Paradigmas Gerenciales

 

Rafvbrsf`d` `b Krfbatb  Aóiobk Dazkätbjuf Bxtbasfùa Ibatrk Yur Dadik Bsiubod `b Fajbafbrçd y Ifbaifds Dpofid`ds @bpdrtdgbatk `b Fajbafbrçd Fa`ustrfdo @bsdrrkook Krjdafzdifkado - Iù`fjk3 =5>-22>> Ybiifùa3 =4 - ]brçk`k3 F->=>=

]D^D@FJGDY JB^BAIFDOBY

]rkebskrd3

Ndihfoobrbs3

@bfsy ^kcds

Jkazäobz, Gdrçd O. ’  O. ’  I.F.3  I.F.3 >2.090.=>=. Hbraäa`bz, Ckrjb ’  Ckrjb ’  I.F.3  I.F.3 >2.660.226. Skrrfood, Cksæ D. ’  D. ’  I.F.3  I.F.3 >2.5:4.>60.

Dadik, Dnrfo `b >=>4

 

 

FAP^K@RIIFÙA Ods bgprbsds qub sb `bstdida hky ba `çd, gubstrda uad jbrbaifd befidz, befifbatb, ika ua of`brdzjk  pdrtfifpdtfvk qub hd jbabrd`k aubvks pdrd`fjgds `b

jbstfùa, `b iùgk kpbrdr uad bgprbsd,

bspbifdogbatb, bs bsibadrfks turnuobatks y dotdgbatb ikgpbtftfvks. @befaftfvdgbatb, sb hda `d`k

guihks idgnfks ba oks bsibadrfks gk`braks, idgnfks qub hda

faif`f`k ba bo prkibsk d`gfafstrdtfvk, ba ods euaifkabs `b od bgprbsd, ba su kpbrdtfvf`d`, hdifba`k qub books `ba kpkrtuaf`d` d qub dpdrbzid ua aubvk pdrd`fjgd `b od jbstfùa bgprbsdrfdo ika aubvks tùpfiks jbrbaifdobs y qub pbrgftda d od jbrbaifd d`batrdrsb ba oks bsibadrfks dotdgbatb ikgpbtftfvks, usda`k d`biud`dgbatb ak skok oks ikakifgfbatks qub od ifbaifd d`gfafstrdtfvds hd dpkrtd`k, sfak sus hbrrdgfbatds y jdrdatfzda`k uad befidz pdrtfifpdifùa. Ba bstb sbatf`k, oks idgnfks qub sb hda prk`uif`k ba bo batkrak fgpditda ba tk`ks oks ikgpkabatbs `bo trdndck `b uad bgprbsd3 oks sfstbgds prk`uitfvks, bo gdrlbtfaj, oks baekqubs sknrb od idof`d`, od favbstfjdifùa-`bsdrrkook, bo gdabck `b bxfstbaifds, (stkils), oks irftbrfks `b ikgpbtftfvf`d` y bebitfvf`d`, dsç ikgk ba oks baekqubs sknrb ods euaifkabs jbrbaifdobs. Od ibobrf`d` ika qub sb rbaubvda ods tbiakokjçds, tbiakokjçds, su räpf`d knskobsibaifd y, ika bstk, od `fsgfauifùa `bo ‟ifiok `b vf`d‗ `b oks prk`uitks hfifbrda knskobtks bstks pdrd`fjgds. od prk`uiifùa ba gdsd, ba oktbs bstda`drfzd`ks,  nusida`k bikakgçds `b bsidod, ak pksfnfoftd od rbspubstd räpf`d d aubvds `bgda`ds `bo gbrid`k.

 

 

Bs fatbrbsdatb datbs `b ikgbazdr d `fsiutfr tk`k ok rbodifkad`k d pdrd`fjgds sdnbr qub od akifùa `bo gfsgk dpdrbib ba bo idgpk `b od skifkokjçd datbs qub Luha od utfofzdrd ba 465:. Pdatk bs dsç, qub Gbrtka `d uad `befafifùa fgpoçiftd `b pdrd`fjgd ba 462: y ]drskas od hdnçd utfofzd`k tdgnfæa ika datbrfkrf`d`< pbrk, bs d trdvæs `b od tbkrçd Luhafdad `b ods rbvkouifkabs ifbatçefids ikgk sb  pkpuodrfzd bstb tærgfak, tdatk ba ods ifbaifds adturdobs ikgk skifdobs. Duaqub sb tfbab qub `bstdidr qub bs Luha qufba sb `d od tdrbd `b bodnkrdr tbùrfidgbatb od akifùa `b pdrd`fjgd, ika bo sbatf`k `b bxdgfadr irçtfidgbatb bo idgnfk `b ods präitfids ifbatçefids, d trdvæs `bo rko `b ods euaifkabs ikjaftfvds y `b ods faeoubaifds skifdobs k hfstùrfids.

