Paras Credit Transactions Table of Contents
Short Description
Paras Credit Transactions Table of Contents...
Description
CONTENTS Volume V
Title XI. LOAN
........................................................................................
874
(1) Introductory Comment, 874; (2) Scope of Credit Transactions, 874. ....................................................................... GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE 1933 .................................................................................
874 874
COMMENT: (1) The Two Kinds of Loans, 875; (2) Loans Under the Old Law, 875; (3) Distinctions Between Mutuum and Commodatum, 876; (4) ‘Consumable’ and ‘Non- consumable’ Distinguished, 876; (5) ‘Fungible’ and ‘Non-Fungible’ Distinguished, 876; (6) Meaning of ‘Bailment’, 877; (7) Parties in a Bailment, 877; (8) Consideration or Cause in a Bailment of Loan, 877; (9) Definition of ‘Credit’ as Applied to ‘LOANS’, 877; (10) ‘Loan’ Distinguished from ‘Rent’ or ‘Lease’ (Tolentino v. Gonzales, 50 Phil. 558), 878; In Re Guardianship of Tamboco, et al., 36 Phil. 939, 878; Government v. Phil. Sugar Estate Dev. Co., 38 Phil. 15, 878; (11) ‘Loan’ Distinguished from ‘Discounting of a Paper’, 879; Herrera v. Petrophil Corp., GR 48349, Dec. 29, 1986, 879; (12) Loan Distinguished from Deposit, 879; (13) ‘Loan’ Distinguished from ‘Irregular Deposit’, 880; (14) ‘Loan’ Distinguished from ‘Sale’, 881; (15) Form of Interest, 881; Herrera v. Petrophil Corp., GR 48349, Dec. 29, 1986, 881; (16) Escalation Clause, 881; Insular Bank of Asia and America v. Salazar, GR 82082, Mar. 25, 1988, 881; Almeda v. CA, 70 SCAD 248, 256 SCRA 292 (1996), 882. ...................................................... .................................... ............................ .......... ARTICLE 1934 ....................................
COMMENT: (1) Nature of the Contract of Loan, 882; (2) Need for Delivery, 882; (3) Consent of the Parties, 882; (4) Consensual Contract of Future Loans, 883.
lxii
882
CHAPTER 1 — COMMODATUM ..........................................................
884
Section 1 — NATURE OF COMMODATUM ......................................
884
ARTICLE 1935 ..................................................................................
884
COMMENT: (1) ‘Commodatum’ De fined, 884; (2) Features or Characteristics of Commodatum as a Contract, 884; (3) What Bailee (Borrower) in Commodatum Acquires, 885; (4) Spanish Terms, 885. ARTICLE 1936 ..................................................................................
885
COMMENT: (1) Subject Matter of Commodatum, 885; (2) Counterpart in the Contract of Lease, 885. ARTICLE 1937 ..................................................................................
885
COMMENT: (1) Properties That May Be the Object of Commodatum, 886; (2) Example of Commodatum Involving Land, 886. ARTICLE 1938 ..................................................................................
886
COMMENT: Bailor (Lender) Need Not Be the Owner, 886; Mercado and Ebora v. Aguilar, (C.A.) 45 O.G. 5th S. 118, Jun. 30, 1947, 887. ARTICLE 1939 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) Personal Nature of Commodatum, 887; (2) Example of the First Paragraph, 888; (3) Example of the Second Paragraph, 888.
lxiii
887
ARTICLE 1940 ..................................................................................
888
COMMENT: (1) Does Bailee Have Right to Use the Fruits? 888; (2) Example, 888. Section 2 — OBLIGATIONS OF THE BAILEE .................................
889
ARTICLE 1941 ..................................................................................
889
COMMENT: (1) Duty of Borrower to Pay Ordinary Expenses, 889; (2) Examples, 889. ARTICLE 1942 ..................................................................................
889
COMMENT: (1) Liability for Loss Due to a Fortuitous Event, 890; (2) Reason for the Law, 890; (3) Misuse or Abuse, 891. ARTICLE 1943 ..................................................................................
891
COMMENT: Non-liability for Deterioration Without Fault, 891. ARTICLE 1944 ..................................................................................
