Parasitology Tables

PARASITE

Trichuris trichiura

A.K.A.

EGG

Whip worm

M – curved 360 F – blunt; stichocytes

Seat Wor m Pin worm

INFECTIVE

Embryonated Egg in soil/feces

Barrel-S, 2 plugs unembryo Enterobius Vermiculari s

ADULT

spindle-S, cephalic ala, corpus, isthmus, bulb M – curved tail F – pointd tail

Trichinella Spiralis

Encysted larvae in Inad cooked pork

larva – w/ spearlike burrowing tip

DFS Unembryo eggs in feces

HOST LOC.

LI, Whip inserted into wall no migration phase to lungs

embryonated in soil Embryonated ova

D-shape, football

DIAGNOSTIC

Scotch tape Swab

Ileum of SI, Cecum,LI man

Embryonated Eggs

Gravid female Migrates to Perianal area

Tissue biopsy Xenodiagnosis

Muscle tissue of man, pigs

Bachman Intradermal test

thread-like ; F – blunt; M – curved w/ 2 lobular appendages; A-end- nonpapillated

INT HOST

2NDIN T HOS T

PATHOLOGY

MOT

-Prolapse of Anus -IDA, Alb, D -Sometimes appendicitis -symptoms due to unique mode of attachment

F-O-R (fecaloral route)

1) site - ulceration 2) eggs - prupritus 3) migration -vulvuvag & salphingitis

H-M (handmouth)

PHIL

Yup 80-90% warm, tropical regions Yup (F>M)

Tx

Albendazol e Mebendazo le OxantelPyrantel Mebendazo le Pyrantel pamoate

inhalation Retro infection

-Rheumatic pain (intestinal flu) - M eosin -swollen eyelids -3 stages of inf: intest,larval,encap -Stage of conval - death due to Myocard or enceph

Ingestion of encysted larvae in pork

yup

Thiabendaz ole Corticoster oid (for allergic rxn)

Mebendazo le? Ref (5F 20d, 20F10d, 20F 6d)

Capillaria Philippinen sis

Larva in raw fish

peanut shape

Ascaris Lumbricoid es Most common Intestinal nematode Ancyclosto ma Duodenale

Giant Roun d Wor m

Old Worl d Hook worm

embryonated eggs in F typical F – 8 in 1 row atypical F – 40 in 2 M – w/ chitin spicule

Eggs embryonate in Fresh water

Embryonated Egg

DFS -eggs (E) -larva (L) -adults (A)

DFS of eggs

SI (jejunum ) of fish, man larvae in gastric mucosa and intestines

SI of man (not attach)

Decorticated, Unembryo egg

tri-radiate xs

F-3 lips; M–2 spicules

larvae, corticated

3rd stage filariform

Adults in SI Gall bladder, Liver, nares, appendix

DFS EIA -ELA

teeth

Liver-lung Migration

(larv swallowed)

SI Lung migration

-int mal-ab -Borborygmi -Ab Pain -Diarrhea -Villus flat -Atrophy COL -death

Ingestion Of larva In raw fish

Yup (M>F) I. Norte (N.Luzo n)

Lung mig –Asthma; Capil penetration –Pneumonia; Ab Pain due to adult Migration; Int Obst;  eosin

Ingestion Burrowing of Sin of foot

Most Commo n In world

Ground itch; 500 eggs = heavy worm; Hookworm anemia due to suction

Oral percutane ous

Yes

THA,JP N, EGY,TAI , IRAN Yup

Tropics, subT

Mebendazo le Albendazol e

Peperazine Citrate Albendazol e Mebendzao le Pyrantel Pam Pyrantel Pamoate Mebendazo le

Necator Americanu s

New Worl d Hook worm

DFS EIA

cutting plates

Thre ad Wor m Prominent Genital primordium, notched tail

PARASITE

Microcytic Hypochromic

-ELA

8-cell stage Strongyloid es Stercoralis

of blood/ bleeding

A.K.A.

