PalayCheck System - 2020 Final Revised Edition
August 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
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Description
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Fogm0 Ohhrmss0
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Gadklm Fa.0 M-gokl0
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Tmohmrs, mspmckolly eorgmrs ofh tmcbfalajksts, orm mfcaurojmh ta jkvm emmhdoci af tbm rmsults ae eallawkfj tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg rmcaggmfhotkafs. rmcaggmfhotka fs. ^lmosm smfh tbmg ta ofy ^bklTkcm stotkaf (smm doci cavmr ear tbm hkrmctary). ^lmosm usm ofh rmprahucm tbm caftmfts ae tbks pudlkcotkaf wktb
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prapmr ocifawlmhjgmft.
4>4> Tmvksm Tmvksmh h mhktkaf
^oloyCbmci Systmg EAT KTTKJOXMH LAZLOFH TKCM (trofsploftmh/ hkrmct wmt-smmhmh)
“Lmorfkfj, cbmcikfj, “Lmorfkfj, cbmcikfj, ofh sborkfj ear dmst eorgkfj proctkcms.‗
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Capyrkjbt © 4>4> ^bklkppkfm Tkcm Tmsmorcb Kfstktutm
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Caftmfts ?
Earmwarh
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Oddrmvkotkafs ofh Ocrafygs
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Xbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg
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Uorkmty ofh Smmh Smlmctkaf
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Lofh ^rmporotkaf
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Crap Mstodlksbgmft
3>
Futrkmft Gofojmgmft
84
Zotmr Gofojmgmft
85
^mst Gofojmgmft
=4
Borvmst Gofojmgmft
=5
^astborvmst Gofojmgmft
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Suggory ae Imy Cbmcis ofh Ossmssgmft, Ofolysks, ofh Gafktarkfj, Kgpravmgmft
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Offmxms
22
Oppmfhkcms
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Earmwarh Ojrkculturol mcafagksts gokftokf tbot ear Eklkpkfa rkcm eorgmrs ta dm ot por wktb tbmkr cauftmrports erag atbmr rkcm-prahuckfj cauftrkms sucb os Ukmtfog ofh Xboklofh, tbmy gust kfcrmosm tbmkr ykmlh ta 5t/bo ofh rmhucm tbmkr poloy prahuctkaf cast dy 3>% (erag ^?4 ta ^2/ij). Zbklm tmcbfalajkms orm ovoklodlm ta bmlp tbmg ottokf tbm torjmt, tbmy fmmh ta mgplay o garm balkstkc kftmjrotmh oppraocb tbot cof bmlp tbmg kgpravm tbmkr eorgkfj proctkcms ofh mfsurm bkjbquolkty autput erag-smmh-ta-smmh. Oetmr oll, prahuckfj smmhs kfvalvms o cagplmx smrkms ae trofseargotkaf pracmssms. Xbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg ks jmormh taworh tbks cafcmpt ae kftmjrotkaf os kt ohopts ofh lacolkzms rmcaggmfhotkafs af tbm dmst gofojmgmft strotmjkms ot tbm eorg lmvml, toikfj kfta occauft tbm kftmroctkafs ogafj proctkcms ofh atbmr eoctars caftrkdutkfj ta ykmlh, jrokf quolkty, ofh bmoltby mfvkrafgmft. Kt olsa pragatms mxpmrkmftkol jraup lmorfkfj wbmrm eorgmrs orm collmh ta callodarotm wktb tbmkr emllaw eorgmrs, ofh orm jukhmh dy rmsaurcm pmrsafs wba sbmh garm lkjbt af tbmkr ufhmrstofhkfj ae prahuctkaf prkfckplms ofh gofojmgmft siklls. Kf Emdruory 4>>8, ^bklTkcm ofh tbm Eaah ofh Ojrkculturm Arjofkzotkaf ae tbm ]fktmh Fotkafs tmogmh up af o pra`mct “Strmfjtbmfkfj tbm Hmvmlapgmft ofh ]sm ae TKCG ear Eaah Smcurkty ofh ^avmrty Ollmvkotkaf.‗ Xbks povmh tbm woy ear tbm hmvmlapgmft ae tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg, tbm ^bklkppkfm ohoptotkaf ae Oustrolko‛s Tkcmcbmci Systmg tbot bmlpmh kfcrmosm kts ykmlh erag 5t/bo kf ?;2: ta olgast ?>t/bo kf 4>>>. Xbks lacolkzmh pociojm ae tmcbfalajkms ks o rmsult ae o smrkms ae cafsultotkafs wktb rkcm mxpmrts, mxtmfskaf warimrs, ofh eorgmrs. Xbm tmcbfalajkms ofh proctkcms rmcaggmfhmh ufhmr tbm Systmg caftkfum ta dm kgpravmh. ?
Xbks rmvksmh mhktkaf ae tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg daailmt ohapts gast ae tbm strotmjkms tbot boh dmmf pravmf mmctkvm kf tbm mlh mvmf os kt kftrahucms sagm uphotms ofcbarmh af rmsults ae rmsmorcbms ofh octuol mxpmrkmfcms. Zktb tbm mxpofhkfj cafumfcm ae vorkaus eoctars cbollmfjkfj lacol rkcm prahuctkaf sucb os clkgotm cbofjm, rkcm trohm lkdmrolkzotkaf, ofh gahmrfkzotkaf, ^bklTkcm mxpmrts cafvmfmh kf 4>?; ta cagm up wktb tbm rmvkskafs. Afm ae tbm fatodlm ogmfhgmfts ks tbm cagpasktkaf ae tbm ohhktkafol Imy Cbmci ;, wbkcb eacusms af ^astborvmst Gofojmgmft. Kt tocilms prapmr pastborvmst proctkcms, erag hrykfj ta clmofkfj ofh starkfj. Xbks ks ta occmftuotm tbm fmmh ear aur eorgmrs ta prahucm gorimtodlm prahucts sucb os bkjb-quolkty smmhs ofh caggmrckolly cagpmtktkvm jrokfs. Xbks rmvksmh mhktkaf wkll fat afly bmlp tbmg kgpravm tbmkr prahuctkaf, dut olsa mfrkcb tbmkr kfcagm, wbkcb ks upbmlh dy tbm Hmportgmft ae Ojrkculturm‛s ‒fmw tbkfikfj‛0 eaah-smcurm ^bklkppkfms wktb praspmraus eorgmrs – “Gosojofofj Ofk, Gotoos fo Ikto.‗ ^bklTkcm ks jrotmeul ta oll mlh ofh acm warimrs wba bovm sbormh tbmkr lmorfkfjs ta bmlp hmvmlap ofh rmfm tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg. Xbks pudlkcotkaf ks o cagpmllkfj rmemrmfcm gotmrkol ear ojrkculturol mxtmfskaf warimrs, trokfars, ofh eorgmr-lmohmrs ta eocklktotm ofh jukhm eorgmrs kf tbmkr crap gofojmgmft octkvktkms. Sagmbaw, kt cof olsa bmlp palkcygoimrs khmftkey salutkafs tbot tbmy cof kgplmgmft ear tbmkr eorgmr-cafstktumfts. Zm bapm tbot dy uskfj tbks gotmrkol, tbm eorgmrs, wktb tbm bmlp ae tbm javmrfgmft, cof sustokf o cagpmtktkvm rkcm prahuctkaf pursukt0 prahuctkvm, rmlkodlm, pratodlm, ofh mfvkrafgmft-erkmfhly. @ABF @AB F C. C. HM HM LMAF LMAF Mxmcutkvm Hkrmctar, ^bklTkcm
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Oddrmvkotkafs, ocrafygs, ofh sygdals sygdals usmh0 OX -
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cg cov HOS/HOX HS/ZS HZST j/ ij bo LCC g/ g4
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GC -
GAMX F/ ^/ I Fa. FS_CS ^K/ M^K rpg S -
cmftkgmtmr covof (usuolly =>ij) hoys oetmr sawkfj/ trofsploftkfj hry smosaf/ wmt smosaf hkrmct wmt-smmhmh rkcm jrog/ iklajrog bmctorm Lmoe Calar Cbort gmtmr/ squorm gmtmr gaksturm caftmft Gkfus-Afm-Mlmgmft Xmcbfkqum Fktrajmf/ ^baspbarus/ ^atosskug fugdmr Fotkafol Smmh _uolkty Caftral Smrvkcms pofkclm kfktkotkaf/ morly pofkclm kfktkotkaf rmvalutkaf pmr gkfutm suleur
t/bo -
taf pmr bmctorm
X^T -
trofsploftmh rkcm
wi -
wmmi
Pf -
zkfc
% 6 -
3
ojrkculturol tmcbfalajkst
pmrcmft jrmotmr tbof ar mquol ta
Xbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg ^oloyCbmci ks o hyfogkc rkcm crap gofojmgmft systmg tbot prmsmfts tbm imy tmcbfalajy ofh gofojmgmft proctkcms os Imy Cbmcis9 cagporms eorgmr proctkcms wktb dmst proctkcms9 ofh lmorfs erag eorgmrs‛ hkscusskaf jraups ta sustokf kgpravmgmft kf prahuctkvkty, pratodklkty, ofh mfvkrafgmft soemty. ^oloyCbmci ks skgply “lmorfkfj, cbmcikfj, ofh sborkfj ear dmst eorgkfj proctkcms‗. ^oloyCbmci ks o Tkcm Kftmjrotmh Crap Gofojmgmft (TKCG) Systmg. TKCG rmcajfkzms tbot rkcm-jrawkfj ks o prahuctkaf systmg cafskstkfj ae eoctars tbot orm kftmrhmpmfhmft ofh kftmrrmlotmh kf tbmkr kgpoct af rkcm jrawtb, ykmlh, ofh jrokf quolkty, ofh af tbm sustokfodklkty ae tbm mfvkrafgmft. Kt gokftokfs tbot tmcbfalajy rmcaggmfhotkafs ear ykmlh kgpravmgmft dm hmvmlapmh ofh trofsemrrmh ta eorgmrs os o balkstkc ofh kftmjrotmh pociojm, fat dy cagpafmfts sucb os kftmjrotmh futrkmft (KFG) ar pmst gofojmgmft (K^G). ^oloyCbmci cavmrs tbm prkfckpol ormos ae crap gofojmgmft sucb os smmh quolkty, lofh prmporotkaf, crap mstodlksbgmft, ofh tbm rmspmctkvm gofojmgmft ae futrkmfts, wotmr, pmsts, borvmst, ofh pastborvmst. ^oloyCbmci mfcaurojms eorgmrs ta gofojm tbmkr rkcm crap occarhkfj ta torjmts dy gmosurkfj crap pmreargofcm ofh ofolyzkfj rmsults. Kt pravkhms stofhorhs kf tbm earg ae Imy Cbmcis tbot jukhm eorgmrs af wbot ta ocbkmvm9 ofh baw ta ossmss ofh ocbkmvm tbm Imy Cbmcis. Kf sucb o woy, ^oloyCbmci wkll bmlp eorgmrs lmorf erag tbmkr mxpmrkmfcms wbklm kgpravkfj tbmkr crap gofojmgmft proctkcms. 8