891
COMMENT: (1) Generally, Borrower Cannot Retain, 891; (2) Reason for the Law, 891. ARTICLE 1945 ..................................................................................
891
COMMENT: Solidary Liability of Bailees, 892. Section 3 — OBLIGATIONS OF THE BAILOR ................................
892
ARTICLE 1946 ..................................................................................
892
COMMENT: (1) Generally, Bailor Cannot Demand Immediate Return, 892; (2) Reason for Second Sentence, First Paragraph (Urgent Necessity), 892; (3) Suspension of the Contract, 893. ARTICLE 1947 ..................................................................................
893
COMMENT: Precarium, 893. ARTICLE 1948 ..................................................................................
893
COMMENT: (1) Effect of Commission of Act of Ingratitude, 893; (2) Grounds of Ingratitude, 893. ARTICLE 1949 ..................................................................................
894
COMMENT: (1) Extraordinary Expenses, 894; (2) Reason for the Second Paragraph (Actual Use by Bailee), 894; (3) Example, 895. ARTICLE 1950 ..................................................................................
895
COMMENT: Other Expenses, 895. ARTICLE 1951 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) When Bailor Knows Flaws, 895; (2) Reason for the Law, 895; (3) Right of Retention, 896; (4) Nature of the Flaws, 896.
lxiv
895
ARTICLE 1952 ..................................................................................
896
COMMENT: (1) Effect of Bailor’s Abandonment or Giving of the Object, 896; (2) Reason for the Law, 896. CHAPTER 2 — SIMPLE LOAN OR MUTUUM .................................
897
ARTICLE 1953 ..................................................................................
897
COMMENT: (1) Ownership Passes in Mutuum, 897; Republic v. Jose Grijaldo, L-20240, Dec. 31, 1965, 897; Carlos Gelano, et al. v. Court of Appeals and Insular Sawmill, Inc., L-39060, Feb. 24, 1981, 897; Bonnevie v. Court of Appeals, GR 49101, Oct. 24, 1983, 898; (2) Similarity to Abnormal Usufruct, 898; (3) Bank Accounts, 898; (4) Effect of Mutual Error, 898; Rural Bank of Caloocan v. Court of Appeals, L- 32116, Apr. 21, 1981, 898; (5) ‘Behest’ Loans, 899; Presidential Ad-Hoc Fact-Finding Committee on Behest Loans v. Hon. Aniano A. Desierto (Recovery of Ill-Gotten Wealth), GR 130340, 114 SCRA 707, Oct. 25, 1999, 899. ARTICLE 1954 ..................................................................................
899
COMMENT: (1) Barter of Non-Consumable Things, 899; (2) Example, 899. ARTICLE 1955 ..................................................................................
900
COMMENT: (1) Liability of Borrower of Money, 900; (2) Example of Second Paragraph (Loan of Things Other Than Money), 900. ARTICLE 1956 ..................................................................................
901
COMMENT: (1) Formality for Interest (for Use of the Money), 901; (2) Example, 901; (3) Kinds of Interest, 901; (4) How Interest Arises, 901; (5) When Interest Earns Interest, 901; (6) Interest by Way of Damages, 902; (7) Consolidation, 903; (8) Municipal Corporations Are Liable for Interest, 903; (9) Interest During the Moratorium Laws, 903; (10) Computations for Compensatory Damages, 904; (11) Some Cases, 906; Nakpil and Sons, et al. v. CA, GR 47861, Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration, 906; Monzon, et al. v. IAC and Theo H. Davies & Co., Far East Ltd., GR 72828, Jan. 31, 1989, 907; Anotnio Tan v. CA & Cultural Center of the Phils., GR 116285, Oct. 19, 2001, 907. ARTICLE 1957 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) Usury Law Should Not Be Circumvented, 907; (2) What Constitutes Usury, 908; Herrera v. Petrophil Corp., GR 48349, Dec. 29, 1986, 908; (3) Repeal of Usury Law, 908; Liam Law v. Olympic Sawmill Co. and. Elino Lee Chi, L-30771, May 28, 1984, 908.
lxv
907
ARTICLE 1958 ..................................................................................
908
COMMENT: Determination of Interest if in Kind, 909. ARTICLE 1959 ..................................................................................
