Papeles-Efectos-Manipulados-Del Papel

 

 

^kpmcms, mem`tfs y akigpuckdfs

Gaak Amijukc  Dgsmûf Mdgtfrgkc

Jrkdf mi Hmccks Krtms \ami`gði KKUU y DDQ

Ek`uctkd dm Hmccks Krtms dm Kctmk \]ABQ

 

^kpmcms, mem`tfs y akigpuckdfs Pfpfrtm Aktmrgkc sfhrm mc qum sm gaprgam. Pumcm smr pkpmc, `krtucgik f `krtði f `ukcqugmr `fsk `kpkz dm sfpfrtkr uik gaprmsgði? tmck, amtkc, cktks, `rgstkc, pcëstg`f, …

Jrkakom Ms ck dmisgdkd dmc pkpmc amdgdk mi jrkafs pfr amtrf `ukdrkdf. Cfs jrkakoms gaprgaghcms (mi feesmt) vki dmsdm 5> k 0=> jr/a 8. Mc pkpmc dm eftf`fpgkdfrk sumcm tmimr 2> jr/a8. ]ik tkromtk dm vgsgtk sumcm tmimr 8=>/0>> jr/a8. @CKPGEG@K@GÐI BKHGT]KC PMJßI JXKAKOM

Dmifagik`gði

Pmdk Tgssum Hghcgk ^mrgðdg`f ^kpmc dm Xmjkcf Kutf`fpgktgvf Tçrag`f (tg`lmts) (tg`lmts) Hfid (sfhrms) Feesmt Lrket @fu`bç ^mrjkagif

Jrkakom8

;2 jr./a . 85 jr./a8. => jr./a8. =5 jr./a8. 5> jr./a8. := jr./a8. 2> jr./a8. 7> jr./a8. 7> jr./a 8. ;;> jr./a8. ;0= jr./a8. 8>> jr./a8.

8 Bkhgtukcamitm `fisgdmrk? jr./a . ^kpmc bkstk ;=>sm @krtucgik  dm ;=> k 4=> jr./a 8. @krtði k pkrtgr dm 4=> jr./a8.

TG^FP DM ^K^MC Cfs dgemrmitms tgpfs dm pkpmc tgmimi dgstgitfs k`khkdfs (sktgikdf, aktm, vmrourkdf, mijfakdf, mt`.) `fi uiks `krk`tmrástg`ks mspm`áeg`ks, hkskdks mi `fcfr, hcki`urk, trkispkrmi`gk, fpk`gdkd, rujfsgdkd, cgsurk y hrgccf.

8

 

 

^K^MC @XGPTKC

Pu prgi`gpkc `krk`tmrástg`k ms ck trkispkrmi`gk, kdmaës tgmim ui k`khkdf cgsf, rájgdf m gapmramkhcm. K `kusk dm su gapmramkhgcgdkd gapmramkhgcgdkd y su humik prmsmitk`gði, sm mapcmk mi mapkqumtkdfs, pkrk pmreuamrák, ekrak`gk, `fiegtmrák y kcgamitk`gði.

^K^MC PMDK

Tkahgçi cckakdf pkpmc `bgif. Ms ui pkpmc auy egif, smagtrkiscÿ`gdf, dm `fcfrms vgvfs. ]tgcgzkdfs pkrk mivfctfrgfs, egctrfs dm cuz, …

^K^MC ^GIF@BF

0

 

 

Pm `krk`tmrgzk pfr su ecmxghgcgdkd, ecmxghgcgdkd, cf qum cm prfpfr`gfik ms`ksk rmsgstmi`gk. Pm prmsmitk mi uik kapcgk jkak dm `fcfrms y ms utgcgzkdf pfpuckramitm mi akiukcgdkdms y trkhkofs giekitgcms.

^K^MC UMJMTKC

^kpmc trkiscÿ`gdf bm`bf dm eghrks vmjmtkcms qum sm usk pkrk prftmjmr aktmrgkc jrëeg`f frgjgikc (eftfjrkeáks,, gcustrk`gfims…) f `faf hksm pkrk '`kagsks' mi krtms egikcms. Tkahgçi sm usk pkrk rmpkskr (eftfjrkeáks (`fi cëpg`ms) y `fpgkr dghuofs f aftgvfs. Mi kcjuifs pkásms dm Bgspkifkaçrg`k sm `fif`m `faf pkpmc akitmqugcck.

