghrtanirc-

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jnghs a ctnmcnghs scg ehrndn ﬎kn; ugn ohmsn urongn dhgda bn cdh n pnrnr thdh mh qua gh mhlrn bnjarsa aspnjch ag htrn pnrta. pnr ta. Am rasumtndh as u ug g axtrnþh ugcvarsh jhsehphmctn y eumtcjumturnm sctundh kusth nm mndh da mn _hen turåstcjn. Ag enyh da >333 mmalnrhg nquå,  kugth n Ztnm`ar Ztnm`a r, ughs raiulcn raiulcndhs `urdhs. Mhsmådar `urdhs mmalnrhg da thdn Aurhpn pnrndhs nphynr n su Nodummnb Ùjnmng, y eîs tnrda jhgstruyarhg agtra mns rucgns prúxcens nm Jhmcsah ug phomndh da jnrtúg mmnendh Jnrthgcn, ugn onrrnjúphmcs nocartn qua sa hirajån n mhs rhenghs jheh mulnr da bhspctnmcdnd y da agjuagtrhs, parh qua euy prhgth iua dasengtamndn. Nquå iua dhgda, kugth n mn nshjcnjcúg Nznd, Ztnm`ar iua n ousjnrmhs pnrn prhphgarmas mn hjupnjcúg y mn rajuparnjcúg ngtcluh adc﬎jch dam vatarcgnrch da Jneph Ohnrch.dam Kugths hrlngcznrhg am tnmmar ”Da Jnrthgcn n mn p pmnzn mnzn @urdcstîg― @urdcstîg―,, y jranrhg Nrnrnt Nrnrnt,, qua theú am gheora da mn ehgtnþn snlrndn da mhs `urdhs, qua trns am dcmuvch ugcvarsnm njhlcú am Nrjn da Ghã. Da nbå surla mn jhbnoctnjcúg agtra mn jheugcdnd `urdn y ug mnohrnthrch da nrtcstns, nrquctajths, cgvastclndhras y jcudndnghs da n pca; ugn puartn da njjash n Jneph Ohnrch pnrn qucagas da agtrndn gugjn sa bnorång ntravcdh n pcsnrmh, ug mulnr qua cgvctn n agtagdar sus jhepmakns dcgîecjns y n bnjar eîs pareanomas sus måectas. Ag phjhs easas mn pmnzn da nsinmth sa trngsihreú ag ug tarragh da kualh, ugn pcznrrn ag mn qua phdång dcouknrsa jhg noshmutn mcoartnd mns cgtarnjjchgas jhg mns dcstcgtns jheugcdndas, da ehdh qua sa jraú ug aspnjch pûomcjh onsndh ag mn njhlcdn y

?2

 

mn shmcdnrcdnd. Agtra >333 y ?66? iua asjagnrch da mhs Lrngdas Kualhs Jhmajtcvhs; sa rapnrtcú mn Jnrtn dc Ghg-Cdagtctæ (Jnrgã da Gh Cdagtcdnd) n thdhs mhs bnoctngtas jhg ehtcvh dam Jmngdastcgh Dny >333, am Vrngzh Ohnrch (Jhecdn Ohnrcn) —ugn raugcúg jcrjumnr `urdn sa eazjmnon da jhgjheagsnmas am  lhum zåglnrhmnyjhecdn mns nmlns knphgasns dam  lhumnsb nsb   dhgda nrtcstn Nsn`h Cwnen—, am LmhOnmm Lnea —dhgda sa mngznrhg ?.666 onmhgas da iûtohm pnrn qua sa asjrcocarng ag ammhs mhs tastcehgchs da mn vcdn ag am Jneph Ohnrch—, am Trngsohrdarmcga —ug aspnjch ag aspcrnm såeohmh da ugn irhgtarn pareanoma y bnoctnoma, cgstnmndh phstarchreagta da ihren cmalnm ag mn irhgtarn agtra Ctnmcn y Asmhvagcn—, am Tnpatth Yhmngta (Nmiheorn Yhmndhrn) —ug ctcgarngta jhg juardns y rnens, cectnon mhstajbh ehjîrnoas da mnqua, jnpc jnpcmmn mmn Vnmntcgn da Vnmareh—, ndaeîs da htrhs kualhs y njjchgas scg daghecgnjcúg y qua gh bng dakndh buammns, parh qua bng jhgtrcoucdh n mn aengjcpnjcúg da asta aspnjch. Njtunmeagta, Nrnrnt as ugn atnpn homclndn pnrn thdhs mhs raiulcndhs `urdhs ag trîgscth phr Aurhpn. Vhr nbå bng pnsndh eîs da tras ecm y am nsinmth sa bn trngsihrendh ag am Hrth Hr th Ohnrch (Buarth Ohnrch), ug knrdåg da lcrnshmas îrohmasmnirutnmas. Jndnda nþh mn pmnzn amyGawrhz, ﬎astn `urdn Icgsa dajamaorn Nþh, agag mn qua sa oncmn ag jårjumhs jhgjãgtrcjhs ag thrgh n ugn lrng bhluarn ag eaehrcn da mn axpumscúg `urdn da mhs cgvnshras nscrch onocmúgcjhs qua tuvh mulnr ag mn ghjba da mhs tcaephs, nså jheh da mn mujbn njtunm phr mn mcoarnjcúg da mhs 16 ecmmhgas da `urdhs rapnrtcdhs agtra

?3

 

juntrh pnåsas ag luarrn (am `urdh as am puaomh scg astndh eîs lrngda dam pmngatn). Bng bajbh inmtn eujbhs pnshs y quaenr eujbns agarlåns pnrn mmalnr nm Jneph Ohnrch, pnrn agjhgtrnr ugn ihren da ramnjcúg kustn jhg sus bnoctngtas, pnrn raonsnr mns qua onrrarns jumturnmas n dcsphscjcúg da nmlh rasumtnon dciåjcm ydaphgarsa jhepragdar, pnrn vagjar mhs ecadhs y mhs jhepmakhs y agjhgtrnr mn saragcdnd gajasnrcn pnrn gh kuzlnr, pnrn gh quarar datarecgnr y pnrn gh ousjnr jartazns. Iua gajasnrch ecrnrmh dasda am pugth da vcstn da ug bnoctngta, jhepnrtcr mn jhgdcjcúg da hjupngta cmalnm, nsuecr mns rasphgsnocmcdndas jhtcdcngns, jhepragdar jhepragdar y hosarvnr mhs aqucmcorchs y mns ralmns, parh tneocãg mns dcstcgtns vcschgas. Da bajbh, astacgvagtcvn mulnr pnraja sarjunmas jnpnz da ugn nuthrralumnjcúg y ugn scg mns bnorån astnmmndh bnja tcaeph. Gh axcstag mayas gc ralmns asjrctns, y nugqua thdh pnraja nongdhgndh n su suarta, ag ranmcdnd jndn sctunjcúg as iruth da ug njuardh. Vhr thdns pnrtas bny måectas cgvcscomas qua gugjn iuarhg trnzndhs y qua puadag ehdc﬎jnrsa ag junmqucar eheagth. Thdh sa rcla p phr hr ug aqucmcorc aqucmcorchh cgastnoma y pnraja qua, dasda scaepra, mn bcsthrcn da asta mmulnr ulnr,, dhgda gndca as bnyn prhpcatnrch y dhgda tcaga nutãgtcjhs darajbhs, jhgscstcdh ag gndca ugn sajuagjcn da njuardhs taephrnmas jnpnjas da aglmhonr thdns mns mmalndns y thdns mns pnrtcdns, thdhs mhs jarjndhs y thdns mns hpjchgas da pnsh scg prhvhjnr lrngdas trnuens. Ztnm`ar iua njhlcdh jhg mn cgdciaragjcn jhg mn qua sa njhla nm ûmtceh ag mmalnr, ugn njtctud qua prhgth sa trngsihreú

:6

 

ag jurchscdnd bnjcn nquammn axtrnþn trcou da nrquctajths y nrtcstns qua gh sa prhphgång ranmcznr prhyajt prhyajths hs h jranr horns da nrta, qua gh arng njtcvcstns phmåtcjhs gc nscstagtas shjcnmas. Astn jhgstngta neoclýadnd n mn bhrn da ndhptnr ug pnpam iua mn jmnva pnrn nsuecr am da hrlngczndhras da mhs Lrngdas Kualhs yn pnrn qua mhs bnoctngtas astuvcasag dcspuasths kulnrmhlrnr y n agtrnr ag kualh. Jhg astns njjchgas phãtcjns y gh iugjchgnmas agjhgtrnehs engarns da hparnr ag mhs prhjashs da trngsihrenjcúg mmavndhs n jnoh, cgtagtngdh gh prhphgar ug prhy prhyajth ajth da pnrtcjcpnjcúg prhpcneagt prhpcneagtaa dcjbh —tnm jheh mh agtagdaehs bhy ag su pahr varscúg—, scgh ugn ihren mûdcjn jnpnz da dnr vhz n mn jhepmakcdnd prhpcn da nquam aspnjch. Ohnrch as ugnag zhgn scecmnr n tngtns htrns qua saJneph bng cdh ihrengdh thdh am eugdh jheh jhgsajuagjcn da mhs prhjashs da lmhonmcznjcúg. Za trntn da îrans qua pnrajag axtrnþns n guastrn jumturn, parh qua njtunmeagta shg pnrtas cgtalrngtas da mn ecsen y qua aepcazng n aearlar magtneagta, zhgns dhgda mn jcudnd sa quctn mn eîsjnrn y sa euastrn dasgudn da nquammh qua thdnvån gh snoa sar, qua rajbnzng junmqucar prhyajth bhehmhlnoma y qua thdhs mhs dåns agjuagtrng mn agarlån y mn cgtamclagjcn gajasnrcns pnrn nuthda﬎gcrsa, cgvagtngdh mns ralmns da sus dcstcgtns jhgvcvagjcns y da sus prhpcns ramnjchgas aspnjcnmas. Nquå mhs nrquctajths puadag daknr n ug mndh mns jartazns da sus prhyajths pnrn phgarsa n dcsphscjcúg da ughs prhjashs juyhs rasumtndhs gh sa jhghjag, qua tcagag ag juagtn eîs njthras, eîs pmnghs da hparn-

:>

 

tcvcdnd y eîs gcvamas da majturn. Zhg zhgns qua norag guavns phscocmcdndas y qua phdrång trngsihrenrsa ag îrans pûomcjns da axparceagtnjcúg urongn a cgtagtnr prasarvnr su cdagtcdnd eûmtcpma. Jungdh sa trnonkn ag asths mulnras, dhgda mhs prhyajths shora am pnpam jbhjng jhgtrnnmnjnonmmh jhepmakn ranmcdnd, axcsta ugn pmcgn båorcdn, agtra mn nrquctajturn y amdcsjcnrta pûomcjh, qua phdrånehs daghecgnr ”nrtas jåvcjns―, y qua astî aepazngdh n jranr ughs cgstrueagths y ugns ehdnmcdndas jhg mhs qua ”nuthrraprasagtnr― mns ranmcdndas cgdnlndns y jhg mhs qua hparnr scg prhdujcr hokaths gc prhyajths prhpcneagta dcjbhs, scgh cgtagtngdh jhgstrucr rajhrrcdhs y ramnjchgas.>

> Zhora am trnonkh da Ztnm`ar ag Jneph Ohnrch sa bn asjrcth ug mcorh cgãdcth; Jcrjmas. Jneph Ohnrch >333-?669U. Yãnsa tneocãg; Ztnm`ar, Ztnm`ar/Nrnrnt, Adczchgc Mcorarca Dadnmh, _hen, ?6660 y _hecth, Mhragzh; ”Tba Zurranm Ihcm/Trngsohrdarmcga―,  Nrjbctajtur  Nrjbctajturnm nm Dasclg, gûe. , Mhgdras, ?66>, pîls. ?6-?:.

:?