Brugia Malayi

EG G

filarifo rm; no F M Long eso,

pointed tail, short esophagus 3rd stage filariform

ADULT

kinky, overlapping nuclei, nuclei reach tail end (terminal, subterminal n.) giemsa – sheath unstained smooth, single row of nuclei, no term nuc, >L than BM giemsa – pink stain

Wuchereria Bancrofti

Loa Loa

Rhab in stool

short buc cav

INFECTIVE

Larvae In Arthropod Vector Bites at Night Enters Bite wound Bioincub - 1 year Larvae crawl into wound

DIAGNOSTIC

Blood smear (thick And Knott Conc) Microfilaria In blood at Night

SI man; Lung Migr aftr skin Penet; repro parthogenesis Eggs hatch SI

biopsy

2ND INT HOST

Fiery Serpen t Israelit es Guinea worm

Oncocerca Volvulus

Larvae in copepods

Local lesion Worm/Larva e Calcifiqed Worms by x-ray

larva migrates to lower ext. Larvae Crawl into Bite wound

Biopsy Mazzotti Slit lamp

Tropics, SubT

Thiabendaz ole

mosquito s

Acute – Hypersensitizatn

W.B. – Culex Quinque Fasciatus

Chronic – (poor prog), elephantiasis (blocks lymphs)

RuralAnoph; UrbanFatigans; Pacificaedes

Weingarten’s Syndrome – Hyper-eosin of Peripheral blood

VectorDipteran (chrysops )

Calabar swelling

Skin

No

Adult in eye

Larva Enter bite wound

Africa

Ingestio n Of Infectiv e copepo ds

NO

Metronidazole

Middle East, Africa

Thiabendazole

Skin

NO

Larva Enter bite wound

Africa C. and S. America

Diethylcarbama zine

Mesenteric Tissues Larva migrate To lower ext Subcutane ous tissue

Skin

Yup

Larva Enter bite wound

Warm regions

Tx

Diethylcarbama zine (not effective on adult worms) Ivermectin

Mosquit o Bites at night

corticosteroids supportive – pressure bandaging surgery

hypersensitivity

shedding of sheath, Dracunculus Medinensis

PHIL

Albendazol e

Lymphatic s Bloodstrea m

Subcutane ous tissue

MOT

Yes

INT HOST

Peripheral Blood

PATHOLOGY

- Skin Penetratio n of FL - Freeliving - auto infection

Iron replacemen t

HOST LOC.

CARD Test – Antigen det DNA probes Thin blood Smear

Larval migration – Lobular pneu w/ hem; like PUD, Hyper Infection, Peripheral Eosinophilia, malab syndrome

Skin Penetratio n

Copepod s Ingest Larva in water

Blister w/ Serous exudates

VectorBlack fly

-River Blindness -Eye lesions - Skin lesions - Scrotum enlargement

Pseudoperitoneal syndromes

Diethylcarbama zine Corticosteroids surgery

Corticosteriods Surgery

Angiostrong ylus Cantonensis

Rat Lung worm

3rd stage larva in snails and slugs or rats ingested by man adult emale “Barber pole” dark red intestinal tract

Angiostrong ylus costaricensis

snails – paratenic hosts 3rd stage larva in snails/ slugs ingested by man nd cotton rat

History -eating, travel

Brain

leukocytosi s & eosinophilia

ManAccidental hosts

Skin test needs evaluation

Spinal cord

Intestines (gut wall)

Mollusks, Snails: Achantin a, Pila Planaria, Slugs, prawns Mollusks Snails, slugs

(Sigmodon hispidus)

Anisakis

Herrin g diseas e

Terranova sp – juveniles Pseudoterranova sp – not penetrate Eustrongylides sp – perforates large bowel

PARASITE

A.K.A.

EGG

Schistoso ma Hematobiu m Platyhelminthes

ADULT

S. Japonicum

Schistoso ma Japonicum Platy-

INFECTIVE

Freeswimming Cercaria

Edoscopy

Freeswimming Cercaria

lateral spine Cercaria in copula, males have gynecophoric canals

Marine Crustace ans And fish

Immunologi c Tests under Study

DIAGNOSTIC

Eggs, miracidia in urine

terminal spine

Schistoso ma Mansoni Platyhelminthes

3rd stage larva in flesh of raw fish; larva migrate from viscera to muscle after death of fish

HOST LOC.