4.  ]drd`fjgds ]drd dojuaks dutkrbs bo tærgfak pdrd`fjgd bs3 Ybjóa Luha (4.685)3 ‟Bo pdrd`fjgd sb batfba`b ikgk bo ikacuatk `b supubstks, irbbaifds, vdokrbs sknrb oks iudobs uad ikguaf`d` ifbatçefid nusid diubr`ks y `d skouifùa d `btbrgfad`ks prknobgds‗ prknobg ds‗ (4). Ybjóa Hurtd`k y Pkrk (4.66:) iftda`k d Nrfkabs (466>)3 ‟Ra pdrd`fjgd `b favbstfjdifùa bs uad ikaibpifùa `bo kncbtk `b bstu`fk `b uad ifbaifd, `b oks prknobgds pdrd bstu`fdr, `b od adturdobzd `b sus gætk`ks y `b od ekrgd `b bxpofidr k ikgprba`br oks o ks rbsuotd`ks `b od favbstfjdifùa rbdofzd`d‗. (p. >5) Ybjóa Idprd (4.665)3 ‟]drd`fjgd ifbatçefik, sbjóa Luha, bs uad ikastbodifùa `b doidaibs, tærgfaks, vdokrbs, tæiafids, bti. qub tfbab uad ikguaf`d` ifbatçefid `b od rbdof`d`‗ . (p. >5)   Gkatbrk, G. (4.669)3 (4.669)3 ‟Ra pdrd`fjgd bs ua gk`bok `b diifùa pdrd od nósqub`d `b ikakifgfbatk‗ . (p. >:) Ikatrbrds (4.665)3 ‟@b diubr`k ika Luha, ua pdrd`fjgd bs ua sfstbgd `b irbbaifds, prfaifpfks, vdokrbs y prbgfsds qub `btbrgfada uad ikguaf`d` ifbatçefid `b od rbdof`d`‗ . (p. 49) @dgfday (4.66:)3 ‟Ra pdrd`fjgd, ikastftuyb ua sfstbgd `b f`bds qub krfbatda y krjdafzda od favbstfjdifùa ifbatçefid `b uad `fsifpofad, hdifæa`kok ikguafidnob y gk`fefidnob do fatbrfkr `b uad ikguaf`d` ifbatçefid qub utfofzd bo gfsgk obajudcb‗. obajudcb‗ . (p. 49)

 

 

Jkazäobz (4.66:). ‟Ra pdrd`fjgd ikastftuyb ua gdrik ikaibptudo ba bo qub sb bsirfnba, ikgk supubstk, näsfiks sunydibatbs, irbbaifds y vdokrbs d oks iudobs oks fatbjrdatbs `bo jrupk qub ok ikgpkaba sb d`hfbrba eubrtbgbatb sfa qub sbda sfbgprb fgpoçiftks fgpoç iftks k ikasifbatbs‗ . (p. 49)  49)   Dsç, bo pdrd`fjgd bs uad bstruiturd ikhbrbatb ikastftuf`d pkr uad rb` `b ikaibptks, `b irbbaifds gbtk`koùjfids y tbkrçds batrbodzd`ds, qub pbrgftba od sbobiifùa y bvdoudifùa irçtfid `b tbgds,  prknobgds y gætk`ks, qub aks vda d prkpkrifkadr gk`boks `b prknobgds y skouifkabs d uad ikguaf`d`. D`bgäs, sb pub`b `bifr qub oks aubvks pdrd`fjgds adiba `b oks datfjuks b faikrpkrda jrda pdrtb `b su vkidnuodrfk qub prbvfdgbatb sb utfofzdrka.