^oloyCbmci Strotmjy Jraup ofh mxpmrkmftkol lmorfkfj tbraujb eorgmrs‛ gmmtkfjs ofh portkckpotkvm kftmroctkafs orm fmcmssory bmlp eorgmrs lmorf ofh opply proctkcms, tbm ^oloyCbmcitaSystmg dy cagporkfj eorgkfj gofojmgmft aptkafs, ofh ykmlh/quolkty kf tbm tmcbfalajy hmgafstrotkaf plat wktb tbasm ae atbmr eorgmrs‛ mlhs (smm Dax ?). ^oloyCbmci mgplays tbm eallawkfj strotmjkms0 • ^ociojkfj imy tmcbfalajkms os Imy Cbmcis • Zarikfj wktb jraups ae eorgmrs ta khmftkey rkcm-eorgkfj pradlmgs, hmgafstrotm tbm Imy Cbmcis, ofh bmlp eorgmrs lmorf ^oloyCbmci dy cagporkfj tbm proctkcms, gofojmgmft aptkafs, ofh ykmlh/quolkty os wmll os prat wktb tbasm ae atbmr eorgmrs‛ mlhs • Xmocbkfj eorgmrs baw ta mvoluotm tbmkr currmft proctkcms, ofh kgpravm tbm gofojmgmft ae tbmkr mlhs uskfj tbm Imy Cbmcis • Gafktarkfj ofh rmcarhkfj gofojmgmft kfputs ofh ocbkmvmgmft ae Imy Cbmcis pmr jrawtb stojm • Bmlpkfj eorgmrs ossmss tbm Imy Cbmcis ofh khmftkey tbm rmosafs ear ocbkmvkfj ar fat ocbkmvkfj ocbkmvkf j tbmg
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Currmft Eorgmrs Crap Gofojmgmft ^roctkcms Tmcaggmfhmh Crap Gofojmgmft Xmcbfalajkms ofh Imy Cbmcis ta Ocbkmvm Gafktarkfj, Tmcarhkfj, ofh Ossmssgmft ot tbm eallawkfj crap stojms0 • ^rm-ploftkfj • Lofh prmporotkaf ofh crap mstodlksbgmft • Morly ta gkh-tkllmrkf gkh-tkllmrkfj j • Goxkgug tkllmrkfj • ^ofkclm kfktkotkaf • Elawmrkfj ta jrokf-llk jrokf-llkfj fj • Goturkty • Borvmst ofh pastborvmst
O r m
s o a e k g p r a v m g m f t
5
Kgplmgmftkfj tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg
Mocb sktm wkll cafskst ae0 o ^oloyCbmci hmgafstrotkaf mlh ta sbawcosm tbm rmcaggmfhmh proctkcms9 o jraup ae rkcm eorgmrs9 ofh o eocklktotar ar rmsaurcm pmrsaf. Xbm hmga mlh ks o smlmctmh eorgmr‛s mlh (eorgmr-portfmr). ^rmemrodly, tbm mlh sbaulh dm ot lmost >.= bo lacotmh olafj tbm raohskhm, dmskhm o faf-tmcbfalajy-kftmrvmfmh mlh, ofh fmor tbm eorgmrs‛ gmmtkfj ormo. Smmh ofh emrtklkzmr kfputs goy dm pravkhmh ta mfsurm tbot tbm rmcaggmfhmh proctkcms orm eallawmh. Xbm hmga mlh wkll dm tbm dosks ear mvoluotkfj tbm strmfjtbs ofh wmoifmssms ae tbm eorgmrs‛ gofojmgmft oppraocb, ofh ear hkscusskfj os wmll os lmorfkfj tbm fmcmssory oh`ustgmfts ta kgpravm ykmlh ofh prat. Xbm fmkjbdarkfj gmgdmrs ae tbm jraup (eorgmr-caapmrotars) goy ar goy fat ohapt ^oloyCbmci rmcaggmfhotkafs. Xbm portkckpofts ae ^oloyCbmci orm o jraup ae ?=-4= eorgmrs dmlafjkfj ta o caggufkty ar fmkjbdarbaah. Xbm jraup wkll gmmt dmearm, hurkfj, ofh oetmr tbm crappkfj smosaf ta rmvkmw tbm gofojmgmft proctkcms, pmst kfckhmfcm, jrawtb ofh ykmlh rmsults, ofh wmotbmr cafhktkafs9 cagporm tbm ^oloyCbmci hmga mlh wktb tbm eorgmr-caapmrotars‛ mlhs9 hkscuss rmosafs ear ocbkmvkfj ar fat ocbkmvkfj Imy Cbmcis dosmh af tbmkr ifawlmhjm ofh :
mxpmrkmfcms9 plof ear tbm fmxt gmmtkfj‛s octkvktkms9 ofh rmcarh tbm octkvktkms ofh rmsults ae tbm hmga mlh ofh tbm eorgmr-caapmrotars‛ mlhs. Xbm gofojmgmft proctkcms, ocbkmvmgmft ar fafocbkmvmgmft ae Imy Cbmcis, ofh ykmlh rmsults wkll dm mvoluotmh pmr sktm. Xbm mvoluotkaf suggory wkll dm prmsmftmh hurkfj tbm lost gmmtkfj (oetmr borvmst) ta mxpmhktm tbm ultkgotm ofolysks ofh kftmrprmtotkaf ae tbm ocbkmvmgmft ae Imy Cbmcis ofh tbm ykmlh rmsults ae mocb eorgmr-caapmrotar ofh eorgmr-portfmr. Xbaujb tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg bmlps eorgmrs ottokf bkjb ykmlh tbraujb prapmr crap gofojmgmft, kt ks mssmftkol tbot tbm lmorfkfj pracmss dm bkjblkjbtmh. Xbm lmorfkfj pracmss toims plocm dmearm, hurkfj, ofh oetmr mocb ploftkfj smosaf. Eorgmrs cof cagporm tbmkr octuol pmreargofcm ofh gofojmgmft marts wktb tbm mxpmctmh autputs (ykmlh, quolkty, ofh mfvkrafgmftol autcagms) os kfhkcotmh dy tbm ocbkmvmh Imy Cbmcis. Hum ta lkgktmh rmsaurcms, eorgmr-caapmrotars cof fat olwoys ohopt ^oloyCbmci rmcaggmfhotkafs. Succmssms, pradlmgs, ofh eoklurms fmmh ta dm khmftkmh ta mfsurm kgpravmgmfts kf tbm fmxt smosaf.
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Stmps kf uskfj tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg ?. Gofojm tbm rkcm crap uskfj tbm Imy Cbmcis. ^oloyCbmci hmvmlaps o pociojm ae tmcbfalajy rmcaggmfhotkafs. Mgpboskzm ta eorgmrs tbot tbm Imy Cbmcis orm tbm gast kgpartoft rmcaggmfhotkafs taworh ottokfkfj bkjb ykmlh. Mocb prkfckpol ormo ae crap gofojmgmft cof bovm afm ar garm Imy Cbmcis. Mocb Imy Cbmci ks mxprmssmh kf o structurmh woy. Xbmrmearm, mocb ae tbmg bos tbm eallawkfj0 • Crap Gofojmgmft Ormo. Ormo. Kf vorkmty ofh smmh smlmctkaf, earsmmhs mxogplm, tbm Imy Cbmci ksvorkmty.‗ “]smh bkjb-quolkty ae o rmcaggmfhmh • Kgpartofcm. Xbks Kgpartofcm. Xbks kfhkcotms wby tbm Imy Cbmci ks sa fmcmssory kf ocbkmvkfj tbm mlh autput, ar jrawtb-ofh-ykmlh autput ae tbm crap. Ear mxogplm, bkjb-quolkty smmh ks purm, clmof, eull ofh ufkearg kf skzm, ofh bos o jmrgkfotkaf rotm ae ot lmost 2=%. • Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci. Xbks ks tbm kfhkcotar ar gmtbah ta hmtmrgkfm ke tbm Imy Cbmci bos dmmf ocbkmvmh. Ear mxogplm, tbm smmh ks mktbmr cmrtkmh dy FS_CS os mvkhmfcmh dy o toj af tbm soci, ar cagms erag rmlkodlm saurcms (m.j. ^bklTkcm, ]^LD, occrmhktmh smmh jrawmrs). Ke ocbkmvmh, kt ks jkvmf o cbmci (). Ke fat ocbkmvmh, kt ks jkvmf of (x). • Tmcaggmfhotkaf ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci. Xbm proctkcms rmqukrmh ta ocbkmvm tbm Imy Cbmci os wmll os atbmr ossackotmh proctkcms fmmhmh ta gofojm tbm crap orm lokh hawf.
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Ear mxogplm, “cbaasm o vorkmty wktb bkjb ykmlh patmftkol ofh gorimt hmgofh, ofh tmstmh kf tmcbfalajy hmgafstrotkaf ar ohoptodklkty trkols‗. Xbm rmcaggmfhmh proctkcms orm tbm kfputs, tbm Imy Cbmcis orm tbm autputs. 4. Adsmrvm, gmosurm, ofh rmcarh crap jrawtb ofh gofojmgmft pmreargofcm. Mfcaurojm ofh jukhm eorgmrs kfta adsmrvkfj tbm rkcm crap clasmly ofh rmjulorly dy wolikfj tbraujb tbm plats ofh sbawkfj tbmg baw ta gmosurm crap jrawtb ofh gofojmgmft pmreargofcm. ]sm o rulmr, cauft, ar wmkjb. Ha fat jumss ar mstkgotm. Tmcarh tbm gmosurmgmfts ta mfsurm tbot tbm kfeargotkaf ks usm. ]sm eargs pravkhmh taovoklodlm yau ar o ear mlhlotmr fatmdaai. Hatbm fat rmly af yaur gmgary9 wrktm hawf fatms. 3. Cagporm ofh kftmrprmt rmsults ta khmftkey pradlmg ormos. Jukhm eorgmrs kf kftmrprmtkfj ofh ofolyzkfj tbm rmlotkafsbkps ogafj gofojmgmft proctkcms, gmosurmgmfts, ofh ykmlh rmsults ta khmftkey tbasm ormos tbot goy bovm lkgktmh ykmlhs dut cof dm kgpravmh upaf. Osi tbmg baw tbmy ocbkmvmh tbmkr ykmlhs. 8. Xoim octkaf ta carrmct gofojmgmft pradlmgs fmxt smosaf. Bmlp eorgmrs kgpravm tbmkr crap gofojmgmft proctkcms ta avmrcagm paar rmsults, ar rmpmot proctkcms tbot rmsultmh kf jaah ykmlhs. Lmorf erag yaur mxpmrkmfcms.
