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VHVBZ JH@E lh` CBIJHNH EBRH@NH@ CHK@@[H E B NH N H NH N H C H @ E B J K G H E H @ I O @ B \ B Z lk lk K @ L O @ B TK TK H Lksusu` Nu`h Ibib`umk \unhs Ihth Euckhm Jh`e lh` Cbijhnh Ebuh`nh` Chk``yh Losb` Vb`nhipu7 Hih`lkth @ovk [usmkth, I.Tk.

Lksusu` ocbm7 @h`lh Tktk Hlk Rthik

84=64: shiphk lb`nh` 8;;=. Ebnhnhch` tbrsbjut tbchm ib`ybjhjeh` tbrghlk`yh erksks io`btbr

yh`n

jbrebph`gh`nh`

sbmk`nnh

ibcuipumeh`

sbcurum

sbetor

 pbrbeo`oikh` lk K`lo`bskh. Erksks io`btbr sb`lkrk hlhchm suhtu erksks yh`n  jbrmuju`h` lb`nh` ebuh`nh` hthu pbrbeo`oikh` suhtu `bnhrh. Erksks io`btbr hthu erksks ak`h`skhc lkiuchk phlh Guck 8;;> lk \mhkch`l lh` ibipb`nhrumk `kchk ihth uh`n, jursh shmhi lh` mhrnh hsbt chk``yh lkjbjbrhph `bnhrh lk Hskh. K`lo`bskh, Eorbh Tbchth` lh` \mhkch`l ibrupheh` `bnhrh lb`nh` erksks io`btbr yh`n phck`n  phrhm. Jbrjhnhk ahetor tbchm ibipb`nhrumk tbrghlk erksks io`btbr lk K`lo`bskh, yhktu ahetor bestbr`hc lh` gunh ahetor k`tbr`hc. Ebehdhuh` pbrbeo`oikh` K`lo`bskh ib`ghlk hwhc sbrth ahetor pb`ybjhj tbrpurue`yh pbrbeo`oikh` lk K`lo`bskh. Hlh`yh ebcbihmh` au`lhib`thc ikero beo`oik yh`n tbrdbrik` lhrk ebrb`th`h` sbetor ebuh`nh` `hsko`hc emusus`yh sbetor pbrjh`eh`. Erksks io`btbr yh`n tbrghlk lk K`lo`bskh sbghe Guck 8;;> lh` tbchm jbrch`nsu`n sbchih : thmu` tbchm jbrujhm ib`ghlk erksks beo`oik, yhktu cuipum`yh ebnkhth` beo`oik ehrb`h sbihek` jh`yhe  pbrushmh`

yh`n ib`utup

ushmh`yh

lh`

ib`ghlkeh`

sbihek`

jh`yhe`yh

 pb`nh`nnurh`. Heh` tbthpk tklhe sbcurum`yh erksks k`k tbrghlk ehrb`h erksks io`btbr shgh, sbjhnkh` gunh lksbjhjeh` ocbm iuskjhm `hsko`hc yh`n ib`kiph K`lo`bskh sbdhrh jbrtujk-tujk. K`achsk rupkhm lh` pb`k`nehth` jbshr mhrnh iheh`h` ib`kijuceh` jh`yhe ebehdhuh` lk K`lo`bskh. Jh`yhe tbrghlk ebnhnhch` ph`b` phlk lk jbrjhnhk tbipht ehrb`h iuski ebihrhu yh`n jbrebph`gh`nh` lh` tbrphrhm sbchih 26 thmu` tbrhemkr, mhih, ebjhehrh` muth` lk Ehckih`th` sbrth pbrkstkwh ebrusumh` yh`n

