Parte 4 - Diseno de Vigas de Riostra y Criterios de Arriostramiento

 

@ëstar Mgtargkjmcgkl

Xrcyajtcs Zms`crrasmstagtas Astrujturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`mfc

O1

 

Jm`agtkjmcgas 

V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas  X6

Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstrk y jrmtarmcs fa krrmcstrk`magtc krrmcstrk`mag tc fa afmemjkjmcga afmemjkjmcgas. s.

  _AZXCGZKOMLMFKFAZ2 Al jcgtagmfc fa astk cork alkocrkfk pcr RMNQ_KV _AZXCGZKOMLMFKFAZ2 R MNQ_KV Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk, Z.L. astë prctanmfk pcr lk Lay fa Xrcpmafkf Mgtalajtukl Aspkûclk qua astkolaja, pagks fa prmsmúg y c `ultks kfa`ës fa lks jcrraspcgfmagtas mgfa`gmzkjmcgas pcr fkûcs y parbumjmcs.

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk k RMNQ_KV.

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L. www.a-zmnurkt.jc` Z.L. www.a-zmnurkt.jc` © MGAZK kfmastrk`mag kfmastrk`magtc tc J.K. www.mgask-kfm www.mgask-kfmastrk`magtc.jc` astrk`magtc.jc` © Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc J.K. www.sms`mjkkfmas www.sms`mjkkfmastrk`magtc.jc`.va trk`magtc.jc`.va

 

@ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc @ëstar fa Astru O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

ÀGFMJA FA JCGVAGMFCZ ;. Mgtrc Mgt rcfu fujj jjmú múg g ............... ............................... ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ..................... .... :    

?. Jrmtarmcs fa Krrmcstrk`magtc ............................................................................................. 1 :. Zmsta`ks Astrujturklas Zms`crrasmstagta (KJM:;4-;6) ................................................... >  :.;.  Xúrtmjcs rasmstagtas k `c`agtc ................................................................................. >  6. _aqumsmtcs fa fatkllkfc pkrk vmnks fa rmcstrk partagajmagtas k púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasms ras mstagt tagtas as k ` `c`ag c`agtc tc (KJM:; (KJM:;4-;6) 4-;6) ... ................... ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ............... =  6.;.  Là`mtas fm`agsmcgklas ............................................................................................... =  6.?.  Kjarc Lcgnmtufmgkl ................................................................................................... ;8  6.:.  A`pk A`pkl`as l`as ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ........................... .......... ;;  6.6.  Faskrrcllc fal kjarc fa raeuarzc .............................................................................. ;?  

6.1.  _asmstagjmk k jcrtkgta ............................................................................................. ;6  ;6 

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc par`mta usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr trkokbc ypravmk raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farm vkfcs farmvkfcs fal sa `ms`c jcgug prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`prajcpmkr, sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcralcrmnmgkl, kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk.

?

 

@ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc @ëstar fa Astru O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