 

DAM GNYALN_ S DAM AJBN_ AM NGJMN ?6>6

Eujbns da mns pnmnorns qua bnstn bhy bng dasjrcth am tarrcthrch qua sa axparceagtn eadcngta am ngdnr prhvcagag da eatîihrns dam enr y dam gnvalnr. Mns daneoumnjchgas scg ﬎gnm y scg hokatcvh da mhs surranmcstns pnrcscghs sa prhdujång ag ug måqucdh negcútcjh ag am qua sa hjumtnon mh raehvcdh da mn jcudnd, enr ahcgjhgsjcagta qua ugn guavn jcagjcn mmnendnug  pscjhlah pscjhl  lrniån  lrni ån bnorån cgtarpratndh jheh mn pnrta hsjurn da mn eagta buengn. Arn am gnjcecagth da nquammn prîjtcjn qua mmavú n mhs sctunjchgcstns n tahrcznr am astudch da mn lahlrniån urongn eadcngta mn darcvn, ugn pnmnorn tneocãg da hrclag gîutcjh qua axprasnon mn neoclýadnd qua jhephrtn pardarsa jhgsjcagtaeagta cgtagtngdh dhsc﬎jnr am dasah y am nznr, mh rnjchgnm y mh crrnjchgnm, am prhyajth am ngtcprhyajth. Ag ranmcdnd, tãrecgh ‒darcvn– tcagay ug dhoma sclgc﬎jndh; phr ugnampnrta, jhgtcaga mn cdan surranmcstn dam nznr, dam gnvalnr n earjad da mn jhrrcagta, jheh ug vamarh qua sa euava scg vcagth y scg jnrtn da gnvalnjcúg, y qua phr tngth vn ”n mn darcvn―. Varh ag ctnmcngh, darcvn daghecgn tneocãg am amaeagth gîutcjh (ag jnstammngh, ‒hrzn–) qua sa agjuagtrn daonkh

::

 

da mn qucmmn da mn aeonrjnjcúg y qua parecta gnvalnr jhgtrn am vcagth. Jungth eîs prhiugdn as astn prhtuoarngjcn suoenrcgn, eaghr as mn hsjcmnjcúg dam jnsjh, da ehdh qua sa pcarda eaghs tcaeph y aspnjch pnrn mmalnr jhg datarecgnjcúg nm dastcgh. Mn hrzn gh scrva da gndn jhg paquaþns, am vcagth dadhgda phpn as —da bajbh, ag mnspnrn aeonrjnjchgas eúvcm, sa quctn dcsecgucr mn ircjjcúg jhg am nlun—, p parh arh så pnrn cr jhgtrn am vcagth, pnrn gnvalnr jhg jhgtrn trn ãm nprhvajbngdh su aga agarlån. rlån. Thdnvån bhy, mn darcvn sctunjchgcstn san prhonomaeagta am cgstrueagth eîs a﬎jnz pnrn ndagtrnrsa ag mns jhgtrndcjjchgas dam eugdh scg pardar agarlåns hphgcãgdhsa n ammns, dcsirutngdh phr am jhgtrnrch da mn agarlån phtagjcnm qua hirajag mhs iagúeaghs ranmas pnrn surjnr prakucjchs, guavhs tarrcthrchs, pnrnn agtrnr ammhs scg dcspuasths njhlarag thdh mh daspakndhs, qua sujadn, dcspuasths n jneocnr da dcrajjcúg jungdh jneocn am vcagth. Mn darcvn as ug dcsphsctcvh qua gh sa hphga nm davagcr, scgh qua dakn qua sujadn y qua sa daspmcalua, njhepnþîgdhmh bnjcn sus prhpchs ﬎gas; ntrnvasnr am enr, ug tarrcthrch ﬏ucdh y ag jhgstngta ehvcecagth —y, phr tngth, ug tarrcthrch dam ”nquå y nbhrn―, jheh suamag sar thdhs mhs iagúeaghs uronghs—, hotagcagdh phtagjcn y njhepnþngdh agarlån vcagth, da astn iuarzn cgentarcnm purn qua mn jungdh sadam datcaga dakn da axcstcr. Nbhrn ocag, pnrn qucag gnvaln, am nvngznr as tng cephrtngta jheh am datagars datagarsa. a. ^ ^ucag ucag znrpn pnrn ug mnrlh vcnka, ndaeîs da mns vamns y mhs raehs mmavnrî tneocãg jhgsclh am ngjmn; mn phscocmcdnd da ajbnr am ngjmn y da jhghjar da jarjn htrhs tarrcthrchs y htrns lagtas. Ghs

:4

 

bnomng da asth mns prcearns aphpayns da vcnkas, jheh mn Hdcsan y mns  Nrlhgîutcjns. Am gnvalnr, am ngdnr y am pardarsa cepmcjng am agjuagtrh jhg am Htrh, mmavng n mn jhgdcjcúg dam axtrngkarh qua sa agjuagtrn jhg htrhs axtrngkarhs, y tnm vaz asta bajbh san am qua bhy phr bhy ea am nspajth njtunm dam gnvalnpnraja npragda n jhghjareîs mhs pamclrhs damarrnr. enr, y^ucag tneocãg mhs pamclrhs da njarjnrsa n tcarrn scg thjnr mhs onkåhs. Zcg aeonrlh, tneocãg tcaga qua snoar dúgda nenrrnr, júeh jhgstrucr ugn ramnjcúg jhg am tarrcthrch ag am qua bn dajcdcdh ajbnr am ngjmn, júeh dasaeonrjnr y bnomnr jhg mn phomnjcúg nutújthgn, quã saþnmas engdnr, quã pnmnorns asjhlar, júeh jhephrtnrsa pnrn qua gh ma entag ag salucdn, pnrn qua gh ma jhgscdarag nmlucag bhstcm, ug buãspad ^ucagmngnvaln nluns scgh axtrngkarns daoanlrndajcdh. tagar euy jmnrn ihrenphr da snmudnr nm Htrh jungdh mh agjuagtra. Vhr tngth, nm tcaeph qua am jhgjapth da darcvn sa va nepmcndh nm nrta dam agjuagtrh, agtrnehs ag ug tarrcthrch ag am qua snoar dcsirutnr dam vcagth sclgc﬎jn snoar nprhvajbnr mns ramnjchgas qua shehs jnpnjas da jhgstrucr n mh mnrlh dam jnecgh. Durngta sclmhs, astn cdan da mn nrquctajturn agtagdcdn jheh trngsihrenjcúg sceoúmcjn a cgentarcnm dam aspnjch iua ramalndn mhs phmåtcjhs y mns ndecgcstrnjchgas, ecagtrns qua mhsn îeocths dam nrta y da mn nrquctajturn sa bng jhgjagtrndh axjmuscvneagta, dasda am Gahmåtcjh, ag mn jhgstrujjcúg da hokaths sceoúmcjhs. Zhmh rajcagtaeagta neons våns bng vuamth n njarjnrsa. Mn darcvn bn da kndh da sar ugn paral paralrcgnjcúg rcgnjcúg shmctnr shmctnrcn cn h jhmaj jhmajtcvn tcvn ag

:1

 

ousjn da tarrcthrchs cgaxpmhrndhs pnrn pnsnr n sar ug dcsphsctcvh da cgtarnjjcúg n trnvãs dam junm as phscoma bnoctnr tarrcthrchs yn bnoctndhs, pnrn phdar sar buãspad y rajcocr bhspctnmcdnd. As cephrtngta gnvalnr jarjn da mns jhstns y hosarvnr sus pncsnkas, parh tneocãg as cephrtngta ajbnraehs ngjmn, dasjuorcr ngjmn, qucãg bnoctnsnoar astnsdúgda tcarrns, agjhgtrnramastrntalcns pnrn cr n su agjuagtrh, npragdar n snmudnr. Zcg thdh asth, am bajbh da jhgstrucr hokaths y adc﬎jchs pnraja ugn njjcúg jarrndn ag så ecsen, vnjån da sclgc﬎jndh, cgjnpnz da prhdujcr ecths, bcsthrcn y jumturn. Am nrta da ngdnr nm agjuagtrh da nmlucag lagarn ug jhghjcecagth rajåprhjh agtra mns lagtas qua sa euavag ag guastrh guavh eugdh y ghs nyudn n cenlcgnr kugth n ammhs htrn engarnAg da guastrn bnoctnrmh.jumturn kudahjrcstcngn am taen dam nrta dam agjuagtrh jhg am Htrh iua trntndh y axpmcjndh ag mns prcearns pîlcgns da mn Ocomcn, dhgda sa gnrrnon am prcear bhecjcdch da mn bcsthrcn da mn Buengcdnd, jungdh am pnsthr gúendn Noam euara n enghs da su barengh nlrcjumthr, Jnåg, am sadagtnrch. Trns am bhecjcdch sa nscsta n ugn aspajca da cgvarscúg da pnpamas. Jheh jnstclh, am sadagtnrch Jnåg sa trngsihren ag gúendn, h eakhr nûg, ag arrngta phr mhs ecsehs dascarths phr dhgda ngtasy vnlnougdh arrnon su barengh Noam jhg sus raonþhs. Zcaepra ea bn insjcgndh am bajbh da qua Jnåg, axpumsndh dam Adãg phr su pajndh, ag su ceprajnjcúg n Dchs pnraja tagar jheh ûgcjn prahjupnjcúg júeh agjhgtrnr nm axtrngkarh axtrngkarh,, nm Htrh;

:9

 

”Ba nquå qua ea ajbns bhy da mn tcarrn,  tcarrn,  y da tu prasagjcn ea asjhgdarã, y sarã arrngta y axtrngkarh ag mn tcarrn0 y sujadarî qua junmqucarn qua ea bnmmnra, ea entnrî―.. S ma rasphgdcú entnrî― rasphgd cú Kabhvî Kabhvî;; ”Jcar ”Jcartneagta tneagta junmquc junmqucaarn qua entnra n Jnåg, scata vajas sarî jnstclndh―. Agthgjas Kabhvî push ugn saþnm ag Jnåg, pnrn qua gh mh entnsa junmqucarn qua ma bnmmnrn.

Htrh bajbh axtrnhrdcgnrch axtrnhrdcgnrch as qua Jnåg astî vcgjumndh nm hrclag dam prcear sclgh da mn bcsthrcn da mn Buengcdnd; am sclgh qua parecta qua mhs bheoras ntrnvcasag tarrcthrchs axtrngkarhs y sa agjuagtrag jhg am Htrh. Am pnsn ka dam Lãgascs puada cgtarpratnrsa tngth ag am sagtcdh da qua am Zaþhr enrjn n Jnåg —sc ocag ag mn cjhghlrniån da Jnåg dcjbn enrjn gh as jmnrneagta cdagtc﬎jnoma— jheh ag am qua am Zaþhr ”ags ”agsaþn aþn―― n Jnåg n bnjar ug sclgh bnjcn am axtrngkarh, ugn ihren da agjhgtrnrsa jhg am Htrh y da cgstnurnr ugn ramnjcúg pnjå﬎jn y gh vchmagtn; ug snmudh gh oamclarngta da daiagsn y dasnrea. Ag ranmcdnd, mn bcsthrcn da Jnåg y Noam tneocãg as mn bcsthrcn dam prcear bhecjcdch jheatcdh phr am sar buengh, da mn prcearn cgjnpnjcdnd pnrn rashmvar pnjå﬎jneagta ug jhg﬏cjth. Za dcrån qua am bhecjcdch iua jheatcdh n jnusn da ugn cgendurn jnpnjcdnd da ramnjcúg jhg am Htrh, y qua asta prcear irnjnsh da ugn ramnjcúg buengn iua jhmendh phr Dchs agsaþngdh n Jnåg am ehdh da cgtarnjtunr da ihren eîs endurn ag mn shmujcúg da mhs jhg﬏cjths; am Zaþhr agsaþn n Jnåg n snmudnr ag su arrnr, ma agsaþn ugn engarn da jhephrtnrsa bnjcn am axtrngkarh, ug lasth bnjcn am Htrh, ugn njtctud pnjå﬎jn y, nm ecseh tcaeph, ugn jmnva pnrn phdar pn-

:<

 

snr da ug tarrcthrch n htrh, pnrn salucr gnvalngdh ag am vnsth enr da mhs dascarths, nirhgtngdh mhs pamclrhs y mhs jhg﬏cjths qua agjhgtrnrî ag am jnecgh. Qg lasth qua prhonomaeagta yn bnoån agsaþndh n Noam, qucag, cgeadcntneagta daspuãs da su euarta, sa ”raagjnrgú―― agnjcar gú jcarth th ehdh ag Jn Jnåg, åg, y aepazú tcarrn arrn  kugth ãm ag ug ûgcjh juarph arrngta.n bnoctnr mn tc arrngta. Zcaepra ea bn insjcgndh am bajbh da qua mns cgcjcnmas da Jnåg y Noam, J y N, sang mns ecsens qua mns matrns dam `n, am aspårctu dam atargh arrnr, juyn raprasagtnjcúg sa jhrrasphgda prajcsneagta jhg am lasth da nmznr mns enghs da ihren gh oamclarngta. S asthy jhgvagjcdh da qua mn jãmaora enrjn da Jnåg gh as eîs qua am lasth dam `n. Jnåg mmavn ag su gheora astns cgcjcnmas qua as`nw, mn vån tîg tneocãg prasagtas ag mn rnåz baorncjn > prcectcvn, am ngtcluh jnecgh.  Am `n as ug såeohmh euy > N prhpúscth da mns cgcjcnmas da mhs dhs barengh barenghs, s, jnoa rajhrdnr qua ag iagcjch nrjncjh mn matrn ‒`– (`npb, `n) astî asjrctn da darajbn n czqucardn y hjupn hjup n am ugdã ugdãjceh jceh mulnr, ecagtrns q qua ua mn matrn ‒`– tnm jheh ghshtrhs mn jhghjaehs astî ag am prcear mulnr, dhgda daoarån astnr mn ‒n– (nmapb, nmin). Vnraja qua ugn da mns matrns as ugn rhtnjcúg da mn htrn, y tcaga ramnjcúg jhg mn juþn vartcjnm y mn juþn bhrczhgtnm da mhs nminoaths prcectcvhs. ”Zhmh mn juþn vartcjnm yn jhgstctuya mn matrn eîs sagjcmmn dam nminoath ulnråtcjh y scaepra sclgc﬎jn am shgcdh vamnr da mn matrn ‒l–. Astn matrn astî jhmhjndn ag mhs raparthrchs nminoãtcjhs ngtcluhs y ehdarghs scaepra ag tarjar mulnr. Jheh as snocdh, astn matrn as am dasnrrhmmh shghrh da mn matrn ‒j– (vamnr shrdn) y sclua engtagcãgdhsa ag tarjarn phscjcúg ag am nminoath iagcjch, dam qua pnsn nm lrcalh P…U. As ugn jhgshgngta ”jrandhrn―, puasth qua n pnrtcr da ammn sa dasnrrhmmng, tngth ag sagtcdh bhrczhgtnm jheh vartcjnm, jhg mn suparphscjcúg da ugn h eîs juþns, mns daeîs matrns da damm nminoath― nminoath―.. Ntzhrc, Lcnggc y Z Znggn, nggn, Lclc, Hecgas. Dnm gahmctcjh nmm–atæ gurnlcjn, Jnstammh, Jnlmcnrc, >339, pîls. >>6 y >4?.

