Participle Clauses

1. in programmes. By films Society, and you television The participate Research joining Military Roman can By joining The Roman Military Research Society, you can participate in films and television programmes. 2. species. conditions, Neanderthals tough Having a inhospitable were lived through Having lived through inhospitable conditions, Neanderthals were a tough species. 3. family When advisable your work backwards. work  backwards. it is to history exploring When exploring your family history it is advisable to work  backwards.

Participle Clauses

Participle Clauses They give more information, or describe the time, manner or result of the event in the main clause. Noticing the door was open, I walked in. [= I noticed the door was open, and I walked in]. •

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When placed before the main clause, it refers to its subject. Walking up the street, I heard a bell ring. [= I was walking up the street and I heard a bell ring].

When placed after the main clause, it refers either to its it s subject or object (if there is one). We saw Jim walking up the street. street . [= We saw Jim while he was walking up the street]. The boat struck a rock, throwing the crew into the sea. sea . [= When the boat struck a rock, the crew was thrown t hrown into the  sea]. •

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One Action Before Another •

Same Subject

Both present and past forms are possible: Leaving the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away. Having left the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away. •

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Attention to the position of ‘not’: Not having an umbrella, I got really wet. Having decided not to stay longer, I went home. •

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Past Form used to talk about consequence: Having forgotten my keys, I had to climb in the window. Present Form + [upon] [on] used to talk about reason: On [upon] noticing a policemen coming down the street, he ran off.

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Only passive participles can sometimes be shortened: Having been introduc introduced ed to the president, president , he could think of nothing to say. Introduced to the president, president , he could think of nothing to say. •

Time Phrase [after / before / since / when / while] + Present Participle After read reading ing the letter, letter, she burst into tears. Clean it with warm soapy water before us using ing it for the first time. Since talk ing ing to Mr. Ashton, Ashton, I’ve changed my mind about my career. When tak ing ing this medication, medication, avoid drinking alcohol. While wait waiting ing for the train, train, we had a meal in the station restaurant. •

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Time Phrase [on / in] + Present Participle •

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On hearing hearing a noise at the window, window , I looked out. [ON = an event immediately followed by another]. In try trying ing to adjust the heating system, system , I managed to break it completely. [IN = one event causes a consequence].

Manner Phrase [by] + Present Participle By us using ing the Internet, Internet, it’s possible to save money.

Reason Phrase

[Being = ‘because / as + be’]

Being afraid to go on my own, own , I asked Sam to go with me. [= Because I was afraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go with me].

Passive Voice

Past Participle

Having been offer offered ed a higher salary, salary , I took the job. [= I was offered a higher salary, so I took the job].

Extra information about the subject or a participle

a noun

His ears burst bursting ing from the water pressure, pressure , he rose to the surface. All three goals were excellent, the first one be being ing the best, best, I think. •

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It or There + Present Participle There be being ing no further time today, today , the meeting will continue in the morning. It be being ing a Sunday, Sunday, there were fewer trains than usual. •

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With [without] + Present Participle •

With blood pouring pouring from his wounds, wounds , he staggered into the room. Without mak ing ing a sound, sound, she opened the door. •

Reduced Adverbial Clauses •

While (she was) at the shops, shops , Helen lost her wallet.

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Where (it is) indicated indicated,, use one of the screws labelled A.

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She waved her arms about, as if (she was) swatting swatting a fly. fly. •

Though (he was) feeling feeling ill ill,, he was determined to play. •

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Although (I was) feeling feeling ill, I went to the meeting.

If (you are) studying studying full-time full-time,, expect to spend 20 hours a week on lectures.

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Unless travell travelling ing in an organised tour, tour , you will require a visa.