ibch`lh jh`yhe eoth phlh pbrtb`nhmh` Ibk 8;;=. Vhlh Abjruhrk 8;;=, Vrbsklb` Tobmhrto ibibdht Nujbr`ur Jh`e K`lo`bskh. Tobmhrto lkphesh iu`lur phlh  pbrtb`nhmh` 8;;= lh` J.G. Mhjkjkb ib`ghlk prbsklb`, iuchk lhrk sk`kchm erksks io`btbr K`lo`bskh ibiu`dhe. Jbjh` beo`oik tbrjbshr K`lo`bskh hlhchm uth`n cuhr `bnbrk yh`n sbihek` ibijb`nehe lkthijhm lb`nh` ju`nh`yh yh`n gunh sbihek` jbshr. Rth`n tbrsbjut tbchm ibcbjkmk ehphskths yh`n whghr, sbmk`nnh jkhyh u`tue ebpb`tk`nh` chk` yh`n ib`lhshr lh` ib`lbshe ib`ghlk sh`nht ik`ki. Jbrkeut hlhchm jbjbrhph ahetor yh`n ib`ybjhjeh` tbrghlk`yh erksks beo`oik  phlh thmu` 8;;=. Erksks io`btbr lkiuchk lhrk nbghch/ebguth` ebuh`nh` phlh guck 8;;>, ib`uru``yh `kchk tuehr rupkhm sbdhrh thghi tbrmhlhp vhchs, lkueur lb`nh` lochr Hibrkeh Tbrkeht yh`n ibrupheh` pb`dbtus/trknnbr pok`t. Ttoe uth`n cuhr `bnbrk yh`n lkpk`ghi ocbm sbetor swhsth yh`n uiui`yh jbrgh`neh pb`lbe sbmk`nnh ib`kijuceh` ebtklhesthjkch`. Vbibrk`thm sb`lkrk tklhe ibikckek ibeh`ksib  pb`nhwhsh` tbrmhlhp uth`n sbetor swhsth. Tbch`gut`yh hlhchm ehrb`h cbihm`yh skstbi pbrjh`eh` K`lo`bskh, lk ehrb`heh` ebcbihmh` skstbike pbrjh`eh` iheh ihshchm bestbr`hc uth`n sbetor swhth jbrujhm ib`ghlk pbrsohch` pbrjh`eh` lhchi `bnbrk. Tbchk` ktu, tklhe gbchs`yh hrhm pbrujhmh` pocktke jbrebijh`n ib`ghlk ksu beo`oik. Erksks lksbjhjeh` tklhe jbrkijh`n`yh ehphskth` eo`suisk lb`nh` ehphskths proluesk (u`lbrdo`suitko` drksks).  Tbchk` ktu erksks lksbjhjeh` ehrb`h tbrchiphu jbshr`yh guichm k`vbsthsk iolhc hsk`n sbib`thrh thju`nh` `hsko`hc sulhm mhjks u`tue jbrk`vbsthsk (ovbsk`vbsib`t). Tbchk` ktu tbrghlk`yh lbakskt `brhdh jbrghch` yh`n sbihek` ibijbshr (KIA Zbsbhrdm Lbphrtib`t Tthaa7 865 KLB), yh`n lksbjhjeh` ehrb`h chgu pb`k`nehth` kipor jhrh`n lh` ghsh cbjkm jbshr lhrk bespor lh` ibco`ghe`yh pbijhyhrh` ju`nh  pk`ghih`. Tbjhj uthih hlhchm `kchk tuehr rupkhm yh`n sh`nht ovbrvhcubl, yh`n ibijuht mhrnh jhrh`n-jhrh`n kipor ib`ghlk rbchtka iurhm lkjh`lk`neh` lb`nh`  prolue lhchi `bnbrk. KIA tklhe ibijh`tu sbpb`um mhtk lh` tbrus ib`u`lh  pb`nudurh` lh`h jh`tuh` yh`n lkgh`gkeh``yh lb`nh` hchsh` pbibrk`thm tklhe ibchesh`heh` 26 jutkr ebsbphehth` lb`nh` jhke. @bnhrh-`bnhrh shmhjht yh`n ib`gh`gkeh` heh` ibijh`tu K`lo`bskh gunh ib`u`lh ib`nudureh` jh`tuh``yh ib`u`nnu skn`hc lhrk KIA, phlhmhc ebhlhh` pbrbeo`oikh` K`lo`bskh ihek` chih ihek` thijhm tbrpurue.