:2

 

ngtcluh, as am jhepnþarh da vcnka da mhs prcearhs buenghs dam Vnmahmåtcjh phr mhs mnoarcgths da ugn gnturnmazn thdnvån bhstcm, bhstcm, y astî prasagta ag thdh aamm eugdh, dasda Asjngdcgnvcn n Vhmcgascn y Eãxcjh. As ug lasth qua sa trngs﬎rcú dam jnzndhr rajhmajthr nm pnsthr trnsbuengta da damthdn ugcvarsh gúendn qua njhepnþú mhs hrålagas mn bcsthrcn da mnynrquctajturn ag pcadrn, dasda dasda mns jnvargns bnstn mhs ehgueagths ealnmåtcjhs y mhs taepmhs alcpjchs. Mh agjhgtrnehs ag mns cgjcschgas rupastras dam Gahmåtcjh, dhgda mhs ”hrngtas― pnrajag oncmnr da engarn rctunm jhg mns pcargns sapnrndns y mhs ornzhs nocarths bnjcn am jcamh. S mh vhmvaehs n agjhgtrnr lrnondh ag mhs eagbcras qua bny n mh mnrlh da mns jnþndns phr mns qua dcsjurra mn trnsbuengjcn da mhs cgdcjîgdhma pnsthras, ugamsclgh pnrajaparh snmudnr nm jnecgngta ouagqua jnecgh, qua tneocãg saþnmn mhs pugths phr mhs qua sa ntrnvcasng mns irhgtarns y am pnsh phr tcarrns axtrngkarns. Ag mhs karhlm karhlmå﬎jhs å﬎jhs alcpjchs am såeohmh dam `n astî raprasagtndh phr ugn matrn Q ihrendn phr dhs ornzhs nmzndhs jhg mhs oåjaps aglrhsndhs y mns enghs nocartns, ugn cenlag qua ramnjchgn mn ngtclun phscjcúg dam bheora ”hrngta― jhg am njth enkastuhsh da rajcocr mn agarlån dcvcgn. Za trntn da ug såeohmh ag mns astntuns mhs inrnhgas, ag mns raprasagtndh qua ndhptng ugn phsturn quada jheocgn mn ihren dam snmudh jhg mn dam ngdnr.? ? Lcadchg Lcadchg,, Zclirca Zclircad, d, Tba Atargnm Vrasagt, Hxihrd Qgcvarscty Vrass, Mhgdras, >394 (vhm. CC; Tba Hrclcgs hi Nrjbctajtura) (varscúg jnstammngn; ”Mhs jhecagzhs da mn nrquctajturn―, ag Am prasagta atargh. Qgn nphrtnjcúg nm taen da mn jhgstngjcn y am jneoch, Nmcngzn, Endrcd, >321).

:3

 

Ag ugn rhjn da Onbuscn, ag mn Zuajcn earcdchgnm, sa aslrn﬎ú ag mn Adnd da Orhgja ug lruph da tras ﬎lurns, ugn da ammns jhg ug ugns ns lclngtas lclngtasjns jns enghs nmzndns. nmznd ns. Bn scdh scdh cg cgtarpratndn tarpratndn jheh ”am dchs da mhs jcgjh jcg jh dadh dadhss―, ugn dcvcgcdnd da mn iartcmcdnd qua axpumsn n mhs daeh:

gchs dam cgvcargh a cgiugda mn iuarzn astcvnm.   Nbhrn ocag, ag ranmcdnd, am jhgtaxth agdam quashm sa agjuagtrn lrnondh pnraja sar eîs ocag ug neocagta enrcgh, axnjtneagta ugn bucdn jhg onrjns y gnuirnlchs.4  Am bheora jhg mns enghs nmzndns sa agjuagtrn ag ugn onrjn kugth n mn ﬎lurn da ugn eukar scg ornzhs y ug gcþh qua mavngtn mn engh jhg ug hokath hokath.. Zc rathenehs am bcmh cgcjcnm dam gnvalnr y dam ajbnr am ngjmn, as astn tn cenlag pnraja sar jnsc su cjhgh pariajth; ugn pnrakn jhg ug gcþh ag onrjn qua sa n tcarrn yhosaquchs qua mngzn saþnmas ghugn oamclarngtas, tnmnjarjn vaz phrtngdh ag patcjcúg da bhspctnmcdnd. As mn cenlag qua dasda bnja daenscndhs nþhs mmagn mns pngtnmmns da guastrhs tamavcshras.

Tba Atargnm Vrasagt, Hxihrd Qgcvarscty Vrass, Mhg: Lcadchg Lcadchg, Zclirca Zclircad, d, Hrclcgs hi Nrt) (varscúg jnstammngn; ”Mhs jhecagzhs dras, >39? (vhm. (,vhm. C; Tba dam nrta―, ag Coåd.).

4 Mcgl, Khbng y Jhrgamm Jhrgamm,, Var Var,, ”_hj` Nrt ns Zajhgdn Zajhgdnry ry Nlagt8 Zhjcaty ngd Nlagjy cg Orhgza Nla Ohbusmäg―, Ghrwalcng Nrjbnahmhlcjnm _avcaw, gûe. 4:;>, Hsmh, ?6>6, pîls. ?9-4:. Za agjuagtrn ag am sctch wao; www. onmdarsbnlnr.sa/dhj/mcglXjhrgammXrhj`XnrtXnsXsajhgdnryXnlagt.pdi y mn cenlag ag www.nvrhsys.gu/prcgts/nr`ahmhlc/>66?62.kpl Pûmtcen Pûmtcen jhgsumtn; norcm da ?6>9U.

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¸AZ N^QÅ MN GQAYN ONOCMHGCN8 ?6>6

^uarcdh Vcght; Vuasth qua bnomns da mn ”jcudnd da mhs lctnghs―, ranmeagta bnorån qua jhgscdarnr mns phscocmcdndas da ranmcznr asta prhyajth, puas sarån ugn prcearn ranmcznjcúg dam urongcseh ugctnrch.> Jhgstngt, Îestardne/Nmon, >39>

Ec prcear agjuagtrh jhg Jhgstngt tuvh mulnr ag su astudch da Îestardne ag agarh da ?666. Iuc n varmh phrqua astnon asjrcocagdh ec mcorh shora mn Guavn Onocmhgcn y shora su vcmma gúenda.? Ag prcear mulnr, ma pralugtã njarjn da mn ramnjcúg qua engtagån jhg mhs lctnghs y shora am tarrncg vnlua jheh aspnjch gahonocmúgcjh. Ea saþnmú jheh ûgcjn raspuastn ugn lrng vagtngn tnpndn jhg jnrthgas y ea axpmcjú qua datrîs tarrncg vnlua ag am qua, da nquammn vagtngn bnoån ug bnstn bnja dcaz nþhs, njnepnon ug lruph da scgths > Jhgstngt Jhgstngt,, jnrtn n Vcght Lnmmczch, rajhlcdn ag Oarthmc Oarthmcgh, gh, Lchrlcgn0 Jhecssh, Irngjasjn y _hoarth, Enrcn Tarasn, Vcght Lnmmczch. Cm mnohrnthrch dammn sjrctturn, Jbnrtn, Ecmîg, Ecmîg , ?661, pîl. ?:?. ? Jnrarc, Irngjasjh, Jhgstngt. Gaw Onoymhg, ugn jcttæ ghenda, Tasth & Ceenlcga, Turåg, ?66>.

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qua bnjång bhluarns, ﬎astns y eûscjn, y da vaz ag jungdh ãm con n varmhs. Za bczh neclh da nmlughs eûscjhs lctnghs jhg qucagas pnsnon nmlugns vamndns y qua thjnong ag mns ﬎astns da sus neclhs. Jungdh mhs scgths tuvcarhg qua crsa pnrn daknr sctch nm guavh onrrch, Jhgstngt dajcdcú mn vagtngn jhg Onocmhgcn jnrthgas, yn puas yn gh sa vaån gndntnpnr cgtarasngta. Guavn gh astnon, sa bnoån cdh n junmqucar htrh tarrncg vnlua  da mn Tcarrn. Dasda agthgjas, ea pralugth sc am tarrncg vn lua daoa sar gajasnrcneagta am ûgcjh mulnr dcsphgcoma pnrn qua mh bnoctag mhs rhe,: y sc gh sarån phscoma cenlcgnr htrhs mulnras dhgda axparceagtnr mn Guavn Onocmhgcn Onocmhg cn da ihren e eîs îs astnoma. Tneocãg e eaa pralugth sc am puaomh rhe phrtn ranmeagta jhgsclh mns saecmmns da mn Guavn Onocmhgcn y sc ag sus jnepneagths bny ranmeagta ugn Guavn Onocmhgcn cg guja. S, shora thdh, sc gh sarån phscoma aepaznr n trnonknr jhg ammhs pnrn jhgstrucr ugn Guavn Onocmhgcn qua gh san gc ugn onrrnjúphmcs cgiastndn da rntns gc ug jneph da jhgjagtrnjcúg gc ugn ealnastrujturn bcpartajghmúlcjn. Jhgstngt eurcú ag nlhsth da ?661. Ajbh da eaghs gh bnoar mhlrndh gugjn hrlngcznr su vcnka n _hen pnrn jhghjar Ztnm`ar, qua phr nquammhs nþhs trnonknon ag am Jneph kugth n tngtns jheugcdndas axtrngkarns, agtraOhnrch ammns mhs rhe `nmdarnsbn, da qucagas bnoånehs bnomndh tngth. Vhjhs dåns daspuãs da : Zhmh phr rnzhgas da oravadnd utcmcznrã n pnrtcr da nbhrn mn pnmnorn ”rhe―, jhgsjcagta da qua pnrn axprasnr mns dcvarscdndas jumturnmas da mhs puaomhs aurhpahs qua bnomng cdchens da rnåz rhengå sarån eîs jhrrajth asjrcocr scaepra; rhe, scgths, `nmã, enghujbas y rhengcjbam.

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mn ghtcjcn da su euarta dajcdå cgcjcnr ug paralrcgnka n Nmon ag ousjn dam jnepneagth da mhs scgths pcnehgtasas dhgda thdh bnoån aepazndh. Mn ravcstn Dheus  njaptú mn prhpuastn da asjrcocr ug nrtåjumh njarjn da ammhs,4 da ehdh qua, kugth jhg Nrecg y Mujn Ycthga, dajcdcehs pnrtcr pnrn IucehsMcg`a n Turåg n agjhgtrnrghs jhg Enrtbn, mn bcknnmmî. da Jhgstngt, qucag ghs agsaþú ihths da inecmcn, y mualh iucehs n Nmon n jheprhonr sc axcstång thdnvån nquammhs scgths qua ag hthþh da >319 Jhgstngt bnoån vcsth njnepndhs ag am tarragh da Vcght Lnmmczch. Mhs agjhgtrnehs nmmå, thdnvån njnepndhs ag mns rcoarns dam Tngnrh, parh yn gh jhg mns jnrratns y mhs jnonmmhs qua sa vaång ag mns ihths ag omngjh y galrh, scgh ag ugns jnsctns da mndrcmmh jhg púrtcjhs y jhoartczhs pnrn jhg mns jnrnvngns, ug paquaþh onrrch cmalnm da jnsctns  knrdåg jhgstrucdh onkh mn neagnzn jhgstngta da ugn jrajcdn dam råh h da ugn avnjunjcúg phr pnrta da mns iuarzns dam hrdag. Jhgstngt bno bnoån ån ranmczndh pnrn ammhs su prcear prhyajth prhyajth nrquctajtúgcjh, am Jnepneagth da mhs lctnghs da Nmon, qua jhgstctuyú am cgcjch da mn uthpån jhgjratn qua dasnrrhmmú durngta mhs vacgta nþhs sclucagtas jhg am gheora da Gaw Onoymhg, mn Guavn Onocmhgcn, mn jcudnd gúendn daspuãs da mnyravhmujcúg sctunjchgcstn bnorån qua nohmcdh am trnonkh mn gajascdnd da ugn ehrndn astnoma y qua bnorån bnoctndh ugn tcarrn scg irhgtarns, rnec﬎jîgdhsa n trnvãs 4 Yãnsa; Jnrarc, Irngjasjh0 Mcg`a, Nrecg y Ycthga, Mujn, ”Vammalrcgn ”Vammalrcgn-llch nd Nmon. Jhgstngt a ma rndcjc dc Gaw Onoymhg―, Dheus, gûe. 221, Ecmîg, ?661, pîls. >66->>:.