>.  Idrditbrçstfids `b oks ]drd`fjgds. Oks pdrd`fjgds pksbba ods sfjufbatbs idrditbrçstfids3

  Yka Ikguabs3 k  ]drd`fjgds hdy ba tk`ds pdrtbs.

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  Guihks ska trfvfdobs< sus rbjods y `fspksfifkabs ak tfbaba guihk fgpditk.

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  ]brk tk`ks, jrda`bs k pbqubôks, prkpkrifkada uad vfsfùa y uad ikgprbasfùa bspbifdo

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y oks gætk`ks pdrd rbskovbr prknobgds bspbiçefiks.

  Yka Euaifkadobs

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  Oks pdrd`fjgds ska abibsdrfks.

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  Yfa rbjods krfbatd`krds bstdrçdgks ikaeua`f`ks sfbgprb pkrqub bo gua`k bstä

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`bgdsfd`k oobak `b `dtks. k

   Aks dyu`d d `fstfajufr oks `dtks fgpkrtdatbs `b dqubooks qub ak ok ska. Yus rbjods aks fa`fida ikgk gfrdr oks `dtks y iùgk trdtdroks.

  Bo bebitk pdrd`fjgd favfbrtb od sbasdtd rbodifùa batrb vbr y irbbr3

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  ]ksturd Ikgóa3‗Iuda`k ok vbd, ok irbbræ‗  irbbræ‗ 

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irbd‗.     Yftudifùa ^bdo3 ‟Ok vbræ iuda`k ok irbd‗. 

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  Ba rbdof`d`, pdrd vbr abibsftdgks oks pdrd`fjgds.

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9.  Pfpks `b ]drd`fjgds. 

 

]D^D@FJGD ]KYFPFUFYPD3 Cuzjd ikgk väof`ks oks hbihks qub pub`ba sbr idptd`ks pkr oks sbatf`ks y skgbtf`ks d vbrfefidifùa iudatftdtfvd. 

 

 

  ]D^D@FJGD FAPB^]^BPDPFUK3 Pdgnfæa `bakgfad`k ebakgbakoùjfik, ikastruitfvfstd,

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fa`uitfvk, kpksfifùa do pksftfvfstd

  ]D^D@FJGD YKIFKI^FPFIK3 ]rbkiupd`k pkr oks prknobgds prknobgds skifdobs y `b iodsbs. ]drtba

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`b od f`bd `b qub od b`uidifùa ak bs abutrd pkr tdatk vfbab faeoubaifd`d pkr od f`bkokjçd.

  ]D^D@FJGD K^FBAPD@K D OD @BIFYFKA V DO IDGNFK3 @frfjf`k d od nósqub`d `b

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od ikgprbasfùa `b oks prknobgds ika vfstds d su gbckrd y prkpkab qub od utfofzdifùa `b od favbstfjdifùa `bnb `dr rbspubstd rdzkad`ds y ikhbrbatbs d oks prknobgds skifdobs y b`uidtfvks. ]rkndnobgbatb bo usk gäs ikgóa `b pdrd`fjgd, fgpofqub bo ikaibptk `b "iksgkvfsfùa". ]kr bcbgpok, ba ifbaifds skifdobs, bo tærgfak sb usd pdrd `bsirfnfr bo ikacuatk `b bxpbrfbaifds, irbbaifds y vdokrbs qub debitda od ekrgd ba qub ua fa`fvf`uk pbrifnb od rbdof`d` y od ekrgd ba qub rbspka`b d bsd pbribpifùa. @bnb tbabrsb ba iubatd qub bo gua`k tdgnfæa bs ikgprba`f`k pkr bo pdrd`fjgd, pkr book bs abibsdrfk qub bo sfjafefid`k `b pdrd`fjgd bs od ekrgd pkr od iudo bs batba`f`k bo gua`k, bo hkgnrb y pkr supubstk ods rbdof`d`bs ibridads do ikakifgfbatk.

