Panificacao-Viennoiserie

 

GNEMKH U[DU

d`frbdakg prfinssnfldh

 S Sdlnin dlninedáåf edáåf k Y nkllf nkllfnskr nskrnk nk 

 

  Bdbfs Nltkrldenfldns bk Edtdhfadáåf ld Su`hnedáåf (ENS) Bdbfs (Eàgdrd @rdsnhknrd bf Hnvrf, US, @rdsnh)

Uuds, Gnemkh   Sdlnffl edáåf Gnemkh

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d`frbdak g

Irdlj Q nla :

prfffl ssnfldh

trdbuáåf

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@kdtrnz

Jdrdl Aungdråks : rkvnsåf tîelned Ouhnd Bkhkhhns Hfpks. ‒ Uåf Sduhf ? Ekladak Hkdrlnla, 0344.

  Rçtuhf frnanldh? Dbvdlekb `rkdb dlb pdstry? d prfiksprfikssnfldh dpprfdem.   @n`hn fardffl d.   NU@L >1=-=;-004-4 529-3

  4. Efzngkltf

0. Sdlnffledáåf

;. Srfbutfs bk pdbdrnd

5.Såf

2. Sdstkhdrnd

N. Qnla, Irdlj.

NN. Rçtuhf.

44-3;=49

EBB-924.=

Çlbnek pdrd edtähfaf snstkgätnef?   Çlbnek 4. Sdlnffl edáåf k pdstkhdrnd ? Rîelned bk khd`frdáåf ? Adstrflfgnd

924.=

 

Sdlninedáåf k Ynkllfnskrn Ynkllfnskrnkk D`frbdakg prfinssnfldh Gnemkh Uuds

Pkvnsåf tîelned Ouhnd Bkhkhhns Hfpks Rkelõhfad kg Adstrflfgnd pkhf Ekltrf [lnvkrsntärnf Uklde, Edgpus Äauds bk Uåf Skbrf, kspkendhnstd kg efznlmd ntdhndld k pdlninedáåf. Dtud efgf eflsuhtfrd kg skrvnáfs bk dhngkltdáåf k î bfekltk lds bnsenphnlds efznlmd ntdhndld k pdlninedáåf bfs eursfs bk Rkelfhfand kg Adstrflfgnd k Efznlmknrf Emkik Nltkrldenfldh bf Ekltrf [lnvkrsntärnf Uklde, Edgpus Udltf Dgdrf.

Iftfardinds Irdlj Qnla

Rrdbuáåf @kdtrnz Jdrdl Aungdråks

 Dusträhnd •  @rdsnh •  Odpåf •  Efrknd •  Gîxnef •  Enladpurd •  Kspdlmd •  Pknlf [lnbf • Kstdbfs [lnbfs Dusträhnd

 

Sdlninedáåf k vnkllfnskrnk

© 033> Bkhgdr, pdrtk bd Ekladak Hkdrlnla

D`frbdakg prfinssnfldh

© 0340 Ekladak Hkdrlnla Kbnáûks Htbd.

Gnemkh Uuds

Akrkltk Kbntfrndh? Sdtrnend Hd Pfsd Uupkrvnsfrd Kbntfrndh? Lfkhgd @rfedlkhhn Kbntfr bk Bksklvfhvngkltf? Iä`nf Afládhvks Uupkrvnsfrd bk Srfbuáåf Kbntfrndh? Id`ndld Dhkledr Dh`uqukrquk Rçtuhf frnanldh? Dbvdlekb @rkdb dlb Sdstry. D Srfikssnfldh Dpprfdem

Rfbfs fs bnrkntfs rkskrvdbfs. Lklmugd pdrtk bkstk hnvrf pfbkrä skr rkprfbuznbd, skodg qudns ifrkg fs gknfs kgprkadbfs, skg d pkrgnssåf, pfr kserntf, bd Kbntfrd. Dfs nlirdtfrks dphnedg-sk ds sdláûks prkvnstds lfs drtnafs 430, 432, 439 k 431 bd Hkn lf >.943, bk 4> bk ikvkrknrf bk 4>>=. Kstd kbntfrd kgpklmfu-sk kg efltdtdr fs rkspflsävkns pkhfs bnrkntfs dutfrdns bk tfbds ds ngdakls k bk futrfs gdtkrndns utnhnzdbfs lkstk hnvrf. Uk pfrvklturd ifr eflstdtdbd d fgnssåf nlvfhultärnd ld nbkltninedáåf bk dhaug bkhks, bnspfgf-lfs d kiktudr, iuturdgkltk, fs pfssçvkns dekrtfs.

NU@L 45? >1=-4-24=3-44 >1=-4-24=3-449>-1 9>-1 NU@L 43? 3-24=3-449>-]

Rrdbuáåf? @kdtrnz Jdrdl Aungdråks Pkvnsåf Rîelned? Ouhnd Bkhkhhns Hfpks Efpnbksquk? Lkhsfl Huns @dr`fsd

Sdrd nlifrgdáûks sf`rk lfssfs prfbutfs, kltrk kg efltdtf pkhf tkhkiflk 3=33 44 4> 5>  Sdrd pkrgnssåf bk usf bk gdtkrndh bkstd f`rd, klvnk sku pkbnbf pdrd bnrkntfsdutfrdnsCekladak.efg

Pkvnsåf? Huney Edktdlf bk Fhnvknrd k Pnldhbf Gnhksn Bndardgdáåf? Ofnl @urkdu Edpd? Kstÿbnf @fadrn

© 0340 Ekladak Hkdrlnla. Rfbfs fs bnrkntfs rkskrvdbfs. NU@L 45? >1=-=;-004-4529-3 >1=-=;-004-4529-3  NU@L 43? =;-004-4529-1 Ekladak Hkdrlnla  Hkdrlnla  Eflbfgçlnf K-@usnlkss Sdrj Pud Qkrlkr Unkgkls, 444 ― Srîbnf 03 ― Kspdáf 2  Hdpd bk @dnxf ― EKS 3;39>->33 ― Uåf Sduhf ― US Rkh.? (44) 599;->>33 ― Idx? (44) 599;->>34  Ude? 3=33 44 4> 5> Sdrd suds sfhuáûks bk eursf k dprklbnzdbf, vnsntk www.ekladak.efg.`r

Ngprkssf lf @rdsnh.  Srnltkb nl @rdznh . 4052;91 45 40 44 43

 

DAPDBKENGKLRFU Afstdrnd bk bkbnedr kstk hnvrf d tfbds ds pkssfds quk gk dpfndrdg burdltk gnlmd trdoktõrnd lkstd prffflssåf. Ifn ugd kstrdbd, ãs vkzks, emknd bk pkredháfs, gds skgprk bnvkrtnbd pdrd ug ofvkg bk 42 dlfs kxpuhsf bd ksefhd.   Afstdrnd bk efgkádr efg d Irdlád, efg gku prngknrf emki   pàtnssnkr, Ur. Mnlafukt, quk gk bku d fpfrtulnbdbk bk skr sku dhulf: df emki  Ur Ur.. @hdnsk, @hdns k, quk gk gfstrfu f vdhfr bf dhngkltf k d prffflssåf ld efznlmd. Df Ur Ur.. @drrnkr, quk gk fikrkeku f kgprkaf bk emki  pàtnssnkr kxkeutnvf df 00 dlfs lf sku rkstdurdltk trïs kstrkhds. D tfbfs fs gkus gkltfrks k efhkads.   Lfs Kstdbfs [lnbfs, d tfbfs fs gkus ehnkltks bd RG@ @djnla Nle., d tfbfs fs kstubdltks bf Udl Irdlensef @djnla Nlstntutk, quk gk doubdrdg d eflskaunr gkus f`oktnvfs. Ãs pkssfds quk eflffldrdg kg gng k `usedrdg gkus eflskhmfs k frnkltdáûks pdrd skus kgprkklbngkltfs, fu pdrd irkqukltdr fs eursfs bf UI@N. Kstk trd`dhmf î ug dardbkengkltf pfr tfbf kssk dpfnf, nlekltnvf k eflffldlád. Kspkrf quk kstk hnvrf dtklbd suds kxpketdtnvds, k quk doubk d klsnldr ãs lfvds akrdáûks, fu d idzï-hds bksef`rnr f vdhfr bd prffflssåf.   Bd gksgd ifrgd, dardbkáf d tfbfs quk pdrtnenpdrdg bd erndáåf bkstk hnvrf, d tfbfs bd UI@N k bd RG@ @djnla Nle. k ã gnlmd idgçhnd, kspkendhgkltk gnlmd fflhmd Ouhnk Gdrnk, quk gk bku ifrád k klkrand pdrd skaunr dbndltk skgprk quk pklsdvd quk f hnvrf krd gdnfr bf quk ku skrnd edpdz bk rkdhnzdr. Khd skgprk eflskaund gk idzkr rnr.

Guntf f`rnadbf d tfbfs!

 

Uugärnf Srkiäenf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nx

SDPRK 4? NLRPFB[ÁÅF Edpçtuhf 4? Sdlnffledáåf k pàtnsskrnk pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;

Edpçtuhf 0? Ukaurdlád dhngkltdr dhngkltdr k dsskpsnd kg pdlnffledáåf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05

SDPRK 0? SDLNINEDÁÅF Edpçtuhf 5? Srfekssf bk bk pdlnffledáåf k gnsturd bd gdssd gdssd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5 Edpçtuhf 2? Ikrgkltdáåf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =4 Edpçtuhf ;? Dssdr f påf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Edpçtuhf 9? Rkelfhfand dvdládbd dvdládbd pdrd idrnlmds k gkhmfrdbfrks gkhmfrdbfrks bk gdssd. gdssd . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Edpçtuhf 1? Srfekssfs dhtkrldtnvfs dhtkrldtnvfs bk pdlnffledáåf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49> Edpçtuhf =? Iõrguhds bk påks påks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4=;

SDPRK 5? YNKLLFNUKPNK Edpçtuhf >? Ynkllfnskrnk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54; Dpïlbnek D? Eflvkrsûks Eflvkrsûks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Dpïlbnek @? Sfrekltdakls Sfrekltdakls bf pdbknrf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Dpïlbnek E? Eflvkrsûks bk tkgpkrdturd tkgpkrdturd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24= Ahfssärnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24> Pkikrïlends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Çlbnek bk iõrguhds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20> Çlbnek bk dssultfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

 

SÀRNUUKPNK D`frbdakg prffflssnfldh

SDPRK 4? NLRPFB[ÁÅF Edpçtuhf 4? Sdlnffledáåf k pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns Edpçtuhf 0? Ukaurdlád dhngkltdr dhngkltdr k dsskpsnd kg pdlnffledáåf

SDPRK 0? SÀRNUUKPNK Edpçtuhf 5? @nsefntfs Edpçtuhf 2? @fhfs räpnbfs Edpçtuhf ;? Gdssd pdrd tfrtds Edpçtuhf 9? 9? Rfrtds sdhadbds k tfrtds bfeks bfeks Edpçtuhf 1? Gnsturd pdrd `fhfs k efzngkltf Edpçtuhf =? Edhbds, erkgks, erkgks, erkgks bk `dulnhmd, gkrklauks gkrklauks k ef`krturds Edpçtuhf >? Gfussk Edpçtuhf 43? @fhfs ehässnefs k gfbkrlfs Edpçtuhf 44? Sktnt ifurs k bfeks eflikntdbfs Edpçtuhf 40? Uf`rkgksds eflakhdbds Edpçtuhf 45? Uf`rkgksds nlbnvnbudns Edpçtuhf 42? Bkefrdáåf, lçvkh dvdládbf dvdládbf Edpçtuhf 4;? Emfefhdtk k efgf trd`dhmdr f emfefhdtk emfefhdtk Dpïlbnek D? Eflvkrsûks Dpïlbnek @? Sfrekltdakls bf pdbknrf Dpïlbnek E? Eflvkrsûks bk tkgpkrdturd Ahfssärnf Pkikrïlends Çlbnek bk iõrguhds Çlbnek bk dssultfs

 

SPKIÄENF Sdlnffl Sdln ffl ed edáå áåf f k vn vnkllf kllfnn sk skrr n k4 î ug aund d`rdlakltk, prfoktdbf efgf ifltk bk eflsuhtd pdrd efhkads k

ulnvkrsnbdbks, ksefhds pdrtneuhdrks bk euhnlärnd k adstrflfgnd k prffflssnfldns. Efg`nldlbf rkspkntf ã trdbnáåf efg d`frbdakg gfbkrld bfs gîtfbfs k tîelneds, kstk hnvrf trdz dprkskltdáåf dtrdkltk k klsnldgkltfs nlbnspklsävkns. Î bkstnldbf d doubdr prfikssfrks, pdbknrfs k emkis pàtnssnkrs d defgpdlmdr fs rkekltks bksklvfhvngkltfs bk nlarkbnkltks, prfbutfs k dprkskltdáûks bd nlbÿstrnd. Ds iõrguhds såf `dskdbds kg ugd vdrnkbdbk bk gîtfbfs k prfekssfs ehässnefs k efltkgpfràlkfs. Efg kssks eflmkengkltfs, pdbknrfs k emki  pàtnssnkrs kstdråf prfltfs pdrd bkskl vfhvkr md`nhnbdbks gdns gdns dvdládbds, kxpkrngkltdr kxpkrngkltdr lfvds nbknds k nltkrprktdr qudnsqukr qudnsqukr iõrguhds. iõrguhds.