909
COMMENT: (1) When Accrued Interest Earns Interest, 909; (2) Compound Interest, 909; (3) Usury Law Not Violated, 909; (4) When Compound Interest Cannot Be Demanded, 910; (5) Reason Why Compound Interests Are Not Allowed Except in the Cases Provided for by Law, 910; (6) Cases, 911; Antonio Tan v. CA & Cultural Center of the Phils., GR 116285, Oct. 19, 2001, 911. ARTICLE 1960 ..................................................................................
911
COMMENT. Payment of Interest Where There Is No Stipulation, 911. ARTICLE 1961 ..................................................................................
912
COMMENT: (1) Usury Law, 912; (2) Rules on Construction, 912; (3) Criminal Liability, 912; (4) When Usury Law Does Not Apply, 913; (5) Compound Interest, 913; (6) Advance Interest, 913; (7) How Much Interest Can Debtor Recover, 913; Sanchez v. Buenviaje, GR 57314, Nov. 29, 1983, 914; (8) Lawful Interest Rates, 915; (9) Central Bank Circular 416, 915; Pilipinas Bank v. CA, 43 SCAD 990 (1993), 915; (10) Case, 915; Almeda v. CA, 70 SCAD 248 (1996), 915; Sps. Puerto v. Court of Appeals, GR 138210, Jun. 13, 2002, 916. Title XII. DEPOSIT .................................................................................
917
CHAPTER 1 — DEPOSIT IN GENERAL AND ITS DIFFERENT KINDS .........................................
917
ARTICLE 1962 ..................................................................................
917
COMMENT: (1) Provisions in the Code of Commerce, 917; (2) When Contract of Deposit is Perfected, 917; (3) Purposes of the Contract, 917; (4) Kinds of Deposits, 918; (5) Characteristics of the Contract of Deposit, 918; (6) ‘Deposit’ Distinguished from ‘Sale’ and ‘Barter’, 919; (7) ‘Deposit’ and ‘Commodatum’ Distinguished, 919; (8) ‘Deposit’ Distinguished from ‘Agency’, 919; (9) Balance of a Commission Account, 920; (10) Advance Partial Payment in Sales, 920. ARTICLE 1963 ..................................................................................
920
COMMENT: (1) Consensual Contract to Constitute a Deposit, 920; (2) Necessity of an Agreement, 921. ARTICLE 1964 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: Distinctions Between ‘Judicial’ and ‘Extrajudicial’ Deposits, 921.
lxvi
921
ARTICLE 1965 ..................................................................................
922
COMMENT: (1) Compensation in a Deposit, 922; (2) Problem, 922; (3) When Contract Is Really One of Loan, 922. ARTICLE 1966 ..................................................................................
922
COMMENT: (1) Why Only Movable Things May Be the Object of a Deposit, 923; (2) Services of a Watchman, 923; (3) Sequestration or Attachment of Real Properties, 923. ARTICLE 1967 ..................................................................................
923
COMMENT: Kinds of Extrajudicial Deposit, 923. CHAPTER 2 — VOLUNTARY DEPOSIT ............................................
924
Section 1 — GENERAL PROVISIONS ................................................
924
ARTICLE 1968 ..................................................................................
924
COMMENT: (1) ‘Voluntary Deposit’ De fined, 924; (2) Reasons for the First Sentence, 924; (3) Depositor Need Not Be the Owner, 924; (4) ‘Interpleader’ De fined, 925; (5) Example of Interpleader, 925. ARTICLE 1969 ..................................................................................
925
COMMENT. Form of the Contract of Deposit, 925. ARTICLE 1970 ..................................................................................
925
COMMENT. (1) Rule When Depositor Is Incapacitated, 925; (2) Capacity of Depositary, 926; (3) Validity of the Contract Entered Into, 926. ARTICLE 1971 ..................................................................................
926
COMMENT: (1) Rule if Depositary Is Incapacitated, 926; (2) Remedy of Depositor, 927; (3) Validity of the Contract Entered Into, 927. Section 2 — OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEPOSITARY ......................
927
ARTICLE 1972 ..................................................................................
927
COMMENT: (1) Principal Obligations of the Depositary, 927; (2) Duty of Safekeeping, 927; (3) Effect if Deposit Is Gratuitous or Onerous, 928; (4) Owner Bears Loss, 928; (5) Duty of Owner of Rice Mill, 928; (6) Guardian as Such, Is Not Depositary, 928. ARTICLE 1973 ..................................................................................