Adults Bladder, liver larva – Venous Plexuses

Ova in feces (blood, mucus) Rectal biopsy

Liver

Ova in feces, Rectal biopsy, COPT test,

Liver, Mesenteric Venules, SI, heart, Spleen,

Mesenteric venules, SC, lungs

INT HOST

Bulinus Snail (Miracidia to cercaria)

Biomphalari a Snail

Oncomelani a

Eosinophilic Meningoencephali tis + eosins in CSF, CN involve, diplopia and strabismus CSF >= 500 cells/ml w/ 10-90% eosins “acute abdomen” - inflamm of ileocecal region; Ab pain loc to right lower quad + palpable tumorlike m Pseudoterranova spp – Not penetr8 stom, Throat irrit, coughed Anisakis simplex (USA) Stom, int, inflamm Rxn surrounding larva Anisakiasis – local Tissue response; (Eustrongylides spp) Perforation of L bowel

2ND INT HOST

Ingestio n Of larva In snails

NO TAI, THAI, CAM, VIET, Hawaii, Tahiti

None recommended Dead parasite Could exacerbate Tissue reaction Surgical if ncessary

Ingestio n Of raw Marine Food w/ Alcohol, “green” herring, sashimi

PATHOLOGY

Calcified Bladder (dead eggs= “sandy patches”); Painful urination; Kala-azar; adults coated w/ RBC An and not detected; trapped egg cause clinical symptoms; Terminal Hematuria; infection linked To S. typhi and paratyphi carriers Claypipe-stem Fibrosis = Thickening of portal vessels due to rxn w/ eggs; Hepatosplenomegaly Portal HTN, ascites, eggs sometimes Deposited in SC, lungs  liver enzy,serum alb, glob(prot) Katayama rxn/ fever, reaction to Eggs in tissue = CNS damage, Hepatosplenomegaly, Portal HTN, Ascites; mucus/blood in feces,  liver enzy,serum alb,

NO JPN, Netherlan ds

Remove larvae By biopsy Forceps Surgical Intervention For obstruction Manage conservatively

MOT

PHIL

Tx

Skin Penetrati on Thru Infected water

Wala Siguro…

Praziquant rel

Cercaria Penetrate Skin thru Infected water

Nope

Cercaria Penetrate Skin thru Infected water

Yup

Tropics Subtropi cs

Africa Brazil

Mindana o, Visayas

Praziquant rel

Praziquant rel

helminthes

Schistoso ma Intercalatu m Schistoso ma Mekongi Fasciola Hepatica Fasciolidae

lateral knob (smallest)

Fasciolidae

Clonorchis Sinensis Opistorchi dae Opistorchis Felineus Opistorchi dae Opistorchis Viverrini

Sheep Liver Fluke

SnailsLymnea Philippinens is, Lymnea swinhoe (TAI) (sporocystrediacercaria) Snail

Giant Liver Fluke

leaf S, w/ shoulders cephalic cone, spinous, dendritic testes

Larger than F. hepatica no shoulders

Chine se Liver Fluke

branched testes; spatulate

Cat Liver Fluke

lancet S reddishbile color

knob at abopercular end Lance t fluke

deep golden-brown

Metacerca ria Encysted On aquatic vegetation

Unembryo ova in feces, duodenal aspirates

Bile duct of Sheep

Metacerca ria Encysted On aquatic vegetation

Unembryo ova

Giant AnimalsCattle Biliary tract (BT)

Metacerca ria Encysted On Fresh Water fish

Embryo ova In feces or Biliary duodenal aspiratesB DA Embryo ova In feces or BDA

Man

Small AnimalsCats, dogs, etc (BT SI)

Snails Bithynia Funiculate

Embryo ova In feces Or BDA

Civet cat, Dog, fisheating

Embryo ova

sheep

Snails Bithynia Goniomphal us, Funiculate, laevis SnailsAbida, Cochilcopa, Helicella, Zeb

Metacerca ria Encysted On fresh Water fish Metacerca ria

lobed testes like O. felineus 2 large testes lancet, flat, transparent, aspiny

Metacerca ria

A.K.A.