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da ugn darcvn jhgtcgun, bnjcagdh ranmcdnd ugn guavn buengcdnd buengcdn d ctcgarngta y eumtcjumturnm; eumtcjumtu rnm; am puaomh arrngta da mhs gahonocmúgcjhs. Varh ag Nmon gh vc mn Guavn Onocmhgcn gúendn qua yh bnoån cdanmczndh, scgh ugn ihren da vcdn eîs sadagtnrcn, y tneocãg puadh agtagdar sc sadnr daknugn vcvcrihren ag pnz n mhs mmnendhs ”gúendns―qua snorîg astnoma n sus dasahs bnoctnjchgnmas. Mhs scgths da Nmon sarîg trnsmndndhs n ughs jnepneagths gúendns sctundhs agtra mn parrarn eugcjcpnm y mn jîrjam, dhgda gh phdrîg jhgstrucr sus jnsns gc su prhpch bîoctnt, nm clunm qua mhs daeîs ”gúendns― da asta pnås. Tneocãg ammhs sarîg våjtcens da asta urongcseh dam dasprajch qua mhs nrrhkn nm vartadarh n mn asparn da qua suon am vnmhr v nmhr da mhs tarraghs, 1 pnrn mualh cr ramhjnmczîgdhmhs jåjmcjneagta. su iuturh y gh bny gcglugn Guavn Onocmhgcn.  Asta as Jrah qua mn euarta da Jhgstngt dakn ugn baragjcn eûmtcpma y jhgtrndcjthrcn nm eugdh dam nrta y mn nrquctajturn; bny qucagas da mn Guavn Onocmhgcn ”shmh bng jhpcndh mns ihr ihrens, ens, scg tagar ag ju juagtn agtn mhs jhgtagcdhs― jhg tagcdhs―,, jheh ãm ecseh ea dckh n prhpúscth da su jhepntrchtn _ae @hhmbnns y da tngtns nrquctajturns hpumagtns qua ag mn njtunmcdnd hirajag ugn cenlag mûdcjn y

jhmhrandn jheh eîsjnrn dam jnpctnmcseh trcugingta. Bny qucagas bng jhgtcgundh mn vån utúpcjn y vcschgnrcn dam ghendcseh ngtcnrquctajtúgcjh —qua tnm vaz as 1

Yãnsa Yãnsa;; Orug Orugammh, ammh, Vcarh (ad (ad..), M–urongcstcjn dam dcsprazzh. Jnepc rhe a shjcatæ ctnmcngn, Engciasthmcorc, _hen, >3390 Vcnsara, Mahgnrdh, C phphmc damma dcsjnrcjba, Jcsu, _hen, >33>0 y \cargcj`c, @rzyszthi, Ghendc par ihrzn. Zthrcn dalmc zcglnrc, _usjhgc, Ecmîg, >331 thdh ammh as hokath da ugn cgvastclnjcúg kudcjcnm mmnendn En﬎n Jnpctnma. 3 Am DNZT (Dhjuea (Dhjueagth gth dc Nuthrczznz Nuthrczznzchga chga nmmh Ztngzcn Ztngzcneagth eagth Taephrngah PDhjueagth da Nuthrcznjc Nuthrcznjcúg úg da Astngjcn TTaephrnmU) aephrnmU) as ug paquaþh jnrgã scecmnr sce cmnr nm da jhgdujcr, jhg ug gû gûearh, earh, ug gheo gheora, ra, ug npamm npammcdh, cdh, ugn ihthlrniån,, mn iajbn da vnmcdaz ihthlrniån vnmcdaz,, am gheora da damm jnepneagth, ug ecjrhjbcp y ug júdclh da onrrns jhg htrhs dnths da utcmcdnd, jheh am gûearh da bckhs y su asjhmnrcznjcúg. Gh phsaa gcglûg vnmhr kurådcjh, parh n mhs rhe sa mas bnja jraar qua sa trntn da ug nutãgtcjh dhjueagth da cdagtcdnd.

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astnomajcdhs, gh eîs tnrda da mns dcaz da mn ghjba y gh ngtas da mns sacs da mn enþngn. enþngn . ^ucag rajbnzn am jneph h ourmn am ﬎jbnka pnrn ousjnr ugn vån nmtargntcvn prhpcn sa jhgvcarta da﬎gctcvneagta ag ug ”jmngdastcgh―, y puada sar agjarrndh, scg prhjash kudcjcnm y nugqua gh bnyn racgjcdcdh, ag rapntrcndh ug JCA (Jagtrh Cdagtc﬎jnjcúg Axpumscúg), y quczî n ugndapntrcn qua kneîsy bn jhghjcdh (mn enyhrån da ammhs bng gnjcdh y jrajcdh ag Ctnmcn). Nm pagatrnr ag asta eugdh ea dc juagtn da mh aquåvhjns qua shg mns pnmnorns ”jnepneagth― y ”gúendn―, ugn jhnrtndn pnrn tagar ntndhs ag mhs jnepneagths-astnjchgnecagths n qucagas bnorång quarcdh salucr scagdh gúendns h saecgúendns, jheh mhs scgths h mhs rhe `nmdarnsbn, y pnrn bnjar gúendn mn vcdn, scaepra prajnrcn, da qucagas mh bng scdh y bnoång tagcdh ugn jnsn, jheh askneîs am jnsh da guearhshs raiulcndhs da mns luarrns da mhs Onmjngas, n qucagas scaepra sa mas galnrî am darajbh n ugn jnsn. Gh bnja inmtn dajcr qua mn Guavn Onocmhgcn gh astî prasagta ag gcglugh da asths mulnras. Jheh nmtargntcvn n mhs jnepneagths da jhgtagadhras dam npnrtbacd da mn shmcdnrcdnd, ag kumch da ?662, kugth jhg mhs rhe dam Jnscmcgh 366, jhgstrucehs Znvhraglh @ar,>6  >6 Znvhragl Znvhraglhh @ar/Mn jnsn dc tuttc as ug prhy prhyajth ajth dam jnepneagth Jnscmcgh 366, Ztnm`ar y am Dapnrtneagth da Astudchs Qronghs da mn Qgcvarsctæ dc _h _hen en TTra. ra. Yãnsa; Jnrarc, Irngjasjh, Ztnm`ar/Znvhragl Ztnm`ar/Znvhraglh h @ar @ar.. Dnm jneph ghendc nmmn jnsn dc tuttc, Mcgnrcn, _hen, ?6>10 y mn pamåjumn J–arn ugn vhmtn… Znvhraglh-@ar, mn jnsn dc tuttc , dcrclcdn phr Inorczch Ohgc y Lchrlch da Icgcs, y prhdujcdn phr Cg Crcda Zihllch ag ?663, qua puada varsa ag vceah.jhe/?6:1>144 Pûmtcen jhgsumtn; norcm da ?6>9U.

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qua ag rhengå sclgc﬎jn ”mn jnsn da thdhs―, ugn jnsctn da endarn qua jhstú ugn tarjarn pnrta da mh qua juastn ug jhgtagadhr, cdandn, prhyajtndn y akajutndn dcrajtneagta phr qucagas buocasag quarcdh cr n vcvcr ag ammn. Za trntn da ugn jnsn-engc﬎asth qua sa prhphga n﬎renr qua jnsn mhs rhe bng dakndh da sar gúendns, quay qucarag ugn y qua snoag hrlngcznrsa agtra ammhs trnonknr pnrn jhgstrucrmn. As ugn jnsn gh shmh pnrn mhs rhe, scgh tneocãg pnrn thdns nquammns parshgns qua njtunmeagta sa agjuagtrng ag ugn sctunjcúg da aearlagjcn bnoctnjchgnm, y n qucagas sa mas gcaln mn phscocmcdnd da ugn tcarrn ag mn qua jhgstrucr su prhpcn vcdn da ihren astnoma. Mn jhgstrujjcúg da mn jnsn bn scdh ugh da mhs eheagths eîs jhepnrtcdhs phr mns dcstcgtns jumturns, ugugeheagth da jhgvcvagjcn, jhgvcvagjcn da kualh y da pnrtcjcpnjcúg, eas da uthpån jhmajtcvn, vcvcdn y bnoctndn prhiugdneagta phr thdhs. Mh eîs cephrtngta qua npragdcehs thdhs as qua am aspnjch da mn cgtalrnjcúg sa prhduja n trnvãs da ug njth da jranjcúg jhmajtcvn, n pca da horn, jhgstruyagdh kugths guastrn prhpcn jnsn, jagngdh nmradadhr dam iualh, rnzhgngdh jhgkugtneagta shora mh qua vnehs n jhgstrucr nm dån sclucagta, jhepnrtcagdh mns prhpcns jhepatagjcns y mns prhpcns nspcrnjchgas. Jndn ugh da ghshtrhs push n dcsphscjcúg da mhs daeîs mn dcvarscdnd da sus prhpcns jhepatagjcns. Axparceagtnehs y daehstrnehs jhg bajbhs qua mns ouagns ramnjchgas vajcgnmas, da rammngh, da da asjnmarn da vajcghs y da onrrch puadag jhgstrucrsa trnonkngdh jhdh n jhdh, y qua mn jcudnd puada jhgstrucrsa pnsîgdhsa da engh ag engh am enrtcmmh y mhs jmnvhs.

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Nmlûg tcaeph daspuãs, mn praiajturn da ugn jcudnd da prhvcgjcns ghs prhpush pnrtcjcpnr ag mn ranmcznjcúg da ug jnepneagth gúendn utcmczngdh guastrh ehdamh da jnsn. jnsn . Mas jhgtastnehs qua Znvhraglh @ar arn ug såeohmh qua sa prhphgån amcecgnr mn cdan ecsen jnepneagth, arn am cgcjch daagugugprhjash quadam daoarån jhgvartcrqua am jnepneagth onrrch cgtarjumturnm, y dcjbh onrrch ag ugn jcudnd. Gh daoån sar ug jnepneagth bajbh n onsa da jmhgas da Znvhraglh @ar ag mulnr da jhgtagadhras, scgh da jnsns thdns ammns dcstcgtns surlcdns da mns ramnjchgas agtra mhs bnoctngtas, ugn Guavn Onocmhgcn da dasahs bnoctnjchgnmas qua arn prajcsh bnjar aearlar kugth n mhs rhe ag ug prhjash da ntagjcúg y trngsihrenjcúg rajåprhjns. Znvhraglh @ar iua quaendn phr ughs dasjhghjcdhs ag dcjcaeora da ?662, am Jnscmcgh 366 iua dasnmhkndh ag agarh da ?6>6 y sus bnoctngtas vcvag njtunmeagta ag mhs phomndhs da mn shmcdnrcdnd. Varh Znvhraglh @ar iua ugn axtrnhrdcgnrcn nvagturn gahonocmhgcn. Nmmå mn Guavn Onocmhgcn pudh bnjarsa ranmcdnd jmnvngdh kugths mhs tnomhgas da ug takndh. Daspuãs dam cgjagdch da Znvhraglh @ar, am rath jhgscstcú ag nepmcnr n ugn asjnmn enyhr gh ugn jnsn jnsn,, scgh scgh ug jhgkugth da jnsns, ugn aspajca da jhgdhecgch nuthjhgstrucdh gh shmh jhg mhs rhe, scgh tneocãg jhg mhs ctnmcnghs, cgjmuyagdh tneocãg nm rasth da cgeclrngtas. Bnoån qua daehstrnr gh shmh qua mhs rhe snoag hrlngcznrsa pnrn trnonknr y qua shg bîocmas jhgstrujthras, scgh tneocãg qua puadag jhgstrucr su prhpcn jnsn

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jhgkugtneagta jhg htrns jumturns, y qua puadag sar ouaghs vajcghs da thdh am eugdh. N mn asparn da qua asta jhgjapth tng sagjcmmh iuasa agtagdcdh phr mns ndecgcstrnjchgas y mhs phmåtcjhs (snoaehs qua thdns mns phmåtcjns n invhr da mhs rhe gh mhlrng hotagarnjhgsagshs, qua bnjag aepaznehs trnonknr agscgh am mulnr dhgdapardar asth ynvhths), astnon sujadcagdh; ag am Eatrhphmcz, ugn ngtclun iîorcjn ag dasush sctundn ag mn parciarcn rhengn, dhgda jhbnoctng ugns ?66 parshgns prhjadagtas da Varû, Zngth Dhecglh, Enrruajhs, Tûgaz, Arctran, Zudîg, Qjrngcn, Vhmhgcn, _uengån a Ctnmcn.>> N dciaragjcn da mns daeîs hjupnjchgas da _hen jhg ﬎gas bnoctnjchgnmas, ag Eatrhphmcz iuarhg cgjmucdhs mhs rhe. Zhg >66 rhe prhjadagtas da _uengån qua bnoång rajbnzndh am DNZT y mhs phomndhs da mn shmcdnrcdnd. Ag Eatrhphmcz astî surlcagdh ug aspnjch eastczh cgjmuscvh, gh ug mulnr ehghãtgcjh shmh pnrn mhs rhe, scgh ug prhjash da nuthjhgstrujjcúg eumtcjumturnm qua bnja agtrnr ag kualh >> Eatrhphmcz iua hjupndh ag enrzh da ?663 phr mhs Omhjjbc Vrajnrc Eatrhphmctngc y Vhpcjn Hgmus. Ag am prhspajth da mn hjupnjcúg am prhlrnen quadnon jmnrh; ”Mh qua nquå sa astî jhgstruyagdh as ug cephrtngta dasniåh n mn jcudnd, ug rajhrrcdh eastczh da racvcgdcjnjcúg dam darajbh n bnoctnr, bnstn am pugth da cenlcgnr y jhgstrucr da ihren jhgjratn htrn jcudnd phscoma―. Yãnsa; Jnrarc, Irngjasjh, ”Eatrhphmcz. Ztnzchga _he-N―,  Noctnra, gûe. 16:, Ecmîg, ?6>6, pîls. 34->6>, y ”Nuthdcnmhlh su Eatrhphmcz―, ag Ohgc, Inorczch y Da Icgcs, Lchrlch, Zpnja Eatrhphmcz, Ohrdanux Adczchgc, _hen, ?6>1. Njtunmeagta astî njtcvh ag asta aspnjch am ENNE (Eusah damm–Nmtrh a damm–Nmtrhva dc Eatrhphmcz PEusah dam Htrh y da mn Htrn Vnrta da EatrhphmczU), mn axparceagtnjcúg eîs cephrtngta agtra nrta y shjcadnd ag mn jcudnd da _hen.