^K^MC DM TXKIP^KXMI@GK

^kpmc `ckrf, smr pfcgçstmr, pkskr ck cuz, prfym`tkidf ksá smr cf ms`rgtf micfs çc. rmvmstgagmitfs Kdmaës dm smr dm utgcgzkdf `fisumcm prfym`tfrms, pkpmcpmragtm dm ck trkispkrmi`gk tkahgçi pumdm ÿtgc pkrk `koks cuagifsks.

^K^MC TGPP]M

4

 

 

^kpmc dm hkof jrkakom, humik ecmxghgcgdkd, sukvgdkd supmreg` supmreg`gkc, gkc, hkok dmisgdkd y kctk `kpk`gdkd pkrk khsfrhmr cáqugdfs. Pm uski pkrk egims bgjgçig`fs y dfaçstg`fs, tkcms `faf pkûumcfs, smrvgccmtks, tfkccks y prfdu`tfs khsfrhmitms sgagckrms qum sm dmsgitmjrki mi kjuk.

^K^MC DM HGHCGK

^kpmc fpk`f auy egif auy rmsgstmitm k ck tmisgði, tgrfims y dfhcm`ms qum k`mptk auy hgmi ck gaprmsgði. Pm sumcm uskr pkrk gaprgagr cghrfs jrumsfs f dm `kcgdkd qum im`msgtki usf gitmisf y rmdu`gdf pmsf, `faf ms mc `ksf dm cks Hghcgks, agskcms, dg``gfikrgfs dg``gfikrgfs f sgagckrms. Pm bk`m jmimrkcamitm `fi pkstk am`ëig`k y sus jrkakoms sfi giemrgfrms k cfs => j./a8.

^K^MC XM@G@CKDF (bm`bf k akif f if)

^kpmc `rmkdf k pkrtgr dm ftrfs pkpmcms, qum ferm`m mc agsaf jrkdf dm rmidgagmitf y eui`gfikcgdkd mxgjgdf k cfs dmaës, ksá `faf cks agsaks jkrkitáks skigtkrgks. K akyfrms ferm`m aës fpk`gdkd, mspm`gkcamitmm gapfrtkitm pkrk gaprgagr mi jrkakoms aës hkofs sgi qum bkyk trkspksf dm tgitks. Ck mspm`gkcamit `krk`tmrástg`k dgstgitgvk dgstgitgvk dmc pkpmc bm`bf k akif ms su `fcfr pf`f uigefram mi mc qum sm kprm`gki rmstfs dm eghrks, if f`urrm cf agsaf `fi cfs pkpmcms rm`g`ckdfs prfdu`gdfs pfr ck gidustrgk pkpmcmrk.

=

 

 

^K^MC LXKET

Tkahgçi cckakdf pkpmc dm mstrkzk f pkpmc akdmrk, ms ui tgpf dm pkpmc jrumsf y hkstf, auy rmsgstmitm kc dmsjkrrkagmitf y cfs tgrfims qum sm sumcm uskr pkrk mahkckoms, pkqumtmrák y mivfcvmr dgstgitfs aktmrgkcms ‐kcgamitk`gði ‐kcgamitk`gði gi`cugdk‐. Pm prfdu`m mi au`bfs efraktfs, pmrf cfs aës bkhgtukcms y trkdg`gfikcms sfi rfccfs dm jrki tkakûf, usukcamitm dm `ksg ui amtrf dm ki`bf y mi jrkakoms qum vkráki dm cfs 4> k cfs ;2> ja8. Tkahgçi sm `famr`gkcgzk mi efrak dm hfcsks dm pkpmc y sfhrms k`fc`bkdfs f rmefrzkdfs pkrk pmqumûfs miváfs. Pm sumcm ekhrg`kr `fi pkstk quáag`k dm `mcucfsk mxtrkádk dm `fiáemrks y if ccmvk hckiqumkitms, pfr cf qum su `fcfr bkhgtukc ms akrrði `ckrf, kuiqum mstf if ms gaprms`gidghcm.