]drd`fjgds Jbrbaifdobs. ]kr ktrd pdrtb, oks pdrd`fjgds jbrbaifdobs ska gk`boks jbrbaifdobs qub dpofida ods aubvds bgprbsds< bstks sb `febrbaifda gäs pkr od `fvbrsf`d` `b tærgfaks qub utfofzda y od pksfifùa `b od qub pdrtb, qub  pkr ods iksds rbdogbatb `fstfatds qub `fiba, ok iudo aks oobvd d vfsudofzdr y ikaibatrdraks ba ods kpkrtuaf`d`bs `b gbckrds y pksfnfof`d`bs `b dprba`fzdcbs pdrd oks idgnfks qub sb bstäa prk`uifba`k do fatbrfkr `b ods krjdafzdifkabs. @b od jdgd dgpofd `b prkpubstds `b gk`boks y baekqubs jbrbaifdobs ba bo sfjok XXF qub sb `bndtba, sknrb tk`k ba bo gua`k `bsdrrkood`k sb hd fatrk`uif`k ba dojuad gb`f`d3 oks sfstbgds `b idof`d`, od ]odabdifùa Bstrdtæjfid y dgpofdgbatb od `frbiifùa pkr kncbtfvks y od @frbiifùa Bstrdtæjfid fatbjrd`d. ]kr tdatk, sb prbsbatda dojuaks pdrd`fjgds jbrbaifdobs ba bo ikatbxtk jokndofzd`k `bo sfjok XXF. @frbiifùa pkr Ikgpbtbaifds3 Bs ua baekqub jbrbaifdo qub pdrtfiuodrfzd, `btdood y `bsiunrb ods  pksfnfof`d`bs bakrgbs `b okjrdr od befidifd y befifbaifd ba bo usk `bo rbiursk gäs prbifd`k `b od bgprbsd, ods pbrskads.

  @frbiifùa pkr Udokrbs3 Bs ua baekqub jbrbaifdo qub ibatrd su dtbaifùa ba fatbjrdr d ods

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 pbrskads, su tfbgpk y ikatbxtk ika od bstrdtbjfd `b od krjdafzdifùa.

 

 

  Jbstfùa `bo Ikakifgfbatk3 Bs ua baekqub jbrbaifdo `bo euturk, yd qub rbikakib bo hbihk y od

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tba`baifd `b qub bxfstba id`d vbz gäs pubstks qub bxfjba ikakifgfbatks y rbeobxfùa, gbaks ba oks qub bo trdndcd`kr sb ofgftd d ‟hdibr‗.  ‟hdibr‗. 

  Ufsfùa Ikgpdrtf`d3 Bs uad vfsfùa fatbrfkr qub pbrgftb dugbatdr bo afvbo `b dspfrdifkabs `b

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oks gfbgnrks `b uad krjdafzdifùa, okjrda`k qub sus tdrbds ikastftuyda pdrtb `b ua prkpùsftk ikgóa gäs dgpofk, prk`uifæa`ksb uad sfabrjfd , rb`uifba`k y idadofzda`k oks bseubrzks y irbda`k ua odzk `b uafùa batrb books.

  @kgfafk ]brskado3 Bs fgpkrtdatb pubstk qub uad krjdafzdifùa sb `bsdrrkood iuda`k ok hdiba

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sus fatbjrdatbs< tkgda`k ba iubatd qub bo `kgfafk `b uad pbrskad ak pub`b sbr dugbatd`k  pkr ktrk fa`fvf`uk, sùok sb pub`b irbdr ika`fifkabs qub faibatfvba y rbspdo`ba bo `bsbk `b hdibrok.

  Gk`boks Gbatdobs3 Ikastftuyba rbprbsbatdifkabs gbatdobs qub sb hdiba `bo gua`k, ods

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iudobs guihds vbibs ak ikfaif`ba ika od rbdof`d`, sfbgprb sb vb do gua`k ika gk`boks gbatdobs y bstks gk`boks gbatdobs ska sfbgprb faikgpobtks. k

  Dprba`fzdcb ba Bqufpk3 Bs bo prkibsk `b dofabdrsb y `bsdrrkoodr od idpdif`d` `b ua bqufpk

 pdrd irbdr oks rbsuotd`ks qub sus gfbgnrks `bsbda. Od `fsifpofad `bo dprba`fzdcb ba bqufpk fgpofid `kgfadr bo `fäokjk y od `fsiusfùa pdrd pk`br batba`brsb batrb oks gfbgnrks `bo jrupk y sdidr bo gäxfgk prkvbihk `b ods rbuafkabs.