;. Mgtrcfujjmúg  Lks vmnks fa rmcstrk c vmnks jagtrkfcrks scg `ma`orcs astrujturklas fa su`k m`pcrtkgjmk pkrk al smsta`k fa jm`agtkjmúg, scg lks agjkrnkfks fa jcgajtkr lcs fmearagtas kpcycs fa lk afmemjkjmúg y koscroar lks trkjjmcgas qua sa nagarkg faomfc k jkrnks nrkvmtkjmcgklas, kyufkgfc k jcgtrclkr lcs ksagtk`magtcs fmearagjmklas y fasplkzk`magtcs lktarklas. Ag afmemjkjmcgas fcgfa lk kjjmúg sàs`mjk gc as prafc`mgkgta ag al fmsaûc, lks vmnks fa rmcstrk nagarkl`agta sa fmsaûkg jc`c `ma`orcs sm`plas sc`atmfcs k euarzks fa trkjjmúg, y puafag astkr c gc, sc`atmfks k elaxmúg sanòg sak al jksc, sm al `c`agtc qua okbk pcr lk afmemjkjmúg as agvmkfc k lk jm`agtkjmúg, lk vmnk fa rmcstrk súlc sa agjuagtrk sc`atmfk k euarzks fa trkjjmúg, `magtrks qua sm al `c`agtc as koscromfc pcr lk vmnk fa rmcstrk, ístk sa agjuagtrk sc`atmfk sc`atmfk tkgtc k trkjjmúg jc`c k elaxmúg. e laxmúg. Zmg a`okrnc, jukgfc sa raqumara al fmsaûc sms`crrasmstagta fa lk afmemjkjmúg faomfc k lk prasagjmk fa kjjmcgas sàs`mjks m`pcrtkgtas, lks vmnks fa rmcstrk faoag nkrkgtmzkr al krrmcstrk`magtc k gmval okskl fa lk afmemjkjmúg, mgtanrkgfc ug fmkerkn`k rànmfc fmsaûkfc pkrk alavkfcs `c`agtcs fa vcljk`magtc y euarzks lktarklas prcfujtc fa lk kjjmúg sàs`mjk. Lcs `ma`orcs astrujturklas smtukfcs smtukfcs pcr faokbc fa lk oksa fa lk astrujturk qua sa raqumarag pkrk trkgs`mtmr k lk jm`agtkjmúg lks euarzks rasultkgtas fa lcs aeajtcs sàs`mjcs, faoag sar fmsaûkfcs jc`c `ma`orcs fal smsta`k rasmstagta k sms`cs fa lk afmemjkjmúg, smnumagfc lcs tcfcs jrmtarmcs fa fm`agsmcgk`magtc y fatkllkfc axmnmfcs pcr lcs júfmncs. Ag al prasagta fcju`agtc sa fatkllkg lks fmspcsmjmcgas pkrk al fmsaûc fa vmnks sms`crrasmstagtas fal júfmnc KJM:;4-;6 fal (K`armjkg Jcgjrata Mgstmtuta), fa k`plmk kjaptkjmúg k gmval mgtargkjmcgkl. Ag làgaks nagarklas al júfmnc KJM:;4, as al ranlk`agtc qua mgjluya lcs raqumsmtcs pkrk al fmsaûc fa astrujturks fa jcgjratc kr`kfc (dcr`mnúg kr`kfc), y qua as utmlmzkfc oësmjk`agta ag lcs Astkfcs Qgmfcs fa Gcrtak`írmjk (AAQQ), kugqua, smg lunkr k fufks, as ugk fa lks prmgjmpklas darrk`magtks y euagtas fa mgecr`kjmúg tíjgmjk ralkjmcg r alkjmcgkfk kfk jcg al `kgabc fal jcgjratc kr`kfc, ksà jc`c ugc fa lcs ranlk`agtcs fa `kycr mgeluagjmk k gmval `ugfmkl.

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc par`mta usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr trkokbc ypravmk raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farm vkfcs farmvkfcs fal sa `ms`c jcgug prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`prajcpmkr, sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcralcrmnmgkl, kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk.

:

 

@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

Umfac ;.;. ;.;. Jrmtarmcs fa Kr rmcst rk`magtc fa Jm`agtkjmcgas

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc par`mta usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr trkokbc ypravmk raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farm vkfcs farmvkfcs fal sa `ms`c jcgug prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`prajcpmkr, sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcralcrmnmgkl, kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk.

6

 