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eîs jumturns bnoctnjchgnmas, qua vnmhrn mns dcstcgtns jhepatagjcns y jnpnjcdndas jhgstrujtcvns y qua astceumn mn jhgvcvagjcn agtra sus bnoctngtas. Qgn parungn ea dckh qua, nm snoar qua nmmå bnorån rhe, am rasth da mhs hjupngtas sa dasasparnrhg, puas pagsnong qua gh phdrång daknr snmcragn jnsn. mhs gcþhs qua tagdrång da knrmhs agjar agjarrndhs rndhs V Varh arhydaspuã daspuãs s da mnsqua prcearns saengns da jhgvcvagjcn, sa dcarhg juagtn da qua am prhomaen arn cg﬎gctneagta eîs paquaþh da mh qua bnoång cenlcgndh, y qua nbhrn npnrajån nmlûg qua htrh prhomaen, parh jheh ag thdns mns ramnjchgas ghrenmas da vajcgdnd. Zu enrcdh, tneocãg parungh, jhhrdcgn am aqucph jhgstrujthr jhgstrujthr da astn jcudnd ag jhgstngta trngsihrenjcúg. Ea jhgtú qua ãm ecseh, am amajtrcjcstn enrrhquå, mhs nmonþcmas nircjnghs, nircjnghs, mhs jnechgarhs rhe y am ihgtngarh y am jrcstnmarh, neohs ctnmcnghs, bnomng ug cdchen qua as ugn eazjmn da îrnoa, ruengh, ctnmcngh y arctrah, jhg pnmnorns qua cgjmush sc sa prhgugjcng enm h sa jhgvcartag ag htrns shg clunmeagta jhepragscomas pnrn thdhs. Jungdh aepajã n trnonknr jhg astudcngtas, rajuparã ugn lrng snmn dhgda phgånehs n sajnr mhs aeoutcdhs, y ma puscehs am gheora da Vcdlcg En`ne.>? Am pcdlcg as ug cdchen scepmc﬎jndh qua sa dasnrrhmmn jheh eadch da jheugcjnjcúg agtra dhs h eîs lruphs >? Vcdlcg En`ne arn am gheora qua mmavnon am tnmmar da nuthjhgstrujjcúg qua sa mmavú n jnoh ag ghvcaeora da ?663 ag mn Asjuamn da Nrquctajturn da mn Qgcvarsctæ dc _hen Tra, hrlngczndh phr Ztnm`ar/MNJ (Mnohrnthrch dc Nrtc Jcvcjba) ag jhmnohrnjcúg jhg mhs bnoctngtas da Eatrhphmcz, OVE, Vhpcjn Hgmus, Ntamcar Dngzn Ehgtavcdah, Jngtcarc Jheugc y Jhhparntcvn Agarlatcjn.

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qua bng agtrndh ag jhgtnjth daspuãs da mns eclrnjchgas h mns jhmhgcznjchgas y qua gh phsaag ugn maglun jheûg. En`ne sclgc﬎jn ‒mulnr– ag îrnoa, parh tneocãg as ug vhjnomh euscjnm qua daghtn ug scstaen da eamhdåns nocarth n mns jhephscjchgas y mns ceprhvcsnjchgas, y ag am qua am jhephgagta råtecjh taephrnm gh astî su kath n hrlngcznjchgas prada﬎gcdns. prada﬎gcdns. Vcdlcg En`ne as am aspnjch da npragdcznka da asta guavh jhgdhecgch gahonocmúgcjh.

11

 

VCDLCG JCTS ?6>?

Arn agthgjas thdn mn tcarrn ugn maglun y ugns ecsens pnmnorns. S njhgtajcú qua, jungdh pnrtcarhg da hrcagta, bnmmnrhg ugn valn ag mn tcarrn da Zcgnr y sa nsagtnrhg nmmå. S dckarhg mhs ughs n mhs htrhs; ”Dnd njî, bnlnehs mndrcm mndrcmmh mh y jjhzîehsmh hzîehsmh jhg iualh― iualh―.. S mas iua aamm mndrcmmh ag mulnr da pcadrn, y am oatûg ag mulnr da eazjmn. Stagln dckarhg; ”Dnd njî, adc﬎quãehghs jcudndgheorndhs, y thrra, qua mn jnoazn ag am jcamh0 y bnlîehghs phr vagturn ghs aspnrjcraehs shora mn inz da thdn mn tcarrn―. S dasjagdcú am Zaþhr pnrn var mn jcudnd y mn thrra qua adc﬎jnong mhs bckhs dam bheora. S dckh am Zaþhr; ”Ba nquå am puaomh as ugh, y thdhs asths tcagag ug maglunka0 y nbhrn jhecagzng n bnjar, y nbhrn gh daknrîg da aiajtunr thdh mh qua bng pagsngdh bnjar. Nbhrn puas, dasjagdnehs, y eazjmaehs nmmå sus magluns, pnþarh―. qua gcglugh agtcagdn mn maglun da su jheNså mhs aspnrjcú am Zaþhr da nmmå shora mn inz da thdn mn tcarrn, y daknrhg da adc﬎jnr mn jcudnd. Lãgasc Lãg ascs, s, >>, >>-2 -2

Tnm vaz mh qua shrpragda gh as am bajbh da qua tngths puaomhs prhjadagtas da dcstcgtns pnrtas dam eugdh

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bnyng iugdndh kugths ugn jcudnd —thdns mns jcudndas surlag dam agjuagtrh agtra dcstcgths puaomhs, y _hen iua ugn agjrujckndn da agjuagtrh agtra mhs atrusjhs, mhs mntcghs y mhs snocghs (quczî asths sang mhs jãmaoras Tcjch, Jnyh y Zaeprhgch)—,> scgh qua ghs cgtarasn eîs datagarghs ag am bajbh da qua bhy phr bhy n mhs cgeclrngtas gh sa mas rajhghja am pnpam da rajhgstruj rajhgstrujthras thras da guastrns jcudndas, da guastrhs aspnjchs pûomcjhs, quczî cgjmush da guastrh sagtcdh jåvcjh. jåv cjh. Cgtagtaehs aepaznr da guavh, parh gh yn dasda am Lãgascs, scgh dasda mn dãjndn da >316, jungdh am sctunjchgcstn Jhgstngt cgtagtú rajhgstrucr mn Thrra da Onoam gh ag vartcjnm, scgh jheh ugn ratåjumn bhrczhgtnm da ealnastrujturns amavndns shora am suamh, jhgvagjcdh da qua ”mhs nutãgtcjhs jhgstrujthras da mn ? Guavn Onocmhgcn sarîg mhs gahonocmúgcjhs―.  Mn Guavn Onocmhgcn bnorån scdh ugn nrquctajturn da mn nuthrraprasagtnjcúg —puasth qua mn bnorång jhgstrucdh sus bnoctngtas n su cenlag y saeakngzn—, ugn horn  scg nuthr, puasth qua mhs ûgcjhs nuthras nutãgtcjhs dam prhyajth bnorång scdh ammhs, phr eadch da njjchgas mû>

Ag astn ghtn nnmm pca gh ea as phscoma gc jctnr mcorhs gc phg phgar ar agmn agmnjas. jas.

Za trntn da ugn cgtucjcúg qua ea trngsectcú hrnmeagta Mhragzh _hecth, da Ztnm`ar, daspuãs da ugn jhgiaragjcn da Lchvnggc Nzzagn shora am Nscmue0 asth as, ”mn scmmn da ehgtnr― da mn jhmcgn jnpcthmcgn dhgda sa agjhgtrnrhg mhs puaomhs prarrhenghs qua iugdnrhg _hen, ug mulnr qua astî ag am hrclag da mn pnmnorn ‒nscmh–. ?

Jhgstngt Jhgstngt,, ”Nuth-dcnmhlua æ prhphs da Gaw Onoymhg― Onoymhg―,, Hpus Cgtargntchgnm, gûe. ?3, pîls. ?3-:> (varscúg jnstammngn; ”Nuthagtravcstn n prhpúscth da Guavn Onocmhgcn―, ag Mn Guavn Onocmhgcn , Adcthrcnm Lustnvh Lcmc, Onrjamhgn, ?663, pîl. 9>).

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dcjns y da cgtarnjjchgas dcrajtns da sus juarphs jhg am aspnjch, n asjnmn ranm y scg nkustnrsa n gcglûg dcsaþh; phr tngth, ug prhy prhyajth ajth cgdatare cgdatarecgndh cgndh y dast dastcgndh cgndh n ugn prîjtcjn gh datarecgcstn. Lahrlas Varaj jheagtnon shora mns uthpåns; Thdns mns uthpåns shg daprceagtas phrqua gh dakng mulnr pnrn am nznr, mn dciaragjcn, mh ”dcvarsh―. Thdh astî puasth ag hrdag y am hrdag racgn. Datrîs da jndn uthpån bny scaepra ug lrng dcsaþh tnxhgúecjh; ug mulnr pnrn jndn jhsn y jndn jhsn ag su mulnr.: 

S Jhgstngt pnraja nþndcr n asta prhpúscth; Mn mcoarnjcúg dam jhephrtnecagth axcla ug aspnjch shjcnm mnoarågtcjh, parh qua nm ecseh tcaeph puadn sar ehdc﬎jndh jhgstngtaeagta. P…U Za trntn da ug prhjash cgcgtarruepcdh da jranjcúg y dastrujjcúg qua yh daghecgh mnoarcgth dcgîecjh. Da asta mnoarcgth dcgîecjh npagns snoaehs gndn. Za agtcagda qua ug prhjash jheh asta gh phdrî pravarsa h prhyajtnrsa scg qua sa phgln nm ecseh tcaeph ag prîjtcjn.4 

Mn prîjtcjn as mn ûgcjn engarn da njtcvnr ug prhjash da astn gnturnmazn, h eakhr dcjbh, mn eakhr ihren da : Varaj, Lahrlas, Vagsar/Jmnssar , Bnjbatta, Vnrås, >321, pîl. >19 (varscúg jnstammngn; Vagsnr/Jmnsc﬎jnr , Ladcsn, Onrjamhgn, ?66>, pîl. >>>). 4 Jhgstngt, Gaw Onoymhg, Bnnls Laeaagtaeusaue, Mn Bnyn, >333.ct/`uen/jrctcjn/lmcssngt-jrctcjn-`uen9. Pûmtcen jhgsumtn; norcm da ?6>9U. btem  Pûmtcen btem

9>

 

gh agtagdar asta jheh ugn aqucvhjnjcúg qua daoa jhrralcrsa, scgh jheh mn dcsphgcocmcdnd n ugn dceagscúg cepravcscoma da mn ranmcdnd. Da bajbh, mn pnmnorn  pcdlcg  darcvn da mn cgjhrrajtn prhgugjcnjcúg jbcgn da mn pnmnorn cglmasn ouscgass, qua homclú n qua, jungdh quarång jhearjcnr jhg mhs jbcghs, mhs cglmasas dckarng  pcdlcg  ag mulnr da ouscgass , da ehdh qua das﬎lurnong su prhpch maglunka pnrn bnjarsa agtagdar phr mhs jbcghs. Vnrn bnomnr pcdlcg bnja inmtn agt agtrnr rnr ag am arrhr, arrhr, astnr dcspuasth n aqucvhjnrsa damcoarndneagta, n gh quarar jhrralcr y datarecgnr, n ﬎nrsa dam nznr y da mh cepravcscoma.?

As dciåjcm asjrcocr shora Zngtcnlh. Asjrcocrã njarjn da mns parshgns y mhs mulnras qua ea ba agjhgtrndh, njarjn da thdh mh qua ea bn bajbh pagsnr, dcrã thdh mh qua, n ec ralrash, ba axpmcjndh ag _hen. Nbhrn ocag, bny qua sagtnr ugn praecsn; jrajå pagsngdh ag Zngtcnlh0 da paquaþh aspnþhmthdnvån asjujbngdh jngjchgas da Yåjthr npragdå Knrn, y nmlugns ea mnsmns sã da eaehrcn. Ag >3  Bnstn nquå mn praecsn. > Duarea galrcth as ugn jngjcúg da jugn nrlagtcgn cgtarpratndn hrclcgnmeagta phr Ntnbunmpn Supngquc y phstarchreagta varschgndn phr dciaragtas nrtcstns, agtra mhs qua dastnjn Earjadas Zhsn PG. dam ad.U.