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Kt ks fat skgply puttkfj o cbmci () ar o crass (x) af tbm Imy Cbmcis. Kt ks kgpartoft ear eorgmrs ta ufhmrstofh wby o Imy Cbmci bos dmmf ocbkmvmh ar fat ocbkmvmh (autput) jkvmf o crap gofojmgmft (kfput). Kt ks fat tbm sogm os tbm “?4 Stmps kf Tkcm ^rahuctkaf‗ ar skgklor scbmgms. Kt ks fat o prmscrkptkaf ear succmsseul rkcm prahuctkaf. Eorgmrs ofh tmcbfkck tmcbfkckofs ofs sbaulh rmcajfkzm tbot tbm ^oloyCbmci Systmg kftmjrotms ofh dolofcms crap gofojmgmft tmcbfalajkms wktb jraup lmorfkfj ta kgpravm ofh sustokf jokfs kf rkcm prahuctkaf. Kt ks of ohvoftojm ke eorgmr jraups kgplmgmft ^oloyCbmci. Oetmr clasm gafktarkfj ae tbm rkcm crap, eorgmrs sborm mxpmrkmfcms, hkscuss passkdlm rmosafs ear ocbkmvkfj ar fat ocbkmvkfj tbm Imy Cbmcis. Bmfcm, eorgmrs tbmgsmlvms rmcajfkzm wmoifmssms kf tbmkr crap gofojmgmft ofh woys ta kgpravm kf tbm fmxt crappkfj smosaf.
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& s m m h s m l m c t k a f
Uorkmty ofh Smmh Smlmctkaf
?4
U o r k m t y
Imy Cbmci ?
]smh bkjb-quolkty bkjb-quolkty smmhs ae o rmcaggmfhmh vorkmty Kgpartofcm. Bkjb-quolkty smmhs orm rmlotkvmly Kgpartofcm. purm, bovm emwmr wmmh smmhs, ermm erag vkskdlm smmh-darfm hksmosms, eull ofh ufkearg kf skzm, ofh bovm ot lmost 2=% jmrgkfotkaf rotm. Os craps erag bkjb-quolkty smmhs jraw, goturm, ofh rkpmf ufkeargly, borvmstkfj octkvktkms dmcagm garm mckmft. Xbks rmsults kf o ?>% ar garm kfcrmosm kf ykmlh. Tmcaggmfhmh vorkmtkms orm ohoptmh ta lacol cafhktkafs. Xbmy orm rmskstoft ta dkatkc strmssms (m.j. prmvolmft pmsts ofh hksmosms) kf tbm ormo, bovm prahucmh rmlotkvmly stodlm ofh bkjb ykmlhs, ofh orm prmemrrmh dy eorgmrs ofh lacol cafsugmrs. ?3
Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci
Smmhs orm cmrtkmh dy tbm Durmou ae ^loft Kfhustry - Fotkafol Smmh _uolkty Caftral Smrvkcms (D^K-FS_CS). Ke tbmrm orm fa occrmhktmh smmh jrawmrs kf tbm lacolkty, bkjb-quolkty smmhs orm saurcmh erag rmlkodlm saurcms ar awf-prahucmh.
Xbm vorkmty sukts tbm mfvkrafgmft, ohhrmssms o prmvoklkfj lacol mlh pradlmg, ar bos pmreargmh wmll kf ot lmost twa smosafs ae ohoptodklkty trkols. Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta Ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci ? ?. Saurcm smmhs prmemrodly erag occrmhktmh smmh jrawmrs. Cbmci ke tbm ottocbmh FS_CS toj ks volkh.
Sogplm toj ear cmrtkmh smmhs
Ke smmhs orm alh staci ar corry-avmr erag tbm prmvkaus smosaf, tbmsm sbaulh bovm possmh tbm jmrgkfotkaf rm-tmst dmearm sawkfj. Ke tbmrm orm fa occrmhktmh smmh jrawmrs0 • saurcm smmhs erag rmlkodlm eorgmrs kf tbm ormo (k.m. erag eorgs tbot bovm ufkearg crap jrawtb) • prahucm awf bkjb-quolkty smmhs eallawkfj prapmr pracmhurms, portkculorly kf rajukfj ar rmgavkfj a-typms
?8
• mfsurm tbot eorgmr-prahucmh smmhs bovm possmh o jmrgkfotkaf rm-tmst ta hmtmrgkfm tbmkr quolkty, wbkcb goy dm hafm dy tbm eorgmr ar FS_CS 4. Cbaasm o vorkmty tbot0 o. sukts tbm mfvkrafgmft (krrkjotmh ar rokfemh) o. ar ploftkfj smosaf (HS ar ZS). Kf ZS). Kf rokfemh ormos, kt ks dmst ta prkarktkzm vorkmtkms kftmfhmh ear tbm rokfemh mfvkrafgmft. Hurkfj tbm wmt smosaf, dmworm ae prmvolmft pmsts kf tbm ormo ofh cafskhmr tbm sbottmrkfj ofh lahjkfj cboroctmrkstkcs ae o vorkmty.
FSKC Tc 444 ks rmcaggmfhmh fotkafolly, HS & ZS. ^SD Tc ?> ks of morly-goturkfj vorkmty (?>= hoys) tbot cof t tbm crap colmfhor dmearm tbm typbaaf gaftbs.
d. ohhrmssms o prmvoklkfj lacol mlh pradlmg. d. Kf ormos tbot orm usuolly omctmh dy hmstructkvm typbaafs, hraujbt, ar aahs, mspmckolly hurkfj tbm ZS, usm o vorkmty wktb suktodlm goturkty tbot cof mscopm patmftkol odkatkc strmssms. Cafskhmr olsa rmjkafolly rmcaggmfhmh vorkmtkms os tbmsm orm gast lkimly ohoptmh kf tbm lacolkty. c. bos pmreargmh wmll kf ot lmost twa smosafs c. ae ohoptodklkty trkols gohm dy ^bklTkcm ar lacol HO acm. h. bos bkjb gorimt hmgofh. h.
?=
L o f h p r m o p r o t k a f
Lofh ^rmporotkaf
?5
Imy Cbmci 4
Zmll-lmvmlmh mlh Kgpartofcm. O wmll-lmvmlmh mlh ks o prm-rmquksktm Kgpartofcm. O ta jaah crap jrawtb ofh gofojmgmft. Kt bmlps ocbkmvm tbm eallawkfj0 • mckmft wotmr gofojmgmft • lmss wmmh kfckhmfcm • dmttmr sfokl gofojmgmft • mckmft futrkmft utklkzotkaf • ufkearg crap jrawtb ofh goturkty • mckmft usm ae eorg gocbkfmry Xa ocbkmvm o wmll-lmvmlmh mlh, wmmhs, rkcm strow, ofh studdlms gust dm tbaraujbly hmcagpasmh ofh lofh ks wmll-puhhlmh. O paarly prmpormh mlh caulh ykmlh =% lmss. Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci Cbmci
Fa bkjb ofh law sakl spats oetmr fol lmvmlkfj0 • fa partkaf bos hmmpmr tbof =cg wotmr (≂ tbugd lmfjtb) • fa gaufh ae sakl cof dm smmf odavm tbm =cg wotmr sureocm oetmr fol lmvmlkfj ?:
Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci 4 ?. Clmof ofh rmpokr hkims ofh hktcbms. hktcbms. • Clmof hkims bmlp prmvmft ar rmhucm pmst • kfemstotkaf. Cagpoctmh hkims prmvmft smmpojm. • Hkims gokftokfmh ot ?=cg bkjb x 4>cg wkhm hkscaurojm rot-durrawkfj. • Clmof hktcbms mfsurm wotmr mckmfcy ofh eocklktotm hrokfojm. 4. ^law ar ratavotm mlh 4? - 3> hoys dmearm ploftkfj ta0 • ollat tkgm ear tbm jmrgkfotkaf ae wmmhs ofh hrap smmhs • kfcarparotm wmmhs, rkcm strow, ofh studdlms kf tbm sakl ta ollaw tkgm ear hmcagpasktkaf • opply arjofkc emrtklkzmrs ta kfcrmosm tbm papulotkaf ae dmfmckol gkcradkols kf tbm sakl. Xbks wkll bmlp bostmf tbm eull hmcagpasktkaf ae ploft rmskhums, atbmrwksm tbm sakl turfs ockhkc ofh sagm futrkmfts dmcagm lmss ovoklodlm 3. Borraw tbm mlh mvmry : hoys oetmr plawkfj. Xbm rst borrawkfj ks olafj tbm plawkfj pottmrf9 tbm smcafh ar kfktkol lmvmlkfj ks crasswksm. Xbks wkll0 • drmoi tbm clahs • kfcarparotm studdlms kf tbm sakl • ollaw wmmh smmhs ofh hrap smmhs ta jmrgkfotm • bmlp rmhucm kfktkol pmst papulotkaf • gokftokf tbm sakl‛s borh pof 8. Ekfol-borraw ofh lmvml tbm mlh uskfj o waahmf plofi ar tkllmr-ottocbmh lmvmlmr. Zotmr hmptb gust dm =cg ta mosm mlh-lmvmlkfj.
?2
Mxogplm0
=. Ear HZST, cafstruct sgoll cofols (4=cg wkhm ofh =cg hmmp) surraufhkfj tbm mlh fmor tbm hkims ofh ot tbm gkhhlm ae tbm mlh ta0 • pravkhm potb ear mxcmss wotmr • eocklktotm callmctkaf ae sfokls ofh mlh apmrotkafs (k.m. rmploftkfj, wmmhkfj)
?;
Crap Mstodlksbgmft
4>
C r a p m s t o d l k s b g m f t
Imy Cbmci 3
^roctkcmh syfcbrafaus ploftkfj oetmr o rmst pmrkah Kgpartofcm. Syfcbrafaus ploftkfj oetmr o rmst pmrkah mfodlms mckmft usm ae krrkjotkaf wotmr ofh ovakhs avmrloppkfj kfckhmfcms ae kfsmct ofh hksmosm papulotkafs, tbmrmdy prmvmftkfj ykmlh lass. m.j. accurrmfcm ae tufjra hksmosm cousmh dy JLB.
Ke eorgmrs kf of ormo ploft syfcbrafausly, craps cof dm borvmstmh olgast skgultofmausly, lmovkfj fa eaah saurcm ear kfsmct pmsts ta survkvm af ofh gultkply. 4?
Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci
Ollawmh tbm mlh ta rmst ear ot lmost 3> hoys oetmr borvmst dmearm tbm fmxt crappkfj smosaf dmjkfs. ^loftmh wktbkf ?8 hoys dmearm ar ?8 hoys oetmr tbm rmjulor ploftkfj scbmhulm kf tbm krrkjotkaf smrvkcm ormo ar opplkcodlm vkckfkty. Sogplm rmjulor ploftkfj scbmhulm kf of krrkjotkaf smrvkcm ormo
Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci 3 3 ?. Oetmr borvmstkfj, ollaw tbm mlh ta rmst. Ha fat ploft tbm ormo wktb rkcm ear ot lmost 3> hoys. Dmfmts ae ollawkfj tbm rmst pmrkah0 • Kt drmois tbm kfsmct pmst cyclm. Gast kfsmct pmsts bovm of ovmrojm lkem cyclm ae 3> hoys. Hurkfj tbm rmst pmrkah, tbmy wkll bovm fa plocm ta stoy ofh gast ae tbmg wkll storvm ta hmotb. • Kt hmstrays hksmosm bast ofh rmhucms kfaculug mlh . Dy lmovkfj tbm mlh khlm, tbm saurcmkfaetbm hksmosms tbot hmvmlapmh hurkfj tbm prmvkaus crappkfj smosaf wkll hkm dmearm tbm stort ae tbm fmxt smosaf. • Kt ollaws jaah hmcagpasktkaf ae hmcagpasktkaf ae tbm rkcm strow ofh/ar arjofkc gotmrkols tbot cof smrvm os emrtklkzmr. 4. Eallaw tbm lacol ploftkfj colmfhor ta goim eull usm ae krrkjotkaf wotmr wktbkf tbm caggufkty. ^roctkcm syfcbrafaus ploftkfj ot lmost wktbkf tbm opplkcodlm vkckfkty (m.j. turfaut, hkvkskaf, dorofjoy).
44
Imy Cbmci 8
Suckmft fugdmr ae bmoltby smmhlkfjs Kgpartofcm. Bmoltby smmhlkfjs bovm sbart lmoe sbmotbs, lafj ofh hmfsm raats, ofh mvmf bmkjbt. Xbmy jraw ufkeargly ofh bovm fa pmst hogojm. Zktb ufkearg jrawtb, bmoltby smmhlkfjs prahucm o jaah cofapy ofh mvmry ploft cof ovokl ae suckmft suflkjbt ofh sakl futrkmfts. Xbmy cof olsa moskly rmcavmr erag trofsploftkfj sbaci, ofh bovm bkjbmr survkvol rotm. Xbmy prahucm prahuctkvm tkllmrs tbot trofslotm ta kfcrmosmh patmftkol ear bkjbmr ykmlh. Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci Ear Xrofsploftmh Tkcm (X^T)0
Eallawmh tbm rmcaggmfhmh smmhkfj rotm ae 4>-8>ij/bo bkjb-quolkty rkcm smmhs. 43
Mfsurmh bkll hmfskty ae 4= bklls/g4 ke gofuolly trofsploftmh, ar 4? bklls/g4 ke gmcbofkcolly trofsploftmh. Mfsurmh afm bmoltby smmhlkfj pmr bkll. Baw ta ossmss bkll hmfskty ofh bmoltb stotus ae X^T0 ?. Ot ?> HOX, rofhagly smlmct tbrmm sogplkfj lacotkafs ot lmost ?g erag tbm hkim ofh kf o hkojafol lkfm ocrass tbm mlh. 4. Cauft tbm bklls erag mocb lacotkaf uskfj o ?g x ?g quohrot ear gofuol trofsploftkfj. Ear gmcbofkcol trofsploftkfj, gmosurm o ?.?g x >.;g quohrot.
48
3. Ohh tbm caufts ofh hkvkhm tbm tatol dy tbrmm ta jmt tbm ovmrojm fugdmr ae bklls/g4. 8. Mocb Kf mvmry smlmct bklls. bkll porcml, sbaulh rofhagly bovm ot lmost afm?>bmoltby smmhlkfj. Gofuol
ot lmost 4= bklls/g4 wktb ot lmost afm bmoltby smmhlkfj pmr bkll
Gmcbofkcol
ot lm lmost 4? 4? bk bklls/g4 wktb ot lmost afm bmoltby smmhlkfj pmr bkll
Ear Hkrmct Zmt-Smmhmh Tkcm (HZST)0 Eallawmh tbm rmcaggmfhmh smmhkfj rotm ae 8>-5>ij/bo ear raw smmhkfj ofh 5>-2>ij/bo ear draohcost smmhkfj.
Mfsurmh ploft hmfskty ae 44= plofts/g4 ot 5>ij/bo smmhkfj rotm, ar 3>> plofts/g4 ot 2>ij/bo smmhkfj rotm. ^lofts kf mocb quohrot bovm fa pmst hogojm ofh orm ufkearg kf lmoe calar ofh ploft bmkjbt.
Hkrmct wmt-smmhmh rkcm
4=
Baw ta ossmss ploft hmfskty ofh bmoltb stotus ae HZST0 ?. Ot ?=-?2 HOS, rofhagly smlmct tbrmm sogplkfj sktms ot lmost ?g erag tbm hkim ofh kf o hkojafol lkfm ocrass tbm mlh. 4. ]sm o >.=g x >.=g quohrot. Cauft tbm plofts kf mocb quohrot, cagputm tbm ovmrojm fugdmr ae plofts pmr quohrot, tbmf gultkply dy eaur ta hmtmrgkfm tbm ovmrojm fugdmr ae plofts/g4.
3. Kf mvmry quohrot, vksuolly kfspmct plofts ear ufkeargkty kf lmoe calar ofh ploft bmkjbt, ofh ear pmst hogojm.
45
Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci 8 8 Ear X^T0 ?. Eallaw tbmsm rmcaggmfhotkafs Gmtbah
Smrotm mhkfj
Smmhdmh ormo
**Ojm ae smmhlkfjs (hoys)
Fa. ae smmhlkfjs pmr bkll
^loftkfj hkstofcm (cgxcg)
Gofuol
4> ar 8> ij/ bo
8>>g4
?2-4?
4-3
4>x4> (ZS) 4>x?= (HS)
:>-?5> j/troy* (4>8>ij/ bo)
4=>-3>> troys
?8-?2**
3-5
3>x?= (ZS/HS)
84>;5>j/
=>g4
?8-?2
3-5
3>x?= (ZS/HS)
Gmcbofkcol
• Xroy gmtbah
• Gahkmh wmt hopaj gmtbah
4
g (4>8>ij/ bo)
*Skzm ae troy0 42cg x =2cg **Cof usm ?4-hoy-alh smmhlkfjs ke bmkjbt ks fat lmss tbof ?=cg Lawmr smmhkfj rotm kf gmcbofkcol trofsploftkfj ks rmcaggmfhmh ear bydrkh caggmrckol rkcm prahuctkaf dmcousm ae bkjb prkcm ae smmhs.
• Sawkfj tbm rkjbt ogauft ae smmhs rmsults kf strafj ofh bmoltby smmhlkfjs. • O 4>g x ?g smmhdmh pravkhms mfaujb spocm ear smmhlkfjs ta jraw.
4:
• Opply arjofkc gotmrkols dmearm lmvmlkfj tbm smmhdmh. ]sm cagpast ar ofy eully hmcagpasmh gotmrkol sucb os hrkmh ofkgol gofurm, cordafkzmh rkcm bull, ar rkcm strow. Arjofkc gotmrkols bmlp laasmf tbm sakl, goikfj pullkfj ae smmhlkfjs moskmr wktb lmss raat hogojm. Xypm ae sakl
Ekfm-tmxturmh Gmhkug-tmxturmh
Totm ae opplkcotkaf
3-8 dojs caggmrckol arjofkc emrtklkzmr fa fmmh ta opply arjofkc gotmrkols
• [aufj smmhlkfjs orm suscmptkdlm ta jalhmf opplm sfokls. Smmhlkfjs alhmr tbof 4= hoys wkll bovm hkculty rmcavmrkfj erag trofsploftkfj strmss ofh wkll prahucm lmss tkllmrs. • Clasm spockfj rmsults kf gutuol sbohkfj ofh lmss tkllmrs. Xoll plofts orm suscmptkdlm ta lahjkfj. • Ha fat cut tbm lmovms ae smmhlkfjs dmearm trofsploftkfj. Xbm cut ormo cof dm of mftry pakft ear hksmosm-couskfj arjofksgs. 4. Tmploft gksskfj bklls wktbkf : HOX. ]sm smmhlkfjs erag tbm sogm smmhdmh ta ovakh ufmvmf goturkty. Ear HZST0 ?. ^rmporm tbm mlh ear smmhkfj dy eallawkfj tbm lofh prmporotkaf ofh lmvmllkfj rmcaggmfhotkafs autlkfmh kf Imy Cbmci 4. 4. ^ratmct prm-jmrgkfotmh smmhs erag dkrhs, rots, sfokls, ofh wmmhs dy eallawkfj tbm rmcaggmfhmh pmst gofojmgmft proctkcms. 3. ]sm hrugsmmhmr ar draohcost prm-jmrgkfotmh smmhs mvmfly afta tbm mlh.
42
Zktb hrugsmmhmr
8. Saw mxtro ?ij prm-jmrgkfotmh smmhs af tbm skhm ae tbm mlh ear rmploftkfj. Tmploft dolh ormos wktbtao mfsurm rohkus ae garm tbof ?>cg wktbkf :-?> HOS mvmf goturkty.
4;
Futrkmft Gofojmgmft
g o f o F j u m t g r k m m t f t f
3>
Imy Cbmci =
Suckmft futrkmfts erag tkllmrkfj ta morly pofkclm kfktkotkaf (M^K) ofh awmrkfj Kgpartofcm. Futrkmft kfputs os emrtklkzmrs ll Kgpartofcm. Futrkmft tbm jop dmtwmmf wbot tbm crap fmmhs ofh wbot ks currmftly prmsmft kf tbm sakl, wotmr, ofh okr. Suckmft futrkmfts erag tkllmrkfj ta M^K ofh awmrkfj mfsurm jaah jrawtb ofh ufkearg pofkclm hmvmlapgmft ae tbm crap. Xbmy olsa mfsurm ottokfgmft ae tbm crap‛s ykmlh patmftkol. Ke futrkmfts orm kfsuckmft hurkfj tbmsm stojms, tbmrm goy dm slaw jrawtb, lmss tkllmrs ofh pofkclms, emwmr smmhs, ofh lkjbtmr jrokf. Mxcmsskvm futrkmfts wkll cousm pmst hogojm, lahjkfj, ofh sakl pallutkaf.
3?
Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci
Fa sygptags ae futrkmft hmckmfcy ar taxkckty erag tkllmrkfj ta morly pofkclm kfktkotkaf (M^K) ofh awmrkfj. Ocbkmvmh ot lmost 3>> pofkclms/g4 (X^T) ar 3=> pofkclms/g4 (HZST) ot haujb stojm. Baw ta ossmss tbm fugdmr ae pofkclms ot haujb stojm0 ?. Tofhagly smlmct tbrmm sogplkfj sktms (?g x ?g quohrot) ot lmost ?g erag tbm hkim ofh kf o hkojafol lkfm ocrass tbm mlh. 4. Cauft tbm pofkclms kf mocb quohrot ofh jmt tbm ovmrojm pofkclms/g4.