EGG

ADULT

Herbivore animals

BT

w/ fully dev miracidiu m

Dicrocoelli dae

PARASITE

Quadrasi, Formosa

glob(prot)

Lide Schistosoma Japonicum in terms of life cycle, pathology and clinical features Intermediate host – Lithoglyphopsis aperta

Opistorchi dae Dicrocoeliu m Dendriticu m

CNS

Like Schistosoma Mansoni in terms of life cycle, pathology and clinical features Intermediate host – Biomphalaria snail

“popping operculum”

Fasciola Gigantica

ELISA

INFECTIVE

DIAGNOSTIC

HOST LOC.

Operculate Snails (Alocinma, Parafossarul us, Bithynia)

INT HOST

Aquatic vegetation

Halzoun – ingestion Raw sheep, goat livers (dyspnea, deafness, asphyxiation, death) fibrotic vs. traumatic/ necrotic lesions; obs; False vs true (no eggs)

Aquatic vegetation

Ingestion of Infected Vegetatio n; Infected Liver (false)

Cosmo

Ingestion of Infected Vegetatio n

Most Probably

In sheep Raising countrie s

Cholangiocarcinoma of liver, liver function Impaired but SGPT and SGOT are normal

Ingestion of Uncooke d fish

Rare

Periportal fibrosis, Invasion of pancreas, Form bile stones

Ingestion of Infective fish

Nope

FWF Punteus Orphoides, Hampala dispar

Hyperplastic biliary Epithelium (Stim by Nitrosamines); assos. w/ cholangiocarcinoma Same as F. hepatica

Ingestion of Infective fish

Nope

Ingestion of ants

Wala siguro

2ND INT HOST

Portal cirrhosis, Periductal fibrosis

PATHOLOGY

MOT

Bithionol

Africa, Asia

Fresh water Fish (FWF) : Cyprinidae, Ctenopharyngodon FWF Cyprinus Carpio (Taiwan)

Formica Fusca (ants)

Bithionol

CHI, JPN, SK, Vietnam

USSR, poland

Thailand Udorn

PHIL

Chloroquin e Diphospha te Praziquant el Praziquant el

Praziquant el

Praziquant el

Tx

Paragonim us Westerma ni

Oriental Lung Fluke operculum at broad end, thick aboper

branched testes side by side; coffee bean; integument w/ spines

Fasciolopsi s Buski indistinguish from F. hep, F. gigantica

Heterophy es Heterophy es

2 dendritic testes in tandem

H.

M. eggs no aboper protub; same

hard to distinguish adults; scale-like spines, w/ genital sucker, globular testes

Echinosto ma Ilocanum indisting.from fasciolas

Taenia Saginata Longest Tapeworm

Unembryo eggs in feces or sputum

Cercaria w/ spines

compleme nt fixation

Metacercari a In water Plants

oral sucker with collar of spines; 2 lobed testes in tandem, reddish-grey

Pork Tapewor m

Beef tapewor m

Miracidium present in The egg once Deposited by adult Metacercari a No sporocyst stage

Cysticercou s Cellulosae

indistinguish from each other and from E. granulosus; hexacanth (6 hooklets); radially striated shell

rostellum w/ hooks 4 suckers; ripe proglottid 15 branches; 5m;

Encapsulate d in Parenchyma of lung; in fibrotic capsules Reservoir – Cats & dogs