DU IÕPG[HDU  D iõrguhd pfbk pf bk skr eflsnbkrdbd d efg`nldáåf bk nlarkbnkltks bnikrkltks quk tklmdg snbf dbkqudbdgkltk skhkenfldbfs. Î ug prfekbngkltf skaunbf bk ugd f`skrvdáåf k ug prfbutf fflldh efg ugd dvdhndáåf.   D dvdhndáåf bf prfbutf bkvk skr ikntd burdltk tfbds ds ktdpds bd bd iõrguh iõrguhdd k låf dpklds df tîrgnlf bd dtnvnbdbk. Df dbftdr kssd gkbnbd, gk bnbd, f prffflssnfldh sd`k f quk gubdr ld iõrguhd, fu lf prfekssf, k efgf efrrnanr kvkltudns prf`hkgds. Df hflaf bf prfekssf bk erndáåf, dprklbkgfs sf`rk ds prfprnkbdbks bk edbd nlarkbnkltk df dldhnsdr suds rkdáûks k kxdgnldr fs rksuhtdbfs fflldns.   Edbd iõrguhd î dprkskltdbd ld sud gkhmfr vkrsåf. Dhaugds bkhds, fu efgpfsnáûks, såf `dstdltk ehässneds: såf dprkskltdbds dqun pfrquk eflsnbkrdgfs d ngpfrtàlend bk eflmkekr ds frnakls bkssks ehässnefs. Dhîg bnssf, ds iõrguhds ehässneds skrvkg bk gfbkhf: pkrgntkg bksklvfhvkr ug prfbutf efg kstnhf k sd`fr prõprnfs. Gksgf quk skod pkrgntnbf, ug prffflssnfldh låf pfbk emdgdr bk `dauktk ug påf efg f ifrgdtf bk `rfd. Rfbd Rfbd d tkrgnlfhfand bkstk hnvrf ― dprkskltdbd lds pdhdvrds-emdvk df fflldh bfs edpçtuhfs ― î prkensd. F prffflssnfldh pfbk usdr kssks kss ks tkrgfs efg skaurdlád. Î ngpfrtdltk, pfr kxkgphf, sd`kr quk `nad î `nad k låf kspflod fu  pf  pff fhnsm, fu futrd efnsd qudhqukr,, sngphksgkltk pfrquk î `nad. Lf Ahfssärnf qudhqukr Ahfss ärnf pfbkgfs klefltrdr tfbds ds pdhdvrds-emdvk quk såf pdrtks, fu låf, bk lfssd hnlaudakg eftnbndld. Uåf eflekntfs quk f prffflssnfldh prkensd sd`kr usdr dprfprndbdgkltk k klsnldr dfs futrfs. EFGF [RNHN_DP KURK HNYPF  Df utnhnzdr kstk ks tk hnvrf, f prffflssnfldh bkvk rkvnsdr ds kxphnedáûks kg k g edbd edpçtuhf sf`rk s f`rk nlifrgdáûks, nlarkbnkltks k prfekbngkltfs (nlehunlbf gnsturd, efzngkltf k fflldhnzdáåf) pdrd quk pfssd kltklbkr efgf rkdhnzdr ds iõrguhds dprkskltdbds dqun efg suekssf. D pdrtk gdns ngpfrtdltk bk 4 

D kbnáåf `rdsnhknr `rdsnhknrdd bk  D  Dbv bvdle dlek kb @ r kdb dl Sds Sdstr tr y   kstä bnvnbnbd kg bfns hnvrfs, sklbf? Sdl Sdlnn ffl edáåf k Yn kllfnsk llfnskrr n k? D `f `frr bd bdaa kg pr fffl ssnfld ssnfldhh k Sàtnsskr n k? D `frbda `frbdakg kg pr prfffl ffflssnfldh.  | nx |

 

S P KIÄ E NF

ugd iõrguhd î f prfekbngkltf: î prkensf tkr f efltrfhk efgphktf bk tfbds ds ktdpds pdrd eflskaunr f`skrvdr f quk defltkek lkssk prfekssf k skr edpdz bk efrrnanr krrfs qudlbf lkekssärnf.   Srngknrf bkvk-s bkvk-skk hkr f edpçtuhf pdrd kltklbkr f efltkxtf. Eflsuhtdr f ahfssärnf pdrd efltnludr dvdládlbf k d skáåf ská åf bk nlarkbnkltks, quk sk s k klefltrd ld päanld bf hnvrf, lf sntk bd Ekladak Hkdrlnla (www.ekladak.efg.`r), dssng efgf ds hnstds bk nlarkbnkltks nlbnedbds lfs edpçtuhfs, pdrd efgprkklbkr suds prfprnkbdbks k skus usfs pdrd prfpõsntfs bnvkrsfs.   F f`oktnvf bkstk hnvrf î klsnldr k gkhmfrdr ds md`nhnbdbks pfr gknf bd nlifrgdáåf, `kg efgf frnkltdr sf`rk d prätned. Sdrd nssf, dprkskltdgfs ug pdlfrdgd bk iõrguhds quk rkprkskltdg ugd vdrnkbdbk bk tîelneds k bk prfekbngkltfs pdrd f`tkr rksuhtdbfs bnvkrsfs. Df erndr iõrguhds efg nlarkbnkltks k prfekssfs bnikrkltks, fikrkekgfs df prffflssnfldh eflmkengkltf bk futrfs prfbutfs k bk suds edrdetkrçstneds. Lds skáûks quk trdtdg bk ikrgkltdáåf, dprkskltdgfs ugd vdrnkbdbk bk fpáûks bk iõrguhds, nlehunlbf `dauktk, erfnssdlt, bdlnsm k `rnfemk. F f`oktnvf, lkssk edsf, î bkgflstrdr quk f usf bk bnvkrsfs prî-ikrgkltfs k tîelneds bk gnsturd fikrkek ugd efgprkklsåf bfs rksuhtdbfs kspkeçfflefs lds gnsturds k ld ikrgkltdáåf, dhîg bfs kikntfs quk pfbkg tkr ld prfardgdáåf bk trd`dhmf, `kg efgf lds prfprnkbdbks rkfhõaneds bd gdssd, lf sd`fr k ld burd`nhnbdbk.

UFH[ÁÅF BK SPF@HKGDU  Df hflaf bfs edpçtuhfs, såf dprkskltdbds sfhuáûks bk prf`hkgds k frnkltdáûks akrdns. Edsf f prfbutf låf rksuhtk efgf f kspkrdbf, f hkntfr bkvkrä vfhtdr df edpçtuhf kspkeçfflef, hkr f tkxtf lfvdgkltk k prfeurdr rkspfstds pdrd kltklbkr f quk pfbk tkr bdbf krrdbf k pfr quï. D gkhmfr pdrtk bd nlbÿstrnd bd pdlnffledáåf k bd vnkllfnskrnk î quk sk pfbk bksef`rnr dhaf lfvf edbd vkz quk sk ernd ug prfbutf.   K lfvdgkltk, kstk hnvrf ifrlkek f gkhmfr bds prkpdrdáûks k bfs prfekbngkltfs ehässnefs. Sfr ekrtf f prffflssnfldh klefltrdrä, dqun, ugd iõrguhd efg ug nlarkbnkltk bnikrkltk, ugd d`frd `frbdakg bnikrkltk bd iõrguhd fu ugd dpdrïlend bnikrkltk bf prfbutf fflldh. Bkvkgfs dekntdr ds bnikrkláds pdrd kltklbkr k dprklbkr efg khds. Kssd î d `khkzd bk lfssd nlbÿstrnd. F prffflssnfldh pfbk erndr f sku prõprnf prfbutf dssng efgf ug drtnstd, ug gÿsnef fu ug pnltfr f idz.

UF@PK F D[RFP Gnemkh Uuds î f iulbdbfr bf Udl Irdlensef @djnla Nlstntutk (UI@N) k bd RG@ @djnla. Kstubfu ld Irdlád, sku pdçs bk frnakg, flbk ifn bnphfgdbf efgf emkik  bk efznlmd, emkik pàtnssnkr k pdbknrf. Bkpfns bk qudsk qudtrf bîedbds ld nlbÿstrnd bk pdlnffledáåf, khk bkgflstrfu sku prffflssnfldhnsgf kg tfbds ds ärkds bk pdlnffledáåf k pàtnsskrnk, nlehunlbf prfekbngkltf, iõrguhd, prfbuáåf, phdlkodgkltf bk pdbdrnds, kqunpdgkltf k trknldgkltf. Kg 4>>9, Gnemkh iulbfu f UI@N, quk bksbk kltåf ifrgfu gnhmdrks bk prffflssnfldns k ofvkls pdbknrfs bk tfbds ds pdrtks bf gulbf. F Nlstntutf tkg skrvnbf efgf kspdáf pdrd trknldr bnvkrsds kqunpks vklekbfrds bk efleursfs efgf f @djnla [UD, dhîg bk mfspkbdr nlÿgkrfs arupfs nltkrldenfldns bk pdçsks efgf Pÿssnd, Emnld k Odpåf. F efgprfgnssf bk Gnemkh kg fikrkekr ugd ifrgdáåf sõhnbd pdrd kstubdltks quk kståf nlnendlbf suds dtnvnbdbks kg pdlnffledáåf, k pdrd prffflssnfldns nltkrkssdbfs kg dgphndr suds md`nhnbdbks, efltnlud d erksekr. F ifef prnlenpdh bk Gnemkh î d sud bkvfáåf ã kbuedáåf, k buedáåf, ld gkbnbd kg quk khk tkg dgphndbf f eurrçeuhf bd UI@N k tkg vndodbf pkhf gulbf bnvuhadlbf sku vdstf eflmkengkltf k sud pdnxåf pkhd pdlnffledáåf.  | x |

 

S P KIÄ E NF

D FPADLN_DÁÅF BF RK]RF Kstk hnvrf kstä fradlnzdbf ld prfarkssåf bf pdssf d pdssf bf gîtfbf k bf prfekbngkltf pdrd edbd prfbutf. D fradlnzdáåf defgpdlmd edbd iõrguhd, pkrgntnlbf quk f hkntfr k f prfikssfr pfssdg bksklvfhvkr ug kltklbngkltf ehdrf bd efrrkhdáåf kltrk prfekbngkltfs k d rkhdtnvd ngpfrtàlend k bnikrkláds bk edbd ug. p drtks? Nltrfbuáåf, Sdlnffledáåf k Ynkllfnskrnk,   Sdlnffl Sdln ffl ed edáå áåf f k vn vnkllf kllfnn skr skrnn k kstä bnvnbnbf kg trïs pdrtks? skaunbds bfs dpïlbneks? Eflvkrsûks, Eflvkrs ûks, Sfrekltdakls bf pdbknrf k Eflvkrsûks bk tkgpkrdturd, Ahfssärnf, Çlbnek bk iõrguhds k Çlbnek rkgnssnvf.

DSPKUKLRDÁÅF Sdlnffl Sdln ffl ed edáå áåf f k vnkllfnskr n k idz ugd hnadáåf dtrdkltk kltrk ug tkxtf iulbdgkltdh bk eflsuhtd k ug

tnpf bk hnvrf khkadltk sf`rk d drtk bk pdlnffledáåf k bd vnkllfnskrnk quk lfrgdhgkltk î kserntf k nhustrdbf pfr ekhk`rnbdbks.   Dhaugds nlfvdáûks bkstd kbnáåf? ◑

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Iftfardfflds bfs prfbutfs fflldns gdalnffledgkltk prfbuznbds oultdgkltk efg iftfardfflds gdns prätneds gfstrdlbf fs prfekbngkltfs pdssf d pdssf, klvfhvklbf fs hkntfrks k ifrlkeklbf rkikrïlends vnsudns ngpfrtdltks. Fs f`oktnvfs bfs edpçtuhfs kståf nlbnedbfs pdrd duxnhndr f hkntfr d kltklbï-hfs efg idenhnbdbk. [gd hnstd bk pdhdvrds-emdvk rkifrád d tkrgnlfhfand rkhkvdltk pdrd edbd edpçtuhf. [g ahfssärnf efg ds pdhdvrds-emdvk k suds bkffllnáûks î ifrlkenbf lf fflldh bf hnvrf pdrd eflsuhtds räpnbds. Nhustrdáûks efhfrnbds bktdhmdbds såf dprkskltdbds df hflaf bf tkxtf pdrd d gdnfr efgefgprkklsåf bk eflekntfs gdns bniçekns. Rd`khds k aräfflefs prfpfrenfldg ugd dprkskltdáåf vnsudh bk nlifrgdáûks kssklendns ks sklendns pdrd f kltklbngkltf bfs dhulfs.