929
COMMENT: (1) Deposit With a Third Person, 929; (2) Reason of the First Sentence of the Article, 929. ARTICLE 1974 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) When Depositary May Change the Way of the Deposit, 930; (2) Reason for the Law, 930.
lxvii
929
ARTICLE 1975 ..................................................................................
930
COMMENT: (1) Duty of Depositary to Collect Interest on Intangible Properties, 930; (2) Duty to Collect the Capital Also, 931; (3) Reason for the Second Paragraph, 931. ARTICLE 1976 ..................................................................................
931
COMMENT: (1) Right of Depositary to Commingle, 931; (2) Reason for the Proportional Co-ownership, 931. ARTICLE 1977 ..................................................................................
932
COMMENT: Generally, Depositary Cannot Use, 932. ARTICLE 1978 ..................................................................................
932
COMMENT (1) When Depositary Has Permission to Use, 932; (2) Irregular Deposit, 933; (3) Presumption, 933; Baron v. David, 51 Phil. 1, 933; (4) Deposit of Palay, 934; Delgado v. Bonnevie and Arandez, 23 Phil. 308, 934; (5) When Deposit of Money Is Really a Loan, 934; (6) No Prescription of Demand for Return, 934. ARTICLE 1979 ..................................................................................
935
COMMENT: Liability for Fortuitous Event, 935. ARTICLE 1980 ..................................................................................
935
COMMENT: (1) Bank Deposits, 935; PDIC v. CA, Abad, et al., GR 126911, Apr. 20, 2003, 936; Rural Bank of Caloocan v. Court of Appeals, L-32116, Apr. 21, 1981, 937; Ong Sip v. Prudential Bank and Trust Co., GR 27328, May 30, 1983, 937; Gonzales v. Philippine National Bank, GR 33320, May 30, 1983, 938; (2) Distressed Banks, 938; Serrano v. Central Bank, L-30511, Feb. 14, 1980, 938; (3) Exemption from Payment of Interest, 938; The Overseas Bank of Manila v. Court of Appeals, L-49353, Jun. 11, 1981, 938; (4) The Bouncing Checks Law, 939; Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, 939; A.M. 00-11-01-SC, 941; Elvira Yu Oh v. CA and People of the Phils., GR 125197, Jun. 6, 2003, 942. ARTICLE 1981 ..................................................................................
942
COMMENT: The Depositary Must Keep the Secret of the Deposit, 942. ARTICLE 1982 ..................................................................................
943
COMMENT: Necessity of Opening Locked Box, 944. ARTICLE 1983 ..................................................................................
944
COMMENT: Return of the Thing Deposited, 944. ARTICLE 1984 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: Depositary Cannot Demand Proof of Ownership, 945.
lxviii
944
ARTICLE 1985 ..................................................................................
945
COMMENT: Two or More Depositors, 945. ARTICLE 1986 ..................................................................................
945
COMMENT: Rule if Depositor Becomes Insane, 946. ARTICLE 1987 ..................................................................................
946
COMMENT: (1) Example of Paragraph 1, 946; (2) Example of Paragraph 2, 946. ARTICLE 1988 ..................................................................................
946
COMMENT: (1) When Deposit Must Be Returned, 947; (2) Exceptions to the General Rule, 947; (3) Liability for Damages, 947. ARTICLE 1989 ..................................................................................
948
COMMENT: (1) Justifiable Reason for Returning, 948; (2) Problem, 948. ARTICLE 1990 ..................................................................................
949
COMMENT: Loss Thru Force Majeure or Government Order, 949. ARTICLE 1991 ..................................................................................
949
COMMENT: Sale by Heir, 949. Section 3 — OBLIGATIONS OF THE DEPOSITOR ........................
950
ARTICLE 1992 ..................................................................................
950
COMMENT: Duty of Depositor to Reimburse, 950. ARTICLE 1993 ..................................................................................
950
COMMENT: (1) Reimbursement Because of Loss, 951; (2) Exceptions, 951. ARTICLE 1994 ..................................................................................
951
COMMENT: (1) Right of Retention by Depositary, 952; (2) Pledge by Operation of Law, 952; (3) Query, 952. ARTICLE 1995 ..................................................................................