  ]basdgfbatk Yfstægfik3 Dndrid uad vdrfb`d` `b gætk`ks, hbrrdgfbatds. Bstb baekqub sbôdod

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fatbr`bpba`baifds y od abibsf`d` `b ikodnkrdifùa.

  Od Idof`d` Pktdo3 ]odatbd od abibsf`d` `b oobvdr d idnk idgnfks ikaibptudobs y bstruiturdobs

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`batrk `b od krjdafzdifùa. Bstks idgnfks abibsdrfdgbatb favkouirda d tk`k bo ikatfajbatb hugdak qub ba bood sb baiubatrda. ]kr book uad `b ods bxfjbaifds näsfids `b od idof`d` tktdo bs od pdrtfifpdifùa ditfvd `b tk`ks oks afvbobs krjdafzdifkadobs y od trdasekrgdifùa `b oks rbiursks `b od krjdafzdifùa. Bxfstba trbs irftbrfks ikgóagbatb utfofzd`ks ba od bvdoudifùa `bo `bsbgpbôk `b ua sfstbgd, oks iudobs bstäa rbodifkad`ks çatfgdgbatb ika od idof`d` tktdo. Yu  prfaifpdo idrditbrçstfid idrditbrçstfi d bstä ba prkgkvbr uad ikgpobgbatdifùa batrb id idof`d` of`d` y prk`uitfvf`d`. Od idof`d` tktdo batkaibs prkpkab ua gbckrdgfbatk ikatfauk y uad pbrgdabatb `faägfid `b bofgfadifùa `bo `bspbr`fifk.

  Befifbaifd3 Yb utfofzd pdrd `dr iubatd `bo usk `b oks rbiursks k iugpofgfbatks `b ditfvf`d`bs,

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ika `ks dibpifkabs3 od prfgbrd, ikgk rbodifùa batrb od idatf`d` `b rbiursks utfofzd`ks y od idatf`d` qub sb hdnçd bstfgd`k k prkjrdgd`k d utfofzdr. Od sbjua`d, ikgk jrd`k ba bo qub sb dprkvbihda oks rbiursks utfofzd`ks trdasekrgäa`koks ba prk`uitks.

 

 

  Bebitfvf`d`3 Bs od rbodifùa batrb oks rbsuotd`ks okjrd`ks y oks rbsuotd`ks prkpubstks y `d

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iubatd `bo jrd`k `b iugpofgfbatk `b oks kncbtfvks podafefid`ks.

  Befidifd3 Udokrd bo fgpditk `b ok qub sb hdib, bo prk`uitk k sbrvfifk qub sb prbstd, bs `bifr bo

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fgpditk.

  Ikaifbaifd Fatbrad3 Bs od idpdif`d` `b uad krjdafzdifùa pdrd bvdoudr ika rdpf`bz su

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favbatdrfk `b `bstrbzds y ikgpbtbaifds gb`uodrbs. k  Idpdif`d` `b rbspubstds Fatbrad3 Bs od idpdif`d` `b rbspka`br ika ibobrf`d` y `drsb iubatd `b uad kpkrtuaf`d`.

  Idpdif`d` `b rbspubstd Bxtbrad3 Bo trfuaek sb gf`b pkr od idpdif`d` `b rbspka`br datb od

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turnuobaifd bxtbrad qub debitd d od krjdafzdifùa, gb`fdatb od tkgd `b `bifsfkabs sfa tbabr qub ikkr`fadr y ikasf`brdr tk`ks oks editkrbs ba ua abjkifk y batkrak `bo gbrid`k ikgpobck.

  Ikaifbaifd Bxtbrad3 Ikasfstb ba od idpdif`d` qub tfbab od krjdafzdifùa pdrd batba`br od

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gdabrd ikgk bo gbrid`k pbrifnb bo vdokr dskifd`k d sus prk`uitks y sbrvfifks.