DAPDBKENGKLRFU KUSKENDNU Kstk hnvrf sõ sk tfrlfu pfssçvkh ardáds ã gnlmd kqunpk. F lfgk bf dutfr rkffktk sfgkltk ugd pkssfd rkspflsävkh pfr eflek`kr f trd`dhmf nlnendhgkltk, k pfr bnrkenfldr d erndáåf bk suds nbknds efg ug f`oktnvf ehdrf. ‘F Hnvrf‗ î f rksuhtdbf bk pkssfds pkssf ds efg gÿhtnphfs tdhkltfs, efg vdstd kxpkrnïlend k edpdenbdbk. edp denbdbk. Rfbfs bnvnbkg f erîbntf pkhf rksuhtdbf fflldh. Sdrd ug hnvrf bkstd bngklsåf, d ÿlned gdlknrd bk kserkvï-hf î `usedr kspkendhnstds kg edbd ärkd.   Ds pkssf pkssfds ds d skaunr gkrkekg ug rkeflmkengkltf kspkendh pkhds suds efltrn`unáûks? Kstk prfoktf låf skrnd pfssçvkh skg d pdrtnenpdáåf bk Bnbnkr Pfsdbd ld skáåf bk Sdlnffledáåf. Ukus eflmkengkltf, pdnxåf k bkvfáåf såf kvnbkltks lf tkxtf. Dqukhks quk eflmkekg Bnbnkr pkssfdhgkltk såf tkstkgulmds bd sud edpdenbdbk efgf prfikssfr k bd sud nltkarnbdbk Bnbnkr Pfsdbd

efgf pkssfd, f quk uhtrdpdssd tfbds ds Efg gkltdhnbdbk d`krtd, bnvnbk sku mugfr eflmkengkltf k klsnld efg prfiulbnbdbk fs kxpketdtnvds. gnstîrnfs bd prfbuáåf bf påf efg sngphnenbdbk, k gåf fflrgk. Låf ngpfrtd sk ifr nlnendltk fu prffflssnfldh ― î skgprk pfssçvkh dprklbkr dhaf efg Bnbnkr Pfsdbd.  | xn |

 

S P KIÄ E NF

@rndl Qffb  D

fradlnzdáåf bkstk hnvrf låf tkrnd snbf pfssçvkh skg @rndl Qffb. Tudlbf dnlbd guntf ofvkg, k oä ug kxekhkltk emkik  pàtnssnkr, bkgflstrfu ngprkssnfldltk ngprkssnfldltk f`oktnvnbdbk k pkrsnstïlend. D pdrtnenpdáåf bk @rndl ld Nltrfbuáåf, ld Ynkllfnskrnk k ld skáåf bk Sàtnsskrnk, dhîg bk tkr efltrn`uçbf kg guntds futrds pdrtks bkstk hnvrf, bkgflstrd sud bkbnedáåf ã pkriknáåf. Uud gdred pkssfdh bk qudhnbdbk efltrn`unu klfrgkgkltk pdrd f rksuhtdbf pfsntnvf bkstk prfoktf. F supfrtk bk Gnyujn ã kserntd k ã kbnáåf lf prfoktf bk erndáåf bkstk hnvrf ifn nledheuhävkh. Efg f f`oktnvf bk bksklvfhvkr bksk lvfhvkr ug kltklbngkltf gdns dprfiulbdbf bf efltkÿbf d skr efgpdrtnhmdbf, Gnyujn ifn edpdz bk pdssdr ds nlifrgdáûks efg prffflssnfldhnsgf, k ld gkbnbd ekrtd, df hflaf bfs edpçtuhfs. Dhîg bnssf, sku trd`dhmf gnluenfsf lfs tkstks bk efzngkltf ifrtdhkeku lfssd eflffldlád ld qudhnbdbk bds iõrguhds. F klvfhvngkltf bk Gnyujn lf bîe bîefr fr k lds skáûks bk sf`rkgksds î ugd dgfstrdakg bd md`nhnbdbk quk kssd ofvkg tdhkltfsd nrä trdzkr ã nlbÿstrnd. Gnyujn Rfan

Skhds suds efltrn`unáûks lf edpçtuhf sf`rk skaurdlád dhngkltdr k dsskpsnd, Utkvk Mdrtz ifn nlsu`stntuçvkh. F bfgçlnf efgphktf bfs prf`hkgds bk mnanklk k sud kxpkrnïlend ld nlbÿstrnd bk pdlnffledáåf pkrgntnrdg d khk efg`nldr d pkrspketnvd pkrsp ketnvd bf eflmkengkltf prätnef bf bnd d bnd, oultdgkltk efg d tkfrnd. Utkvk Mdrtz

Efg sku tkgpkrdgkltf erndtnvf k bfgçlnf kxekpenfldh bk sd`fr k dprkskltdáåf,  Ouhnkttk tkvk ugd ifrtk nlffuïlend lf bksklvfhvngkltf bds sf`rkgksds. Uku sfrrnsf k sud ldturkzd ldturkzd dtkltd tdg`îg ifrdg bk ardlbk duxçhnf pdrd lõs, bk guntds gdlknrds.  Ouhnkttk Hkhemuj

Låf pfbkrçdgfs kspkrdr ksp krdr dhauîg gkhmfr pdrd trd`dhmdr trd`dhmdr efg pdstnhmdakg  k dáÿedr bf quk Utîpmdlk Rrîdlb. Uud md`nhnbdbk k sku prffflssnfldhnsgf kståf prkskltks kg tubf quk khk idz. Utîpmdlk låf tkvk rkeknf bk trd`dhmdr 42 mfrds skaunbds pdrd tkr ekrtkzd bk quk edbd iftf kstnvkssk efrrktd. Gksgf sf` klfrgk prkssåf, sud dtntubk pfsntnvd k dgnad luled fsenhfu. Khk tfrlfu edbd tdrkid gdns prdzkrfsd pdrd edbd pkssfd klvfhvnbd lf prfekssf, ld gkbnbd kg quk f f`skrvävdgfs erndr khkgkltfs bk bkefrdáåf efg prkensåf k kstnhf. Utîpmdlk Rrîdlb

Sksqunsdlbf, rkvnsdlbf k derksekltdlbf khkgkltfs lf edpçtuhf sf`rk idrnlmds, Hnsd prfvfu tkr ugd rnqukzd bk nlifrgdáûks, dprkskltdbds skgprk efg ugd d`frbdakg bnserktd k dgnad. Î skgprk ug prdzkr trd`dhmdr efg Hnsd. Hnsd Eurrdl

Jkhhy ifn ugd prksklád eflstdltk skgprk quk prkensävdgfs bk sku trd`dhmf bk pksqunsd k rkvnsåf. Uud pdrtnenpdáåf lf edpçtuhf sf`rk sf`rkgksds eflakhdbds ifn nledheuhävkh, k sud dtntubk edhgd k pfsntnvd tfrlfu lfssf trd`dhmf gdns iäenh. Jkhhy F„Efllkhh

gkrkek ug dardbkengkltf kspkendh pfr sku klvfhvngkltf ld skssåf bk iftfs  Ouhnk Gdrnk Uuds Ouhnk gkrkek k skhkáåf bk iftfardfflds, oultdgkltk efg suds suakstûks bk dhauls edpçtuhfs pdrd tfrldr f hnvrf gdns bnvkrtnbf. Sfr rkanstrdr tfbds ds lfssds skssûks skss ûks bk iftfs, gds kspkendhgkltk pfr p fr sku dpfnf eflstdltk k pfsntnvf, f`rnadbf Kvkhylk. Kvkhylk Uuds

 | xnn |

 

S P KIÄ E NF

F kltusndsgf bk Irdlj k d bkvfáåf nlefgug ãs iftfardfflds pfr khk prfbuznbds tfrldrdg fs prfbutfs dtî gksgf gkhmfrks quk fs rkdns. Dprklbkgfs guntf efg khk. Rfbfs fs prfbutfs iftfardidbfs pdrd kstk hnvrf såf dutïltnefs. Lklmug kstnhnstd bk dhngkltfs pdrtnenpfu bds skssûks. Ukg d pdenïlend k f eflmkengkltf bk Irdlj sf`rk dhngkltfs, luled emkadrçdgfs pkrtf bds gdalçffleds iftfs dqun dprkskltdbds. Irdlj Qnla

 Odgnk Qnhhndgs  Odgnk

trd`dhmfu lf prngknrf ks`fáf ks` fáf bd kbnáåf. Doubfu d gdltkr d eflsnstïlend lfs edpçtuhfs k dprkskltdr ugd ÿlned vfz bk tfbfs fs efhd`frdbfrks. Uku kltusndsgf k dtkláåf df bktdhmk ifrdg guntf ÿtkns k guntf dprkendbfs. Afstdrçdgfs bk dardbkekr d Lnjjn k d sud kqunpk bd Hdemnld Su`hnsmnla Ukrvneks pfr sud pdenïlend k dtkláåf df bktdhmk pdrd f hkndutk k prfbuáåf bf hnvrf. Gksgf efg prkssåf pdrd f prdzf bk kltrkad, khd gdltkvk eflsnstkltkgkltk ug dhtf lçvkh bk kxnaïlend. F`rnadbf Lnjjn. Lnjjn Hkk

Ekladak Hkdrlnla  Dardbkekgfs d

tfbf f pkssf p kssfdh dh bd Ekladak Hkdrlnla quk trd`dhmfu lkstk prf oktf. Bk sud dqunsnáåf pfr Gdtt Gdtt Mdrt ã supkrvnsåf bk rkbdáåf k df prfekssf bk prfbuáåf prfbuáåf pfr Sdtrçend Fs`frl, ã prfbuáåf k prfoktf bk drtk efg Ahkll Edsthk, k tfbd d kqunpk ifn guntf ÿtnh kg lfs bdr supfrtk pdrd prfbuznr f hnvrf quk qukrçdgfs pu`hnedr. Guntf f`rnadbf. Kqunpk bf RG@ @djnla  D pdenïlend k f dpfnf bd kqunpk bf RG@ ifrdg kxtrkgdgkltk kstnguhdltks

burdltk fs tkstks k d prfbuáåf bkstk hnvrf. Dardbkengkltfs kspkendns d Pnemdrb D`nt`fh pfr tfbf f sku dpfnf k pkhf bksklvfhvngkltf bfs aräfflefs k bk futrds gçbnds pdrd d skáåf bk @fhfs. Uud efhd`frdáåf kg efhfedr d nlifrgdáåf fflldh bk ifrgd bktdhmdbd, `kg efgf d bfeugkltdáåf sf`rk kqunpdgkltfs, ifn nlkstngävkh. Låf tkrçdgfs emkadbf dqun skg tfbfs fs kstubdltks bkbnedbfs quk irkqukltdrdg f Udl Irdlensef @djnla Nlstntutk (UI@N). Uku dpfnf efltçluf, `kg efgf sku kltusndsgf k f bkskof bk vkr kstk hnvrf prfltf ifrdg guntf vdhnfsfs pdrd lõs. Srffflssnfldns bd nlbÿstrnd bk pdlnffledáåf, kstubdltks k kltusndstds

Skhd sud pdenïlend k bktkrgnldáåf, oä quk khk tkstfu edbd iõrguhd bk påf nlÿgkrds  vkzks, pdrd fflldhgkltk efgpnhdr tfbds tf bds ds nlifrgdáûks, guntf f`rnadbf Rng Jntzgdl. Rng Jntzgdl

PKYNUFPKU  Ã Ekladak Hkdrlnla afstdrnd bk dardbkekr fs skaunltks rkvnsfrks pfr sku trd`dhmf trd`dhmf k efltrn`unáûks  vdhnfsds pdrd p drd kstk hnvrf. Khkld Ehkgklt, EKSE.  Dssf Ofmlsf l & Qdhks. Bklvkr Edgpus, EF.: Ofsk Ofskpm pm D.  Dssfendtk endtk N lstr ue uetf tfr  r .  Ofmlsfl BnSdfhf Or., DFU EKSE. Sds Sdstr tr y Emki Emki Nlstr N lstruet uetf fr . Hk Efrbfl @hku Efhhkak fi Euhnldry Drts Dthdltd. Buhutm, AD: Khnzd`ktm J. Idejhkr, EEK, EKSE. Sd Sdstr stryy Dr ts N lst lstrr ue uetf tfr  r .  Dhdsjd Dhdsjd Euhnldry Dedbkgy Dedbkgy,, Sdstr tr y Emki Emki Nlstr N lstr uet uetf fr . Ufutm  Dhdsjd Yfed Yfedtnfldh tnfldh Rkemlnedh Ekltkr. Ukwdrb, DJ: Emrnstfpmkr Mdrrns. Sds Ukdtthk Efggulnty Efhhkak. Ukdtthk, QD: Hnsd Nlhfw, DFU. Emki Nlstr uet uetf fr .  Udbbhk`dej Oulnfr Efhhkak. Gnssnfl Ynkof, ED: Sduh Y. Jrk`s. S r fik fikssfr  ssfr .  Uemklketdby Efulty Efggulnty Efhhkak.

 | xnnn |

 

S P KIÄ E NF

Uemklketdby, L^: Jkl Gfrhnlf, GD@, EKE.  Dssf  Dssfeendtk Sr fik ikss ssf fr, Eff Effrr bnldt bnldtf fr fi Euhn Euhnld ldrr y Dr ts. Ldsmvnhhk Utdtk Efggulnty Efhhkak. Ldsmvnhhk, RL: Bfgnlne F„Lknhh, EKE. K x keutnvk Emki Emki dlb N lstruetf lstruetfr  r . Uefttsbdhk Efggulnty Efhhkak. Uefttsbdhk, D_: Qnhhndg Bdrrkh Ugntm, GDKB. Emki Nlstr ue uetf tfr  r . Rmk Drt Nlstntutk Nltkrldtnfldh Gnllksftd (DnG), Gnllkdpfhns, GL: Emrns Rmnkhgdl, GD, EKE, EEK. Emki Nlstr uet uetf fr .  Efhhkak fi BuSdak. Ahkl Khhyl, NH: Gnemkhhk P. Qdhsm, EKSE.  Dbo  Dboule ulett N lstr uet uetf fr. Fdjhdlb Efggulnty Efhhkak. Idrgnlatfl Mnhhs, GN.

 | xnv |

 

SDPRK

4

NLRPFB[ÁÅF

 

 D

Sdrtk 4 bkstk hnvrf trdtd bd mnstõrnd bd pdlnffledáåf k bd pàtnsskrnk, dhîg bk d`frbdr d skaurdlád k mnanklk

bfs dhngkltfs. Sdrd kltklbkr d dtudh nlbÿstrnd bd pdlnffledáåf pdlnffle dáåf î prkensf kxdgnldr f sku pdssdbf. D pdlnffledáåf k d pàtnsskrnk ifrdg `dstdltk nlffuklendbds pfr defltkengkltfs gulbndns, nlehunlbf rkhdáûks kltrk pdçsks, rkhnanûks, aukrrds, d Pkvfhuáåf Nlbustrndh, k gksgf pfr gfbnsgfs bnktîtnefs. bnktîtnef s. Lfrgds k rkauhdgkltdáûks rkauhdgkltdáûks sf`rk skaurdlád k mnanklk bfs dhngkltfs tïg tnbf ugd ngpfrtàlend erksekltk ld gfbkrld nlbÿstrnd bk dhngkltdáåf, k sku eflmkengkltf î iulbdgkltdh pdrd tfbfs fs klvfhvnbfs ld prfbuáåf bk dhngkltfs.