34
Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci = = ?. Ifaw ofh gofojm tbm futrkmft rmqukrmgmfts ae yaur crap dosmh af0 o. vksuol adsmrvotkaf ae hmckmfcy sygptags Xkps kf prapmr vksuol hkojfasks ae futrkmft hmckmfcy hmckmfcy ]^^MT LMOUMS Pkfc (Pf) Colckug (Co) Cappmr (Cu) Kraf (Em) Daraf (D) Suleur (S) Gofjofmsm (Gf)
LAZMT LMOUMS Fktrajmf (F) ^baspbarus (^) ^atosskug (I) Gojfmskug (Gj)
d. rmsults ae futrkmft hkojfastkc ofh hmckskaf suppart taals0 Hkojfastkc ofh Hmckskaf Suppart Xaals Lmoe Calar Cbort (LCC) O taal ta vksuolly ossmss tbm fktrajmf stotus ae tbm rkcm crap.
Gkfus-Afm-Mlmgmft Xmcbfkqum (GAMX) ofh GAMX Opp O pat mxpmrkgmft tbot ks cagplmgmftmh wktb of KCX-dosmh opplkcotkaf ta hmtmrgkfm tbm futrkmfts hmckmft kf tbm sakl ofh tbm ogaufts fmmhmh ear o cmrtokf torjmt ykmlh.
33
Futrkmft-Agksskaf-^lat Xmcbfkqum (FA^X) O gmofs ta ossmss kfhkjmfaus futrkmft supply ta smrvm os dosks ae emrtklkzmr rmcaggmfhotkaf.
Tkcm Crap Gofojmr (TCG) Of KCX-dosmh plotearg ear ropkhly hmplaykfj kgpravmh futrkmft ofh rkcm-eorgkfj gofojmgmft tmcbfalajkms.
c. atbmr ovoklodlm kfeargotkaf sucb os hoto adtokfmh erag mxtmfskaf warimrs ar rkcm spmckolksts 4. Ifaw tbm rkjbt mlmgmft, ogauft, ofh tkgkfj ae emrtklkzmr opplkcotkaf. Goim M-O-X rkjbt. M - Ifaw tbm rkjbt futrkmft MLMGMFX tbot tbm ploft fmmhs. Jkvkfj tbm rkjbt futrkmfts kfcrmosms cast mckmfcy ofh ottokfgmft ae torjmt ykmlh. O - Ifaw tbm rkjbt OGA]FX ae emrtklkzmr ta opply. Xaa gucb ar taa lkttlm ks fat jaah. X- Ifaw tbm rkjbt XKGKFJ ae emrtklkzmr opplkcotkaf ta kfcrmosm mckmfcy kf kfput cast ofh futrkmft uptoim.
FKXTAJMF (F) Tkjbt mlmgmft . F pragatms ropkh jrawtb ear kfcrmosmh0 • ploft bmkjbt, tkllmr fugdmr, ofh lmoe skzm9 • fugdmr ae pofkclms pmr bkll9 • fugdmr ae spkimlmts pmr pofkclm9 • jrokf pratmkf caftmft9 ofh, • pmrcmftojm ae llmh spkimlmts. 38
F hmckmfcy rmsults kf stuftmh, ymllawksb plofts9 alhmr lmovms ar wbalm plofts orm ymllawksb jrmmf.
(Tkjbt) F-hmckmft rkcm ploft.
Mxcmsskvm F hurkfj pofkclm kfktkotkaf ofh awmrkfj0 • goims tbm ploft prafm ta lahjkfj ofh pmsts9 • kfcrmosms ufllmh spkimlmts9 • ks castly ofh goy caftrkdutm ta mfvkrafgmftol pallutkaf. Tkjbt ogauft . ]sm rmsults ae LCC, TCG, FA^X, ofh GAMX/ GAMX Opp os dosks kf prapmrly hmtmrgkfkfj tbm ogauft ae F ta opply. Tkjbt tkgkfj . Ke LCC ks ovoklodlm0 • usm LCC mvmry : hoys erag ?8 HOX ar 4? HOS uftkl morly awmrkfj • opply F ke 5 ar garm aut ae ?> lmovms orm dmlaw 8 (X^T) ar 3.= (HZST).
3=
Ke LCC ks fat ovoklodlm0 O^^LKCOXKAF ?st
4fh
Ear -hoy goturkty
>-?8 HOX ar :-?> HOS
=-: hoys dmearm pofkclm kfktkotkaf
Ear 6??>-hoy goturkty
>-?8HOX ar :-?> HOS
gkhtkllmrkfj
3rh
=-: hoys dmearm ar oetmr pofkclm kfktkotkaf
^BAS^BAT]S (^) Tkjbt mlmgmft . ^ eufctkafs gokfly ear mfmrjy starojm Kf rkcm, tkllmrkfj, kt pragatms vkjarausofh raattrofsemr. hmvmlapgmft, ofh morly awmrkfj ofh rkpmfkfj. Hmckmfcy sygptags kfcluhm0 • stuftmh hori jrmmf plofts wktb forraw, sbart, vmry mrmct lmovms ofh jrmotly rmhucmh tkllmrkfj9 • tbkf stmgs ofh rmtorhmh hmvmlapgmft9 ofh, • rmhucmh fugdmr ae lmovms, pofkclms, ofh jrokfs pmr pofkclm
(Tkjbt) ^-hmckmft rkcm ploft. 35
Tkjbt ogauft . ]sm rmsults ae GAMX/ GAMX Opp ofh TCG os dosks kf prapmrly hmtmrgkfkfj tbm ogauft ae ^ ta opply. Tkjbt tkgkfj . O^^LKCOXKAF
X^T
>-?8 HOX
HZST
:-?> HOS
^AXOSSK]G (I) Tkjbt mlmgmft . I kf rkcm plofts0 • spmmhs up raat jrawtb ofh daasts ploft vkjar9 •• kgpravms occmlmrotms uptoim ae talmrofcm aeatbmr rkcm tafutrkmfts9 ohvmrsm cafhktkafs sucb os pmst ofh hksmosm kfemstotkafs, hraujbt, lahjkfj9 ofh, • kfcrmosms jrokf skzm ofh wmkjbt, ofh pmrcmft llmh jrokfs I hmckmfcy ks aetmf fat hmtmctmh dmcousm kts sygptags ha fat oppmor uftkl tbm lotmr jrawtb stojms, ofh orm fat os mosy ta rmcajfkzm os tbasm ae F hmckmfcy.
I-hmckmft rkcm ploft. 3:
I hmckmfcy sygptags kfcluhm hori jrmmf plofts wktb ymllawksb drawf lmoe gorjkfs ar hori drawf fmcratkc spats rst oppmorkfj af tbm tkp ae alhmr lmovms. [mllawkfj eallaws o “ɍ‗ pottmrf ofh prajrmssms hawfworh ke hmckmfcy ks fat carrmctmh. Tkjbt ogauft . ]sm rmsults ae GAMX/ GAMX Opp ofh TCG os dosks kf prapmrly hmtmrgkfkfj tbm ogauft ae I ta opply. Tkjbt tkgkfj . O^^LKCOXKAF ?st X^T HZST
4fh
>-?8 HOX
=-: hoys dmearm ar oetmr
:-?> HOS
pofkclm kfktkotkaf =-: hoys dmearm ar oetmr pofkclm kfktkotkaf
PKFC (Pf) Tkjbt mlmgmft . Pf pragatms jaah smmhlkfj ofh avmroll jrawtb ae plofts. Kt ks mssmftkol ear smvmrol dkacbmgkcol potbwoys ofh structurol pracmssms kf tbm rkcm ploft. Pf hmckmfcy sygptags kfcluhm husty drawf spats af uppmr lmovms ae stuftmh plofts oppmorkfj 4-8 wmmis oetmr trofsploftkfj. Kf Pf-hmckmft sakls, F^I emrtklkzmrs olafm coffat pravkhm jaah ykmlh uflmss tbm hmckmfcy ks carrmctmh.
32
Pf-hmckmft rkcm ploft.
Tkjbt ogauft ofh tkgkfj . ]sm rmsults ae GAMX ofh TCG os dosks kf prapmrly hmtmrgkfkfj tbm ogauft ae Pf ta opply. Ke GAMX ar TCG orm fat ovoklodlm, cbaasm afly afm ogafj tbm eallawkfj ogmlkarotkaf tmcbfkqums0 OGMLKATOXKAF XMCBFK_]MS
X^T
OGA]FX
XKGKFJ
Smmhlkfj hkp
4% PfA salutkaf
hkp ear ?=3>gkf
Smmhdmh
opply >.=-4ij
smmhdmh
4
pmr 8>>g smmhdmh ar >.=-4ij pmr 8>ij kfdrmh smmhs
HZST
Draohcost
4=ij PfSA8/ bo
?>-?8 HOX
Ealkor sproykfj
4% salutkaf sproy (valugm sproy ae ?:>L/bo)
?8 HOX
Smmh Pf caotkfj
?% ae tbm hry wmkjbt ae
smmh prmporotkaf
smmhs 3;
S]LE]T (S) Tkjbt mlmgmft . S kf rkcm plofts0 • pragatms ufkearg jrawtb ofh goturkty9 • spmmhs up cblarapbyll prahuctkaf, pratmkf syftbmsks, ofh ploft eufctkaf ofh structurm9 ofh • rmhucms ykmlh ke hmckmfcy accurs ot vmjmtotkvm stojm Sygptags ae S hmckmfcy kfcluhm ymllawkfj ae yaufj lmovms, lmss tkllmrs, emwmr ofh sbartmr pofkclms, rmhucmh fugdmr ae spkimlmts pmr pofkclm, ofh hmloymh goturkty.
(Lmet) S-hmckmft rkcm ploft.
Tkjbt ogauft . ]sm rmsults ae GAMX tmst ar TCG os dosks kf prapmrly hmtmrgkfkfj tbm ogauft ae S ta opply. Xbm ogauft ae S kf ?8?8-?8-?4S (?4%S) os rmcaggmfhmh ta trmot ^ ofh I hmckmfckms ks ohmquotm ta carrmct usuol S hmckmfcy. Tkjbt tkgkfj . O^^LKCOXKAF X^T
>-?8 HOX
HZST
:-?> HOS 8>
Kfcarparotm emrtklkzmr kfta tbm sakl ear dmttmr odsarptkaf ae futrkmfts ofh ta ovakh futrkmft lmocbkfj ofh F valotklkzotkaf. valotklkzotkaf. Opply afly 3>% ae tbm tatol F rmqukrmgmft hurkfj tbm ?st opplkcotkaf.
Opply taphrmss emrtklkzmr ot law wotmr hmptb (4-=cg) ta rmhucm F valotklkzotkaf, ofh futrkmft ruf-a. Opply emrtklkzmr hurkfj tbm caalmr tkgm ae tbm hoy (portkculorly oetmr 30>>^G) ta ovakh F lassms.
8?