@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

?. Jrmtarmcs fa Krrmcstrk`magtc  Jukgfc sa aeajtòk al kgëlmsms sms`crrasmstagta fa ugk afmemjkjmúg sa faoa nkrkgtmzkr qua fmjdk astrujturk astí faomfk`agta krrmcstrkfk k gmval fa lks jm`agtkjmcgas, fa ecr`k tkl qua lcs `ma`orcs astrujturklas fa lks eugfkjmcgas kmslkfks astkrëg jcgajtkfcs agtra sà pcr vmnks fa rmcstrk, lcsks c plkjks kjtukgfc jc`c fmkerkn`ks, ag fcs fmrajjmcgas praearagta`agta crtcncgklas, k gmval fal tcpa fa lk eugfkjmúg y ag tcfc jksc pcr faokbc fal gmval fal tarragc. Lks vmnks fa rmcstrk faoag rasmstmr lk jkrnk kxmkl aspajmemjkfk, tkgtc ag trkjjmúg jc`c ag jc`prasmúg. Ag al kgëlmsms sa faoa utmlmzkr lk jkrnk `ëxm`k fa lks jclu`gks qua sa krrmcstrkg mgjluyagfc lks jkrnks sàs`mjks y nrkvmtkjmcgklas `kycrkfks. Vkgtc lk jkrnk ag lks jclu`gks jc`c lks fa lks vmnks fa rmcstrk sa kgklmzkrkg ag jcgfmjmúg fa astkfc là`mta, as fajmr, `afmkgta al usc fa jcaemjmagtas fa `kycrkjmúg. Lks sclmjmtkjmcgas utmlmzkfks pkrk al fmsaûc fa lks vmnks fa rmcstrk faoarëg jcgta`plkr lcs `c`agtcs elajtcras, euarzks jcrtkgtas y kxmklas ag jc`prasmúg y trkjjmúg tkgtc pkrk jkrnks nrkvmtkjmcgklas nrkvmtkjmcgk las jc`c sàs`mjks farmvkfks fal kgëlmsms astrujturkl. Lk jkrnk kxmkl utmlmzkfk pkrk al fmsaûc fa lk vmnk fa rmcstrk sa cotmaga fa `ultmplmjkr lk `ëxm`k jkrnk kxmkl fa lks jclu`gks krrmcstrkfks ag jcgfmjmúg `kycrkfk pcr ug jcaemjmagta mnukl k  as mnukl kl jcaemjmagta fa m`pcrtkgjmk fa lk afmemjkjmúg y   as al jcaemjmagta   /:  /:, fcgfa2   as fa kjalarkjmúg dcrmzcgtkl fal tarragc cotagmfc jcgecr`a k `kpk fa zcgmemjkjmúg sàs`mjk aspajmemjkfc ag al júfmnc fa fmsaûc sàs`mjc jcrraspcgfmagta. Lks vmnks fa rmcstrk kl ecr`kr pkrta fal smsta`k rasmstagta k sms`cs, faoag sar fatkllkfks fa ecr`k kgëlcnk k jc`c sa aeajtòk al fatkllkfc fa ugk vmnk sms`crrasmstagta qua ecr`k pkrta fa lk suparastrujturk fa lk afmemjkjmúg. Jcg lk emgklmfkf fa ju`plmr jcg lcs raqumsmtcs fa rasmstagjmk y rmnmfaz axmnmfcs kgta lk prasagjmk fa kjjmúg sàs`mjk sa fastkjkg lks smnumagtas rajc`agfk rajc`agfkjmcgas jmcgas fa fmsaûc y jcgstrujtmvks2   Lks vmnks fa rmcstrk qua kjtòkg jc`c vmgjulc dcrmzcgtkl agtra jkoazklas c eugfkjm eugfkjmcgas cgas

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sa fm`agsmcgkrkg pkrk qua lk rkzúg agtra lk luz lmora y lk klturk tctkl fa lks `ms`ks sak `agcr qua ;8, praearmola`agta >.   Lk `agcr fm`agsmúg fa lk sajjmúg trkgsvar trkgsvarskl skl sarë mnukl c `kycr qua al 1% fa lk luz

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lmora agtra lcs `ma`orcs jcgajtkfcs, parc gc `agcr qua :8 j`. © Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

1

 

@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

  Al kjarc fa raeuarz raeuarzcc lcgnmtuf lcgnmtufmgkl mgkl fa lk vmnk fa rmcstrk sa kgjlkr kgjlkrkk fagtrc c `ës kkllë llë fa lcs

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pafastklas c jkoazklas qua krrmcstrk ju`plmagfc jcg lk lcgnmtuf fa faskrrcllc raquarmfk pkrk nkrkgtmzkr lk trkgsearagjmk fa aseuarzcs.   Lks vmnks scora al tarragc qua ecr`ag pkrta fa ugk lcsk fa jm`agtkjmúg y astíg

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sc`atmfks k elaxmúg faomfc k lk kjjmúg fa jclu`gks qua ecr`kg pkrta fal smsta`k rasmstagta k sms`cs faoarëg ju`plmr fa mnukl ecr`k jcg lcs raqumsmtcs fa fatkllkfc sms`crrasmstagta fa ecr`k kgëlcnk k juklqumar ala`agtc fa lk astrujturk, as fajmr, faoarëg tagar fatkllas fa raeuarzc sm`mlkras k lcs fa lks vmnks qua ecr`kg pkrta fa lk astrujturk lcjklmzkfk pcr agjm`k fa lk jm`agtkjmúg.