^bodifùa batrb Jbrbaifd, Of`brdzjk y ]drd`fjgds ba bo ikatbxtk jokndofzd`k `bo sfjok XXF. Dhkrd nfba, sb rbvfsdrä od rbodifùa bxfstbatb batrb jbrbaifd, of`brdzjk y pdrd`fjgds ba od ditudof`d`. ]rfgbrk, sb ikokidrä ua gdrik ikaibptudo pdrd oubjk tbrgfadr bstdnobifba`k `fihd rbodifùa. Batkaibs, tbabgks qub sbjóa Juæ`bz, U (>==4)3 ‟Od jbrbaifd bs ua prkibsk pkrqub drrdaid `b uad gdtbrfd prfgd d od iudo sb ob dpofida uaks gb`fks `b trdasekrgdifùa pdrd kntbabr ua `btbrgfad`k  prk`uitk‗ (p. >6). Bs ua prkibsk prkibsk pkrqub sb tfbaba qub rbdofzdr uaks pdsks pdrd kntbabr ua efa. Ba bo iudo sb f`batfefida `ks `fgbasfkabs3 uad bstruiturd`d, od iudo sb `fvf`b ba podabdr, krjdafzdr y bvdoudr. Ktrd `bsbstruiturd`d y dsfstbgätfid, od iudo vd rbodifkad`d ika od diifùa `b `frfjfr. @fihd diifùa vd dskifd`d ika bo of`brdzjk. ]kr ktrk od`k, surjb od f`bd k bo supubstk `b qub bo aubvk of`brdzjk ob `drä ua jfrk bxibobatb d ods krjdafzdifkabs ba rbodifùa d oks aubvks `bsdeçks jbrbaifdobs qub bxfjb bo sfjok XXF. Dsç, batkaibs Hdoo (>===) bxprbsd qub3 ‟Bo of`brdzjk pdrbib sbr uad skouifùa sugdgbatb eäifo pdrd iudoqufbr prknobgd qub dqubcb d uad krjdafzdifùa‗. (p. 40:)  40:)  Ba efa, bo Of`brdzjk pdrbib sbr bo puatk iruifdo qub sb `bnb batba`br dibrid `b ods krjdafzdifkabs. ]kr ktrd pdrtb Ldtz y Ldha (4.6:8) drjugbatda ‟Ikasf`brdgks od bsbaifd `bo of`brdzjk

 

 

krjdafzdifkado ikgk fairbgbatk `b faeoubaifd gäs dooä y pkr baifgd `bo iugpofgfbatk gbiäafik `b ods fastruiifkabs rutfadrfds `b od krjdafzdifùa‗ (p. 2>8) (>)  (>)   ]kr ok tdatk, sf rbodifkadgks bstds pksfifkabs knsbrvdgks qub bo of`brdzjk bstä rbodifkad`k guy `b ibrid ika bo pk`br, bs `bifr, bs dojk qub sb dtrfnuyb d od jbatb pkr sus sbjuf`krbs. Yfa bgndrjk, bs fgpkrtdatb `bstdidr qub `bs`b oks dôks sbtbatd bstdgks `batrk `b prkibsks `b idgnfks ikgpobcks, qub vd `bs`b od ndsb tbiakoùjfid hdstd bo gdrik skifdo b fastftuifkado, pdsda`k  pkr uad rbbstruiturdifùa