^K^MC DM ^KPTK AM@ËIG@K (prmisk)

Pm ekhrg`k amz`ckidf akdmrk `fi kjuk y sfamtgçidfck k uik gitmisk erg``gði y trgturk`gði am`ëig`k bkstk qum sm `fivgmrtm mi uik pkstk dm `mcucfsk. Mstm prf`msf mcgagik sðcf uik pkrtm dm ck cgjigik (pfcáamrf) dm ck akdmrk, pfr cf qum mc pkpmc rmsuctkitm ms dm amifr `kcgdkd qum mc qum sm ekhrg`k amdgkitm pkstk quáag`k y ms aës kakrgccmitf, sm fs`urm`m aës rëpgdkamitm y ms aës qumhrkdgzf. Ck dm amifr tkakûf sumcm uskrsm pkrk pkpmcms dm gaprmsfs hkrktfs y dm `fisuaf rëpgdf `faf mc pkpmc prmisk, kuiqum ms ifrakc amz`ckr kcjf dm pkstk quáag`k mi ck ekhrg`k`gði dm pkpmcms dmstgikdfs k ck cm`turk. Ck `kcgdkd dm ck pkstk quáag`k dmpmidm dmc tkakûf dm cks eghrks qum ck `fapfimi, ck dm amifr tkakûf sumcm uskrsm pkrk pkpmcms dm gaprmsfs hkrktfs y dm `fisuaf rëpgdf `faf mc pkpmc prmisk, kuiqum ms ifrakc amz`ckr kcjf dm pkstk quáag`k mi ck ekhrg`k`gði dm pkpmcms dmstgikdfs k ck cm`turk. Ck dm akyfr tkakûf sm usk pkrk `krtfims dm mahkckom.

5

 

 

^K^MC KC]AGIGF

^kpmc mijfakdf mi mc `ukc uik dm sus `krks tgmim ui k`khkdf hrgcckitm pcktmkdf pcktmkdf.. Ms gaprgaghcm y ferm`m uik jrki rmsgstmi`gk rmsgstmi`gk m gapmramkhgcgdkd. gapmramkhgcgdkd.

^K^MC MPT]@KDF F @F]@BÇ

^kpmc qum mi su ekhrg`k`gði bk rm`ghgdf uik `kpk mxtmrik dm ui `fapumstf gifrjëig`f pkrk amofrkr su k`khkdf dëidfcm akyfr sukvgdkd y hcki`urk. h cki`urk. Pu tmxturk y tmragik`gði pumdm smr hrgcckitm, sktgikdk f aktm. Pu prgi`gpkc vmitkok ms qum su k`khkdf cgsf y amifs khsfrhmitm qum mc dm cfs pkpmcms if mstu`kdfs pmragtm amofr dmegig`gði dm cfs dmtkccms y ui rkijf `rfaëtg`f aës kapcgf. Kdmaës, cfs k`khkdfs mstu`kdfs sumcmi prftmjmr cfs pkpmcms y dghuofs dm cks rkdgk`gði uctrkvgfcmtk y prfpfr`gfikrcm akyfr rmsgstmi`gk kc dmsjkstm. Mc mstu`kdf sm sumcm rmkcgzkr `fi `fapumstfs dmrgvkdf dmc `kfcái y dmc ymsf.

^K^MC ^MXJKAGIF

:

 

 

Pm `krk`tmrgzk pfr ui tk`tf rujfsf, dm `fcfr pf`f uigefram mi mc qum sm kprm`gki rmstfs dm eghrks. ]tgcgzkdf akyfrgtkrgkamitm akyfrgtkrgkamitm pkrk tátucfs y dgpcfaks k`kdçag`fs.

^K^GXF

Pfpfrtm pkrk ck ms`rgturk y mc dghuof qum sm fhtgmim kpckstkidf y prmpkrkidf cfs tkccfs dm ck pckitk dmc pkpgrf, qum `rm`m mi cks frgccks dm kcjuifs ráfs mspm`gkcamitm mi mc Igcf. Eum auy utgcgzkdk mi ck kitgjómdkd ouitf `fi mc pmrjkagif bkstk ck givmi`gði dmc pkpmc.

^K^MC UMXO]XKDF

Tgpf dm pkpmc dm ms`rgturk mvgsghcms gaprmitk jmimrkcamitm humik `kcgdkd `fiui uik tmxturkdmefrakdk pfr egiks rkyks cfijgtudgikcms, vgsghcm s gi`cusf kc trkscuz.dm Mstks cáimks cks `rmk `gcgidrf egcgjrkik qum ccmvk kckahrm durkitm ck ekhrg`k`gði dmc pkpmc.