Umfac ?.;. Fm`agsmcg k`magtc Umnks fa _mcst rk ?.;. Fm`agsmcg

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

5

 

@ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc @ëstar fa Astru O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

:. Zmsta`ks Astrujturklas Zms`crrasmstagta (KJM:;4-;6)  Lcs raqumsmtcs fa fmsaûc y fatkllkfc fa lcs `ma`orcs astrujturklas faoag sar jc`pktmolas jc`pktmolas jcg al gmval fa raspuastk mgalëstmjk ksu`mfc ag al jëljulc fa lks euarzks sàs`mjks fa fmsaûc.

:. :.;. ;. Xúrtmj cs rasmst rasmstagtas agtas k `c`agtc Zcg púrtmjcs ag lcs juklas sus `ma`orcs rasmstag lks sclmjmtkjmcgas sclmjmtkj mcgas pcr `afmc fa elaxmúg, euarzks jcrtkgtas y euarzks kxmklas, mgfujmfks pcr lks jkrnks nrkvmtkjmcgklas y lks kjjmcgas sàs`mjks. Xkrk juklqumar smsta`k c ala`agtc astrujturkl fkfc, lcs tír`mgcs “aspajmkl‐, “mgtar`afmc‐ y “crfmgkrmc‐ sa raemarag kl ku`agtc fa lcs raqumsmtcs fa fatkllkfc y fmsaûc, jcg lk axpajtktmvk fa

mgjra`agtkr lk jkpkjmfkf fa faecr`kjmúg.

Xúrtmjcs aspajmk aspajmklas las rasmstagtas k `c`agtc Zcg smsta`ks jkpkjas fa mgjursmcgkr ag al rkgnc mgalëstmjc fa `kgark astkola kgta ug avagtc sàs`mjc ag zcgks fa alavkfk sms`mjmfkf. Al gmval fa fatkllkfc prcpcrjmcgk lk rasmstagjmk y fujtmlmfkf raquarmfk pkrk lk jcgfmjmúg sms`crrasmstagta `ës axmnagta fa jcgecr`mfkf k lcs lmgak`magtcss gcr`ktmvc lmgak`magtc gcr`ktmvcs. s. Lcs púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasmstagtas k `c`agtc raqumarag ugk axmnagjmk `kycr ag al gmval fa fatkllkfc fal kjarc fa raeuarzc yk qua faoag prcpcrjmcgkr prcpcrjm cgkr ugk alavkfk jkpkjmfkf fa fmsmpkjmúg fa agarnàk kl mgjursmcgkr ag al rkgnc mgalëstmjc. Al fmsaûc fa vmnks fa púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasmstagtas k `c`agtc lc agjcgtrk`cs raelabkfc ag al krtàjulc ;4.5 ag al júfmnc KJM:;4-;6.

Xúrtmjcs m gtar`afmcs rasmstagtas k `c`agtc Zcg smsta`ks jkpkjas jkpkj as fa mgjursmcgkr y fmsmpkr agarnàk ag al rkgnc mgalëstmjc fa `kgark lm`mtk lm`mtkfk fk kgta ug avagtc sàs`mjc. Al gmval fa fatkllkfc prcpcrjmcgk lk rasmstagjmk y fujtmlmfkf raquarmfk pkrk ugk jcgfmjmúg sms`crrasmstagta mgtar`afmk fa jcgecr`mfkf k lcs lmgak`magtcs gcr`ktmvcs.

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

>

 

@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

Xúrtmjcs crfmgkrmcs rasmstagtas k `c`agtc Zcg smsta`ks jcg `uy pcjk jkpkjmfkf mgalëstmjk, pcr lc jukl al gmval fa fatkllkfc as `agcs axmnagta.

@ës mgecr`kjmúg2 Jcgsultkr al Jkpàtulc ;4 “AZV_QJVQ_KZ ZMZ@C _AZMZVAGVAZ‐ fal júfmnc fa fmsaûc2   KJM:;4-;6.