952
COMMENT: (1) Extinguishment of Deposit, 953; (2) Effect of Death, 953; (3) Query, 953; (4) Other Grounds, 953. CHAPTER 3 — NECESSARY DEPOSIT .............................................
954
ARTICLE 1996 ..................................................................................
954
COMMENT: (1) Example of Necessary Deposit Made in Compliance With a Legal Obligation, 954; (2) Example of a Necessary Deposit Made on the Occasion of a Calamity, 954; (3) Two Other Kinds of Necessary Deposits, 955.
lxix
ARTICLE 1997 ..................................................................................
955
COMMENT: (1) Governing Rules for Deposits Made in Compliance with a Legal Obligation, 955; (2) Rules Governing Deposits Made Because of a Calamity, 955; (3) Art. 2168, 955. ARTICLE 1998 ..................................................................................
956
COMMENT: (1) Example of Liability of Hotel or Inn-keepers, 956; (2) ‘Innkeeper’ De fined, 956; (3) ‘Occasional Entertainment’ Defined, 956; (4) ‘Travellers’ De fined, 956; (5) Reasons for the Liability of the Hotels or Inns, 957; (6) When Liability Begins, 957; (7) Meaning of Effects, 957; (8) Nature of Precautions to Be Given to the Guests, 957. ARTICLE 1999 ..................................................................................
958
COMMENT: Liability Extends to Objects in Annexes, 958. ARTICLE 2000 ..................................................................................
958
COMMENT: (1) Rules for Liability, 958; (2) Non-Liability for Force Majeure, 958; (3) Problem, 958. ARTICLE 2001 ..................................................................................
959
COMMENT: (1) Robbery Through Force Upon Things, 959; (2) Query, 959; (3) Reason for Art. 2001, 959. ARTICLE 2002 ..................................................................................
960
COMMENT: (1) Instances When Hotel Keeper Is Not Liable, 960; (2) Examples, 960. ARTICLE 2003 ..................................................................................
960
COMMENT: Effect of Notices Negating Liability, 960. ARTICLE 2004 ..................................................................................
961
COMMENT: (1) Right of Retention Given to Hotel-Keeper, 961; (2) Right to Sell, 961; (3) Why the Right to Retain Is Given, 961; (4) When Lien or Retention Does Not Exist, 961. CHAPTER 4 — SEQUESTRATION OR JUDICIAL DEPOSIT .....................................................................
962
ARTICLE 2005 ..................................................................................
962
COMMENT: Nature of Garnishment or Judicial Deposit, 962. ARTICLE 2006 ..................................................................................
962
COMMENT: Object of Judicial Sequestration, 962. ARTICLE 2007 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) When Depositary Can Be Relieved of Liability, 963; (2) When Properties Cease to Be in Custodia Legis, 963.
lxx
963
ARTICLE 2008 ..................................................................................
963
COMMENT: To Exercise Diligence of a Good Father, 963. ARTICLE 2009 ..................................................................................
963
COMMENT: Suppletory Rules in Rules of Court, 963. TITLE XIII ..................................................................................................
964
ALEATORY CONTRACTS .....................................................................
964
GENERAL PROVISIONS, 964. ARTICLE 2010 ..................................................................................
964
COMMENT: (1) Element of Risk, 964; (2) Kinds of Aleatory Contracts, 964; Malayan Insurance Co., Inc. v. Arnaldo, GR 67835, Oct. 12, 1987, 964; (3) Distinction Between an Aleatory Contract and a Contract with a Suspensive Condition, 965. CHAPTER 1 — INSURANCE ................................................................
966
ARTICLE 2011 .................................................................................