 

 

edpçtuhf

4

 | 2 |

 

SDLNINEDÁÅF K SÀRNUUKPNK? [GD SKPUSKE RNY RNYD D MNURÕPNED K FSFPR[LNBDBKU FSFP R[LNBDBKU DR[DNU F@OKRNYFU  Dpõs d hk hknturd nturd bk bkstk edp dpçç tuhf tuhf,, vf vfeeï sk skrä rä edp edpdz dz bk bk?? ◑

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 Dprkskltdr ds frnakls k kvfhuáûks bd pdlnffledáåf, nlehunlbf suds nlffuïlends kg värnds envnhnzdáûks. Kxphnedr d euhturd bd pdlnffledáåf. Kxphnedr f bkehçlnf k f rkssurangkltf bd pdlnffledáåf drtksdldh k ds suds rdzûks, k entdr prffflssnfldns quk doubdrdg d rknltrfbuznr fs gîtfbfs bk pdlnffledáåf drtksdldh. Kxpfr ds kxnaïlends k fs bksdfflfs quk fs pdbknrfs klirkltdg mfok. Kltklbkr d nlbÿstrnd k ds fpfrtulnbdbks dprkskltdbds.

NLRPFB[ÁÅF Ã SDLNINEDÁÅF K SÀRNUUKPNK  Df hflaf bd mnstõrnd, f mfgkg tkg `usedbf dhngkltfs `klîfflefs ã sdÿbk, adrdltnlbf dssng d sud sf`rkvnvïlend efgf kspîenk. Kg`frd lfssd kxnstïlend tklmd sk tfrldbf eflsnbkrdvkhgkltk gdns efgphkxd bksbk fs tkgpfs bd edád k efhktd, d lkekssnbdbk bk lutrnáåf efltnlufu sklbf d gksgd, dpklds fs dvdláfs bd enïlend k bd tkelfhfand tïg idenhntdbf fs gknfs bk gkhmfr sdtnsidzkr kssd lkekssnbdbk.   Sdrd kltklbkr fs iulbdgkltfs bd pdlnffledáåf, î lkekssärnf kxphfrdr k dprfiulbdr d sud mnstõrnd. [gd sîrnk s îrnk bk defltkengkltfs ― nlehunlbf lfvds tîelneds darçefhds, dgkdád dgkdá d bk ifgk, surangkltf k qukbd bk ldáûks, edsdgkltfs bk rkns k rdnlmds, d Pkvfhuáåf Nlbustrndh, f dekssf d nlifrgdáûks dprngfrdbds, rkhnanåf k aukrrds ― bknxfu sud gdred lfs påks k pàtnsskrnks quk dnlbd mfok prfbuzngfs k eflsugngfs.

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SDPRK 4?  NLR PFB[Á ÅF

SKPÇFBF LKFHÇRNEF (43.333 D.E. - 2.333 D.E) F pkrçfbf Lkfhçtnef ifn gdredbf pkhd gubdlád bk sfenkbdbks lògdbks, quk bkpklbndg bd edád k bd efhktd, pdrd efgulnbdbks skbkltärnds bk `dsk darärnd. Dprfxngdbdgkltk gktdbk bd bnktd lkfhçtned krd efgpfstd bk edáds, efgf ekrvf, idnsåf fu pknxks. D futrd gktdbk eflsnstnd bk lfzks, irutds snhvkstrks k aråfs, nlehunlbf ekltknf, kspkhtd (ug tnpf bk trnaf gdns rÿstnef), pdnláf k trnaf. Burdltk kssk pkrçfbf, prftõtnpfs bk påks prngntnvfs suranrdg ld ifrgd bk ugd sngphks pdstd ikntd nlnendhgkltk efg aråfs bknxdbfs bk gfhmf k gdns tdrbk efznbfs kg äaud. Dssng, f aråf låf dpklds sk tfrldvd gdns bnakstnvf quk f eru, efgf f prfekssf bk efzngkltf tdg`îg fikrkend gdns lutrnkltks.   D trdlsnáåf bk efgulnbdbks lògdbks pdrd skbkltärnds tdg`îg gdrefu ug hkltf didstdgkltf bd vnbd skhvdakg (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 14-0). Kurfpkus quk vnvndg kg ärkds gdns tkgpkrdbds bksirutdvdg bk ug dg`nkltk gdns bnvkrsf quk prfpfrenfldvd ugd bnktd lutrntnvd k `dhdlekdbd nlehunlbf värnfs ekrkdns, kspkendhgkltk trnaf k ekltknf, k edrlk bk dlngdns bfgîstnefs, efgf fvkhmds, ed`rds, vdeds k pfrefs (n`nbkg, p. 0=). Ld gkbnbd gk bnbd kg quk kssd euhturd, prkbfgnldltkgkltk darärnd, sk kspdhmfu pdrd f fkstk bd Kurfpd, kssd bnktd tfrlfu-sk d `dsk dhngkltdr dbftdbd pkhfs fenbkltdns dnlbd mfok (n`nbkg, p. 0=).   Ã gkbnbd quk ds dltnads tkelfhfands ndg sk bksklvfhvklbf, f prfekssf bk prkpdrdáåf bfs aråfs pdrd eflsugf tdg`îg gubdvd. D pdstd prngntnvd pdssfu d skr dqukenbd kg pkbrds demdtdbds qukltks fu gksgf dssdbd kg enlzds pdrd prfbuznr ug påf rÿstnef, pfrîg gdns burävkh k bk iäenh trdlspfrtk. Kssks dhngkltfs ifrlkendg lutrnkltks vntdns låf klefltrdbfs tåf idenhgkltk lds edrlks k sk tfrldrdg pdrtk kssklendh bd bnktd bnk td dhngkltdr bf Lkfhçtnef. Sfr skrkg ngprksenlbç vkns pdrd d sf`rkvnvïlend, fs ekrkdns pdssdrdg d skr vdhfrnzdbfs k eflsugnbfs pfr efgulnbdbks nltknrds, f quk fedsnflfu f dugkltf bd efhd`frdáåf k bd trfed kltrk kssds efgulnbdbks.   Futrf ardlbk dvdláf vkrnffledbf burdltk f Lkfhçtnef ifn d erndáåf k f usf bk pftks bk ekràgned, gfnlmfs rÿstnefs k ifrlfs. Bksef`krtds drqukfhõaneds rkvkhdrdg gfnlmfs k ifrlfs efgf pkáds ekltrdns bk ugd edsd rkvkhdlbf d sud ngpfrtàlend ld vnbd bdqukhk pkrçfbf. Kssks dvdláfs bk tkelfhfand `äsned tdg`îg prkpdrdrdg tkrrklf pdrd quk arkafs k kaçpenfs dprngfrdsskg d drtk bd pdlnffledáåf (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 0=).

DLRNA[NBDBK EHÄUUNED ― KANRF K APÎEND (;.;33 D.E. - 533 B.E.)  Ã gkbnbd quk d envnhnz envnhnzdáåf dáåf dvdlá dvdláfu fu ld Kurf Kurfpd pd k lf Frnkl Frnkltk tk Srõx Srõxngf ngf k Gîbnf, ug lÿgk lÿgkrf rf erk erksekltk sekltk bk pkssfds pdssfu d vnvkr kg ärkds bklsdgkltk pfvfdbds, tklbf lfs aråfs d sud ifltk `äsned bk dhngkltdáåf. Burdltk kssk pkrçfbf, gkbndltk kxpkrngkltfs efg nlarkbnkltks k lfvds tîelneds, ds euhturds kaçpend k arkad tfrldrdg-sk ds prngknrds d rkdhgkltk dvdládr ld enïlend bd pdlnffledáåf. Ukbngkltfs klefltrdbfs lf bkhtd bf Lnhf, lf Kantf, dprkskltdrdg snldns bk quk oä kg 2.333 d.E. darneuhtfrks euhtnvdvdg kspkhtd, trnaf k ekvdbd pdrd d prfbuáåf bfgîstned bk påks bk gfbf akrdh k ekrvkod, dhîg bk kxpfrtdrkg aråfs pdrd d Arîend. Kssds kxpfrtdáûks d`dstkendg fs arkafs bk ugd qudltnbdbk kxtrd bk aråfs aråfs lkekssärnd pdrd p drd d sud prfbuáåf bk påks k gdssds bfeks (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 5>).   D gdnfr pdrtk bf eflmkengkltf kg rkhdáåf d påks k gdssds bfeks bf dltnaf Kantf vkg bk demdbfs drqukfhõanefs, drqukfhõanefs , oä quk pfuef kxnstk kg rkanstrfs kserntfs. Kg ksedvdáûks bk tÿguhfs kaçpkaçp enfs ifrdg klefltrdbfs ‘dhngkltfs pdrd iulkrdh‗, ug sfrtngkltf bk påks k dfflls, ãs vkzks emkadlbf dfs gnhmdrks, bkstnldbfs efgf prfvnsåf pdrd d vnbd bkpfns bd gfrtk (n`nbkg, p. 5=).   F quk sd`kgfs, bk idtf, î quk fs påks k pdstds bd Dltnaunbdbk krdg ikntfs tdltf bk aråfs prfbuznbfs hfedhgkltk efgf trdznbfs bk futrds rkanûks, k quk f tnpf bk påf fu pdstd eflsugnbf

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Edpçtuhf 4?   Sdlninedáåf k pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns

kstdvd akrdhgkltk rkhdenfldbf df std  stdtus tus ld sfenkbdbk. Fs gdns rnefs efgndg fs påks gdns ehdrfs, ds ehdssks gîbnds eflsugndg påks efg dhauls aråfs nltkardns, k fs gdns pf`rks efgndg påks efg aråfs nltkardns k kspkhtd.   Ds pkssf pkssfds ds quk eflsugndg aråfs ld ifrgd bk påf akrdhgkltk prfbuzndg d idrnlmd kg suds prõprnds edsds. Fs aråfs krdg hnaknrdgkltk tfstdbfs fu skefs df sfh pdrd idenhntdr d skpdrdáåf bd pdhmd. Krdg kltåf trnturdbfs efg f duxçhnf bk ug pnhåf, bkpfns gfçbfs kltrk buds pkbrds pk brds k pklknrdbfs dtî f ardu bkskodbf. Kxdgks ikntfs kg dltnafs kaçpenfs rkvkhdrdg quk fs bkltks krdg kxekssnvdgkltk adstfs, f quk fs drqukõhfafs dtrn`uçrdg ã gnsturd denbkltdh bk drknd fflld efg idrnlmd burdltk f prfekssf bk gfdakg (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 5>).   Fs prngknrfs påks kaçpenfs skg ikrgkltdáåf krdg ikntfs bk idrnlmd bk trnaf, ekvdbd fu kspkhtd, äaud k sdh. Mnkrõahnifs gfstrdg gfs trdg quk ds pkssfds sfvdvdg s fvdvdg d gdssd efg ds gåfs, gds ardlbks qudltnbdbks krdg tdg`îg prfekssdbds prfekssdbds efg e fg fs pîs. Kg`frd kssks påks ifsskg ifss kg lfrgdhgkltk dssdbfs kg hdoks fu ifrlfs bk pkbrd, mä tdg`îg kspkeuhdáûks bk quk pfbkrndg tkr snbf dssdbfs lds pdrkbks bk ifrlfs, guntf skgkhmdltk ã ifrgd efgf fs dutïltnefs påks lddl såf dssdbfs mfok (kg ifrlfs d`dnxf bf sfhf) (n`nbkg, p. 5>).   Eflifrgk entdbf pkhf kserntfr arkaf Dtklku, fs arkafs bd Dltnaunbdbk krdg eflmkenbfs pfr tkr 10 tnpfs bnikrkltks bk påf (Pkvkh, 4>=0, p. 9;). D bngklsåf bkssd prfbuáåf î nlbnedtnvd bd ngpfrtàlend bfs dvdláfs sfendns s fendns k tkelfhõanefs ldqukhk pkrçfbf, nlehunlbf f rkbksklmf bk ifrlfs d hklmd k ug prfekssf bk gfdakg gf dakg dprngfrdbf edpdz bk prfbuznr bnvkrsfs ardus bk gfdakg gf dakg bd idrnlmd. D bnvkrsnbdbk bk nlarkbnkltks bnspflçvkns prfpnendvd efg`nldáûks bk sd`frks guntf  vdrndbds, efg ugd klfrgk vdrnkbdbk bk aråfs, krvds, õhkfs, irutds iru tds k skgkltks usdbds pdrd p drd erndr ugd vdstd skhkáåf bk påks. Bkpfns bk ekrtf tkgpf, d drtk bd pdlnffledáåf dvdláfu d ug lçvkh quk ifrgdtfs k sd`frks kspkeçfflefs ifrdg erndbfs pdrd ekhk`rdr fedsnûks, nlehunlbf påks kg ifrgd bk eflks, quk krdg ef`krtfs pfr skgkltks bk efgnlmf k usdbfs kg ekrngòlnds rkhnanfsds. Futrfs gfbkhfs nlehuçdg påks demdtdbfs, rkbflbfs, fvdns k trndlauhdrks. Efg kssks snalnffledtnvfs dvdláfs, d utnhnzdáåf bk aråfs efgf sngphks gknf bk lutrnáåf gubfu, k f påf pdssfu d skr dssfendbf ã envnhnzdáåf k nlfvdáåf adstrflògned (Pkvkh, 4>90, p. 92-;).   Såks ikrgkltdbfs efgkádrdg d skr prfbuznbfs pfr vfhtd bk 4.;3 4.;33 3 d.E. (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 5>). Mä buds tkfrnds prkbfgnldltks rkhdtnvds df bksklvfhvngkltf bk påks ikrgkltdbfs. D prngknrd î bk quk fs kaçpenfs, quk dprngfrdrdg f prfekssf bk id`rnedáåf bk ekrvkod, usdvdg d `k`nbd kg vkz bk äaud ld prfbuáåf bf påf k, dssng, nltrfbuznrdg f ikrgkltf ld gdssd. D skaulbd tkfrnd î bk quk ugd pdrtk bd gdssd tkrnd snbf ksqukenbd kg dhaug huadr, nlfeuhdbd pkhd ikrgkltdáåf ldturdh bf dg`nkltk k gdns tdrbk dssdbd (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. ;0).   Kg`frd kssd gdssd ikrgkltdbd låf prfbuznssk ug påf guntf hkvk, dnlbd dssng krd gdns hkvk bf quk dqukhd kxpkrngkltdbd prkvndgkltk pkhfs dltnafs kaçpenfs. Uk, pfrîg, d gdssd ikrgkltdbd ifn ikntd nlnendhgkltk efg ekrvkod, fs kaçpenfs idrndg idenhgkltk d dssfendáåf kltrk ikrgkltdáåf bk aråfs pdrd prfbuznr ekrvkod k ikrgkltdáåf bk aråfs pdrd idzkr erksekr f påf.  D tkfrnd bd ekrvkod î gdns efgug k pfssnvkhgkltk gdns rkdhnstd, oä quk efltnlufu sklbf f gîtfbf gdns pfpuhdr pdrd prfbuznr påks ikrgkltdbfs lf Kantf (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. ;0).   Ifrd bf Kantf ifrdg bksklvfhvnbfs gîtfbfs bk ikrgkltdáåf bk defrbf efg fs rkeursfs k efstugks rkanfldns. Arkafs k ntdhndlfs usdvdg gîtfbfs rkhdenfldbfs df prfekssf bk prfbuáåf bk  vnlmfs pdrd f`tkr f `tkr d ikrgkltdáåf: fs trïs gîtfbfs gdns efguls krdg idrnlmd bk pdnláf pdn láf k suef bk uvd, idrkhf k vnlmf `rdlef, k pdstd  pdstd   klvkhmkenbd (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. ;0). Fs aduhksks (euhturd dltnad quk md`ntdvd f quk î mfok pdrtk bd Irdlád k bd @îhaned) k eduedsndlfs (quk vnvndg kg ugd rkanåf mfok pkrtklekltk d Akõrand, Drgïlnd k Dzkr`dnoåf) usdvdg d kspugd bd ekrvkod pdrd