^K^MC AGCGAMTXKDF

2

 

 

^kpmc gaprmsf `fi rkyks mitrm`ruzkdks egiks dm `fcfr `ckrf, usukcamitm dm `fcfr f`rm f kzuckdks, smpkrkdks mitrm sg pfr ui agcáamtrf dm dgstki`gk ‐dm kbá su ifahrm‐. Mc pkpmc agcgamtrkdf sm usk pkrk kprmidmr k dghuokr jrëeg`fs, gaëjmims aktmaëtg`kamitm aktmaëtg`kamitm prfpfr`gfikdks y dgkjrkaks tç`ig`fs.

^K^MC DM ^GMDXK

Pm ekhrg`k k pkrtgr dm pfcvf dm pgmdrk, f @krhfiktf @ëc`g`f, uif dm cfs agimrkcms aës khuidkitms dmc pckimtk. Pm mxtrkm dm `kitmrks dm `kcgzk `faf ymsf y aërafc qum pkski k `fivmrtgrsm mi ui pfcvf auy egif. ^krk bk`mr ck amz`ck `fi mc qum sm fhtgmim mc pkpmc, kc pfcvf dm pgmdrk sm kûkdm ^fcgmtgcmif jrkdf ;, uik rmsgik if tðxg`k. Mc prfdu`tf rmsuctkitm ms dm uik tmxturk sukvm y rmsgstmitm k cks rfturks, kc kjuk y k cks jrksks. Mc prf`msf dm ekhrg`k`gði ms m`fcðjg`f y rmspmtufsf `fi mc amdgf kahgmitm. Kdmaës dm if mapcmkr kjuk, `mcucfsk, `cfrf ig ë`gdfs eumrtms pfrqum if ms im`mskrgf hckiqumkr mc pkpmc, durkitm mc prf`msf if sm magtm igijÿi jks tðxg`f. Bkstk mc kbfrrf dm mimrják ms sgjigeg`ktgvf? ui =>% amifs qum mc prf`msf `fivmi`gfikc. Gdmkc pkrk dmpfrtms k`uëtg`fs y cujkrms `fi rgmsjf dm su`gmdkd.

^K^MC DM FEG@GIK Iftks Kdbmsgvks

7

 

 

Tkahgçi cckakdfs pfst-gt, sfi uiks pmqumûks bfoks dm pkpmc dm dgemrmitms efraks y `fcfrms qum tgmimi uik hkidk mijfakdk mi mc rmvmrsf, ck `ukc pmragtm qum smki pmjkdks dm efrak if pmrakimitm.

Mtgqumtks kdbmsgvks

Ms ui pkpmc `fi k`khkdf sktgikdf f krtá`ucfs. aktm, jmimrkcamitm gaprgaghcm. ]tgcgzkdks pfr momapcf pkrkmijfakdf, rftuckr kr`bgvkdfrms f rmemrmi`gkr

;>

 

 

^K^MC K]TF@KC@KITM f K]TF@F^GKTGUF

Pm `krk`tmrgzk pfr ui hkof jrkakom, k`khkdf aktm, jmimrkcamitm `fi pckitgcck gaprmsk, mstëi efrakdfs pfr vkrgks `fpgks. Ms auy ÿtgc pkrk bk`mr uik agsak kiftk`gði pfr dupcg`kdf dm efrak rëpgdk. Momapcfs? rm`ghfs, iftks dm mitrmjk, kchkrkims, `fakidks, mt`.

^K^MC @FITGI]F

^kpmc dm usf bkhgtukc mi gaprmsgði amdgkitm gaprmsfrk dm jrkidms vfcÿamims dm dktfs giefraëtg`fs. Pumcm tmimr pmrefrk`gfims cktmrkcms qum ek`gcgtki su krrkstrm pfr mc sgstmak gitmrif dm ck gaprmsfrk. Pm sumcm prmsmitkr pkrk su usf mi efrak dm rmsaks dm tgrk `fitgiuk `faf bfoks dmc agsaf tkakûf pcmjkdks mi zgjzkj y smpkrkdks mi cfs pcgmjums pfr ui trfqumckdf dm pmrefrk`gfims qum ek`gcgtk su smpkrk`gði, kuiqum tkahgçi sm dgstrghuym mi hfhgik y mi pmqumûfs rfccfs dm pkpmc kutfkdbmsgvf.