Zotmr Gofojmgmft g
o f o j m Z g m o f t m t r
84
Imy Cbmci 5
Ovakhmh strmss cousmh dy hraujbt ar mxcmsskvm wotmr tbot caulh omct tbm jrawtb ofh ykmlh ae tbm crap Kgpartofcm. Xbm rkjbt valugm ae wotmr pragatms Kgpartofcm. Xbm dmttmr futrkmft uptoim, jaah ploft vkjar, dmttmr sfokl ofh wmmh gofojmgmft, ufkearg jrawtb ofh goturkty, ofh garm mckmft eorg apmrotkafs. Kfsuckmft wotmr cousms hraujbt strmss tbot rmsults kf law emrtklkzmr mckmfcy, ofh law ykmlh ofh law jrokf quolkty. Mxcmsskvm wotmr rmsults kf bkjbmr krrkjotkaf cast, futrkmft kgdolofcm, law ykmlh, ofh garm jrmmfbausm jos mgksskafs. Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci
Fa sygptags ae wotmr strmss hum ta hraujbt hurkfj tbm vmjmtotkvm pbosm, tbraujb tbm pofkclm kfktkotkaf ta jrokf-llkfj stojms. Fa sygptags ae wotmr strmss hum ta mxcmsskvm krrkjotkaf wotmr hurkfj tbm vmjmtotkvm pbosm. 83
Sygptags ae wotmr strmss hurkfj tbm vmjmtotkvm pbosm0 Hraujbt strmss (hmmp sakl-crocikfj ear garm tbof tbrmm hoys)0 • lmoe-rallkfj ofh lmoe tkp-hrykfj • stuftmh jrawtb Mxcmsskvm wotmr strmss (6=cg wotmr hmptb ear smvmf hoys ar garm)0 • rmhucmh tkllmrkfj ( tkllmrs pmr bkll) • sgollmr lmoe ormo • raats orm hori-calarmh kfstmoh ae rmhhksb drawf ar lkjbtmr Sygptags ae wotmr strmss hum ta hraujbt hurkfj tbm pofkclm kfktkotkaf ta jrokf-llkfj stojms0 • lmoe-rallkfj ofh lmoe tkp-hrykfj • gofy ufllmh spkimlmts • rmhucmh pofkclm mxsmrtkaf Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci 5 ?. Ottokf 4-3cg wotmr lmvml mvmry krrkjotkaf tkgm wktbkf 3-?8 HOX. Suspmfh krrkjotkaf ear >-?8 HOS, ke wotmr ks stkll prmsmft kf tbm pohhy, uflmss smvmrm hraujbt sygptags oppmor.
4-3cg { 88
4. Ocbkmvm 3-=cg wotmr lmvml mvmry krrkjotkaf tkgm.
=cg
{
3. Gokftokf =cg wotmr lmvml hurkfj tbm awmrkfj stojm. 8. Ocbkmvm =cg wotmr lmvml hurkfj tbm rkpmfkfj stojm. =. Hrokf wotmr ar stap krrkjotkaf0 • afm wmmi dmearm mxpmctmh hotm ae borvmst ear gmhkug-tmxturmh sakl ar hurkfj HS • twa wmmis dmearm mxpmctmh hotm ae borvmst ear fm-tmxturmh sakl ar hurkfj ZS.
Mxogplm ear X^T0 4-3cg mvmry krrkjotkaf
3-=cg
mvmry krrkjotkaf
gokftokf =cg 3-=cg mvmry krrkjotkaf =cg mvmry krrkjotkaf
=cg
hrokf ?cg
Ho y
?>
vmjmtotkvm
rmprahuctkvm
rkpmfkfj
??>
5. Ke wotmr ks scorcm, proctkcm caftrallmh krrkjotkaf. Hurkfj crap jrawtb, proctkcm tbm Oltmrfotm Zmttkfj ofh Hrykfj (OZH) tmcbfalajy okhmh dy of adsmrvotkaf wmll. 8=
^mst Gofojmgmft g o f o j m g ^ m m f s t t
85
Imy Cbmci :
Fa skjfkcoft ykmlh lass hum ta pmsts Kgpartofcm. Ifawkfj baw tbm rkcm crap kftmrocts Kgpartofcm. Ifawkfj wktb dkatkc eoctars ofh tbm ojramcasystmg, ofh carrmctly khmftkeykfj pmsts ofh opplykfj mcalajkcolly saufh gofojmgmft strotmjkms cof bmlp prmvmft skjfkcoft ykmlh lass. Xbmy cof olsa pragatm bkjb-quolkty jrokfs. Ossmssgmft ae Imy Cbmci
Fa skjfkcoft ykmlh lass hum ta kfsmct pmsts, hksmosms, wmmhs, rots, sfokls, ofh dkrhs. Sucb lass accurs wbmf afm ar garm pmsts kfkct hogojm. Cbmci Xodlms ?-3 (pp. 82-8;) ear pmst hogojm lmvmls9 Offmxms ?-4 (p. 5;) ear kfsmct pmst ofh hksmosm khmftkcotkaf9 ofh Offmxms 3o-3c (pp. :>-:4) ear proctkcol ossmssgmft ae pmst hogojms. 8:
Xodlm ?. Kfsmct pmst lmvml ossackotmh wktb skjfkcoft ykmlh lass (ear ?4>-hoy-goturkfj vorkmty). Jrawtb stojm
Stmg darmr
Tkcm dloci duj
Drawf ploftbappmr
(SD)
(TDD)
(D^B) Zbktm-/ docimh ploftbappmr (ZD^B)
Tkcm duj (TD)
Fursmry/ Smmhdmh
6 = mjj gossms/ g4
fmjlkjkdlm
fmjlkjkdlm
fmjlkjkdlm
Morly tkllmrkfj
63>% hmohbmort
6?> fygpbs ar ohults/ bkll9 6 4>% hmohbmort/ dujdurf
64= oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
fmjlkjkdlm
Gkh ta gox tkllmrkfj/ Morly pofkclm kfktkotkaf (M^K)
6? mjj goss/g4
64> fygpbs ar ohults/ bkll9 6 3>% hmohbmort/ dujdurf
6=> oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
fmjlkjkdlm
Elawmrkfj
64>% wbktmbmoh
64> fygpbs ar ohults/ bkll9 64> wbktmbmoh
6=> oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
fmjlkjkdlm
Gkli
64>% wbktmbmoh
64> fygpbs ar ohults/ bkll9 6 4> wbktmbmoh
6?>> oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
6= fygpbs ofh ohults/ g4
Jrokfllkfj
64>% wbktmbmoh
64> fygpbs ar ohults/ bkll9 6 4> wbktmbmoh
6?>> oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
6?> fygpbs ofh ohults/ g4
Goturkty
64>% wbktmbmoh
64>% wbktmbmoh
6?>> oll stojms ae kfsmcts/bkll
talmrodlm
Kfsmct pmsts orm gafktarmh kf tbm morly garfkfj (=0>>-:0>>OG) ar lotm oetmrfaaf (=0>>^G). Atbmr pmsts orm usuolly gafktarmh kf tbm lotm oetmrfaaf.
82
Xodlm 4. Hksmosm lmvml ossackotmh wktb skjfkcoft ykmlh lass (ear ?4>-hoy- goturkfj vorkmty). Jrawtb stojm
Tkcm dlost
Sbmotb dlkjbt
Doctmrkol lmoe dlkjbt
(lmoe, fmci, pofkclm)
(SbD)
(DLD)
Tkcm tufjra hksmosm (TXH)
Fursmry/ Smmhdmh
Morly tkllmrkfj Gkh ta gox tkllmrkfj/ M^K Elawmrkfj
64>% ae smmhdmh wktb lmoe dlost
fafm fafm ta fmjlkjkdlm
64>% ae mlh wktb TXH
63>% ae mlh wktb lmoe dlost 6?>% ae mlh wktb fmci dlost
fmjlkjkdlm
63>% ae mlh wktb DLD ofh ufhmvmlapmh spkimlmts
68>% ae mlh wktb TXH
68>% ae mlh wktb SbD
63>% ae mlh wktb DLD af oj lmoe
Gkli Jrokfllkfj Goturkty
talmrodlm 6?>% ae mlh wktb pofkclm dlost
68>% ae mlh wktb SbD ofh 6?>% ufllmh jrokfs
63>% ae mlh wktb DLD ofh ufhmvmlapmh spkimlmts
Xodlm 3. Zmmh, rot, sfokl, ofh dkrh kfemstotkaf lmvml ossackotmh wktb skjfkcoft ykmlh lass. Zmmhs Skjfkcoft ykmlh lass
8;
6=% ae tbm ormo bos wmmh cavmr ot >-8> HOS (HZST), ar 6?>% ot ?=-8> HOX (X^T)
Tots 6=% ae tbm ormo bos hogojmh tkllmrs erag goxkgug tkllmrkfj ta goturkty
Sfokls 6?>% ae tbm ormo bos gksskfj ar sfoklhogojmh bklls ot ?8 HOX ar HOS
Dkrhs 6=% ae tbm ormo bos hogojmh pofkclms
Tmcaggmfhotkafs ta ocbkmvm Imy Cbmci : ?. ]sm vorkmtkms tbot orm rmskstoft ta pmsts prmvolmft kf tbm lacolkty. Xbks ks tbm rst lkfm ae hmemfsm ojokfst pmsts ofh ks cagpotkdlm wktb tbm dkalajkcol caftral gmtbah. Cbofjm ar ratotm vorkmtkms mvmry 4-8 crappkfjs. 4. ^roctkcm syfcbrafaus ploftkfj oetmr o 3>-hoy rmst pmrkah (smm Imy Cbmci 3, pp 4?-44). 3. Cafhuct rmjulor mlh-gafktarkfj erag tbm morly stojm ae crap jrawtb afworhs ta khmftkey patmftkol pmsts ot tbmkr kfktkol stojm ae hmvmlapgmft. ^rmvmftkvm hksmosm gofojmgmft aptkafs cof dm opplkmh dmearm kt sprmohs ofh rmocbms kftalmrodlm lmvmls. Ear kfsmct pmsts, prmvmftkvm gofojmgmft aptkafs sucb os usm ae rmskstoft vorkmtkms ofh syfcbrafaus ploftkfj orm prmemrrmh. Kfsmctkckhm opplkcotkaf ks o carrmctkvm gmosurm ta dm hmplaymh smlmctkvmly wbmf fmmhmh.
8. Lmt tbm gofy dmfmckol arjofksgs tbrkvm kf tbm rkcm mcasystmg. Sucb arjofksgs rmjulotm pmst papulotkafs. Xbm kfhkscrkgkfotm usm ae pmstkckhms rmhucms dkahkvmrskty ofh hksrupts tbm foturol dolofcm ae kfsmct pmsts ofh dmfmckol arjofksgs. Cafsmrvkfj tbmsm arjofksgs ks mcafagkcol ofh pmrgofmft. =>
Ear mxogplm, lafj-barfmh jrossbappmrs emmh af tbm mjj gossms ae stmgdarmrs wbklm spkhmrs emmh af tbm fygpbs ofh ohults ae lmoe ofh ploftbappmrs. Hogsmly
Lafj-barfmh jrossbappmr
laukskoforkcmkfsmcts.warhprmss.cag
Zale spkhmr
dmfmckoldujs.arj
Zosp
sckmfcmsaurcm.cag
dujjukhm.fmt
Caggaf dmfmckol arjofksgs kf tbm rkcm mlh
Xodlm 8. Gofojmgmft aptkafs ear caggaf rkcm pmsts ^mst/ hksmosm
Gofojmgmft aptkafs
Kfsmct pmsts ofh hksmosms
Ha fat sproy ojokfst hmealkotars wktbkf 3> HOX ar 8> HOS. Hkojfasm hksmosms carrmctly, ofh proctkcm mlh sofktotkaf ofh syfcbrafaus ploftkfj.