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SDPRK 4?  NLR PFB[Á ÅF

ikrgkltdr skus påks (n`nbkg, p. ;0). F gîtfbf gdns efgug bk ikrgkltdáåf krd rkskrvdr ugd pdrtk bd gdssd pdrd quk pubkssk skr usdbd lf prkpdrf skaunltk efgf ikrgkltf, ug rkeursf kgprkadbf dnlbd mfok kg guntds pdbdrnds.

FU SPNGKNPFU @FHFU  Dhîg bk prfbuznr påks, kaçpenfs k arkafs idzndg `fhfs `fhf s rubngkltdrks. Fs kaçpenfs krdg eflmkenbfs pfr prkpdrä-hfs oä pfr p fr vfhtd bk 5.333 5.33 3 d.E. (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. ;5). Fs nlarkbnkltks gdns efguls pdrd kssks `fhfs nlehuçdg hkntk, fvfs, gdltknad, gkh, skgkltks bk akrakhng, pnlfhn, lfzks, dgïlbfds, skgkltks bk pdpfuhd k tàgdrds (Pkvkh, 4>=0, p. 9>). [g `fhf tçpnef pfbkrnd skr ug påf dbfenedbf, pdssdbf lf gkh k ef`krtf efg skgkltks.   Kg sku hnvrf Euhtur Euhturd d k efznlmd efznlmd, Okdl-Irdláfns Pkvkh (4>=0, p. 9>) dprkskltd ugd rkekntd bk `fhf bf mnstfrndbfr arkaf Dtklku, bdtdbd dprfxngdbdgkltk bk 033 d.E.?  Oultdr lfzks bk Rmäsfs, dgïlbfds k skgkltks bk pdpfuhd k tfstä-hds eunbdbfsdgk eunbdbfsdgkltk. ltk. Ufe Ufeä-hds ä-hds `kg lug pnhåf hngpf, gnsturdr kssks nlarkbnkltks, gfï-hfs dbnenfldlbf gkh efdbf, k pngkltd, k gnsturdr tubf guntf `kg: d gnsturd vdn inedr kseurd pfr edusd bd pngkltd. Idád bkssd pdstd ug qudbrdbf demdtdbf, k kltåf gfd ug pfuef bk akrakhng `rdlef, gnsturk efg idrnlmd k gkh. Idzkr bfns bnsefs bk `fhf, k rkemkdr efg d pdstd kseurd, dpkrtdlbf efg eunbdbf lf gknf.

 Dpnenus, kpneurnstd k kserntfr bf pkrçfbf arkef-rfgdlf, rkanstrfu guntds rkekntds bk `fhfs `kg pfpu Dpnenus, hdrks burdltk d trdlsnáåf pdrd d krd ernstå. Uåf eflsnbkrdbds ds ÿlneds bksernáûks bk prkpdrf bk `fhfs k gdssds bfeks bd Dltnaunbdbk k bd Nbdbk Gîbnd. [g dutfr bk pkrçfbf dltkrnfr, Ernsnpf bk Rndld, kserkvku ug trdtdbf sf`rk prkpdrf bk `fhfs, lf qudh bktdhmdvd gdns bk 53 rkekntds bd îpfed: nlikhnzgkltk kssk hnvrf låf emkafu dfs lfssfs tkgpfs. Gds, pfr sfrtk, mä futrfs kxkgphfs bk rkekntds dltnads bk `fhfs, efgf kstd skaulbd rkekntd rkanstrdbd pfr Okdl-Irdláfns Pkvkh (4>=0, p. 9>)? @fhnlmfs edsknrfs? gfkr tàgdrds, lfzks fu pnlfhn efg kspkhtd   efznbd kg äaud. Derksekltdr pngkltd inldgkltk gfçbd gfçbd k gkh: idád `fhnlmds, pdssdlbf-ds hkvkgkltk lf sdh. Irntä-hds kg õhkf k ugkbkeï-hds efg gkh.

 Dssng efgf guntds rkekntds quk sf`rkvnvkrdg s f`rkvnvkrdg ã krd ehässned arkad k ã bf dltnaf Kantf, sfgkltk ds prkpdrdáûks `äsneds såf bkserntds, k derkbntd-sk quk ds qudltnbdbks bfs prfbutfs utnhnzdbfs k ds nlstruáûks kspkeçffleds krdg eflmkenbds pfr tfbfs. Futrd f`skrvdáåf nltkrkssdltk î quk dg`ds ds rkekntds nlehukg pngkltd, ugd kspkendrnd `dstdltk efgug ld îpfed.

SÅF K E[HR[PD LD DLRNA[NBDBK  D eflekltr eflekltrdáåf dáåf bk bk pkssfds kg ärkds bklsdgkl bklsdgkltk tk pfvfdbds k f suran surangkltf gkltf bf påf k f usf bk aråfs efgf d prnlenpdh ifltk bk dhngkltf tkvk ngklsf ngpdetf ld euhturd bd dltnad Arîend k bf Kantf, k pdrd d gdnfrnd bds efgulnbdbks kurfpknds kgkrakltks. Df sdtnsidzkr suds lkekssnbdbks gdns ngkbndtds, d pfpuhdáåf bkssds rkanûks dbftfu ug kstnhf bk vnbd gdns skbkltärnf k ur`dlf, d`dlbfldlbf, dssng, f quk krd eflsnbkrdbf ‘f kstnhf bk vnbd `är`drf‗ (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 9>).   F rkeflmkengkltf bd envnhnzdáåf ld Arîend k lf Kantf ifn bktkrgnldbf pkhf quk ds pkssf pkssfds ds efgndg. F pdbråf lkekssärnf lkekss ärnf pdrd sustkltdr kssd euhturd envnhnzdbd ifn bkffllnbf efgf ‘f eflvçvnf,

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Edpçtuhf 4?   Sdlninedáåf k pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns

f tnpf bk dhngkltdáåf eflsugnbd, d drtk euhnlärnd k ds rkards bnktîtneds‗ (n`nbkg, p. 9>). F Efl vçvnf, fu d nltkrdáåf kltrk arupfs sfendns, prfgfvku d efgulnedáåf k d nbkltnbdbk arupdh, df gksgf tkgpf quk f tnpf bk dhngkltf eflsugnbf pfr ug arupf kspkeçfflef erndvd ugd nbkltnbdbk quk fs skpdrdvd bfs bkgdns. Sdrd arkafs k kaçpenfs, d prfbuáåf bk påf tfrlfu-sk f sçg`fhf bf quk snalnffledvd vnvkr lugd sfenkbdbk envnhnzdbd. Lf Kantf, derkbntdvd-sk quk ‘dqukhk bk `drrnad vdznd î qukg rkehdgd‗ (n`nbkg, 4>>>, p. 5=). @drrnad emknd adrdltk d frbkg.   Såks k `fhfs tdg`îg bkskgpklmdrdg ug pdpkh ngpfrtdltk ld vnbd rkhnanfsd. Lf Kantf, burdltk fs iulkrdns k fs sderniçenfs, pfr kxkgphf, tÿguhfs krdg d`dstkenbfs efg bfeks pdrd quk f bkiultf fs eflsugnssk dpõs d gfrtk, k `fhfs ` fhfs k påks krdg irkqukltkgkltk irkqukltkgkltk fikrkenbfs dfs bkusks. Bk defrbf efg dhauls rkhdtfs, Pdgsîs NNN fikrkend dludhgkltk > gnh `fhfs k 033 gnh påks dfs bkusks (@demgdll, 4>;;, p. 0).   Naudhgkltk ngpfrtdltk, f dtklbngkltf bds lkekssnbdbks lutrnenfldns `äsneds snalnffledvd gdns tkgpf bnspflçvkh pdrd f dprngfrdgkltf nltkhketudh k sfendh. D Arîend k f Kantf ifrdg fs gkstrks pnflknrfs bd fflhfsfffld, bds drtks, bd eflstruáåf k bd darneuhturd. D pdrtnr bd Arîend, d drtk k d enïlend bd pdlnffledáåf p dlnffledáåf skaunrdg pdrd Pfgd, tfrldlbf-sk pdrtk p drtk bfgnldltk bd euhturd burdltk f Ngpîrnf Pfgdlf, d`dstkeklbf f kxîrentf k d pfpuhdáåf kg akrdh. Lf dlf 433 b.E., f ngpkrdbfr Rrdodlf ernfu ugd aunhbd bk pdbknrfs quk bkvkrnd ifrlkekr påf pdrd d pfpuhdáåf ã eustd bf Kstdbf. Df gdltkr fs gdns pf`rks dhngkltdbfs, Rrdodlf tnlmd f efltrfhk sf`rk d frbkg sfendh sf endh bk gdlknrd guntf skgkhmdltk df quk fs kaçpenfs mdvndg ikntf dltks (Gfltdalî, 0334, p. 99).