;;

 

 

^K^MC FEG@GKC Cghrfs

Pfi iuamrkdfs, ccmvki ui efraktf gaprmsf y jmimrkcamitm jmimrkcamitm sfi smcckdfs dmspuçs dm ck vmitk pkrk efrakcgzkr su usf.

Pmccfs y tgahrms

Pu `krk`tmrástg`k aës dmstk`kdk ms qum sm uski `faf pkjf dm tksks kc mstkdf, yk smk `faf smccfs dm `frrmfs pkrk miváfs pfstkcms f `faf tgahrms mi uik cmtrk dm `kahgf, mt`.

^kpmc afimdk

Xmprmsmitk ui vkcfr pm`uigkrgf. Pm ekhrg`k mi mx`cusgvk pfr ck rmkc `ksk dm afimdk y tgahrm. Pus `krk`tmrástg`kss eásg`ks sfi pfr tfdfs `fif`gdks, `faf pfr momapcf cks akr`ks dm kjuk, bfcfjrëeg`ks, `krk`tmrástg`k rmcgmvms, mt`.

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^K^MC TÇXAG@F

Pm `krk`tmrgzk pfr su k`khkdf smisghcm kc `kcfr y pfrqum sðcf pmragtm gaprmsgði afif`rfaf (mi imjrf). Pus usfs aës `fauims sfi mc dm ekx, T^U (tmragikc puitf dm vmitk) y tg`lmts.

^K^MC FEEPMT F DM GA^XMPGÐI

^umdm tmimr dgstgitfs jrkakoms y tkakûfs, kitmrgframitm mxpcg`kdfs. Ms mc aës `faÿi y utgcgzkdf mi tfdks cks feg`giks pkrk prmsmitk`gfims, prmsmitk`gfims, prfpumstks, gaprmsgfims dm dfhcm `krk, mt`. Dmhgdf k ck gapckitk`gði `kdk vmz aës `rm`gmitm dm ck fegaëtg`k mi cks maprmsks, mstm tgpf dm pkpmc mstë sustgtuymidf k ftrfs `faf cfs feg`gkcms, kutf`kc`kitms, tçrag`fs, mt`.

@KXTÐI @FXX]JKDF Efrakdf pfr?

^kpmc cgimr? pkpmc dm jrkakom cgjmrf f amdgf qum sm usk mi cks `uhgmrtks, `krks mxtmriks, dm cfs `krtfims fiduckdfs. ^kpmc ecutgij (fiduckdf f ag`rf`kikc)? pkpmc ekhrg`kdf mxprmskamitm pkrk su fiduck`gði pkrk dkrcm prfpgmdkdms dm rgjgdmz y kafrtgjuk`gði. Pm usk mi ck ekhrg`k`gði dm `krtfims fiduckdfs.

;0

 

 

@krtði rájgdf pkrk mahkckr dm aktmrgkcms, efrakdf pfr uik f aës `kpks dm `krtði cgsf qum ccmvki pmjkdks mitrm sg uik f aës `kpks dm `krtði fiduckdf, dm efrak k`kikckdk pkrk dkrcm aës `umrpf y rmsgstmi`gk eásg`k. Kc smr `krtði, kdagtm ck gaprmsgði dgrm`tk, mspm`gkcamitm amdgkitm feesmt, ecmxfjrkeák f smrgjrkeák. Eum givmitkdf y dmskrrfcckdf bk`gk egikcms dmc sgjcf RGR mi Jrki Hrmtkûk y Mstkdfs ]igdfs. K pkrtgr dm cfs kûfs vmgitm dmc sgjcf RR sustgtuyð sustgtuyð cfs mahkckoms `fi akdmrk mi au`bfs sm`tfrms `famr`gkcms dmhgdf k su kdkptkhgcgdkd, kdkptkhgcgdkd, hkof `fstm y smi`gccmz dm prfdu``gði. Kdmaës dm smr eë`gcamitm rm`g`ckhcm, uik dm cks jrkidms vmitkoks dmc `krtði `frrujkdf ms qum ms aës ui `fi`mptf qum ui aktmrgkc `fi`rmtf. Msf bk`m qum tmijk au`bks vkrgkitms dm efrak y mstru`turk, cf qum cm dk uik ecmxghgcgdkd qum cm pmragtm kdkptkrsm k au`bfs amr`kdfs.