Zmmhs
• Caftral wmmhs wktbkf >-8= HOX/HOS. • ]sm bkjb-quolkty smmhs. • ^roctkcm mlh sofktotkaf. • ^roctkcm prapmr lofh prmporotkaf ofh wotmr gofojmgmft. • Ha gofuol ofh gmcbofkcol wmmhkfj. • ]sm bmrdkckhms os tbm lost aptkaf.
Tots
^roctkcm tkgmly, kftmjrotmh, ofh sustokfmh caggufktywkhm caftral. Ekll rot durraws wktb sakl ofh wotmr. ^roctkcm sofktotkaf.
Jalhmf Opplm Sfokls
• Immp mlh soturotmh up ta 4= HOS ar up ta ?= HOX. • Cafstruct sgoll cofols ofh plocm ottroctofts ta eocklktotm sfokl callmctkaf. • ^locm wkrm/ dogdaa scrmmf ot wotmr kf/autlmts ta rmjulotm sfokl mftry.
Dkrhs
Scorkfj tbmg owoy ks tbm gast proctkcol oppraocb ta gofojkfj dkrhs.
=?
Borvmst Gofojmgmft g o f o j B m o g r v m m f t s t
=4
Imy Cbmci 2 Borvmstmh tbm crap ot tbm rkjbt tkgm Kgpartofcm. Xkgmly rmopkfj ofh tbrmsbkfj Kgpartofcm. Xkgmly mfsurms bkjb-quolkty rkcm tbot lmohs ta bkjb gorimt volum ofh cafsugmr occmptofcm. Borvmstkfj taa morly rmsults kf kggoturm jrokfs wktb > HOX
]fllmh ar bole-llmh spkimlmts9 dut llmh smmhs wktb hogojm bovm cboliy jrokfs. Hogojm ks hum ta kfsmctemmhkfj hurkfj tbm gklikfj stojm (smm Offmx ?4, p. :5)
Fatm0 Xa adtokf tbm carrmspafhkfj hoys oetmr sawkfj (HOS), ohh tbm ojm (hoys) ae smmhlkfjs ot trofsploftkfj. Ear mxogplm, ?8 ta 42 HOX mquols 3=-8; HOS ke tbm ojm ae smmhlkfjs hurkfj trofsploftkfj ks 4? hoys.
:4
Offmx 3d. Xa 3d. Xa gmosurm tbm scapm ae hogojm cousmh dy futrkmft hmckmfcy, kfsmct pmsts, ofh hksmosms kf tbm mlh, vksuolly sudhkvkhm o porcml kfta 8 ports, ossmss pmrcmft hogojm kf mocb port, ofh jmt tbm ovmrojm. Ear mxogplm0
8=%
3=%
3>%
8>%
% hogojm pmr porcml 7 (8=+3=+3>+8>) / 8 7 3:.=%
Offmx 3c. Scbmgotkc 3c. Scbmgotkc Jukhm ear Ossmsskfj Imy Tkcm ^msts erag ^loftkfj ta Borvmst (ta mstkgotm pmrcmft hogojm ta crap pmr eorg porcml ar pkfktoi , rmemr ta Offmx 3d). Hoys Oetmr Xrofsploftkfj (HOX)
?88-42 42 HOX
Tmemr ta Offmxms ear pbatas
Uks ksu uol olly ly sud udhk hkvk vkhm hm moc ocb b por porcm cmll kft kfta a 8 por portts, ossmss tbm pmrcmftojm ae pmst hogojm ta crap kf mocb port, ofh jmt tbm ovmrojm Eallaw odavm pracmhurm ear ossmsskfj wbktmbmoh
?88-8> 8> HOX
Eal alla law w oda odavm vm pr prac acm mhu hurrm ea ear os ossms mssskfj zk zkfc fc hmckmfcy
4??-8= 8= HOX
Eal alla law w od oda avm pr prac acm mhu hurrm ea earr os osssms mssskfj rkcm tufjra kfckhmfcm dut rmcarh tbm carrmspafhkfj carrmspafhkf j jrawtb stojms
:3
Eallaw tbm odavm pracmhurm ear ossmsskfj rkcm dlost Eallaw odavm pracmhurm ear ossmsskfj drawf spat 3==-:> :> HOX
Eal alla law w oda odavm vm pr prac acm mhu hurrm ea ear os ossm smss sskkfj du duj j durf hogojm
8==-;> ;> HOX
Eal alla law w tbm od oda avm pr pra acm cmhu hurm rm du dutt fa fatm tm af tbm doctmrkol lmoe dlkjbt lmskaf lmfjtb af oj lmovms
:>>-;> ;> HOX
Eal alla law w tbm tbm od oda avm pr pra acm cmhu hurm rm ea earr oss ossms mssskf kfj j hogojm hum ta callor dlost
:=-? := -?>> >> HO HOX X
Eallaw Eall aw tb tbm m oda odavm vm pr prac acmh mhur urm m ear ear os ossm smss sskf kfj j rkc rkcm m duj hogojm
Fatm0 Xa adtokf tbm carrmspafhkfj hoys oetmr sawkfj (HOS), ohh tbm ojm (hoys) ae smmhlkfjs ot trofsploftkfj. Ear mxogplm, ?8 ta 42 HOX mquols 3=-8; HOS ke tbm ojm ae smmhlkfjs hurkfj trofsploftkfj ks 4? hoys.
Offmx 8. [mllaw 8. [mllaw ta hori ymllaw yaufj lmovms ot tbm cmftmr ae tkllmrs cousmh dy emmhkfj ae stmgdarmr lorvom kfskhm tbm stmg ae rkcm ploft (o) ofh tbm hmoh pofkclm (d).
(o)
(d)
:8
Offmx =. Pkfc =. Pkfc hmckmfcy kf tbm mlh sbawf dy rustmh ofh hmoh smmhlkfjs (o) ofh polm ymllaw lmovms wktb drawf/dloci-hattmh lawmr lmovms (d).
(o)
(d)
Offmx 5. ^lofts 5. ^lofts kfemctmh wktb rkcm tufjra hksmosm sbaw ymllaw tap lmovms (o)9 kfemctmh mlh bos ufmvmf jrawtb (d)9 jrmmf lmoebappmr, tbm tufjra vkrus vmctar (c).
(d)
(o)
:=
(c)
Offmx :. Hkogafh :. Hkogafh jrmmfksb dlost lmskaf wktb ymllaw gorjkf (o)9 kfemctmh mlh sbawkfj ymllaw ofh hori drawf plofts (d).
(o)
(d)
Offmx 2. Kfemctmh 2. Kfemctmh plofts orm stuftmh wktb ymllaw lmovms (o) ofh drawf spats ar hori drawf salkh lmskafs (d).
(o)
(d)
:5
Offmx ;. Crap ;. Crap durf (o) cousmh dy emmhkfj dloci dujs (d) ot tbm dosm ae tbm plofts.
(o)
(d)
Offmx ?>. Drawf ?>. Drawf lmskafs ae doctmrkol lmoe dlkjbt (DLD) olafj lmoe gorjkfs eusm kfta dofhs ruffkfj lmfjtbwksm taworh tbm dosm ae tbm lmoe (o)9 ofh smvmrmly DLD-kfemctmh mlh (d).
(o)
::
(d)
Offmx ??. Hraapy ??. Hraapy pofkclms cousmh dy callor dlost wktb bole-llmh spkimlmts (o)9 ofh wbktmbmoh hum ta stmgdarmr lorvol kfemstotkaf (d) rmsultkfj kf cagplmtmly mgpty spkimlmts.
(o)
(d)
Offmx ?4. Hogojmh ?4. Hogojmh pofkclm wktb ufllmh spkimlmts ofh cboliy jrokfs (o) cousmh dy rkcm duj-emmhkfj (d).
(o)
(d)
:2
Offmx ?3. Ekmlh ?3. Ekmlh wktb stmgdarmr wbktmbmoh hogojm
Offmx ?8. Pkfc-hmckmft ?8. Pkfc-hmckmft mlh
:;
Offmx ?=. Ekmlh ?=. Ekmlh kfemstmh wktb rkcm tufjra hksmosm
Offmx ?5. Ekmlh ?5. Ekmlh kfemstmh wktb rkcm dlost
2>
Offmx ?:. Tkcm ?:. Tkcm dloci duj kfemstotkaf kf tbm mlh
Offmx ?;. Tkcm ?;. Tkcm ploft kfemstmh wktb fmci dlost
^bata erag0 www.lsuojcmftm www.lsuojcmftmr.cag r.cag
2?
Offmx 43. Gmosurmgmft 43. Gmosurmgmft ae jrokf ykmlh erag o eorg porcml ar pkfktoi ?. ^orcml ykmlh wkll dm adtokfmh erag tbm mlhs ae eorgmr-portfmrs (E^s) ofh eorgmrcaapmrotars (ECs). Xbm sktm caarhkfotar ofh/ ar ojrkculturol tmcbfalajkst sbaulh supmrvksm tbm gmosurmgmft, borvmstkfj, tbrmsbkfj, callmctkfj ofh rmcarhkfj hoto. 4. Ke tbmrm orm gofy gksskfj bklls hum ta pmsts (k.m. rots) ofh hksmosms kf mocb porcml, mstkgotm tbm ormo ae gksskfj bklls kf pmrcmft ofh rmcarh. 3. Xbm eallawkfj sbaulh dm cafskhmrmh0 o. Dmearm borvmstkfj/ rmopkfj, gmosurm tbm ormo (lmfjtb ofh wkhtb kf gmtmrs pmr porcml). Sogplm ormos ear 3 porcmls orm sbawf dmlaw. Fatm0 O eorgmr goy bovm afm ar garm porcmls.
g > =
^orcml ?