D NBDBK GÎBND  D Nbdbk Gîbnd sk kstklbku bfs bf s sîeuhfs Y df ]Y ]Y,, efgkádlbf efg d qukbd bf Ngpîrnf Pfgdlf k tkrgnldlbf efg f surangkltf bd nlbÿstrnd k bd drtk quk ded`drdg pfr prfgfvkr f Pkldsengkltf. D Nbdbk Gîbnd ifn gdredbd pkhd brästned ksedsskz bk aråfs, pfr erksekltk ur`dlnzdáåf, ifgk, bfklád k ugd gubdlád rdbnedh ld prfbuáåf bk påks kg akrdh. Lf nlçenf bf pkrçfbf, p krçfbf, f eflsugf bk påf kstdvd kg bkehçlnf, gds, df fflg bd Nbdbk Gîbnd, d fradlnzdáåf bd prffflssåf bk pdbknrf k d rkauhdáåf rkhdtnvd ã prfbuáåf bk påks efgkádrdg lfvdgkltk d sk bksklvfhvkr. Fs dvdláfs gdns snalnffledtnvfs kg pdlnffledáåf pd lnffledáåf krdg gkhmfrnds ikntds kg ifrlfs, nltrfbuáåf bk lfvfs nlarkbnkltks, fradlnzdáåf bfs pdbknrfs k d ifrgdáåf bds dssfendáûks prffflssnfldns, ds aunhbds.   F bkehçlnf ld prfbuáåf k eflsugf bk påks pfbk skr dtrn`uçbf d ugd euhturd akrgàlned, bfgnldltk k lògdbk, quk sk dhngkltdvd kspkendhgkltk bk edrlks, bknxdlbf fs edgpfs skg euhtnvf. Kssk gfbf bk vnbd fpulmd-sk ifrtkgkltk dfs dltnafs dltnaf s gfbkhfs bk bfgkstnenbdbk, sustkltd`nhnbdbk k didstdgkltf bd vnbd rÿstned prdtnedbfs pfr kaçpenfs, kaçp enfs, arkafs k rfgdlfs. Burdltk f pkrçfbf pkrçfbf kg quk d euhturd akrgàlned prkvdhkeku mfuvk ug bkehçlnf lf usf bfs prnlenpdns nlarkbnkltks gkbntkrràlkfs efgf aråfs, dzkntk k vnlmf. Ds pkssfds vfhtdrdg d edádr kg fffrkstds, fu trdlsifrgdrdg suds hdvfurds kg pdstdakls pdrd dlngdns bfgîstnefs.   Sfr vfhtd bf dlf gnh bd lfssd krd, krd, d darneuht darneuhturd urd ifn rknltr rknltrfbuznbd fbuznbd k d pdlnffledáåf efgkáfu fflldhgkltk d prfarkbnr kg rkhdáåf rkhdáåf ã pfsnáåf quk feupdvd ld Dltnaunbdbk. Kssd vdstd gubdlád ifn nlnendbd pkhd Narkod Edtõhned efgf ifrgd bk fflxdr pfpuhdáûks lògdbks k bk prfbuznr aråfs pdrd påks, quk bkskgpklmdvdg ug pdpkh bktkrgnldltk lfs rntudns bd Narkod. Udekrbftks edtõhnefs dprklbkrdg f euhtnvf bd tkrrd d pdrtnr bk tkxtfs kserntfs ekltklds dprklbkrdg e kltklds bk dlfs dltks pfr p fr skus dltkekssfrks arkef-rfgdlfs, quk bkserkvndg bkserkvndg d efgphkxnbdbk bf euhtnvf bf sfhf (Odef`, 4>22 4> 22,, p. 44;-449). 44; -449).   Fs dlfs 4.433 b.E. prksklendg f bksklvfhvngkltf bf fiçenf bk pdbknrf, oultdgkltk efg ds rkauhdgkltdáûks bd prffflssåf. Sfr vfhtd bf fflg bf sîeuhf ]NN, ugd bnstnláåf ngpfrtdltk surak

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SDPRK 4?  NLR PFB[Á ÅF

kltrk dqukhks quk dpklds dssdvdg f påf (ifrldrnn ) k dqukhks quk prkpdrdvdg d gdssd k ds dssd vdg ( pnstfrks). Gdns prkensdgkltk, f pdpkh bfs  if   krd dssdr d gdssd trdznbd pkhd efguln ifrr ldrn n  krd bdbk. F gdlusknf bfs ifrlfs krd eflsnbkrdbf ug trd`dhmf pkrnafsf, k d kspkendhnzdáåf bd dtnvnbdbk krd pdssdbd bk ugd akrdáåf a krdáåf d futrd. Sfrîg, f usf efhktnvf bfs ifrlfs bfs bf s if  ifrr ld ldrr nn  tnlmd ug prkáf. Uu`frlfs krdg fikrkenbfs k dekntfs, bdlbf prkikrïlend ãqukhks quk pfbndg pdadr gdns, k ds hutds bk pfbkr surandg nlkvntdvkhgkltk (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 011).  ifrr ldr ldrnnnn sk   Ld gkbnbd kg quk f eflsugf bk påf erkseku ld rkanåf bf gkbntkrràlkf, fs  if bkrdg efltd bk quk pfbkrndg sk `klkfflendr bd vklbd bk påks tdg`îg, k eflqunstdrdg kssk bnrkntf efg d doubd bd Narkod. Oä kg Sdrns, pfr vfhtd bk 4.033 b.E., fs pnstf  pnstfrr ks prkssnfldrdg k eflskaunrdg f bnrkntf bk kxehusnvnbdbk ld pdlnffledáåf. Kg trfed bkssk bnrkntf, ffledvdg f`rnadbfs d ifrlkekr påks ã rkdhkzd k d sk su`gktkr ãs irkqukltks nlspkáûks pdrd dsskaurdr quk fs rkauhdgkltfs sdlntärnfs k bk pksdakg kstnvksskg sklbf skaunbfs (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 5>).  D prngknrd aunhbd bk pdbknrfs, emdgdbd Rdg Rdgkhnkr khnkrss, ifn ifrgdbd ld Irdlád lkssd îpfed. F lfgk Rdgkhnkr  rkikrk-sk df dtf bk pklknrdr d idrnlmd eflifrgk e flifrgk kxnand d rkekntd. Sdrd tfrldr-sk ug Rdgkhnhnkr  Rdgk kr , krdg lkekssärnfs qudtrf dlfs bk dprklbnzdbf, rkdhnzdr värnfs tkstks k rkek`kr, bf rkn, d hneklád pdrd kxkrekr f fiçenf. Sfr gknf bd aunhbd, fs pdbknrfs ifrlkendg påks pdrd värnds nlbÿstrnds k, kg trfed, rkek`ndg dhauls prnvnhîanfs, efgf trdtdgkltf gîbnef ardtuntf k ngkbndtf pfr ifrlkengkltf bk påks dfs mfspntdns (Gfltdalî, 0334, p. 99).   Burdltk f sîeuhf ]NNN, fs påks krdg ikntfs kspkendhgkltk bk trnaf k sk tfrldrdg pdrtk iulbdgkltdh lf erksengkltf ur`dlf bd Kurfpd fenbkltdh. D qudhnbdbk bf trnaf vdrndvd guntf, k f tnpf bk idrnlmd usdbd efltnludvd d bkhnlkdr ds pfsnáûks ld sfenkbdbk ― qudltf gdns rneds ds idgçhnds, gdns gdenf k `rdlef krd f påf. Fs påks bds ehdssks gdns dhtds krdg eflmkenbfs efgf  pdnn l bk  pd bk `f `fue uemk mk fu pd  pdnl nl gfhhk gfhhkt  t , ld Irdlád. Ld Dhkgdlmd, krd Uk  Ukgg ggk kh`rft : k ld Nlahdtkrrd, pd  pdnn lbk lbk- (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 0=4). F påf bds ehdssks trd`dhmdbfrds efltngdnl fu wmntk `r kdb  (Ihdlbrnl lmd gdns idrkhf k akrgk bk trnaf k krd eflmkenbf efgf påf gdrrfg, klqudltf f påf bk trnaf nltkardh krd bkstnldbf ã pfpuhdáåf gdns pf`rk (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, p. 0=4).   Efg d prfbuáåf bk påf `kg eflsfhnbdbd, fs pdbknrfs hfaf efgkádrdg d erndr prfbutfs ‘bfeks‗ pdrd skr vklbnbfs efgf fikrkengkltfs pdrd d Narkod, Narkod, lfs ikrndbfs, k qudlbf fs prkáfs bfs aråfs kstdvdg `dnxfs. Fs prngknrfs d skrkg prfbuznbfs krdg tnpfs `nsefntfs prngntnvfs k wdiffks,

quk krdg ikntfs df prkssnfldr d gdssd kltrk buds pkáds bk gktdh qukltks. Bkpklbklbf bd fikrtd bk nlarkbnkltks, d gdssd krd klrnqukenbd efg gkh, hkntk, fvfs k, ãs vkzks, dáÿedr. Kssks bfeks sk tfrldrdg ngkbndtdgkltk pfpuhdrks, rkek`klbf klefgklbds bnärnds bd rkdhkzd k bk lf`rks. Dhîg bk skrkg eflsugnbfs efgf ugd sf`rkgksd hkvk, tdg`îg pfbkrndg idzkr pdrtk bd rkiknáåf gdtnldh (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 0=4).   Ds Eruzdbds tnvkrdg ug pdpkh guntf ngpfrtdltk lf bksklvfhvngkltf bd eflikntdrnd. Fs fenbkltdns trfuxkrdg bk vfhtd, bd Sîrsnd, f dáÿedr, eflsnbkrdbf ugd ‘kspkendrnd‗ lfvd k kstnguhdltk: dhîg bnssf, trfuxkrdg ugd ifrgd prngntnvd bk gdssd ifhmdbd k ugd vdrnkbdbk bk irutds, lfzks k kspkendrnds. D nltrfbuáåf bf dáÿedr k bd gdssd ifhmdbd ded`fu edusdlbf dhauls prf`hkgds kltrk ds trïs prnlenpdns aunhbds bk Sdrns (pdbknrfs, eflikntknrfs k bflfs bk rkstdurdltks). Edbd ug bkhks qukrnd bnrkntfs kxehusnvfs pdrd f usf k vklbd bkssks prfbutfs (Gfltdalî, 0334, p. =;;-=;9). Bf fflg bd Nbdbk Gkbnd dtî d Pkldseklád, d kspkendhnzdáåf k d bnikrklád kltrk pdlnffledáåf k pàtnsskrnk dugkltfu eflsnbkrdvkhgkltk eflsnbkrdvkhgkltk pfr tfbd d Kurfpd fenbkltdh. Oultdgkltk efg kssd kspkendhnzdáåf, surak ug efltrfhk kstrntf pfr pdrtk bd rkdhkzd, quk kgntnd bnrkntfs d bktkrgnldbds aunhbds pdrd d prfbuáåf bk prfbutfs bk pdlnffledáåf, p dlnffledáåf, bktkrgnldlbf rkards bk efgîrenf, bkffllnáåf bk pdbrûks, efltrfhk bk prkáfs k d adrdltnd bk qudhnbdbk.

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Edpçtuhf 4?   Sdlninedáåf k pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns

  [g kxkgphf bnssf ifn f rkn irdleïs Ofåf, f @fg, quk kg 45;4 bkffllnu ds dtrn`unáûks bds pàtnsskrnks k bfs skus prfbutfs, efgf `nsefntfs k bnvkrsfs `fhfs, värnfs bfeks k sdhadbnlmfs, gdrznpå k tfrtds (n`nbkg, p. 99). Kg 4599, Edrhfs Y bd Irdlád bkffllnu rkards rkhdtnvds d qudlbf k flbk fs påks pfbkrndg skr vklbnbfs k bktkrgnlfu f prkáf bk påks ikntfs efg fs bnvkrsfs tnpfs bk idrnlmds (n`nbkg). Kg 45>1, k lfvdgkltk kg 4239, sku suekssfr, Edrhfs YN, rkvnsfu fs bnrkntfs frnanldns bfs eflikntknrfs df erndr rkauhdgkltfs quk kstd`khkendg ds vklbds, fs pdbrûks bk qudhnbdbk k d bkffllnáåf bk iuláûks pdrd fu`hfykrs, fu eflikntknrfs bndrnstds. Lfs tkgpfs bk Edrhfs YN, kspkrdvd-sk quk ug eflikntknrf id`rnedssk ;33 `nsefntfs (fu`hnks) ardlbks, 533 sup  supphne phnedt dtnn fls (pdrd fs ikrndbfs rkhnanfsfs k fikrklbds), k 033 kstk kstkrr khs, pfr bnd (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 0=4).

BD PKLDUEKLÁD Ã PKYFH[ÁÅF NLB[URPNDH  D rkdhkzd gdltnlmd ug rçanbf efltrfhk sf`rk d id`rnedáåf bk påks k pàtnsskrn pàtnsskrnks ks df hflaf bd Pkldseklád. Kg 4223, Edrhfs YNNN bd Irdlád hdláfu ug bkerktf futfradlbf f bnrkntf bk prkpdrdr sdhadbfs dfs pàtnssnkrs ,4 ugd lfvd aunhbd d qukg krd bdbf f bnrkntf kxehusnvf bk prfbuznr k  vklbkr tfrtds k pdst pdstkhûks khûks rkemkdbfs rkemkdbf s efg edrlks, pknxks k quknofs. Oultdgkltk efg kssks bnrkntfs, surakg rkspflsd`nhnbdbks pdrd adrdltnr d skaurdlád dhngkltdr dprfprndbd. Sfr kxkgphf, krd prfn`nbf vklbkr prfbutfs vkhmfs fu usdr edrlks bktkrnfrdbds k hdtneçlnfs kstrdadbfs fu bk `dnxd qudhnbdbk. Edrhfs YNNN tdg`îg ernfu rkards bk prfbuáåf pdrd pàtnssnkrs k dssnstkltks skgkhmdltks ãs bfs eflikntknrfs. Sfr fflg, pàtnssnkrs k eflikntknrfs sk ulnrndg kg ugd gksgd aunhbd pdrd tkr efltrfhk sf`rk edsdgkltfs k `dlquktks, ug gflfpõhnf quk burfu bk 4;;9 dtî d kxtnláåf bds aunhbds irdleksds pfr Ruraft kg 4119 (Gfltdalî, 0334, p. =;9).   D hkanshdáåf rkikrk rkikrkltk ltk ã prfbuáåf k vklbd bk idrnlmd, påks k gdssds dhedláfu lfvfs pdtdgdrks ld Irdlád burdltk f sîeuhf ]YNN, nlnendhgkltk kg rdzåf bk ugd rkbuáåf bd fikrtd bk aråfs. Kg 495;, Pnemkhnku bkerktfu quk ‘pdbknrfs id`rnedltks bk påkznlmfs k pàtnssnkrs låf bkvkg efgprdr aråfs dltks bds 44 mfrds lf nlvkrlf k dltks bf gknf-bnd lf vkråf: pdbknrfs id`rnedltks bk påks ardlbks låf bkvkråf efgprdr efgprdr aråfs dltks bds 0 bd tdrbk. Nssf pkrgntnrä p krgntnrä quk d pfpuhdáåf f`tklmd skus nlarkbnkltks prngknrf. Sdbknrfs Sdbknrfs bkvkråf efhfedr ugd gdred nlbnedtnvd lfs skus påks, k gdltkr pksfs k gkbnbds kg suds pdbdrnds, sf` pkld bk tkrkg suds hnekláds rkefhmnbds‗ (n`nbkg).   F gdns eurnfsf krd krd d td`khd bk prkáfs k pdbrûks pdrd nbkltnffledr f prfbutf k f sku pksf, dssng efgf ds kxnaïlends bk gdredr f påf efg snldns tçpnefs pdrd quk f prfbutf pubkssk skr rdstrkdbf dtî f sku pdbknrf. Gdns tdrbk, qudlbf sk ifrgdrdg gkredbfs ur`dlfs kg enbdbks efgf Sdrns, d hkanshdáåf quk efltrfhdvd d vklbd bk påks guntds vkzks kspkenffledvd quk ug pdbknrf pfbkrnd vklbkr skus prfbutfs dpklds efg d doubd bk sud kspfsd k fflhmfs (n`nbkg).   Burdltk fs sîeuhfs ]YN k ]YNN, f pkrnaf bd ifgk ld Kurfpd fenbkltdh krd ugd rkdhnbdbk eflstdltk. Låf dpklds d fikrtd bk aråfs krd vdrnävkh, efgf ugd erksekltk pfpuhdáåf ur`dld pf`rk eflsugnd kssks kstfquks. Ld gkbnbd kg quk fs pf`rks eflvkrandg pdrd ds enbdbks efg ‘dhngkltfs adrdltnbfs‗, k f prkáf bf påf dugkltdvd oultf efg d bkgdlbd, d rkdhkzd tfrldvd-sk eflskqukltkgkltk rkspflsävkh pfr adrdltnr ug ‘kqunhç`rnf lutrnenfldh‗ kltrk skus sÿbntfs.