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BKW ^K^MCMP MP^M@ÁEG@FP ^KXK DGEMXMITMP GA^XMPFXKP

Aktrg`gkc

@bfrrf dm tgitk

Cësmr

;=

 

 

Dgjgtkc

^cfttmr

Feesmt

;5

 

 

Xftktgvk

;:

 

 

MEM@TFP W K@KHKDFP Jcksfefikdf hrgccf f aktm (pckstgeg`kdf f pmcg`uckdf)

Mc jcksfefikdf ms uik pmcá`uck pcëstg`k qum sm kdbgmrm kc pkpmc amdgkitm `kcfr, ms ui k`khkdf pfstmrgfr k ck gaprmsgði qum pumdm smr aktm f hrgccf. Mc aktm tgmim ui tk`tf smdfsf auy mspm`gkc y mc hrgcckitm ms mc aës `faÿi y utgcgzkdf. Tkahgçi sm `fif`m mstm prf`msf `faf pckstgeg`kdf. Ms auy bkhgtukc pkrk prftmjmr cfs gaprmsfs y bk`mrcfs aës pmrdurkhcms. Kdmaës ms auy utgcgzkdf `ukidf bky uik jrki aksk dm `fcfr mi uik `krk y dmtrës tmimafs ui hcki`f, `fi mc jcksfefikdf pfdmafs mvgtkr kcjuik sfahrk mi msm hcki`f prfdu`gdk pfr ck tgitk dmc ckdf fpumstf

Hkrigz dm aëqugik

Pm sumcm dkr `faf prftm``gði, pkrk qum if aki`bmi uiks eftfs `fi ftrks y qum kc akigpuckr if sm mstrfpmm mc trkhkof. Au`bks aëqugiks sfi 4 `fcfrms + hkrigz (ck qugitk tgitk), pkrk qum mc trkhkof skcjk pmrem`tkamitmm tmragikdf y `fi su hkrigz `frrmspfidgmitm. pmrem`tkamit

;2

 

 

Hkrigz ]UG

Mc Hkrigz ]UG ms ui k`khkdf, ms tki hrgcckitm `faf mc pckstgeg`kdf hrgccf y sm sumcm uskr mi rmsmrvk pkrk rmskctkr `gmrtks zfiks, sfhrm tfdf mi `ktëcfjfs f pkrk hkrigzkr ck pëjgik mitmrk, sfhrm tfdf mi rmvgstks. Mc hkrigz ]UG rmqugmrm ui sm`kdf mspm`gkc y pkrk ck rmsmrvk uik pmcá`uck kpkrtm mvgdmitmamitm mvgdmitmamitm ms aks `krf qum mc hkrigz dm aëqugik. Pg qugmrms rmskctkr `gmrtks zfiks cf suyf ms qum usms ]UG. Pm sm`k amdgkitm ck kpcg`k`gði dm gcuagik`gði uctrkvgfcmtk (]UG). Mxgstm mi dfs vkrgmdkdms prgi`gpkcms? Kpcg`kdf amdgkitm cgtfjrkeák Feesmt. Feesmt. Ms mc dm amifs `umrpf y hrgccf. If sm pumdm kpcg`kr sfhrm jcksfefikdfs. Kpcg`kdf `fi smrgjrkeák. Ms mc qum tgmim aës `umrpf, hrgccf y rmsgstmi`gk, pfr cf qum dk au`bf amofr rmsuctkdf y ms mc prmemrgdf sgmaprm qum cks cgagtk`gfims aktmrgkcms y dm prmsupumstf cf pmragtmi. Mstfs hkrig`ms sm uski mspm`gkcamitm `faf aës`krks dm hkrigz, pkrk bk`mr k`khkdfs hrgcckitms sðcf mi kcjuiks zfiks dm ui dgsmûf, kpcg`kidf rmsmrvks dm hkrigz. ]i usf auy erm`umitm ms dm msk kpcg`k`gði pkr`gkc ms sfhrm supmreg`gms fs`urks jcksfefikdks mi aktm.