966
COMMENT: (1) Principal Law on Insurance, 966; Acme Shoe Rubber and Plastic Corporation v. Court of Appeals, L 56718, Jan. 17, 1985, 966; Mayer Steel Pipe Corp. & Hong Kong Government Supplies Dept. v. CA, South Sea Surety & Insurance Co., Inc. & Charter Insurance Corp., GR 124050, Jun. 19, 1997, 83 SCAD 881, 966; (2) De ficiency in the Insurance Law, 967; Association of Baptist for World Evangelism, Inc. v. Fieldman’s Insurance, GR 28772, Sep. 21, 1983, 967; (3) Bene ficiary Is Not the Donee in a Donation, 967; (4) Rule if Bene ficiary Is a Compulsory Heir, 967; (5) Who Collects the Insurance Indemnity?, 968; (6) Problem, 968; (7) Effect of Predecease of the Beneficiary, 968; (8) Accident Insurance, 969; (9) Measure of the Vested Interest of Insurance Bene ficiary, 969; (10) Act of Surrendering an Insurance Policy is an Act of Disposition or alienation, 969. ARTICLE 2012 ..................................................................................
970
COMMENT: (1) Disqualified Donees Cannot Be Beneficiaries, 970; (2) No Retroactive Effect of the Article, 970. CHAPTER 2 — GAMBLING ..................................................................
971
ARTICLE 2013 ..................................................................................
971
COMMENT: (1) Game of Chance De fined, 971; (2) Rule in Case of Doubt, 971; (3) Examples of Games of Chance, 971; (4) Some Forms of Legal Gambling, 971. ARTICLE 2014 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) No Court Action by Winner, 972; (2) Promissory Note Issued Because of Gambling, 972; (3) Money Lent to
lxxi
972
a Gambler, 972; (4) Instance Where Article is Not Applicable, 972; Ban v. IAC, GR 66272, Oct. 17, 1986, 972. ARTICLE 2015 ..................................................................................
973
COMMENT: Effect of Cheating, 973. ARTICLE 2016 ..................................................................................
973
COMMENT: Rule if Loser Does Not Bring the Action to Recover, 973. ARTICLE 2017 ..................................................................................
974
COMENT: Bets Made by Game Watchers, 974. ARTICLE 2018 ..................................................................................
974
COMMENT: Where the Transactions Partake of Gambling and Thus Void, 974. ARTICLE 2019 ..................................................................................
975
COMMENT: (1) Prohibition on Betting, 975; (2) Beauty Contest, Oratorical Contest, 975; (3) Revised Penal Code, 975. ARTICLE 2020 ..................................................................................
975
COMMENT: Chess is definitely not a game of chance, 975. CHAPTER 3 — LIFE ANNUITY ...........................................................
976
ARTICLE 2021 ..................................................................................
976
COMMENT: (1) Example of Life Annuity, 976; (2) Life Annuity Distinguished from Life Insurance, 976. ARTICLE 2022 ..................................................................................
976
COMMENT: (1) Upon Whose Life the Annuity May Be Constituted, 977; (2) Who May Be the Bene ficiary, 977. ARTICLE 2023 ..................................................................................
977
COMMENT: When the Contract of Life Annuity Is Void, 977. ARTICLE 2024 ..................................................................................
977
COMMENT: Effect if the Income Due Is Not Paid, 977. ARTICLE 2025 ..................................................................................
978
COMMENT: Effect if Bene ficiary Dies, 978. ARTICLE 2026 ..................................................................................
978
COMMENT: Attachment of the Annuity, 978. ARTICLE 2027 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: Proof of Existence of Person Upon Whose Life the Annuity Has Been Constituted, 978.
lxxii
978
Title XIV. COMPROMISES OR ARBITRATIONS ............................
979
CHAPTER 1 — COMPROMISES ..........................................................
979
ARTICLE 2028 ..................................................................................
979
COMMENT: (1) Essence of Compromise, 979; (2) De finition of Compromise, 979; (3) Characteristics, 979; Kaisahan v. Sarmiento, L-47853, Nov. 16, 1984, 980; (4) Kinds, 980; (5) When Agreement Is Not Really a Compromise, 980; Merced v. Roman Catholic Archbishop, L-24614, Aug. 17, 1967, 980; (6) Cases, 981; Landoil Resources Corp., et al. v. Hon. Tensuan, et al., GR 77733, Dec. 20, 1988, 981; Reformist Union of R.B. Liner, Inc. v. NLRC, GR 120482, Jan. 27, 1997, 78 SCAD 377, 981. ARTICLE 2029 ..................................................................................
982
COMMENT: (1) Duty of the Court to Persuade Litigants to Compromise, 982; (2) Right of Attorney to Compromise for His Client, 982; (3) The Case of Richard Gordon, 982; Richard Gordon v. CA, GR 134900, Sep. 1, 1998, 982. ARTICLE 2030 ..................................................................................