4 

Kg irdleïs, f tkrgf tkrgf ‘pàtnssnkr‗ bksnald f prffflssnfldh quk quk prfbuz bfeks, `fhfs, `nsefntfs k gdssds bfeks k sdhadbds. Edrhfs YNNN prfeurfu bnikrklendr fs pàtnssnkrs bfs eflikntknrfs, sklbf fs prngknrfs fs prfbutfrks bk gdssds sdhadbds k fs eflikntknrfs, bk sf`rkgksds. Kssd bnikrklendáåf, lf kltdltf, kltdltf, oä krd dr`nträrnd pfns, lf sîeuhf dltkrnfr, fs pàtnssnkrs oä prfbuzndg `nsefntfs k bnvkrsfs `fhfs, värnfs bfeks bf eks k sdhadbnlmfs. s dhadbnlmfs. (LPR) (LPR)

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SDPRK 4?  NLR PFB[Á ÅF

Idhmds lkssk skltnbf pfbkrndg bkskledbkdr tuguhtfs, sdquks kg pdbdrnds, k gksgf rk`khnûks efltrd d prõprnd gfldrqund (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 43=).   Ld gkbnbd kg quk d tkelfhfand bf euhtnvf bf trnaf ifn dprngfrdbd burdltk f sîeuhf ]YNNN, d prfbuáåf dugkltfu k d dgkdád bd ifgk bkehnlfu hkltdgkltk. Ynsdlbf gdltkr f edgpksnldtf sf` efltrfhk, f afvkrlf irdleïs bkerktfu quk efgkrendltks gdltnvksskg kstfquks bk aråfs pdrd fs tkgpfs bk ksedsskz. Kltrktdltf, f dugkltf bk kstfquks låf dedhgfu d pfpuhdáåf. Ds ardlbks efgprds bk trnaf ikntds pkhfs efgkrendltks akrdrdg dugkltf bk prkáfs, k d pfpuhdáåf dnlbd pdssdvd ifgk (n`nbkg, p. 0=4). D deusdáåf krd bk quk f afvkrlf mdvnd fflxdbf prkáf kg efg`nldáåf efg fs efgkrendltks, k kssk prftkstf ded`fu rksuhtdlbf lf rktfrlf df prkáf dltkrnfr bfs aråfs kg 4115.   Nlikhnzgkltk, d eflffldlád rklfvdbd lf gfbkhf darärnf euhgnlfu lugd dvdssdhdbfrd gubdlád ld bnstrn`unáåf k rkauhdgkltfs rkhdtnvfs ã vklbd bk trnaf ld Irdlád. Lf kspdáf bk ug dlf bksbk d dluhdáåf bds hkns quk rkstrnlandg d vklbd bk trnaf, f prkáf bf påf kstdvd qudsk tåf dhtf qudltf f sdhärnf bk ug bnd bk ug trd`dhmdbfr (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. 0=5). D ‘aukrrd bd ifgk‗ defltkeku (Gfltdalî, 0334, 033 4, p. 91), k rksuhtfu ld idgfsd gdremd bk 41=> bk Sdrns d Ykrsdhmks, efg f pfvf arntdlbf ‘Ydgfs pkadr f pdbknrf k d guhmkr bf pdbknrf‗.   D ernsk ld Irdlád tkvk guntf pfuef d vkr vkr,, sk î quk tkvk, efg d idhtd bk dhngkltfs `äsnefs. Sfr tfbd d Kurfpd, d trfed kltrk ldáûks kstdvd sk tfrldlbf gdns efgug, k ardlbks qudltnbdbks bk trnaf ngpfrtdbds bfs pdçsks @ähtnefs pdrd d Kurfpd fenbkltdh guntds vkzks efgphkgkltdvdg ds efhmkntds ksedssds (Ihdlbrnl & Gfltdldrn, 4>>>, p. 0=4). Nrflnedgkltk, fs prf`hkgds quk euhgnldrdg efg d qukbd bd gfldrqund irdleksd låf kstdvdg tdltf ld ksedsskz bk trnaf k påf, gds sng ld idhtd bk gknfs pdrd bnstrn`uç-hfs kltrk ds gdssds (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. 0=5).

D KYFH[ÁÅF BD SÀRNUUKPNK  Ds drtks bd pdlnffledáåf pdlnffledáåf k bd bd pàtnsskrnk pàtnsskrnk pdssdrdg pfr ugd ugd kvfhuáå kvfhuáåff gdns gdns kxtrk kxtrkgd gd d pdrtnr pdrtnr bf bf sîeuhf sîeuhf ]YN kg bndltk, kstd`khkeklbf bkffllntnvdgkltk ds `dsks prkvdhkltks dnlbd mfok. Dprkendbd pfr ug pÿ`hnef pkquklf k rnef, d pàtnsskrnk tkvk suds frnakls ld prkpdrdáåf bk sdhadbfs? fs pàtnssnkrs krdg nlnendhgkltk prkpdrdbfrks bk tfrtds bk edrlks, bk pknxks k bk quknofs. Î pfssçvkh quk ds tfrtds bf sîeuhf ]YN låf skodg rkeflmkenbds pfr ug emki pàtnssnkr gfbkrlf: lf kltdltf, dhaugds skgkhmdláds pfbkg skr lftdbds. [gd bds `dsks gdns efguls klefltrdbds lds efznlmds efltkgpfràlkds tkvk frnakg kg 4;39 ld enbdbk bk Sntmnvnkr, ld Irdlád, qudlbf ug emki pàtnssnkr nlvkltfu f ‘erkgk bk dgïlbfd‗ dgphdgkltk utnhnzdbf efgf `dsk pdrd `fhfs k rkemknfs bk tfrtds, tdns efgf lf @fhf Sntmnvnkr (Emd`fnssnkr & Hk`nark, 4>>5, p. 40). Futrd ngpfrtdltk `dsk bd pàtnsskrnk gfbkrld, quk tkvk suds rdçzks ld Irdlád, î ugd dltkekssfrd bd gdssd emfux ( pàtk ). D gdssd emfux    pàtk ã emf mfux  ux ). ifn erndbd pfr Sfpkhnln, f emki pàtnssnkr bk Edtdrnld bk Gîbnen, quk d defgpdlmfu bd Ntähnd pdrd d Irdlád dpõs f sku edsdgkltf efg Mklrnquk NN kg 4;23. Kg`frd d vkrsåf frnanldh låf skod d usdbd dtudhgkltk, ifn, skg bÿvnbd, ugd prkpdrdáåf nlfvdbfrd pdrd f sku tkgpf (n`nbkg, p. 40). Futrds nlfvdáûks sk tfrldrdg pfssçvkns lf sîeuhf ]YN ardáds ã erksekltk fikrtd bk dáÿedr, f quk trfuxk ug dprngfrdgkltf ãs rkekntds efg ehdrds bk fvfs k ldtds `dtnbds. D pdrtnr bkssds `dsks, suranrdg ds gdbdhklds k fs `nsefntfs bk dgïlbfds, kg`frd, pfssnvkhgkltk, låf ifsskg tåf rkfflldbfs qudltf dqukhks dprkendbfs mfok kg bnd. Eflifrgk efltd d trdbnáåf, Bkhhd Snald, futrf emki pàtnssnkr  pdst stnhhd nhhdak ak) (kseuhturds bk dáÿedr), ug ntdhndlf vnlbf efg Edtdrnld bk Gîbnen, nltrfbuznu d pdstnhmdakg ( pd rkeursf bkefrdtnvf quk khk usdvd pdrd erndr  pní  pníeks eks gflt gfltîks îks, fu kseuhturds bk ekltrf bk gksd (n`nbkg).   Fs sîeuhfs ]YNN k ]YNNN dssnstnrdg d prfarkssfs lds drtks bd pàtnsskrnk gkbndltk rkfflldgkltfs lfs prfekssfs k nlefrpfrdáåf bk lfvfs nlarkbnkltks, efgf f ediî bd Äirned, f emä bd

 | 40 |

 

Edpçtuhf 4?   Sdlninedáåf k pàtnsskrnk? ugd pkrspketnvd mnstõrned k fpfrtulnbdbks dtudns

Emnld, k f emfefhdtk bds Dgîrneds (Pkvkh, 4>=0, p. 499). F fflg bf sîeuhf ]YNN prksklenfu ug ardlbk dugkltf dugkltf lf eflsugf bk sfrvktks k sf  sfrr `k `kts ts frnanlärnfs bd Kspdlmd k bd Uneçhnd. Dhîg bnssf, f dáÿedr bk `ktkrrd`d tfrlfu-sk ugd lfvd ifltk bk sdedrfsk pdrd d Kurfpd pkhd prngknrd vkz.   Dvdláfs snalnffledtnvfs bf sîeuhf ]YNN nlehukg ds tfrtds bfeks bk dgïlbfds bk Pdakulkdu, kg 495=, f quk rkprkskltfu rkprkskltfu ug sdhtf bk qudhnbdbk kg efgpdrdáåf dfs `nsefntfs bd îpfed, kspkendhgkltk eflsnbkrdlbf d fikrtd ngprkvnsçvkh bf trnaf k f sku s ku rdenfldgkltf. rdenfldgkltf. F erfnssdlt ifn erndbf pfr pdbknrfs kg @ubdpkstk, kg 49=9, 49=9 , efgf rkefgpklsd d qukg bktketdssk d nlvdsåf bf kxîrentf ftfgdlf ftfgdlf k dhkrtdssk d enbdbk bkssk pkrnaf. Dpõs d `kg-suekbnbd bkiksd, fs pàtnssnkrs ifrdg dutfrnzdbfs d bkskl vfhvkr ugd ugd naudrnd mfgkldakdlbf mfgkldakdlbf d hud erksekltk erksekltk bd `dlbknrd bf Ngpîrnf Ftfgdlf Ftfgdlf (Gfltdalî, (Gfltdalî, 0334, p. 510). Kg 4113, dtrn`unu-sk d Gdrnd Dltflnktd d nltrfbuáåf bf erfnssdlt k bk futrfs bfeks  vnklklsks  vnklkl sks ld Irdlád Irdlád bkpfns bk bk sku edsdgkltf edsdgkltf efg Huçs Huçs ]YN (Emd`fnssnkr (Emd`fnssnkr & Hk`nark, 4>>5, p. 45). 45). F sîeuhf ]YNNN trfuxk dhaugds nlfvdáûks tkelfhõaneds ngpfrtdltks pdrd f prfekssdgkltf bk gdtîrnds-prngds. Lf fflg bf sîeuhf, ug quçgnef dhkgåf eflskaunu kxtrdnr k ernstdhnzdr f dáÿedr bd `ktkrrd`d, erndlbf, dssng, ugd dhtkrldtnvd gdns keflògned df edrf dáÿedr bk edld ngpfrtdbf. Lf kltdltf, f prfekssf prfvfu skr `dstdltk bnspklbnfsf, k f rksuhtdbf dprkskltfu ug prfbutf bk qudhnbdbk pf`rk. p f`rk. F prfekbngkltf låf kstdvd sufflenkltkgkltk dprngfrdbf pdrd prfbuznr ug dbfádltk efgpdrävkh df bf dáÿedr bd edld dtî 4=40 (Emd`fnssnkr & Hk`nark, 4>>5, p. 49). F sîeuhf ]YNNN tdg`îg prksklenfu f dpkriknáfdgkltf bfs prfekssfs prf ekssfs bd pàtnsskrnk, p àtnsskrnk, efgf d nltrfbuáåf bf @d`d df Pug, kg 4123, trdznbf ã Irdlád pkhf rkn bd Sfhòlnd Utdlnshds Hkszezylsjn, k d erndáåf, kg 4193, bd tfstdbd bk gdssd emfux  pkhf idgfsf pàtnssnkr Dvnek. F dlf bk 41=5 sk tfrlfu lftävkh pkhf ldsengkltf bk Gdrnk-Dltflnl Edrïgk, euods rkdhnzdáûks lf dpkriknáfdgkltf bd pàtnsskrnk ifrdg ÿlneds lf sku tkgpf. Edrïgk efltrn`unu ngklsdgkltk pdrd f gulbf bd pàtnsskrnk, gds tdg`îg krd ug emki  k ug nlfvdbfr bkbnedbf d efznlmds k kqunpdgkltfs bk pkquklf k ardlbk pfrtks. Khk ifrd d`dlbfldbf dfs 40 dlfs pkhf pdn, quk dfflrgfu quk d sfenkbdbk tnlmd gdns d fikrkekr ‘d ug kspçrntf kgprkklbkbfr‗ bf quk khk efgf pdn (Pkvkh, 4>=0, p. 029). Ifn nlnendhgkltk dbftdbf pkhf bflf bk ug rkstdurdltk bkedbkltk k bksnaldbf pdrd trd`dhmdr ld efznlmd. Dfs 49 dlfs, tfrlfu-sk dprklbnz bk ug bfs gkhmfrks emkis pàtnssnkrs bk Sdrns, @dnhhy, ld Puk Ynvnkllk (n`nbkg, p. 0;3). Oä dfs 03 dlfs, ifn eflsnbkrdbf ug bfs emkis gdns nlffukltks bfs tkgpfs gfbkrlfs. Kstubfu eunbdbfsdgkltk f trd`dhmf bfs ardlbks gkstrks bf sku tkgpf pdrd bksklvfhvkr kstnhfs k dprkskltdáûks  odgdns usdbfs lf gulbf euhnlärnf dtî kltåf. Kg Euhtur Euhturd d k ef efzn znlmd lmd, Pkvkh (4>=0, p. 029) bkserkvk d dtkláåf bk Edrïgk pdrd fs bktdhmks prfbuznbfs pfr futrfs emkis ld skaunltk pdssdakg? Efgf tfbfs fs erndbfrks, krd ug hdbråf bk nbknds ― klidtnzf quk krd hdbråf, låf ug phdandbfr. Krd dpdnxfldbdgkltk hnadbf d tfbfs fs gkstrks quk tnlmdg dhaf d bnzkr. Dvnek pdrd pàtnsskrnk, Hdqunpnkrrk pdrd gfhmfs ― dpklds fs irdefs tïg gkbf bk skr nlihuklendbfs, bnssk Afktmk ― gds lklmugd bds erndáûks bfs gkstrks ifn skaunbd dtî f ÿhtngf bktdhmk, k Edrïgk skgprk prkstfu mfgkldakls diktufsds k aklkrfsds d tfbfs khks.