fatbasd `bo dpdrdtk prk`uitfvk `b id`d uak uak `b oks pdçsbs. Od Jokndofzdifùa y od ]kstgk`braf`d` surjba ikgk oks `ks rbebrbatbs dadoçtfiks pdrd idrditbrfzdr aubstrd rbdof`d`, ba od iudo sb baiubatrda ods krjdafzdifkabs bgprbsdrfdobs, ak junbradgbatdobs y `b  pdrtfifpdifùa ikguaftdrfd ba bo gua`k y ba bo pdçs. Oks prkibsks `b idgnfks gbaifkad`ks sb `da pkrqub bstäa kiurrfba`k idgnfks pdrd`fjgätfiks, bs `bifr sb hd idgnfd`k od ekrgd `b vbr do gua`k ba bo ikatbxtk jokndo y pkstgk`brak, pkr ok tdatk bs abibsdrfk tbabr iodrk bo ikaibptk `b pdrd`fjgd, qub yd eub prbsbatd`k datbrfkrgbatb. @bs`b bo idgpk bgprbsdrfdo tbabgks qub ua pdrd`fjgd bs, sbjóa Ndrlbr, C (4665)3 ‟Ra ikacuatk `b rbjods y `fspksfifkabs (bsirftds k ak) qub hdib `ks iksds3 4) Bstdnobib k `befab oçgftbs, y >) Fa`fidr iùgk ikgpkrtdrsb `batrk `b oks oçgftbs pdrd tbabr æxftk, do iudo sb gf`b pkr od hdnfof`d` `b rbskovbr  prknobgds‗. (p. 92) @b tdo gdabrd qub ua jbrbatb pub`b sbr ua oç`br `b gk`k qub su pk`br ak sbd sùok ktkrjd`k pkr od dutkrf`d` qub pksbb, sfak gäs nfba qub bsb pk`br prkvbajd `b od faeoubaifd qub hd bcbrif`k sknrb oks sbjuf`krbs. D`bgäs, bsb jbrbatb - oç`br tfbab qub bstdr prbpdrd`k do idgnfk y d`dptdrsb do gfsgk. @b tdo ekrgd qub pub`d rbskovbr oks prknobgds qub sb ob prbsbatba `batrk `b od krjdafzdifùa y dsç baikatrdr bo æxftk krjdafzdifkado. ]kr ok tdatk, sf ikgnfadgks bstks ikaibptks sb irbd ua jrda idgnfk ba ods rbdof`d`bs y bxpbitdtfvds jbabrda`k uad trdasekrgdifùa ba ods rbspkasdnfof`d`bs `b id`d krjdafzdifùa, pubs sb faibatfvd od ikgpbtbaifd ika fatbofjbaifd pdrd okjrdr bo æxftk, dsç gfsgk, doidazdr bo of`brdzjk tbiakoùjfik  ’   hugdak ba uad bikakgçd jokndofzd`d. ]kr ktrd pdrtb, jbrbaifdr y bobvdr bo kr`ba bikaùgfik gua`fdo, d trdvæs `bo `bsdrrkook skstbafnob , ika od efadof`d` `b irbdr uad skifb`d` ibatrd`d ba bo hkgnrb qub pbrgftd bo trdtdgfbatk ika bquf`d` y `fjaf`d` `ka`b oks vdokrbs sbda bo bcb eua`dgbatdo.

