Partisan (Military)

Partisan (military) A partisan is a member of an irregular military force 2 Ukrainian Partisans formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation by some kind of insurgent activ- Main article: Ukrainian Insurgent Army ity. The term can apply to the field element of resistance movements, examples of which are the civilians that opposed Nazi German or Fascist Italian rule in several coun- The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainian: Українська Повстанська Армія (УПА), Ukrayins’ka Povstries during World War II. tans’ka Armiya; UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II against 1 History Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland. The group The French term "partisan", derived from the Latin, first was the military wing of the Organization of Ukrainian appeared in the 17th century to describe the leader of a Nationalists — Bandera faction (the OUN-B), originally war-party. formed in Volyn in the spring and summer of 1943. Its [3] The initial concept of partisan warfare involved the use official date of creation is 14 October 1942, day of of troops raised from the local population in a war zone Intercession of the Theotokos feast. (or in some cases regular forces) who would operate be- The OUN’s stated immediate goal was the rehind enemy lines to disrupt communications, seize posts establishment of a united, independent national state on or villages as forward-operating bases, ambush convoys, Ukrainian ethnic territory. Violence was accepted as a impose war taxes or contributions, raid logistical stock- political tool against foreign as well as domestic enemies piles, and compel enemy forces to disperse and protect of their cause, which was to be achieved by a national their base of operations. revolution led by a dictatorship that would drive out the One of the first manuals of partisan tactics in the 18th occupying powers and set up a government representing [4] century was The Partisan, or the Art of Making War in De- all regions and social groups. The organization began tachment..., published in London in 1760[1] by de Jeney, as a resistance group and developed into a guerrilla [5] a Hungarian military officer who served in the Prussian army. Army as captain of military engineers during the Seven During its existence, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Years’ War of 1756-1763. Johann von Ewald described fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary techniques of partisan warfare in detail in his Abhandlung opponents, although the organization also fought against über den kleinen Krieg (1789).[2] the Germans starting from February 1943. From late The concept of partisan warfare would later form the ba- spring 1944, the UPA and Organization of Ukrainian sis of the “Partisan Rangers” of the American Civil War. Nationalists-B (OUN-B) — faced with Soviet advances In that war, Confederate States Army Partisan leaders, — also cooperated with German forces against the Sosuch as John S. Mosby, operated along the lines described viets and Poles in the hope of creating an indepen[6] by von Ewald (and later by both Jomini and Clausewitz). dent Ukrainian state. The army also perpetrated ethnic In essence, 19th-century American partisans were closer cleansing of the Polish population of Volhynia and East [7][8][9][10][11] as well as subsequently defending to commando or ranger forces raised during World War Galicia, the Ukrainian population in Poland from deportations; II than to the “partisan” forces operating in occupied Eudeportation of the Ukrainians in southeastpreventing the rope. Mosby-style fighters would have been legally con[12] ern Poland. sidered uniformed members of their state’s armed forces. Partisans in the mid-19th century were substantially different from raiding cavalry, or from unorganized/semiorganized guerrilla forces. Russian partisans played a 3 Soviet Partisans crucial part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads helped compel the French Main article: Soviet partisans emperor to flee Russia in 1812. Imperial Russia also made use of partisans in World War Soviet partisans during World War II, especially those I (see for example Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz). active in Belarus, effectively harassed German troops 1

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4 YUGOSLAV PARTISANS

Soviet partisans in Belarus, 1944

and significantly hampered their operations in the region. As a result, Soviet authority was re-established deep inside the German-held territories. In some areas partisan kolkhozes raised crops and livestock to produce food. However this was not usually the case and partisans also requisitioned supplies from the local populace, sometimes involuntarily. Soviet partisans in Finland were known to have attacked villages and indiscriminately targeted the populace.[13] In East Karelia, most partisans attacked Finnish military supply and communication targets, but inside Finland proper, almost two-thirds of the attacks targeted civilians,[14] killing 200 and injuring 50, mostly women, children and elderly.[15][16][17] Yugoslav partisan Stjepan Filipović moments before death.