Snail Miracidia (M) Cercaria (C) Antemelania Asperta; Antemelania Dactylus

Unmebryo Eggs in feces

Duodenum of Man or pigs

Snails – MC

Unembryo Eggs in stool Using Kato-Katz method

Small Intestines

Snails : Freshwater, Brackish or Marine

MC are Sensitive to Dryness Metacercari a In fish

Metagonim us yokogawai

Taenia Solium

Metacercari a In crustacean

Reservoir – Fish eating mammals

Segmentina, Hippeutis

MC

Crabs – Sundathelph usa Philippina C  meta-C

Aquatic Vegetation C  meta-C Water caltrop, Water chestnut, Water morning Glory, lotus Many fish in the Phil. (30 Species); in muscles at base of the fin C  meta-C

Unembryo Eggs in feces

Small Intestines

Ripe or gravid Proglottid

Small intestines of man

formaldeh yde soln

cysticercosis in muscles

eggs – cause cysticercosi s

Scolex after therapy

Cysticercou s bovis

Ripe or gravid Proglottid Scolex after therapy

Reservoirrats

Snails: -Gyralus Convexluscu lus -Hippeutis Umbilicalis MC Hogs, wild Boars, sheep, Deer, dogs, Monkeys, rats, cats eggs  cysticercous cellulosae

Man SI (accidental)

Cattle, llama, Giraffe, Carabao eggs  cysticercous bovis

Snails: -Pila luzonica “kuhol” and -Vivipara Angularis“su so” C  meta-C

Granulomato us rxn in lungs; rustcolored sputum, w/ Foul fish Odor Misdiagnosed For PTB Worms cause Traumatic, Obstructive and toxic effects; ulceration and  mucus prod. Inflamm, Sloughing off Of layers, xs Mucus prod Misdiagnosed For acid Peptic ds (APD), consistent w/ PUD Inflamm, Ulceration, Diarrhea, intoxiacation

Inflamm, Eosinophilia, leukopenia Dev Cisticercosis (ingestion of eggs), larva in brain, muscle, eye Epigastric Pain, vertigo, Nervousness, eosinophilia

Ingestion Of Infected crustacea ns

Yes

Praziquantel

Asia

Bithionol

Ingestion Of Infected Water Plants

Nope

Ingestion of MC Encysted in fish

Yes

Ingestion Of encysted MC in snails

Of course

Ingestesti on Of inadeq. Cooked Pork

Triclabendaz ole

Praziquantel

SEA, CHN, India, indonesi a

Praziquantel

EGY, Greece, CHN, JPN, KOR, TWN, Phil

N. Luzon, Samar, Leyte, Mindana o yes

Praziquantel

Praziquantel

cosmo

Accidenta l Ingestion of eggs Ingestion Of cysts in beef

Niclosamide -damage to point of dissolution

tree-like dicho branching Echinococc us Granulosus

Parasite Of dog

Eggs – man Hydatid sand

smallest Tapeworm In man

PARASITE Diphyllobothri um Latum

one long gravid proglottid

A.K.A. Fish/ Broad t-worm

EGG

yellow-brown knob like thickening

Dipylidium Caninum

egg packets (8-15 eggs) oncosphere w/ 6 hooklets

INFECTIVE Plerocercoi d Larva Encyted In fish

DIAGNOSTIC Operculated Eggs; Proglottids Kato tech

retractile, conical scolex; rose-thorn shape hooklets mature proglottid – with 2 lateral genital pores

Embryo Eggs in Contam food and Water like D. caninum scolex but with less hooklets; ripe segment

Sheep, man (accidental, intermediat e– in liver and lungs)

HOST LOC. SI in man Reservoir Host: Dogs, cats,Bears Paratenic host: Carnivore fish

Cysticercoi d Larva in Arthropod Host when ingested

Dwarf t-worm

with filaments

SI of Dog -Cysts Ingested and Release scolices

spatulate, rosette uterus 2 bothria = sucking grooves

Dog T-worm Double Pored T-worm

Hymenolepsis Nana

ADULT

dogs

x-ray to detect hydatid ds; immunolog ic tests

Cyticerci Can complete Cycle in single Host

Gravid Proglottids That are passed out/ Crawl out, Egg packets, Melonshaped Proglottids in Chains (Not stool bec proGlot disint in environment Embryo Eggs in feces Proglottids not Recovered bec They degenerate