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

4

 

@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

6. _aqumsmtcs

fa fatkllkfc pkrk vmnks fa rmcstrk partagajmagtas k púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasmstagtas k `c`agtc (KJM:;4-;6)  Lks vmnks fa rmcstrk mgtarjcgajtkfks k jclu`gks fa púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasmstagtas k `c`agtc, y pcr lc tkgtc partagajmagtas kl smsta`k rasmstagta k sms`cs fa lk afmemjkjmúg faoag ju`plmr jcg lcs smnumagtas raquarm`ma raquarm`magtcs2 gtcs2

6. 6.;. ;. Là`mtas fm`agsmcgklas fm`agsm cgklas

ℚ

  Lk luz lmora fal ala`agtc (  ) gc faoa sar `agcr k juktrc vajas lk klturk òtml fa lk vmnk

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6.

  Al kgjdc

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 fa lk vmnk faoa sar kl `agcs mnukl kl `agcr agtra 8.:ℇ y ?1 j`, smagfc ℇ lk

klturk fa lk vmnk.   Lk prcyajjmúg fal kgjdc fa lk vmnk `ës kllë fal kgjdc fa lk jclu`gk scpcrtkgta k jkfk

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lkfc gc faoa axjafar al `agcr fa

Emnurk 6.;) 6.;).. Astcs là`mtas faemgag al  y 8.>1 (Uar   Emnurk

kgjdc `ëxm`c fa lk vmnk qua puafa trkgsearmr aeajtmvk`agta lks euarzks kl gcfc vmnkjclu`gk.

Emnurk 6.; 6.;.. Kgjdc ` ëxm`c aeajtmvc f a ugk vmnk kgjdk y al raeuarzc trkgsvarskl raquarmfc. Euagta2 KJM:;4-;6.  KJM:;4-;6. 

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

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@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

Xkrk skoar `ës. Jkoa fastkjkr qua ag lcs _anlk`agtcs kgtarmcras fal júfmnc KJM:;4-;6, juklqumar `ma`orc partagajmagta k ug púrtmjc, sc`atmfc k ugk euarzk kxmkl `kycrkfk fa jc`prasmúg qua axjafmark juklqumar jc`omgkjmúg fa jkrnk faoàk fmsaûkrsa y fatkllkrsa jc`c sa fasjrmoa  ag ¶alkrtàjulc ⁆;8 okbc;4.> (Jclu`gks fa púrtmjcs aspajmkla aspajmklass rasmstagtas k @c`agtc). Ag al _anlk`agtc fa ?8;6, tcfcs lcs raqumsmtcs pkrk lks vmnks sa agjuagtrkg ag ;4.5 (Umnks fa púrtmjcs aspajmklas rasmstagtas k `c`agtc) mgfapagfmagta`agta mgfapagfmagta`agta fa lk ` `kngmtuf kngmtuf fa lk euarzk kxmkl fa jc`prasmúg.

6. 6.?. ?. Kjarc Lcg Lcgnmt nmtufmg ufmgkl kl   Lks vmnks faoag tagar kl `agcs fcs okrrks jcgtmguks tkgtc ag lk jkrk suparmcr jc`c

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mgearmcr.   Lk jkgtmfkf fa raeuarzc gc faoa sar mgearmcr k

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  , y lk jukgtàk fa raeuarzc gc faoa

 fa 8.8?1 sa oksk prmgjmpkl`agta ag axjafar 8.8?1. Al là`mta k lk jukgtàk fa raeuarzc jcgfmjmcgas fa jcgnastmúg fal kjarc.   Lk rasmstagjmk pcr `c`agtc pcsmtmvc ag lk jkrk fal gcfc gc faoa sar `agcr qua lk `mtkf

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fa lk rasmstagjmk k `c`agtc ganktmvc prcpcrjmcgk prcpcrjmcgkfk fk ag ask `ms`k jkrk. Lk rasmstagjmk k `c`agtc ganktmvc c pcsmtmvc ag juklqumar sajjmúg k lc lkrnc fa lk lcgnmtuf fal `ma`orc faoa sar kl `agcs mnukl k ug jukrtc fa lk rasmstagjmk `ëxm`k k `c`agtc prcpcrjmcgkfk ag lk jkrk fa lcs gcfcs.