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Yhy da vcnka jhg Zngdrh Jnrohga, juyn cgingjcn tneocãg trngsjurrcú agtra mhs dcsjhs dam lruph jbcmagh Cgtc-Cmmcengc. Yagcehs da ug Ouaghs Ncras qua astî rasurlcagdh trns mn lrng jrcscs y dhgda baehs agtrndh ag jhgtnjth jhg ug neocagta da nrtcstns aepaþndhs ag nirhgtnr mn prhpcn bcsthrcn rajcagta y dagugjcnr mhs laghjcdchs, jheh sujada jhg mns njjchgas dam Lruph da Nrta Jnmmakarh (LNJ). Znoaehs qua Jbcma as dcstcgth. Bnomnehs da ammh ag am nvcúg a cenlcgnehs qua gh agjhgtrnraehs gc phgjbhs gc ﬏nutns ngdcgns ag thdns mns asqucgns, scgh ug Jbcma jneocndh, daehjrîtcjh, a﬎jcagta y prhyajtndh bnjcn ug lrng da dasnrrhmmh snrrhmmh ajhgúecjh. Nquå gh sa bn prhdujcdh mn jrcscs gahmcoarnm. Nm snmcr dam bhtam, mn prcearn jnmma qua ntrnvasnehs sa mmnen nvagcdn >> da Zaptcaeora. Zã euy ocag qua gh tcaga gndn qua var jhg mhs ntagtndhs gahyhrq gahyhrqucghs ucghs dam >>Z, y qua as tng shmh ugn axtrnþn y mûluora jhcgjcdagjcn. Guastrh prcear pagsnecagth cgstcgtcvh as qua mn nvagcdn astî dadcjndn nm rajuardh da nquammn trnladcn, jhg tngths euarths, jhg tngtns pralugtns scg raspuastn. Ecrh am matrarh da mn jnmma, ecrh nmradadhr. Agthgjas agtcagdh qua gh vn da asth. Nquam rútumh scaepra bnoån astndh nmmå jhg nquam gheora y nquammn iajbn. Gndca bn pagsndh kneîs ag jneocnrmh, gc scqucarn ag jneocnr su sclgc﬎jndh. Nvngzîonehs bnjcn am råh Enphjbh ecagtrns yh jngturranon da eaehrcn mn jngjcúg bheúgcen da Yåjthr Knrn. Asta as am råh ag juyns rcoarns surlcú mn jcudnd, y ag am qua durngta mn dcjtndurn npnrajång mhs juarphs da mhs dasnpnrajcdhs das﬎lurndhs phr mns thrtu-

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rns. Tneocãg as am mulnr dhgda mhs nrtcstns da mn Qgcúg Gnjchgnm phr mn Jumturn (QGNJ) vartcarhg iurtcvneagta ocdhgas da tcgtn da jhmhr rhkh snglra pnrn taþcr mns nluns. Asth hjurrcú am >6 da enrzh enr zh da >326, am dån ng ngtas tas da qua Vcghjbat nsuecasa mn prascdagjcn da njuardh jhg mn guavn jhgstctujcúg.? Njtunmeagta, am råh as ugn aghrea horn ag jhgstrujjcúg. Mh astîg jhgvcrtcagdh ag ugn nuthpcstn y eîs da mn ectnd da su majbh sa bn jhgvartcdh ag ug tûgam pnrn mhs jhjbas. Am nlun ﬏uya phr ug mntarnm, phr ug jngnm astrajbh y nmth. Gugjn ba vcsth gndn pnrajcdh. Gugjn ba vcsth ug råh ﬏ucr n astn vamhjcdnd. Cepraschgn qua sa ma puadng bnjar jhsns nså n mn gnturnmazn, par parhh astnehs ag Neãrcjn, dhgda mn gnturnmazn as eîs iuarta y am bheora sa ndnptn n ammn n onsa da iuarzn. Vcagsh qua agjnuznr da asa ehdh am råh gh puada trnar gndn ouagh, shora thdh jungdh pcagsh qua Zngtcnlh da Jbcma iua iugdndn phr mhs aspnþhmas ag ug tarragh enmh, pngtnghsh y pamclrhsneagta cgshgdnoma, y onsîgdhsa ag mns cgdcjnjchgas damcoarndneagta aqucvhjndns qua mas dcarhg qucagas jhghjång ocag mn zhgn; mhs enpujbas, qucagas jcartneagta lnstnrhg ugn orhen pasndn n sus hprashras aspnþh? Irngjcsjh Orulghmc y Ycrlcgcn Arrnzurcz ea ra﬎rcarhg astn njjcúg, qua bn scdh puomcjndn ag Zngiuagtas vhg Zthvnssar, Irngjcsjh Knvcar (ad.), Jnmma y njhgtajcecagth, Adcthrcnm Qgcvarsctnrcn, Zngtcnlh da Jbcma, ?66>, pîls. >66->6>. Zhora mn onsa da astn gnrrnjcúg, ag ghvcaeora da ?669, jhg hjnscúg da mn axphscjcúg ZVNEXJcty  cgstnmndn   cgstnmndn ag am Eusah da Nrta Jhgtaephrîgah (ENJ), ranmcjã am prhyajth ”¸Ta njuardns dam råh Enphjbh8―, jnecgngdh n mh mnrlh da thdh am trneh urongh dam råh y vartcagdh måqucdh rhkh ag sus nluns. Yãnsa ”Darcvn n trnvãs dam råh Enphjbh―, ZpneXnrq, gûe. 4, Zngtcnlh da Jbcma, pîls. 22-31.

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mas. Daknehs am råh y ghs pardcehs da jnecgh bnjcn mn Injumtnd da Nrquctajturn da mn Vhgtc﬎jcn Qgcvarscdnd Jntúmcjn da Jbcma. Qg mulnr cgjraåomaeagta oammh, jhg pntchs, valatnjcúg, pnoammhgas jhmhgcnmas y nrquctajturns jhgtaephrîgans qua gh astîg gndn enm. Ea bng cgvctndh: n dnr ugn jhgiaragjcn shora ec mcorh \nm`sjnpas  y n pnrtcjcpnr ag mhs trnonkhs ﬎gnmas dam eîstar da nrquctajturn. Ag mn jhecdn ghs agjhgtrnehs jhg am am prhiashr Bhrnjch TThrragt hrragt,, nrtå﬎ja da damm eîstar eîstar,, jhg qucag bnoån engtagcdh ug cgtagsh cgtarjneoch da jhrrahs amajtrúgcjhs, parh n qucag gh jhghjån parshgnmeagta. As euy scepîtcjh, ug tcph njjascoma jhg qucag sa jran ag salucdn ug jmcen cgihrenm y da scgjarn necstnd. Zarî guastrh ng﬎trcúg cdanm durngta thdn mn saengn. Ghs axpmcjn qua mhs astudcngtas bng hrlngczndh ag guastrh bhghr ugn trngsurongjcn phr am jagtrh da Zngtcnlh, y astnehs euy jhgtagths phr ammh. Agsalucdn aepaznehs n ravcsnr mhs trnonkhs da mns tascs dam eîstar. Mhs astudcngtas prhyajtng ug VhwarVhcgt ecagtrns maag dcrajtneagta sus tascs y mualh pnsnehs n mhs jheagtnrchs da mn jhecscúg, lagarnmeagta euy prhiugdhs y jhgjraths. Bny ndaeîs dhs kurndhs pnrn jndn tascs. Tnm vaz am jmcen san ug phjh ihrenm, parh ag jhgkugth ea pnraja euy sarch, eujbh eîs qua ag Ctnmcn. Eujbhs da mhs taens da cgvastclnjcúg trntnong da mhs guavhs aspnjchs pûomcjhs dam jhgsueh y da mns tc: Jnrarc, Irngjasjh, \nm`sjnpas. Am ngdnr jheh prîjtcjn astãtcjn  P?66?U, Adcthrcnm Lustnvh Lcmc, Onrjamhgn, ?6>:, ?ª ad.

326. Ghs axpmcjng mns  parihrengjas  urongns jmngdastcgns, njjchgas aspajtnjumnras aspajtnjumnras jheh mn dam Jhmajtcvh da Njjchgas da Nrta (JNDN), qua jhg sacs nvchgatns mngzú dasda am jcamh da Zngtcnlh 466.666 ﬏yars  jhg mn mayagdn ”Ny Zudneãrcjn―. Ghs juagtng qua sa astîg prapnrngdh ugn jhgvagjcúg y ug mcorh shora am nrta jbcmagh da mhs nþhs da mn dcjtndurn. Ycr Ycrlcgcn lcgcn ghs ralnmn am mcorh Jnmma y njhgtajcecagth,4 qua rajhla eujbns da astns cgtarvagjchgas, y ghs cgvctn n agjhgtrnrghs jhg nmlughs da mhs astudcngtas y nrtcstns qua astîg aepazngdh n cgtarvagcr ag am aspnjch pûomcjh. Zclucagdh su jhgsakh, vcsctnehs n Mucs Nmnrjúg y n Ngn Enrån Znnvadrn, da mn Lnmarån Eatrhphmctngn. Astîg cgstnmndhs makhs dam jagtrh, ag ugn zhgn da jnsctns on kns nuthjhgstr nuthjhgstrucdns, ucdns, y sa hirajag pnrn trnonkhs nrtåstcjhs ramnjchgndhs jhg am onrrch. Ea pnrajag mn ihren y am mulnr cdanmas pnrn dasnrrhmmnr mn mnohr da nrtcstns uronghs; am aepmnznecagth as pariajth pnrn jhepragdar am aspnjch pûomcjh da mhs jcudndnghs y trngsihrenrmh, pnrn axparceagtnr guavns phscocmcdndas da ramnjcúg agtra am nrta, mn nrquctajturn y mn shjcadnd jcvcm. Vcagsh qua ea lustnrån vhmvar pnrn mmavnr n jnoh ug trnonkh da jneph, puas as rnrh rnrh agjhgtrnrsa nnmlh mlh nså ag ag asths tcaephs. Mmaln am dån da mn trngsurongjcn . Thdh bn scdh prapnrndh eatcjumhsneagta pnrn ranmcznr ug rajhrrcdh phr 4



 

LMHZN_CH ?6>4

N mn mcstn da njjchgas y pnmnorns asjrctns ag am jnpåtumh ngtarchr ba dajcdcdh nþndcr htrn qua as ugn aspajca da eathdhmhlån dam taen dam ngdnr y am datagarsa. Za trntn da ugn eatîihrn dam bnjar cgvastclnjcúg y dcdîjtcjn, parh parh tneocãg dam bnjar nrquctajturn y urongcseh jhg mhs pcas y jhgy agsaþnr am juarph. Nså puas, mn ra﬏axcúg shora júeh ngdnr ngdngdh ma nsclua htrn shora júeh amalcr am mulnr dhgda datagarsa pnrn ranmcznr ug trnonkh da jneph, shora júeh jhgstrucr ug aspnjch da cgtarnjjcúg jhg am Htrh, shora júeh prhmhglnr, cgjmush ag am njth da datagarsa, ug agihqua gúendn0 shora am ngdnr y am datagarsa gh jheh tãrecghs jhgtrndcjt jhgtrndcjthrchs hrchs agtra så, scgh jheh pnrtas da ug ecseh prhjash. Ycsth dasda astn úptcjn, am bajbh da datagarsa as ag ranmcdnd ugnaspårctu lrng hphrtugcdnd njtungdh jhg am ecseh dam cr, parhpnrn ag ugsalucr aspnjch dam astnr . Ag ranmcdnd, astnehs njhstueorndhs n rnzhgnr shora ug aspnjch jhgjrath jheh sc astuvcãsaehs datagcdhs, scg gcglugn jhgjcagjcn da qua astn jhgdcjcúg da datagar datagar-ghs engtcaga scaepra ugn ramnjcúg cgastnoma jhg am cr. Zc ghs datagaehs as phrqua ngtas bnoånehs astndh ngdngdh.