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Yugoslav Partisans

Main article: Yugoslav Partisans The Partisans or the National Liberation Army, (officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia) was Europe’s most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement.[18][19] It was led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia[20] during World War II. Its commander was Marshal Josip Broz Tito. The communist Yugoslav partisans were a leading force in the liberation of their country during the People’s Liberation War of Yugoslavia. By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe the enemy was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia.[21] —Basil Davidson

and 52 divisions, which engaged in conventional warfare.[22] By April 1945, the Partisans numbered over 800,000. Shortly before the end of the war, in March 1945, all resistance forces were reorganized into the regular armed force of Yugoslavia and renamed Yugoslav Army. It would keep this name until 1951, when it was renamed Yugoslav People’s Army. Main article: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Postwar Yugoslavia was one of only two European countries that were largely liberated by its own forces during World War II. It received significant assistance from the Soviet Union during the liberation of Serbia, and substantial assistance from the Balkan Air Force from mid-1944, but only limited assistance, mainly from the British, prior to 1944. At the end of the war no foreign troops were stationed on its soil. Partly as a result, the country found By late 1944, the total forces of the Partisans numbered itself halfway between the two camps at the onset of the 650,000 men and women organized in four field armies Cold War.

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List of notable partisan move- 6 Notable victims ments and battles • Albanian Partisans • Armenian irregular units • Armia Krajowa • Armia Ludowa • Bataliony Chłopskie • Bushwackers • Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II

• Marutei Tsurunen, a survivor of a Soviet partisan raid

7 See also • Fifth column • Asymmetric warfare • Guerilla warfare • Irregular military • Resistance movement

• Caucasian Front (Chechen War)

• Unconventional warfare

• Cursed soldiers

• Minutemen

• Dutch Resistance • Forest Brothers • Franc Tireurs Partisans • Free French • French Resistance • Greek Resistance • Italian resistance movement • Jewish partisans • Jewish Combat Organization • Kuperjanov Battalion • Lithuanian partisans • Mosby’s Rangers • National Armed Forces • Operation Anthropoid • Partisan Ranger Act • Pomeranian Griffin • Polish resistance movement in World War II • Romanian anti-communist resistance movement • Soviet Partisans • Ukrainian Insurgent Army • Yugoslav Partisans • Werwolf

8 References [1] de Jeney, L. M. [Lewis Michael]: The Partisan, or the Art of Making War in Detachment..."translated from the French of Mr. de Jeney, by an Officer of the Army” [Thomas Ellis]. London: 1760. from French edition in Hag, 1757 see Mihály Lajos Jeney [2] Ewald J. (ed. & trans. Selig, R. and Skaggs, D) “Treatise on Partisan Warfare” Greenwood Press (1991) ISBN 0313-27350-2 [3] “Demotix: 69th anniversary of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army”. Kyivpost.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15. [4] Myroslav Yurkevich, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv) This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993). [5] Українська Повстанська Армія — нескорених, Lviv, 2007 p.28 (Ukrainian)

Історія

[6] Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 4 pp. 193–199 Chapter 5 [7] Norman Davies. (1996). Europe: a History. Oxford: Oxford University Press [8] Aleksander V. Prusin. Ethnic Cleansing: Poles from Western Ukraine. In: Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2005. pp. 204-205. [9] Timothy Snyder. The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 169-170, 176 [10] John Paul Himka. Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian History. University of Alberta. 2011. p.4.

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[11] Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. “The Ukrainian National Revolution” of 1941. Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Vol. 12/No. 1 (Winter 2011). p. 83. [12] Timothy Snyder. The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. 2003. p. 192. [13] http://www.aamulehti.fi/Kotimaa/1194840497265/ artikkeli/partisaanit+tappoivat+vaino-pojan+silmien+ edessa+lahes+koko+perheen+nain+han+kertoo+iskusta. html [14] Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). Partisaanien jäljet 1941-1944, Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. ISBN 951-99396-6-0 [15] Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). Vaiettu sota, Arator Oy. ISBN 952-9619-18-9. [16] Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland, Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-79231611-8. [17] Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit, PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. ISBN 952-91-4327-3. [18] Jeffreys-Jones, R. (2013): In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199580972 [19] Adams, Simon (2005): The Balkans, Black Rabbit Books, ISBN 9781583406038 [20] Rusinow, Dennison I. (1978). The Yugoslav experiment 1948–1974. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-520-03730-8. [21] Basil Davidson: PARTISAN PICTURE [22] Perica, Vjekoslav (2004). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-19-517429-1.

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REFERENCES

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