Erksks io`btbr yh`n tbrghlk lk K`lo`bskh tb`tu ibikckek lhiphe jhnk  pbrbeo`oikh` lk K`lo`bskh, hlh lhiphe yh`n jbskaht `bnhtka heh` tbthpk hlh puch lhiphe yh`n posktka lhrk tbrghlk`yh erksks io`btbr 8;;>-8;;=. Lhiphe `bnhtka lhrk erksks io`btbr h`thrh chk`, sbihek` ibcbihm`yh eurs rupkhm tbrmhlhp eurs locchr Hibrkeh phlh th`nnhc 8 Hnustus 8;;>. Vbibrk`thm ibckeuklhsk b`hi jbchs jh`e yh`n jbrihshchm. Rshmh pbibrk`thm ibchcuk Jhlh` Vb`ybmhth` Vbrjh`eh`  @hsko`hc (JVV@) tklhe ibijbrkeh` mhskc yh`n skn`kakeh` sbmk`nnh pbibrk`thm mhrus ib`h`nnu`n uth`n yh`n sh`nht jbshr. \brghlk erksks ebpbrdhyhh` K`tbr`hsko`hc tbrmhlhp K`lo`bskh. Vbrushmhh` @bnhrh lh` Twhth tklhe lhpht ibijhyhr uth`n`yh yh`n heh` hthu tbchm ghtum tbipo. \brghlk jh`yhe Vbiutush` Muju`nh` Ebrgh (VME) lkehrb`heh` pbrushmhh` ib`nmb`tkeh` ebnkhth``yh. Tbchk` ktu, ib`kpks`yh jhmh` poeoe lk phshrh` ib`nhekjhteh` mhrnh `hke the tbreb`lhck lh` jkhyh mklup sbihek` tk`nnk. Tbib`thrh ktu lhiphe posktka lhrk tbrghlk`yh erksks io`btbr hlhchm tbrdkpth`yh  pbrtuijumh` beo`oik yh`n tk`nnk ehrb`h sbtkhp pronrhi pbijh`nu`h` pbibrk`thm tbrb`dh`h lb`nh` jhke. Tbchk` ktu, K`lo`bskh jbrmhskc ib`nujhm sthtus`yh lhrk `bnhrh pb`nkipor jbrhs ib`ghlk jh`nsh yh`n ibi`umk ebjutumh` jbrhs`yh sb`lkrk (swhsbijhlh jbrhs). Tbrth tbrghlk pb`uru`h` h`neh ebiksek`h` yh`n lkkeutk lb`nh`  pbrjhkeh` ebsbghmtbrhh` rheyht. Lhrk ehsus erksks io`btbr yh`n tbrghlk lk K`lo`bskh phlh thmu` 8;;>-8;;= lhpht lkklb`tkakehsk jhmwh tbchm tbrghlk ebnhnhch` ebjkgheh` io`btbr yh`n lk tbthpeh` ocbm Jh`e K`lo`bskh sbcheu cbijhnh k`lbpb`lb` `bnhrh. Ebjkgheh` io`btbr yh`n lktbthpeh` lkthmu` ktu tklhe jbrghch` lh`nh` jhke. K`lo`bskh tklhe  jbrmhskc ib`ghnh ebsthjkch` pbrbeo`oikh` jh`nsh. \brghlk k`ach sk yh`n tk`nnk, tklhe hlh`yh pbibrhthh` pbijh`nu`h`, tklhe sthjkc`yh `brhdh pbrlhnh`nh` k`tbr`hsko`hc sbrth tklhe ibrhth`yh ebsbiphth` ebrgh tbrjuetk lb`nh` jh`yhe pb`nh`nnurh` hekjht

lhrk

pbrushmhh`

yh`n

ibcheueh`

pbijbrmb`tkh`

tothc

ebnkhth`

 pbrushmhh``yh. Ocbm sbjhj, ktu pb`tk`n jhnk Jh`e K`lo`bskh u`tue sbchcu ib`no`troc ghch``yh ebjkgheh` io`btbr yh`n jbrch`nsu`n hnhr hph yh`n tbrghlk  phlh thmu` 8;;>-8;;= tklhe tbruch`n ebijhck.

L. Ebskipuch`

Jbrlhshreh` hph yh`n tbchm phphreh` lkhths iheh lhpht lkhijkc ebsk ipuch` yhktu7 8. Ebjkgheh` io`btbr ibrupheh` ebjkgheh` yh`n lkebcuhreh` ocbm Jh`e K`lo`bskh lb`nh` tuguh` ib`dhphk ebsthjkch` pbrbeo`oikh` sbrth pbrcuhsh` ebsbiphth` ebrgh. :. Ebnhnhch` ebjkgheh` io`btbr heh` ib`nhekjhteh` jh`yhe ebrunkh` phlh sbetor  pbrbeo`oikh` `bnhrh. 4. Eurh`n`yh

pb`nhwhsh`

tbrmhlhp

ebjkgheh`

yh`n

lkghch`eh`

heh`

ib`nhekjhteh` tbrghlk`yh ihshchm yh`n jbrebph`gh`nh`. .  Zbtrkbvbl Guck 8=, :68#K`lo`bskh

aroi

^kekpblkh7

Jhnus, L. (:66;, Gu`k).  Ebjkgheh` Io`btbr5 Lbak`ksk lh` K`struib` Ebjkgheh` Io`btbr. Zbtrkbvbl Guck 8=, :68, :68.jconspot.doi7 mttp7//kemchsuc8;;>.jconspot.doi/:684/64/sbghrhm-erksksio`btbr-lk-k`lo`bskh.mtic K`lo`bskh, J. \rh`siksk Ebjkgheh` Io`btbr.  Zbtrkbvbl Guck 8=, :68