SI of dog or cat

INT HOST copepods (Cyclops & Diaptomus)

Coracidia (CO)  Procercoid (ProC)

Ctenocephali des canis (dog flea)

Obstruction – Growing cysts; Anaphylactic Shock when Cyst ruptures

2ND INT HOST (fish) perch, trout, salmon, pike ProC  PleroC

FOR

rare

Ingestion Of eggs in feces

Sugery Prev spillage of eggs) Albendazole

PATHOLOGY Anemia (misdiag for pernicious type Vit B12 def); hyperchromic megaloblastic ; examine for HCl in gastric juice (+ infection) Minimal symptoms

MOT Ingesti on

PHIL Rare

Ingesti on

yup

Praziquan tel

Enteritis due to Necrosis and Desquamatio n Of intestinal Epithelial cells

FOR

yup

Praziquan tel

Only 7 cases

Tx Praziquan tel

tempera te zone

Ctenocephali des felis (cat flea) Pulex irritans (human flea) Trichodectes canis (dog louse)

SI of man

Insects, rice And flour beetles

Direct/indirec t pathways

Auto Infectio n

Hymenolepsis Diminuta

(autoinf) Cysticercoi d Larvae in insects

Rat T-worm

w/o filaments bile-stained; fan-like Sparganosis Mansoni, Erinacei, Ranarum

gravid segment; rudimentary, unarmed rostellum

Spirome tra

Plerocercoi d In toads, frogs, snakes, mistaken for D. latum; pseudosegmentation w/ slit-like invagination

PARASITE

Entamoeba Histolytica

A.K.A.

CYST

Ame ba

INFECTIVE

active, progressive, directional; pseudopod PSD: finger-shape, hyaline; w/ ingested RBC

No cyst only Flagellated form

Large, usually Central K

sluggish; PSD: spine-like

Adult – Intestines of Cat/man

Fleas, beetles, cockroaches, mealworms & earwigs

Cyclops, copepods

Frogs, Snakes, Toads, rats

Larvae – any part, eye, subQT, muscles

DIAGNOSTIC

HOST LOC.

-Trophozoites In liquid stools -Cysts in Formed stools

Large Intestin es (cecal and sigmoid orectal)

ELISA most Sensitive indicator Trophozoites In CSF and tissue

liver in extraint amebia sis Brain

Flagellate form in CSF

slug-like; PSD: blunt;

trophozoi te

large central K;

White larvae In lesion

Culture, serology to detect invasive Amebiasis (IHAT)

Trophozoi te

Acanthamo eba

SI of man

paratenic hosts pigs

Qudri cysts

greenish-yellow quadrinucleate, thick, rodlike chromatoidal bodies CB, central karyosome (K), w/ chromatin dots Naegleria fowleri

TROPHOZOITE

Eggs in stool (more circular, larger, lack bipolar thickening vs H. nana

Cysts and Trophs inTissue Giemsa or PAS of

CNS cornea

INT HOS T

Minimal and Non-specific

Ingesti on Of Infecte d insects

yes

Painful edema Due to migrating Larvae

Ingesti on Of Infecte d interM hosts

Not sure

Eosinophilia, Edema and erythema

2ND INT HOST

PATHOLOGY

Flasklike Primary ulcer; Histo changes: Histolysis, Thrombosis, Petechiae, Round Cell Infiltration, Necrosis

MOT

Ingestion Of Infective cysts

Bacilliary vs Amebic dysentery

Meningoencephalitis Severe frontal Headache,Blocked nose, Altered taste and smell

EntersThru Nose

Kernig’s sign; Leukocytosis w/  neuts,  prot,  glu Amebic Encephalitis (immunocompromise d)

Multiply in brain

Amebic Keratitis (assoc w/ use of

Penetrate Cribriform Plate

Thru Lower respi Tract or Thru ulcerated, Broken skin

PHIL

Yes Most Comm on Are Asymp to carrier s

In rats