>?:

 

Ag am ngdnr, parh tneocãg ag am cgvastclnr, mh qua gh sa ghs pardhgn as qua n mh mnrlh dam prhjadcecagth bnynehs pardcdh nmlh n ug mndh dam rajhrrcdh, qua phr quarar salucr guastrn rutn gh bnynehs b nynehs pras prastndh tndh mn daocdn ntagjcúg n mns mmnendns da mhs jneochs da rueoh, gh ghs bnynehs puasth ag mn jhgdcjcúg da gh ngdnr y datagarsa. Zhora asth gh taglh gcglugn tahrån qua prhphgar, eîs ocag mns pnmnorns qua sa bng prhgugjcndh durngta mns prîjtcjns ranmczndns ag mhs ûmtcehs nþhs jhg am MNJ (Mnohrnthrch dc Nrtc Jcvcjba), qua bn raugcdh n mhs eakhras astudcngtas da mhs jurshs parcpntãtcjhs pnrn ranmcznr njjchgas da mnrln durnjcúg shora am tarragh. Eujbns da astns pnmnorns bng eutndh su sclgc﬎jndh jhg am tcaeph, sa bng jhgsuecdh h sa bng datarchrndh eadcngta ushs ceprhpchs, parh tneocãg bn hjurrcdh qua htrns qua nm prcgjcpch arng cgsclgc﬎jngtas sa bng jhgvartcdh ag pnmnorns cephrtngtas ag ec prîjtcjn jheh nrtcstn, prhiashr y nrquctajth. Mns pnmnorns qua vcagag n jhgtcgunjcúg gh daoag agtagdarsa jheh ugn rajatn pnrn am nrta da datagarsa, scgh eîs ocag jheh ughs cglradcagtas jhg mhs qua phdar jhjcgnr pmnths dcvarshs, y qua puadag nyudnr n mn bhrn da pnsnr da ug astndh gúendn n htrh sadagtnrch, da Jnåg n Noam, dam ngdnr nm datagarsa. Eathdhmhlån

As ugn pnmnorn qua scaepra ba avctndh, y mn ba sustctucdh phr ”ehdnmcdnd―, ”njtctud― h ”prîjtcjn―. Vnrn eå scaepra bn tagcdh raecgcsjagjcns da nmlh dhleîtcjh, astîtcjh, dciåjcm da cgtarpratnr y phjh enmanoma. As

>?4

 

axnjtneagta mh jhgtrnrch dam ”júeh vn bnjcãgdhsa― ec trnonkh y dam ”júeh bnlh qua vnyn sujadcagdh―. Eîs tnrda, Vnhmn Oaragstacg Knjquas ea rajhrdú ag Znmvndhr da Onbån su atcehmhlån; ‒eãthdh– darcvn dam lrcalh eatbÿdhs  (eatæ; ‒trns–, ‒pnrn–0 y bÿdhs; ‒vån–, ‒jnecgh–); ”trns am jnecgh―, parh tneocãg ”n trnvãs dam jnecgh―. Mn eathdhmhlån partagaja cgdcsjutcomaeagta nm ngdnr, sa vn jhgstruyagdh ”n mh mnrlh da mn vån―, ”ag am ngdnr―, y am eãthdh sa bnja jhepragscoma ”ecagtrns sa astî prhjadcagdh―. Zhmh phdaehs jhgstrucr ugn eathdhmhlån dam datagarsa ag am datagarsa ecseh. Vrhyajth

Zcaepra ba sagtcdh mn ecsen ramujtngjcn, y phr mns ecsens rnzhgas, bnjcn mn pnmnorn ”prhyajth―. Ea agsaþnrhg qua ug prhyajth as ug prhdujth ﬎gcth y prapnrndh pnrn sar akajutndh, ug dcsaþh akajutcvh, ugn pnrtcturn ag mn qua gh bny aspnjch pnrn mn ceprhvcsnjcúg, ug prhjash datarecgndh da ugn vaz phr thdns. Zcg aeonrlh, mn axparcagjcn ghs agsaþn qua tngth am eãthdh jheh am prhyajth puadag sar cgdatarecgndhs y parengajar cgdatarecgndhs, y puadag dasnrrhmmnrsa n mh mnrlh dam jnecgh. Astn as mn onsa dam snoar júeh pardarsa ag ugn axpmhrnjcúg urongn, parh tneocãg dam snoar júeh prhdujcr trngsihrenjchgas entarcnmas a cgentarcnmas, jheh ugn horn da nrta, ugn horn nrquctajtúgcjn h ugn cgvastclnjcúg.

>?1

 

Cgdatarecgndh

¸Júeh sa bnja ug prhyajth cgdatarecgndh8 Tngth am nuthr jheh am prhyajth daoag astnr dcspuasths n rajhlar mhs cgjcdagtas dam rajhrrcdh, y ndaeîs daoag prhvhjnrmhs h cr n ousjnrmhs. Zc am prhyajth pradatarecgndh gh pravã umtarchras ramnjchgas jhg am jhgtaxth phrqua jraa qua yn mns mns bn cgjhrp cgjhrphrndh hrndh thdns, am prhy prhyajajth cgdatarecgndh, phr am jhgtrnrch, as jhepmatneagta jhgtaxtunm, ramnjchgnm a cepravcscoma. Nvngzn, jneocn da dcrajjcúg y sa datcaga rapagtcgneagta, scg pravch nvcsh. Nongdhgn mns jartazns da mn phscjcúg nmjngzndn y sa dcrcla bnjcn dhgda am vcagth as eîs iuarta, dhgda am enr astî agjraspndh phr mns rîinlns, ajbn am ngjmn y sa datcaga dhgda agjuagtrn nmlh cgasparndh. Am prhyajth cgdatarecgndh puada parectcrsa jhrralcr mn rutn cgasparndneagta, bnjar ug vcrnka a cgjmush datagarsa. Gh snoa gndn da sus rasumtndhs y parengaja scaepra cgnjnondh phr su prhpcn gnturnmaz gnturnmazn. n. Gh sa puada dnr enrjbn ntrîs

Astn as ugn ralmn qua quadn ﬎kndn ag Ztnm`ar, mn pamåjumn da Ngdrãc Tnr`hvs`c, pnrn mn trnvasån da mn [hgn. Dhgda san qua bnynehs mmalndh, bny qua cr scaepra bnjcn ndamngta y snoar agjhgtrnr ugn vån da snmcdn. N pnrtcr da ec axparcagjcn jhg am lruph Ztnm`ar, sã qua scaepra bny ugn engarn pnrn gh vhmvar shora tus prhpchs pnshs a cr eîs eîs nmmî; ug nlukarh ag mn vvnmmn, nmmn, ug eurh phr am qua snmtnr, ugn puartn qua sa nora. Znoaehs qua n qucag ngdn gh ma lustn vhmvar n agrhmmnr am bcmh dam rajhrrcdh, jheh sc iuasa ugn ugn ohocgn. Varh nug sc bu-

>?9

>?9

 

ocarn qua bnjarmh, gh bny qua dasngcenrsa; am jnecgh cgvarsh euastrn htrh pncsnka, mn nteúsiarn as dcstcgtn, tnm vaz n astn bhrn agjuagtrns n nmlucag qua ngtas gh astnon. Tnm Tnm vaz nm ﬎gnm njnoas trhpazngdh jhg nmlucag. Trhpaznrsa jhg nmlucag

Ag am ngdnr cgdatarecgndh bny qua prhjadar da ihren astrîocjn, jhg ug hkh puasth ag mn rutn y am htrh ag thdh nquammh qua qua astî iuarn da guastrh rueoh. Bny qua npragdar n sar jnpnz da trhpa trhpaznrsa znrsa jhg nmlucag ag mns zhgns dhgda am prhyajth gugjn ta bnorån phdcdh mmavnr. Bny qua astnr dcspuasth n agjhgtrnrsa jhg lagta dashrcagtndn ag sctunjchgas cgasparndns, y tneocãg pamclrhsns. Mns zhgns dhgda as phscoma trhpaznrsa jhg nmlucag shg nquammns ag mns qua puada sujadar mh cepravcsth, y agthgjas bny qua nongdhgnr mn rutn praastnomajcdn, parh tneocãg shg mns zhgns ouagns pnrn pmngtnr mns tcagdns. Zhg mhs mulnras dhgda ugh dajcda datagarsa n pardar tcaeph. Vardarr tcaeph 5 lngnr aspnjch Varda Astn ralmn, cgvagtndn phr mhs ﬏ïgaurs pnrcscghs n ﬎gn-

mas dam sclmh RCR, as ag så ecsen ug nutãgtcjh tahraen parcpntãtcjh. Znoaehs qua qucag ngdn ﬎kngdh ugn eatn y ug tcaeph da﬎gcdh pcarda thdns mns phscocmcdndas qua hiraja mn darcvn. Znoar pardarsa jhgmmavn ugn lrng dcscpnjcúg da agarlåns y, shora thdh, da tcaeph. Varh shmh pardcagdh am tcaeph sa lngng Aspnjchs Htrhs. Zc am tcaeph b bnn dakndh da sar ug prhoma prhomaen, en, jheh mas suama hjurrcr hjurrcr n mhs gúendns, sa puadag axpmhrnr zh-

>?<

 

gns kneîs dcoukndns ag mhs enpns tarrastras y sa puadag agjhgtrnr aspajcas kneîs cgjmucdns ag am lãgarh buengh. Zhmh pardcagdh am tcaeph phdaehs tagar ug agjuagtrh jhg am Htrh h jhg am Htrh Mulnr. Am Htrh

Qg ouag ehtcvh pnrn datagarsa as qua sa astî eîs jarjn da agjhgtrnr nm Htrh. As ug eheagth cephrtngta qua mn Ocomcn sctûn cgeadcntneagta daspuãs da mn dcvcscúg agtra gúendns y sadagtnrchs. Trns sar jnstclndh phr Dchs phr su irntrcjcdch, Jnåg daoa ngdnr arrngta phr mhs ecsehs dascarths phr dhgda ngtas vnlnon Noam. S Jnåg shmh tcaga ecadh ecadh da ugn jhsn; agjhgtrnrsa jhg am Htrh. Mn prcearn vaz qua tuvh ug jhg﬏cjth jhg am Htrh, su barengh, asta njnoú euarth. Agthgjas Dchs ma agsaþn ugn eathdhmhlån; am snmudh gh oamclarngta, nvngznr jhg mns enghs mavngtndns, daehstrnr qua gh sa mmavng nrens, am såeohmh dam `n y dam atargh arrnr. Vnrn agjhgtrnr nm Htrh bny qua cgvagtnr ugn eathdhmhlån, h eakhr, bny qua snoar ramnjchgnrsa da jcartn engarn. Vnrtcjcpnjcúg

Qgn pnmnorn euy utcmczndn y qua bny qua avctnr jhg jucdndh puas asjhgda trnepns y neoclýadndas. N eagudh sa utcmczn da ihren daenlúlcjn, shora thdh phr pnrta da nrquctajths, urongcstns y phmåtcjhs, qua mn bng jhgvartcdh ag ug earh lagarndhr da jhgsagshs pnrn sus prhyajths. Vratagdag qua mhs Htrhs daong cgjhrphrnrsa n ug prhyajth pnrtcjcpntcvh jhg am ﬎g da daiagdar mh qua quadn da su mcoartnd, n mn qua cgjmush

>?2

 

am prhpch prhyajth phga ag pamclrh. Da bajbh, mn lrng ehdn da mn pnrtcjcpnjcúg surla ag mn ãphjn gahmcoarnm, y ngtas sa mn mmnenon daehjrnjcn. Ag mn njtunmcdnd, cgjmush mhs tarrcthrchs da mhs Htrhs Mulnras pcdag mayas y ralmneagths shora mn pnrtcjcpnjcúg, y nmceagtng mn prhdujjcúg da guavns ﬎lurns prhiaschgnmas, mhs invhrajadhras, mhs axparths ag pnrtcjcpnjcúg. Mn dc﬎jumtnd da mn pnrtcjcpnjcúg gh as asjhlar mn eathdhmhlån jhrrajtn qua sa vn n utcmcznr pnrn bnjar pnrtcjcpnr n mhs Htrhs ag am prhpch prhyajth, scgh agtagdar juîm as am prhyajth qua mhs Htrhs yn bng njtcvndh y, sc sa astî da njuardh y sa as jnpnz, mhlrnr pnrtcjcpnr ag ãm. Cgvastclnjcúg da jneph

Ag asths nþhs da jrcscs, guearhsns cgvastclnjchgas ugcvarsctnrcns, parh tneocãg eujbns nrtåstcjns, bng rathendh taens da jnrîjtar ”shjcnm―, bng ousjndh ug tarragh ag am qua datagarsa. Mhs kúvagas cgvastclndhras asjhlag jnshs da astudch ag thdns mns parciarcns dam eugdh, tarrcthrchs cgihrenmas, smues, hjupnjchgas. hjupnjchgas. Nmlughs nrquctajths y urongcstns sa vcstag da atgúlrnihs, bnjag pralugtns, pcdag n mhs bnoctngtas qua mas ralnmag su tcaeph, sus bcsthrcns, sus snoaras y sus prhyajths. Mualh sa vng, asjrcoag su cgvastclnjcúg (qua njnonrî ag ihren da ugn puomcjnjcúg qua gndca maarî y qua phgdrîg agjcen da mn easn da ugn jhecscúg da ug jhgjursh pnrn jhgsalucr ug puasth da trnonkh ag ug cgstctuth da cgvastclnjcúg) y bnrîg jnrrarn ag ugn ugcvarscdnd h ag ugn hrlngcznjcúg buengctnrcn bu engctnrcn cgtargnjchgnm. Gndn da thdh asth bnrî qua am tarrcthrch

>?3

 

astudcndh san ûtcm. Gh ea lustn mn cgvastclnjcúg qua shmh scrva n qucag mn bnja, pra﬎arh phgarea da pnrta da mhs ”c ”cgvast gvastcln clndhs― dhs―.. Njtcvnr prhjashs

Mn ûmtcen ehdn qua scluag qucagas sa bng dndh juagtn da qua mns pnmnorns ”prhyajth― y ”pnrtcjcpnjcúg― bng aepazndh n pardar ntrnjtcvh as mn da phstumnrsa jheh njtcvndhras da prhjashs. Jungth eîs mh pcagsh, eîs ea pnraja qua astns dhs pnmnorns kugtns suagng vnjåns y inmsns. As euy dciåjcm njtcvnr ranmeagta prhjashs durndarhs. Ghrenmeagta, asta tcph da prhjashs sa jhgjmuyag jhg mns ihthlrniåns da rclhr da ug ongquata h da ugn lrng nsneoman, qua mualh gh tagdrîg jhgtcgucdnd. Vhr ash ea pnraja eîs bhgasth phstumnrsa jheh axpmhrndhr dasahsh da agjhgtrnr prhjashs ranmas. As eîs bhgasth y prhyajtcvh pnrtcjcpnr ag ug prhjash ag jursh y nmceagtnrmh nphrtîgdhma agarlån. _atarrcthrcnmcznr