 

 

Hb dquç batkaibs bo prfaifpdo rbtk `bo bgprbsdrfk3 su idpdiftdifùa y supbrdifùa pdrd bstdr do afvbo `b od ikgpobcf`d` `bo sfjok XXF.

]drd`fjgds y Yupksfifkabs ba od Jbrbaifd B`uidtfvd. Bo @r. Gæa`bz Bvdrfstk ba su drtçiuok ‟Irfsfs `bo pdrd`fjgd Krjdafzdtf vk ’ Jbrbaifdo Jbrbaifdo `b od B`uidifùa ba Ubabzubod‗ (4662), hdib podatbdgfbatks fatbrbsdatbs ba tkrak d od sftudifùa b`uidtfvd `bo pdçs qub sb `fsiutba d ikatfaudifùa. Yb nusid ua idgnfk qub pbrgftd bo `bsdrrkook hugdak `b oks bstu`fdatbs, prkebskrbs, gdbstrks, `frbitfvks y rbprbsbatdatbs. Ika uad aubvd rdifkadof`d` `ka`b oks dutkrbs, pub`da dutk`btbrgfadrsb, `ka`b sbd pksfnob od ikpdrtfifpdifùa ba od tkgd `b `bifsfkabs y ba ods tdrbds `fdrfds, `ka`b bxfstd uad  cbrdrquçd pbrk ak ndsd`d ba bo ikatrko, sfak ba od fatbjrdifùa y ba od befifbaifd, pdrd okjrdr od sdtfsediifùa `b ods abibsf`d`bs y dspfrdifkabs `b od ikguaf`d` b`uidtfvd. Dsç gfsgk, Gæa`bz (4662) drjugbatd qub sb pub`b nusidr uad aubvd `frbiifùa `b prkibsk, do defrgdr qub ba od `bsibatrdofzdifùa `bo sfstbgd bsikodr, ba iudatk bstrdtbjfd, `bnb dibatudr bo idräitbr `b od b`uidifùa ikgk prkibsk `b fatbrdiifùa ikastruitfvd. Bsd bstrdtbjfd `bnb `fsbôdrsb `bs`b od bsiubod ikgk ikguaf`d`. ]kr ok tdatk, bo idgnfk b`uidtfvk `bnb ibatrdrsb ba od ifbaifd ikgk prkibsk `b ikastruiifùa uaf`k d ktrds ekrgds iuoturdobs ikgk bo drtb, od rbofjfùa, od efokskeçd, `ka`b sb pub`da ikgpdrtfr vdokrbs qub ekrtdobzida y dyu`ba d ikastrufr uad f`batf`d` adifkado. @b tdo gdabrd qub sb podatbd od abibsf`d` `b qub oks gdbstrks y `frbitkrbs, dsç ikgk oks pd`rbs y rbprbsbatdatbs `b tk`ks oks afvbobs b`uidtfvks, `befada oks vdokrbs qub jdrdatfiba ua vbr`d`brk `bsdrrkook adifkado y hugdak ba od b`uidifùa. Pdgnfæa sb podatbd od abibsf`d` `b basdydr aubvks gk`boks iurrfiuodrbs qub pbrgftda vfdnfofzdr oks aubvks vdokrbs. Efadogbatb, bo @r. Gæa`bz (4662)  prkpkab3 ‟… basdydr ekrgds `b krjdafzdifùa bsikodr `bsibatrdofzd`ds ika ua dotk sbatf`k `bo ikgprkgfsk y pdrtfifpdifùa skifdo‗. (p. 445).  445).  Oks podabs `b bstu`fks `bnba ikaibnfrsb ikgk prkibsks dnfbrtks do `bsdrrkook `b od pbrskadof`d` `b oks dougaks, gdbstrks y ikguaf`d` jbabrdo, `ka`b sb tkgb ikgk ibatrk `bo iurrfiuoug ods abibsf`d`bs `b oks bstu`fdatbs sbjóa sbd bo gb`fk skifdo y ods ika`fifkabs ba `ka`b sb baiubatrda. D jrkssk gk`k, sb podatbd od abibsf`d` `b ok qub hky ikakibgks ikgk od B`uidifùa Nkofvdrfdad k bo Yfstbgd B`uidtfvk Nkofvdrfdak< qub tkgd ba iubatd bstks dspbitks `fsiutf`ks. ]brk, pdrd qub bstb

 

 

aubvk pdrd`fjgd ak erdidsb tk`ks oks vbabzkodaks tbabgks qub dibptdrok y bstdr `fspubstks d aubvks rbtks, yd qub aks baikatrdgks ba uad aubvd brd oodgd`d pkst-gk`braf`d`

 

 

IKAIORYFÙA . Od `befafifùa `b ikaibptk aks oobvd d ikaioufr qub tk`k oks tærgfaks qub `bsirfnda of`brdzjk, ]drd`fjgds, Jbrbaifd, Dutkrf`d`, ]k`br, Oç`br, ak sb pub`ba ikaeua`fr y rbspkasdnobgbatb hdy qub vdokrdr id`d uak pkrqub d pbsdr `b od sfgfoftu` batrb books hdy `befafifkabs bspbifefids qub ak sb  pub`ba `bsbstfgdr, ikgk pkr bcbgpok `febrbaifdr dutkrf`d` y pk`br qub pdrbiba ikaibptks fjudobs  pbrk ska `febrbatbs, bs pkr bsk qub od jbrbaifd bgprbsdrfdo ndsd su æxftk ba od idpdif`d` `b `fsibrafgfbatk qub bo oç`br dpofid ba bo gkgbatk prbifsk. Oks jbrbatbs, d `febrbaifd `b oks oç`brbs qub tfbaba ikgk kncbtfvk prkgkvbr bo idgnfk pdrd ok iudo tkgda uad ditftu` pbrskado y ditfvd, dsugba uad pksturd fgpbrskado, d vbibs pdsfvd, hdifd ods gbtds. Ods bvkouifkabs ska fgpkrtdatbs pkrqub ikastftuyba aubvks idgfaks do sbrvfifk `b oks `frfjbatbs faakvd`krbs, iuyds idrditbrçstfids `bnba bstdr oobads `b eobxfnfof`d`, bs `bifr, ika uad ditftu` dnfbrtd  pdrd bstfguodr d sus sbjuf`krbs d sknrbpdsdr oçgftbs y prkpkrifkadr aubvds prkpubstds `b skouifkabs, jbabrd`krds `bo trfuaek.