Ptkapgij amtëcg`f

Ck tç`ig`k dm mstkapk`gði pfr `kcfr f stkapgij `fisgstm mi trkisemrgr uik pmcá`uck mi ui sfpfrtm (ifrakcamitmm pkpmc), pfr amdgf dm prmsgði y tmapmrkturk. Durkitm mc prf`msf, ui kdbmsgvf qum sm (ifrakcamit mi`umitrk mi ck pmcá`uck sm k`tgvk y prfdu`m ck uigði `fi ck pgmzk qum sm mstë mstkapkidf. Mxgstmi dgemrmitms k`khkdfs? frf, pcktk, bfcfjrëeg`f, `fcfrms amtëcg`fs, ecufrms`mitms, hrgccf, aktm, mt`.

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Jfcpm mi sm`f f rmcgmvm

Tç`ig`k qum `fisgstm mi mstkapkr amdgkitm prmsgði `fi ui trfqumc y `fitrktrfqumc sgi tgitk ig hkrigz (pfr msf ms "sm`f") sfhrm uik supmreg`gm pkrk dmokr uik akr`k mi rmcgmvm (hkofrrmcgmvm f kctfrrmcgmvm, dmpmidgmidf dm ck dgspfsg`gði dm cks pgmzks). Mi kcjuifs `ksfs, sm kûkdm k ck vmz `kcfr. Mc "jfcpm sm`f" sm kpcg`k sfhrm aktmrgkcms dm `gmrtk mitgdkd (`krtucgik, `krtði, `umrf…), yk qum mc pkpmc, dmaksgkdf egif, ig cf sfpfrtk ig cf rm`fjm. Tkahgçi sm cckak "trfqumc sm`f". Momapcfs dm gaprmsgði amdgkitm trfqumc sm`f sfi ck gaprmsgði Hrkgccm pkrk `gmjfs f cks tkromtks dm vgsgtk `fi dghuofs f cmtrks mi rmcgmvm.

Pmrgjrkeák

Ms uik tç`ig`k dm gaprmsgði mapcmkdk mi mc açtfdf dm rmprfdu``gði dm df`uamitfs m gaëjmims sfhrm `ukcqugmr aktmrgkc, y `fisgstm mi trkisemrgr uik tgitk k trkvçs dm uik akcck tmiskdk mi ui akr`f. Mc pksf dm ck tgitk sm hcfqumk mi cks ërmks dfidm if bkhrë gakjmi amdgkitm uik maucsgði f hkrigz, qumdkidf cghrm ck zfik dfidm pkskrë ck tgitk. Mc sgstmak dm gaprmsgði ms rmpmtgtgvf, mstf ms, uik vmz qum mc prgamr afdmcf sm bk cfjrkdf, ck gaprmsgði pumdm smr rmpmtgdk `gmitfs y bkstk agcms dm vm`ms sgi pmrdmr rmsfcu`gði.

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Trkisemr

Tç`ig`k dm mstkapkdf qum `fisgstm mi trkisemrgr uik hksm/dghuof k ck prmidk u ftrf sfpfrtm, amdgkitm `kcfr f dgsfcvmitm. dgsfcvmitm.

Trfqumckdf

Mc trfqumc f aktrgz ms ui gistruamitf f aëqugik dm hfrdms `frtkitms pkrk rm`frtkr, pfr prmsgði, pcki`bks, `krtfims, `umrfs, mt`. Mc trfqumckdf ms, pfr momapcf, uik dm cks prgi`gpkcms fpmrk`gfims mi mc prf`msf dm ekhrg`k`gði dm mahkckoms dm `krtði y `faf k`khkdf.

MICK@MP Efraktfs bttp?//www.tkakifsdmpkpmc.`fa   bttp?//www.tkakifsdmpkpmc.`fa

Kcjuifs dgstrghugdfrms y ekhrg`kitms dm pkpmc bttp?//www.tfrrkspkpmc.`fa/ms-MP/^kjgiks/dm bttp?//www.tfrrkspkpmc.`fa /ms-MP/^kjgiks/dmekuct.kspx ekuct.kspx   bttp?//www.kitkcgs.ms/husgimss/bfam.bta  

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