Zc am prhjash sa agjuagtrn yn ag jursh bny eîs asparngzns da qua prhscln daspuãs da guastrn snmcdn dam tarragh da kualh. Vrajcsneagta agthgjas sa ecda mn jnmcdnd tarrcthrcnm y phmåtcjn da mn cgvastclnjcúg, su jnpnjcdnd trngsihrendhrn. Mn insa eîs cephrtngta da mn cgvastclnjcúg as su ratarrcthrcnmcznjcúg; júeh, dúgda y juîgdh jheugcjnr thdh mh qua baehs agtagdcdh, y n trnvãs da quã njjchgas, maglunkas h prîjtcjns jhepnrtcr jhg am tarrcthrch astudcndh mhs rasumtndhs da guastrn cgvastclnjcúg. Asta sarî am pugth iugdneagtnm shora am

>:6

 

qua mhs ”cgvastclndhs― daoarîg vnmhrnr guastrn njjcúg, y sa trntn da ugn njjcúg qua sa cgcjcn n pnrtcr da guastrn agtrndn ag am tarragh tarragh.. Tarragh da kualh

Bny qua tagar jucdndh ag gh jranr axpajtntcvns ag am Htrh gc ag ghshtrhs ecsehs. Tneocãg as eakhr gh phstumnrsa jheh axparth ag sus prhomaens, scgh eîs ocag jheh nmlucag qua quczî tcaga prhomaens. Qg ouag scstaen qua gh lagarn ecadh y qua ghs mmavn n mavngtnr mns enghs ag ug lasth prav pravagtcvh agtcvh da ragdcjcúg as phstumnrsa jheh nrtcstn, tnm vaz jheh phatn; prasagtnrsa da ihren gh iugjchgnm, mûdcjn, da﬎gctcvneagta cgûtcm a cghjun. Jungdh bnynehs trhpazndh jhg ug ouag tarragh, bny qua jranr mns jhgdc jhgdcjchgas jchgas pnrn qua sa dasnta mn njtcvcdnd jrantcvn; dcsaþnr kugths am tarragh da kualh, aepaznr n kulnr a cgvctnr nm Htrh nm kualh. Asjhlar mhs parshgnkas, mhs kulndhras, cdagtc﬎jnr n mns parshgns qua scagtag am dasah da agtrnr ag am kualh dasn﬎ngdh mhs prakucjchs ntîvcjhs da mhs htrhs bnoctngtas, daknr qua sang ammhs qucagas agjuagtrag htrhs kulndhras sclucagdh sus prhpcns ramnjchgas, y mualh cgjhrphrnr agtratagcecagths n sus prhyajths. Tneocãg mns ralmns dam  kualh tcagag qua sar eathdhmúlcjneagt eathdhmúlcjneagtaa cgjhepragscomas a cgdatarecgndns. Astn jhgdcjcúg jran scaepra prhomaens. Vrhvhjnr

Gh as gajasnrch agtrnr da pugtcmmns ag mhs Htrhs Mulnras gc sar scaepra jhgdasjagdcagtas y njråtcjhs jhg am

>:>

 

Htrh sc quaraehs prhvhjnr ugn cgtarnjjcúg jrantcvn. As eîs, sc gh sa qucarag hotagar rasumtndhs ﬏hkhs y ongnmas, eujbns vajas jhgvcaga snoar prhvhjnr y daspmnznr jhgstngtaeagta mn phscjcúg dam Htrh, ndaeîs da mn guastrn. Tneocãg phdaehs nrrcaslnrghs n prhvhjnr nmlugn paquaþn barcdn, parh daoa sar da tnm ehdh qua gh jheprheatn mn jhg﬎ngzn, y qua gh vnynehs n bnjarghs n jneoch barcdns eîs prhiugdns. Varh tneocãg jhgvcaga sar ug phjh enmadujndh sc quaraehs qua am Htrh ranjjchga quctîgdhsa mn eîsjnrn y aepcaja n kulnr jhg ghshtrhs ag ug aspnjch gh prhtalcdh. Am Htrh y mhs Htrhs Mulnras sa hjumtng n eagudh onkh ug astrnt astrnthh da ongnmcznjcúg. Am nrta jhgscsta ag snoar ntrnvasnr dcjbh astrnth. Daspmnznr

Daspmnznr am pugth da vcstn y mns jhgvagjchgas jhg qua sa pcagsng mns jhsns as ag am ihgdh mn trngsihrenjcúg eîs iajugdn qua phdnehs hparnr. Daspmnznr jhgstngtaeagta mhs dasahs, mns axpajtntcvns, mhs ecadhs y mhs prakucjchs, snjnr mns jhsns da su mulnr, ehvar eurhs, norcr nlukarhs, jhgstrucr puagtas, phgar ag ramnjcúg ughs mulnras y ugns parshgns qua ngtas gh astnong ag jheugcjnjcúg. Jungdh yn baehs agtagdcdh qua thdh sa daspmnzn jhgstngtaeagta, cgjmush mns pnmnorns, agthgjas pnraja jmnrh qua am ngdnr y am datagarsa puadag agihjnrsa jhg ugn ecsen eagtnmcdnd gúendn. Vhdaehs datagarghs ag ug sctch dhgda thdh salucrî daspmnzîgdhsa, y dhgda phdnehs jhgtrcoucr n sus ecjrhdaspmnznecagths. S sc dasanehs mngznrghs n

>:?

 

mn lrng nvagturn da mn nrquctajturn da vardnd, mn jhgstrujjcúg juarph n juarph, daoaehs astnr salurhs da qua asta as am mulnr ndajundh dhgda ajbnr am ngjmn. Jucdnr

Zc dajcdcehs qua quaraehs pnrtcjcpnr ag mn trngsihrenjcúg da ug tarrcthrch eadcngta njjchgas nrquctaj nrquctajtútúgcjns, jhgvcaga asjhlar am mulnr ag iugjcúg dam jucdndh da mns nrquctajturns qua sa qucarag prhdujcr. Qg ouag jrctarch pnrn ammh as guastrn cgtucjcúg da qua am tarragh as iãrtcm. Zc trnaehs jhg ghshtrhs saecmmns, jhgvcaga pmngtnrmns dhgda nmlucag puadn ralnr. Zc quaraehs bnjar nrquctajturns jhgvcaga bnjarmns dhgda nmlucag mns jucda. Zc yn bnoån nmlucag qua jhrtnon mn bcaron da ug pnrqua, asth sclgc﬎jn qua salucrî jhrtîgdhmn cgjmush daspuãs da qua ghshtrhs bnynehs cgtarvagcdh. Zc nmlucag sa bn jhgstrucdh ugn jnsctn phr ugn gajascdnd vctnm h da agtratagcecagth, asth sclgc﬎jn qua tneocãg bnoctnrî jhg lusth mn jnsctn qua ghshtrhs ma bnraehs ag mulnr da mn suyn. Bny qua daknrma n ãm mn dajcscúg y mn tnran da dasehgtnrmn pnrn daknr sctch n mn guavn. Juarph

Icgnmeagta baehs thendh jhgjcagjcn da qua tagaehs kugth n ghshtrhs ug tcaeph y ug aspnjch htrhs, y qua astîg ag jhgstngta ehvcecagth. Nbhrn ghs jhgvcaga snoar qua ag asta guavh scstaen aspnjch taephrnm ghshtrhs shehs ug juarph. As jheh bnjarsa am euarth ﬏htngdh ohjn nrrcon ag am scmagjch dam nlun. Nbhrn ocag, dhgda ngtas gh sagtånehs gndn, nbhrn parjcocehs

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am nlun ag thrgh n ghshtrhs, y astn as ugn sagsnjcúg tîjtcm qua sa dciugda phr thdh am juarph, y ugn sagsnjcúg njûstcjn qua bnja qua scgtnehs mn raspcrnjcúg da guastrhs pumehgas rashgngdh ag am måqucdh ag am qua astnehs cgearshs. Jarrnehs mhs hkhs y agthgjas shmh shehs juarph. Ag astn dceagscúg aepaznehs n thenr jhgjcagjcn da qua thdh mh qua puadn sujadar cgeadcntneagta dapagdarî da guastrh juarph y da guastrn prasagjcn ag asta aspnjch. Ngdnr, jngsnrsa, sudnr, bnjarsa barcdns jhg mns znrzns, parh tneocãg daspmnznr pcadrns, nmcganrmns y mualh cgvagtnr utagscmchs. Jhgstrucr am aspnjch ag thrgh n ghshtrhs jheh ugn prhdujjcúg axtarchr da guastrh juarph. Hga th hga 

As am juarph n juarph jhg mn jcudnd. Gh as phscoma jhghjar am aspnjch sc gh mh ntrnvasnehs jhg guastrh juarph, gh as phscoma aepaznr n trngsihrenrmh cg sctu sc gh as pnrtcagdh guavneagta dam juarph, da mns ramnjchgas qua jran su prasagjcn, da mhs hokaths qua puada utcmcznr y jhgstrucr. Am bajbh da datagarsa cepmcjn ug eugdh da prhxcecdnd axpngscvn, dam juarph bnjcn am cg﬎gcth. Am eugdh sa jhgvcarta ag ugn horn ag jhgstrujjcúg parengagta da ”ra-jranjcúg― dam juarph, ug mulnr da jranjcúg, da njjcúg y da trngsihrenjcúg ag jheûg. Am pncsnka sa trngsihren eadcngta njjchgas ranmczndns jhdh n jhdh, pnsîgdhsa mhs jmnvhs, am tnmndrh y am enrtcmmh. ^ucag jhgstruya am prhpch aspnjch mualh pardarî am tcaeph pnrn jucdnr da ãm.

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Znmudnr

Ndaeîs da npragdar npragdar n datagarsa ag mhs Htrhs Mul Mulnras, nras, tneocãg as iugdneagtnm snoar crsa da ammhs, rctunmcznr mn snmcdn dam tarragh da kualh jhg ﬎astns, ongquatas y dcsjurshs, ratarrcthrcnmczngdh thdh mh qua baehs agtagdcdh. Znmudnr nm Htrh y enrjbnrsa, scaepra jhg ug ”bnstn mualh―, gugjn jhg ug ”ndcús―. S ugn vaz eîs, am snmudh dam `n. Icg

Daknr scaepra nocarth am ﬎gnm…

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JNOA[N NONKH ?669

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Hrclag da mhs taxths

Engc﬎asth

”Engciasth ihr n ravhmutchg da mns pnschgas du tarrcthcra―, Gûearh, gûe. ?, Mcsohn, >333, pîls. 9:-9-??2 (Cm vnmhra dac muhlbc), ”A– quc Onoymhg8―,

dcjcaeora dcjcaeo ra da ?6>6, pîls. 9> 9>-91. -91. Vcdlcg Jcty

Vrcearn varscúg dam taxth. Eîs tnrda puomcjndh ag Jnrarc, Irngjasjh y Lhgc Enzzctammc, Ndrcngn, ”Dnmmn Thrra dc Onoama n Vcdlcg Jcty. Nrtc Jcvcjba a Ngtrhphmhlcn par mn prhlattnzchga dammn Jcttæ Eatcjjcn―, ag Jngjammcarc, Ndrcngh y Zjngdurrn, Lcusappa (ads.), Trnjja uronga. Nmmn rcjarjn dammn jcttæ, Irngjh Nglamc, Nglamc , Ecmîg, ?6>?, pîls. ?:2?:2-?49. ?49.

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Zngtcnlh da Jbcma

Za rajhlag nquå taxths asjrcths pnrn dcvarsns hjnschgas. Am prcearh, asjrcth ag ?661, sa puomcjú onkh am tåtumh ”Npugtas dasda Zngtcnlh― ag EN_^, gûe. ?, Zngtcnlh da Jbcma, ?66 da dcjcaeora da ?6690 y am tarjarh, ”Jmngdastcgh jbc8―, npnrajcú ag Hpara, gûe. :6, nþh R, Imhragjcn, Imhragjcn , ?6>?, pîls. >:->4. Ohlhtî

”\nm`cgl ”\nm `cgl \ct \ctb b―, ZpneXnrq, gûe. >, Zngtcnlh da Jbcma, ?669, pîls. 2->?, pîls. >2-?1. Nrtas Jåvcjns

”Jnecgnr jheh Nrta Jåvcjn―, ag Darcva Mno (ad.), Mn ravhmujcúg panthgnm, Adcthrcnm Am Jnecgngta, Jcudnd da Eãxcjh, ?6>1, pîls. 9->1. Lmhsnrch

Vuomcjndh ag ?6>4 ag bttp;//nddctchgnmdhjueagt.hrl/?/#?/?4.4/>6.1 y eîs tnrda tn rda onkh am ttåtumh åtumh ”Zthpsjn ”Zthpsjnpas, pas, ug lmhsn lmhsnrch― rch―,, ag NN YYYY, Dagscdndas, Nrqucga, Jcudnd da Eãxcjh, ?6>1. Jnoazn nonkh

”N tastn cg lcó―,  ag [nlnrc, Irngjh, ^uasth â pnasnllch. 42 da﬎gczchgc, Engjhsu Adcthra, _hen, ?669, pîl. >