Emnurk 6. 6.?. ?. Jcgfmj Jcgfmj múg fa @c`agtcs fa fmsaûc. © Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

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@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

6.:. A`pkl`as Lks fm`agsmcgas lcgnmtufmgklas jc`arjmklas fa lks okrrks fa kjarc fa raeuarzc puafag sar mgsuemjmagtas pkrk lks fm`agsmcgas fal prcyajtc, pcr lc tkgtc as gajaskrmc raklmzkr a`pkl`as qua nkrkgtmjag lk jcgtmgumfkf fal kjarc fa raeuarzc `afmkgta klnugc fa lcs `ajkgms`cs fa trkgsearagjmk fa aseuarzcs `cstrkfcs ag lk Emnurk lk Emnurk 6.:. 6.:.  

Emnurk 6.:. Vmpcs fa A`pkl`as.

Lk ugmúg pcr sclkpa as al a`pkl`a `ës a`plakfc ag al fatkllkfc fal kjarc fa raeuarzc, smg a`okrnc, pkrk `ma`orcs fal smsta`k rasmstagta k sms`cs, sa prcdàoa lk jclcjkjmúg fa fmjdcs a`pkl`as k lc lkrnc fa ranmcgas ag lks juklas sa aspark eluagjmk pcr elaxmúg puastc qua gc sa jcgsmfarkg jcgemkolas ag jcgfmjmcgas fa jkrnk jàjlmjk fagtrc fal rkgnc mgalëstmjc. Fa mnukl ecr`k, sa faoa prcpcrjmcgkr astrmocs jarrkfcs fa jcgemgk`magtc c aspmrklas ag lk lcgnmtuf fal sclkpa. Al aspkjmk`magtc fal raeuarzc trkgsvarskl qua jcgemgk lks okrrks sclkpkfks gc faoa axjafar kl `agcr agtra scg lks smnumagtas2

 y ;8 j`. Lks ranmcgas fcgfa sa prcdàoa lk uomjkjmúg fa lcs sclkpas

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  Fagtrc fa lcs gcfcs.

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  Ag ugk fmstkgjmk fa fcs vajas lk klturk fa lk vmnk `afmfk fasfa lk jkrk fal gcfc.

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  Ag ugk fmstkgjmk fa fcs vajas lk klturk fa lk vmnk, fcgfa puafa cjurrmr eluagjmk pcr

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elaxmúg jc`c rasultkfcs fa fasplkzk`magtcs lktarklas qua axjafkg al rkgnc alëstmjc.

© Rmnurkt Jcgsultcràk fa Ecr`kjmúg Víjgmjk Z.L.

© MGAZK kfmastrk`magtc

© Zàs`mjk kfmastrk`magtc

Gc sa par`mta ug usc jc`arjmkl. Gc sa par`mta jcpmkr, fmstrmoumr, axdmomr, abajutkr al trkokbc y raklmzkr ctrcs trkokbcs farmvkfcs farm vkfcs fal `ms`c jcg prcpúsmtcs jc`arjmklas. Zma`pra sa faoa rajcgcjar y jmtkr kl kutcr crmnmgkl, pravmk kutcrmzkjmúg asjrmtk. 

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@ëstar fa Astru @ëstar Astru jturks fa Jcgjratc Kr`kfc y Xrajc`prm`m fc O1 Jm`agtkjmcgas V? Jm`agtkjmcgas Zuparemjmklas X6 Fmsaûc fa vmnks fa rmcstr k y jrmtarmc s fa krrmcstr k`magtc fa afmemjkjmcgas.

Emnurk 6.6. 6.6. Fmspcsmjmúg nagarkl fal raeuarzc raeuarzc lcg nmtu fmgkl.

Lcs a`pkl`as pcr sclkpa sc`atmfcs k trkjjmúg sa jlksmemjkg jc`c Jlksa K y O, ag lcs juklas lk lcgnmtuf fal sclkpa as ug `òltmplc fa lk lcgnmtuf fa faskrrcllc ag trkjjmúg

ℚ, y sa jkljulkg

sanòg lk Vkolk lk Vkolk 6.;. 6.;.   Vkolk 6. 6.;. ;. Lcgnm tuf y tm pc fa sclkpa fa okrrks jcrru nkfks ag ag trkjjmú g.

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 ⁆   Ag lk lcgnmtuf fa a`pkl`a

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