Klqudltf trd`dhmdvd pdrd @dnhhy, Edrïgk ifn dprkskltdbf d lfvfs prfbutfs k fflefu rkspflsävkh pkhd prkpdrdáåf bk tfrtds k prdtfs bkefrdtnvfs pdrd d eflikntdrnd. D nlspnrdáåf vknf bf Gusku Ldenfldh bk Ardvurd, flbk pdssdvd ds mfrds bk ifhad kstubdlbf k efpndlbf värnds f`rds bk drtk. F idgfsf bnphfgdtd Rdhhkyrdlb ifn f rkspflsävkh pkhd dseklsåf skaunltk ld edrrknrd bk Edrïgk. Irkqukltdbfr dssçbuf bf rkstdurdltk bk @dnhhy burdltk f kstäanf bk Edrïgk, Rdhhkyrdlb Rdhhkyrdlb

hfaf f kgprkafu, trd`dhmdlbf bnrktdgkltk sf` @fuemkr (n`nbkg, p. 0;3 0;4).  | 45 |

 

SDPRK 4?  NLR PFB[Á ÅF

  Dtrn`un-sk d Edrïgk d erndáåf fu f dpkriknáfd dpkriknáfdgkltf gkltf bk guntds `dsks pdrd gdssds usdbds dnlbd mfok. Khk sk tfrlfu gdns idgfsf pkhf bksklvfhvngkltf bd gfbkrld vkrsåf bd gdssd ifhmdbd, usdbd tdltf pdrd bfeks efgf pdrd sdhadbfs. Sdrd gkhmfrdr ds dltnads vkrsûks bkssd gdssd (prkvndgkltk ‘dpkriknáfdbd‗ pfr Aunhhdugk Rnrkh, eflmkenbd efgf Rdnhhkvklt, lf fflg bf sîeuhf ]Y) (Emd`fnssnkr & Hk`nark, 4>>5, p. 44), Edrïgk nlfvfu d tîelned bd gdssd ifhmdbd, d hdgnldáåf quk eunbdbfsdgkltk sf`rkpûk gdltknad k gdssd pdrd fflldhnzdr kg ekltklds bk edgdbds. Futrds pkssfds tdg`îg tnvkrdg f rkeflmkengkltf pkhd erndáåf bd gdssd ifhmdbd, bk Ikunhhkt d Ehdubk Akhî. Sfbkgfs bknxdr d ksefhmd bf ‘erndbfr‗ pftklendh dfs mnstfrndbfrks k ã prõprnd prkikrïlend bf hkntfr kg rkhdáåf d kssd vkrsätnh k gdrdvnhmfsd gdssd gdss d bk guntds vdrndáûks k dphnedáûks. dphnedáû ks. Dhîg bnssf, Edrïgk ifn f erndbfr bk lfuadt , gkrklauk, erfqudlt, pfupkhn pfupkhnls ls (`fhf bk gdssd emfux rkemkdbf efg erkgk) k  sfhnhk  sf hnhkgg ggk ks, ug påf bf tnpf `rnfemk efg gdltknad `frrnidbd hfaf dpõs sdnr bf ifrlf (n`nbkg, p. 0;4).   D dtkláåf bk Edrïg Edrïgkk dfs bktdhmks k sud bkbnedáåf krdg qudsk tåf ÿlnefs k kxekpenfldns qudltf f sku trd`dhmf efg ds gdssds. D d`frbdakg d` frbdakg guhtnbnsenphnldr guhtnbnsenphnldr k fs kstnhfs bds dprkskltdáûks låf dpklds gdredrdg d efznlmd irdleksd pfr akrdáûks, efgf dnlbd mfok såf nlspnrdáåf pdrd emkis prnlenpndltks. Df dvdhndr f ngpdetf bk sku trd`dhmf, Edrïgk eflehunu ekrtd vkz? ‘Tudlbf, pdrd ksqukekr fs nlvkofsfs quk bkspkrtkn, gku fhmdr vdad pfr Sdrns, lftf efg dhkarnd f dugkltf bk eflikntdrnds k d gkhmfrnd bkhds. Ldbd bnssf kxnstnd dltks bk gku trd`dhmf k bfs gkus hnvrfs. Efgf mdvndEdrïgk prkvnstf,dhedláfu fs pàtnssnkrs skpdbrûks tfrldrdg tfrldrdg qudhnffledbfs k gktneuhfsfs‗ (Pkvkh, 4>=0,kp.d 0;4). 0; 4). lfvfs ld`dstdltk dprkskltdáåf bk prdtfs, kg quk d d`ulbàlend surprksd krdg khkgkltfs ekltrdns. Kssk lfvf ekrngflndh bk odltdrks, emdgdbf skrvnáf ã irdleksd, dpfndvd-sk `dsnedgkltk lf skrvnáf bk emkis , , efznlmknrfs, gfrbfgfs k afvkrldltks. Kg`frd dprkendbf qudsk quk kxehusnvdgkltk pkhd rkdhkzd k pkhd lf`rkzd, f skrvnáf ã irdleksd gubfu iulbdgkltdhgkltk d prkpdrdáåf bfs prdtfs, `kg efgf f gfbf efgf ds pkssfds pdssdrdg d efgkr sfendhgkltk. Hfaf sk pfpuhdrnzfu, sklbf dbftdbf pkhd ehdssk gîbnd, dprkendbf ld ifrgd nlffuklendbd pkhf prõxngf ardlbk emki? Duaustk Ksefifflkr. Ksefifflkr.

SDLNINEDÁÅF LD DGÎPNED Efgf fs kurfpkus gnardrdg pdrd d Dgîrned bf Lfrtk, trfuxkrdg d euhturd bd pdlnffledáåf efgf ifltk bk lutrnáåf. Burdltk prngknrds vndaklspdrd df Lfvf Gulbf, kxphfrdbfrks bksprkpdrdbfsprnlenpdh ifrdg ifrádbfs d efltdr efg ds f gdr k prfvnsûks d sf`rkvnvïlend. [gd bds prngknrds bksef`krtds dhngkltçends ifn f gnhmf. Fs ldtnvfs dgkrnedlfs efltdvdg efg gdns bk 033 vdrnkbdbks bk gnhmf, k, pfssnvkhgkltk, pkhf gksgf tkgpf quk fs kurfpkus, tnlmdg sk sustkltdbf efg f trnaf. F gnhmf ifn hkvdbf pdrd d Kurfpd flbk f sku usf ifn rdpnbdgkltk bnsskgnldbf, gds df fflldh låf su`stntunu f trnaf efgf nlarkbnkltk prkikrklendh pdrd d pdlnffledáåf (Rdlldmnhh, 4>==, p. 032-03;).

SDLNINEDÁÅF LF @PDUNH Kg tfbd d Dgîrned, d pdrtnr bd efhflnzdáåf, fs pfrtuauksks k kurfpkus quk pdrd eä vnkrdg trfuxkrdg f mä`ntf bf ardlbk eflsugf bk påf. D prngknrd tkltdtnvd bk phdltdr f trnaf lf @rdsnh bdtd bk 4;53, pfr Gdrtnl Diflsf.   Dtî f sîeuhf ]N], bkvnbf ã ksedsskz bk idrnlmd bk trnaf, f påf krd eflsugnbf dpklds pkhds ehdssks gdns d`dstdrbds, fs gklfs prnvnhkandbfs eflsugndg f `knou bk tdpnfed.   Lf sîeuhf ]N] surakg ds prngknrds pdbdrnds, efg ifrlfs df kstnhf irdleïs, gdssknrds k enhnlbrf: fs påks dnlbd låf pfssuçdg p fssuçdg guntd vdrnkbdbk k sud efeáåf ef eáåf k prfbuáåf låf krdg dbkqudbds.

 | 42 |

GNEMKH U[DU

 

 S Sdlninedáåf dlninedáåf k Y nkllfnskrn nkllfnskrnk k  d`frbdakg prfinssnfldh

Sdlninedáåf k Ynkllfnskrnk    D`frbdakg prfinssnfldh î ug aund d`rdlakltk •

sf`rk påks k vnkllfnskrnk bnrkenfldbf d kstubdltks, prfinssnfldns k kltusndstds. Efg`nldlbf iulbdgkltfs bd trdbnáåf k d`frbdakg gfbkrld bk gîtfbfs k tîelneds, kstk hnvrf ulk dprkskltdáåf dtrdkltk k klsnldgkltfs nlbnspklsävkns. Î bkstnldbf d doubdr prfikssfrks, pdbknrfs k emkis pàtnssnkrs d defgpdlmdr fs rkekltks bksklvfhvngkltfs bfs nlarkbnkltks, bfs prfbutfs k dprkskltdáûks bd nlbÿstrnd. Ds iõrguhds/rkekntds iõrguhds/rkeknt ds såf `dskdbds kg ugd vdrnkbdbk bk gîtfbfs k prfekssfs ehässnefs. Efg kssks kssk s eflmkengkltfs, fs prfinssnfldns prfinssnfldn s kstdråf prfltfs pdrd bksklvfhvkr md`nhnbdbks gdns dvdládbds, kxpkrngkltdr lfvds nbknds k nltkrprktdr qudnsqukr iõrguhds. Lkstk hnvrf vfeï klefltrdrä? Ekltklds bk iftfardinds kg efrks efg prfbuáåf ngpkeävkh quk dprkskltdg, pdssf d pdssf, fs prfekbngkltfs k fs prfbutfs inldns quk klvfhvkg fs hkntfrks k ifrlkekg rkikrïlend vnsudh iulbdgkltdh. Gdns bk 433 iõrguhds tkstdbds efg dgphd vdrnkbdbk bk tîelneds k bk prfekssfs bkstnldbfs d f`tkr bnvkrsnbdbk bk rksuhtdbfs. D efg`nldáåf bk prfekbngkltfs ehässnefs k efltkgpfràlkfs pdrd pdlninedáåf k vnkllfnskrnk. Uuakstûks k bneds df hflaf bk edbd edpçtuhf quk f doubdråf d kvntdr fs krrfs gdns efguls. Nlbnedáåf bfs f`oktnvfs bk edbd edpçtuhf, pdhdvrds-emdvk k ahfssärnf pdrd eflsuhtd räpnbd. Nhustrdáûks efhfrnbds k bktdhmdbds, aräinefs k gdpds quk ifrlkekg rkprkskltdáåf vnsudh bk nlifrgdáûks kssklendns k ksehdrkengkltfs bk eflekntfs efgphkxf e fgphkxfs. s.

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GNEMKH U[DU î pdbknrf k emki pàtnssnkr eflmkenbf nltkrldenfldhgkltk k iulbdbfr bf Udl Irdlensef @djnla Nlstntutk. Kg 0330, ifn prkgndbf pkhf @rkdb @djkrs Aunhb fi Dgkrned efg f prkstnandbf Afhbkl @daukttk pfr suds efltrn`unáûks ã efgulnbdbk bk pdbknrfs drtksåfs k ã Aunhbd. Eflmkád tdg`îg, bf gksgf dutfr, Sàtnsskrnk D`frbdakg prfinssnfldh . •

NU@L 45

>1=-=;-004-452 9-3

NU@L 43

=;-004-4529-1 =;-004-4529-1