982
COMMENT: (1) Suspension of Civil Action or Proceeding, 983; (2) Motion to Dismiss, 983; (3) Postponements, 983; (4) Offers to Arbitrate Not Included, 983. ARTICLE 2031 ..................................................................................
984
COMMENT: Mitigation of Damages, 984. ARTICLE 2032 ..................................................................................
984
COMMENT: (1) When Court Approval is Essential, 984; (2) Other Rules, 984. ARTICLE 2033 ..................................................................................
985
COMMENT: Rules for Compromise Entered Into by Juridical Persons, 985. ARTICLE 2034 ..................................................................................
985
COMMENT: (1) Generally, No Compromise on Criminal Aspect, 985; (2) When Compromise Is Allowed, 985; Republic v. Marcela B. Garay, L-21416, Dec. 31, 1965, 986; Dasalla, Sr. v. CFI, GR 51461, Apr. 26, 1991, 986; (3) Compromise in Criminal Tax Cases, 988. ARTICLE 2035 ..................................................................................
COMMENT: (1) Questions on Which There Can Be No Valid Compromise, 988; (2) Status, 988; Tan, et al. v. Republic, L27713, Feb. 10, 1981, 988; (3) Recognition of Illegitimate Child, 989; (4) Support, 989; (5) Jurisdiction of Courts, 989; One Heart Sporting Club, Inc. v. The Court of Appeals, GR 53790, Oct. 23,
lxxiii
988
1981, 989; Solidum v. Sta. Maria, Administrative Case 1858, Dec. 26, 1984, 989. ARTICLE 2036 .................................................................................
990
COMMENT: (1) What a Compromise Can Deal With, 990; (2) Effect of General Renunciation of Rights, 990; (3) Strict Construction of a Compromise Agreement, 990; International Hotel Corp., et al. v. Hon. Elias Asuncion, L-39669, Mar. 10, 1975, 990. ARTICLE 2037 ..................................................................................
991
COMMENT: (1) Res Judicata Effect of a Compromise, 991; Cruz, et al. v. IAC, et al., GR 72806, Jan. 9, 1989, 991; (2) Judicial Compromise, 991; Republic v. Court of Appeals, L-47381 and L-47420, Jan. 31, 1985, 992; Federis v. Sunga, L-34893, Jan. 17, 1985, 992; (3) Judgment Generally Not Appealable, 992; (4) Judgment by Wage Administration Service, 993; (5) When Judgment on Compromise Is Void, 993; (6) Effect of a Judicial Compromise on Persons Not Original Parties, 994; Rodriguez v. Alikpala, L-38314, Jun. 25, 1974, 994; Bobis v. Provincial Sheriff of Camarines Norte, GR 29838, Mar. 18, 1983, 994. ARTICLE 2038 ..................................................................................
994
COMMENT: (1) Effect of Compromise Where There is Vitiated Consent, 995; (2) Modi fication of a Judgment on Compromise, 995. ARTICLE 2039 ..................................................................................
995
COMMENT: Effect of Discovery of Documents Referring to Matters Compromised Upon, 996. ARTICLE 2040 ..................................................................................
996
COMMENT: (1) Compromise Entered Into in Ignorance of a Final Judgment, 996; (2) Reason for Allowing a Rescission, 996; (3) Effect of Appeal, 996. ARTICLE 2041 ..................................................................................
996
COMMENT: (1) Effect if Compromise Agreement Is Not Fulfilled, 997; City of Zamboanga v. Mandi, GR 86760, Apr. 30, 1991, 997; Barreras, et al. v. Hon. Garcia, et al., L-44715 16, Jan. 26, 1989, 1000; (2) No Necessity for Judicial Rescission, 1000; (3) No Rescission After Bene fits are Enjoyed, 1000; Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 49 SCAD 45 (1993), 1000. CHAPTER 2 — ARBITRATIONS .........................................................
1001
ARTICLE 2042 ..................................................................................
1001
COMMENT: (1) ‘Arbitration’ De fined, 1001; Mindanao Portland Cement Corp. v. McDonough, L-23390, Apr. 24, 1967, 1001;
lxxiv
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