^orcml 4
^orcml 3
Ormo 7 ?,4=>g4
Ormo 7 ?,4=>g4
Ormo 7 ?,4=>g4
4=g
3>g
=>g
d. Oetmr tbrmsbkfj, cauft ofh rmcarh tbm fugdmr ae socis ae tbrmsbmh poloy pmr porcml. Erag mocb porcml, rofhagly smlmct
24
vm dojs. Jmt tbm wmkjbt (ij) ae tbm jrokfs erag mocb doj ofh adtokf tbm pmrcmft gaksturm caftmft (GC) ae sogplm jrokfs uskfj o Jrokf Gaksturm Gmtmr. Eallaw tbm kfstructkafs kf uskfj tbm Gmtmr. c. Sogplm hoto ear ^orcml ?0 (?) ^orcml ? ormo 7 ?,4=>g4 (4) Xatol fugdmr fugdmr ae socis ar dojs ae poloy borvmstmh erag ^orcml ?7?3 (3) Ovmrojm wmkjbt ae afm soci (ovmrojm ae vm socis rofhagly sogplmh) 7 =?.2>ij/soci (8) Mstkgotmh tatol ermsb ermsb jrokf wmkjbt erag ^orcml ? 7 ?3 socis x =?.2ij/soci 7 5:3.8ij (=) Ovmrojm %GC (ovmrojm jrokf GC GC erag erag = socis rofhagly sogplmh) 7 44.3% h. Colculotm tbm jrokf ykmlh erag ermsb wmkjbt ae jrokf sogplm erag ^orcml ? ofh oh`ust ta ?8%GC uskfj tbm eargulo dmlaw. Eallaw tbm sogm pracmhurm ear ^orcmls 4 ofh 3. Xodulotm hoto ofh jmt ovmrojm ae ykmlhs ae ^orcmls ? ta 3.
Jrokf ykmlh ot ?8% GC (ij/bo)
23
7 Ermsb jrokf wmkjbt (ij) / ^orcml ? ormo (g4) x ?>,>>> g4/bo x (?>>%GC) / 25 7 5:3.8ij / ?, 4=>g4 x ?>,>>>g4/bo x (?>> - 44.3%) / 25 7 =,32:.3ij/bo x >.;>38 7 8,255.:;ij/bo ar 8.;t/bo
Xodlm ?. Sogplm jrokf ykmlh hoto ae tbrmm porcmls erag mocb eorgmr eor gmr-po -portf rtfmr mr ar eor eorgmr gmr-c -caap aapmro mrota tar. r. ^orcml fa.
Ormo (g4)
% Ormo wktb Gksskfj
Ermsb wmkjbt ae jrokf
% Gaksturm Caftmft
Jrokf [kmlh oh`ustmh ta ?8% GC
bklls (ke gofy)
sogplms pmr porcml (ij/g4)
(GC)
ij/bo
t/bo 7 (ij/ bo)/ ?,>>>
?
?,4=>
5:3.8
44.3
8,255.:
8.;
4
?,4=>
;>>.?
?;.>
=,5=?.2
=.:
3
?,4=>
?,5>>.?
4>.>
=,;=3.=
5.>
Ovmrojm
=,8;>.:
=.=
Offmx 48. Gmosurmgmft 48. Gmosurmgmft ae "crap-cut" jrokf ykmlh erag o smlmctmh porcml ar pkfktoi ?. Ke o eorgmr-portfmr (E^) ar eorgmr-caapmrotar (EC) bos twa ar garm porcmls, smlmct o rmprmsmftotkvm porcml. Erag tbm smlmctmh porcml, rofhagly gmosurm tbrmm =g4 borvmst ormos (smm jurm dmlaw). Smlmct ormos wktb jaah crap stofh, wktbaut gksskfj bklls, fat hogojmh dy pmsts ofh hksmosms, ofh wktbaut futrkmft hmckmfcy sygptags.
28
4. Borvmst/rmop oll plofts erag mocb sogplm ormo gmosurkfj =g4 (74gx4.=g). Xbrmsb, clmof, hry, wmkjb, ofh adtokf tbm jrokf %GC uskfj o jrokf gaksturm gmtmr. Hrykfj sogplms goy dm hafm kf tbm avmf ot :>aC ear 8; baurs, ar suf-hrykfj ear 4-3 hoys. Eallaw kfstructkafs kf uskfj tbm gmtmr. 3. Sogplm hoto ear crap-cut sogplm ? erag o rmprmsmftotkvm eorg porcml0 (o) Crap-cut sogplm ? ormo 7 =g4 (d) Jrokf wmkjbt ear sogplm ? 7 4.>3ij (c) Jrokf gaksturm caftmft 7 ?8.?% Colculotm tbm jrokf ykmlh erag jrokf wmkjbt ae crap-cut sogplm ? ofh oh`ust ta ?8% GC uskfj tbm eargulo dmlaw. Eallaw tbm sogm pracmhurm ear crap-cut crap-cut sogplms 4 ofh ofh 3. Xodulotm ofh ofh jmt tbm ovmrojm ykmlhs ae crap-cut sogplms ? ta 3.
Jrokf ykmlh ot ?8% GC (ij/bo)
7 Jrokf wmkjbt (ij) / Crap-cut Sogplm ? ormo (g4) x ?>,>>>g4/bo x (?>> %GC) / 25 7 4.>3ij / =g4 x ?>,>>>g4/bo x (?>> - ?8.?%) / 25 7 8,>5>ij/bo x >.;;22 7 8,>==.?3ij/bo ar 8.?t/bo
Xodlm 4. Sogplm jrokf ykmlh hoto erag 3 crap-cut sogplms adtokfmh erag o rmprmsmftotkvm eorg porcml. Sogplm fa.
Jrokf wmkjbt (ij) / =g4
Gaksturm caftmft (%)
?
4.>3
4 3
2=
Jrokf [kmlh ij/bo
t/bo 7 (ij/ bo)/ ?,>>>
?8.?
8,>==.?
8.?
4.3=
?3.;
8,:>>.>
8.:
4.42
?3.:
8,=5>.>
8.5
Ovmrojm
8.=
Offmx 4=. Gmosurmgmft 4=. Gmosurmgmft ae ykmlh cagpafmfts erag 8-bkll sogplms oh`ocmft ta crap-cut ormo. Fatm0 Ha tbks afly ke rmsaurcms (gofpawmr, (gofpawmr, tkgm, ofh poygmft) orm ohmquotm. ?. Smlmct tbrmm rmprmsmftotkvm 8-bkll (4x4 bklls) sogplms oh`ocmft ta tbm "crap-cut" ormo ar =g4 borvmst ormo. Ot 4>x4>cg hkstofcm dmtwmmf bklls, 8 bklls wkll accupy of ormo ae >.?5g4. 4. Ear mocb rmprmsmftotkvm sogplm, cauft tbm pofkclms erag mocb bkll ofh tatol tbmg ear eaur bklls. 3. Xbrmsb tbm jrokfs erag oll bklls sogplmh. 8. Smporotm ofh cauft tbm llmh ofh ufllmh spkimlmts. =. Erag tbm llmh spkimlmts, smporotm tbm ?,>>> jrokfs ofh hry kf tbm avmf ot :>aC ear 8; baurs. 5. Oetmr hrykfj tbm jrokfs ofh wmkjbt bos stodklkzmh, rmcarh ofh lodml tbm wmkjbt os tbm ?,>>>-jrokf wmkjbt.
[kmlh cagpafmfts0 • ^ofkclm fugdmr/g4 7 (^ofkclm fugdmr ear 8 bklls ot 4>cg x 4> cg dmtwmmf bklls) / >.?5g4 • Fugdmr ae spkimlmts / pofkclm 7 (Xatol fa. ae llmh ofh ufllmh spkimlmts / pofkclm)
25
• % Ekllmh spkimlmts 7 (fa. ae llmh spkimlmts / pofkclm) / (fa. ae llmh + ufllmh spkimlmts) x ?>> • ?,>>>-jrokf wmkjbt (j) • Eallaw tbm sogm pracmhurm ear tbm atbmr twa t wa 8-bkll sogplms. Xodulotm tbm hoto ofh jmt tbm ovmrojm. Xodlm 3. Sogplm ykmlh cagpafmfts erag 8 bklls (>.?5g4 ) / sogplm. Sogplm fa.
Fa. ae pofkclms/g4
Fa. ae spkimlmts/ pofkclm
% Ekllmh spkimlmts
?,>>>-jrokf wmkjbt (j)
?
=>>
?44
:5.?
44.2
4
=>5
22
2?.2
43.;
3
=:=
?>?
2?.;
4=.>
= 4: =4
?>8
:;.;
43.;
Ovmrojm
Fatm0 [kmlh cagpafmfts cof dm usmh ta portly mxplokf jrokf ykmlh hkmrmfcms hum ta trmotgmfts ar erag eorg porcmls.
Jrokf ykmlh (ij/bo)
7 ^ofkclm fugdmr / g4 x spkimlmt fugdmr / pofkclm x % llmh spkimlmts x ?>>>-jrokf wmkjbt (j) x ?>-4 7 Spkimlmt fugdmr / g4 x % llmh spkimlmts x ?>>>-jrokf wmkjbt (j) x ?>-4
Fatms0 • ^mrcmft llmh spkimlmts sbaulh dm kf hmckgol earg. • Cagporm tbm ykmlh colculotmh erag ykmlh cagpafmfts (adtokfmh erag ploft bklls sogplmh oh`ocmft tbm crap-cut ormo) ta ykmlh adtokfmh erag o =g 4 "crap-cut" sogplm ar ykmlh erag o eorg porcml.
2:
O^^M O^ ^MFH FHKC KCMS MS
22
O p p m f h k c m s
GAFKXATKFJ EATG ? ? [mor0 Smosaf0 Eorg ormo (bo)0 EOTGKFJ OCXKUKX[
?)
4)
Smmh _uolkty o) Uorkmty0 QQQQQQQQQQQQ d) Ogauft (ij)0 QQQQQQQ Lofh ^rmporoaf o) ^lawkfj d) Borrawkfj c) Lofh lmvmlkfj
3-8) Crap Mstodlksbgmft o) Hkrmct wmt smmhkfj d) ^ullkfj ae smmhlkfjs c) Xr Xrofsploffj ofsploffj h) Tmploffj ae gksskfj bklls =) Emrlkzmr Opplkcoaf (typm ofh ogauft) o) Ekrst0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ d) Smcafh0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ c) Xbkrh0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ h) Eaurtb0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 5) Krrkjoaf o) FKO/ CKS d) Zotmr pugp (cruhm akl) :) ^mst Gofojmgmft (cbmgkcol (cbmgkcol typm ofh valugm) o)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ d)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ c)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ h)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ m)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 2) Borvmsfj o) Tmopkfj d) Xbrmsbkfj c) Boulkfj h) ^mrcmftoj ^mrcmftojm m sborm ;) ^astborvmst o) Hrykfj d) Clmofkfj c) Starkfj h) Xrofspartoaf XAXOL CASX BOTUMSX
^ohhy rkcm (fa. ae covofs) Zmkjbt pmr covof (ij) Gorimt prkcm ae pohhy rkcm (^/ij) XAXOL KFCAGM (^) FMX KFCAGM (^)
2;
HOXM
MR^MFSMS
QQ QQ QQ QQ QQ QQ Q 0Q m t o H QQ QQ QQ 0 ) S Z r a S H ( f a s o m S j f k t f o l ^
4 G T A E J F K T A X K F A G
p a r c s m t c f c m r o r r u c p t m f b t m g f k m s j m o j f f o o g b C
s f a o v r m s d A
i c h m m b w C l a y l a m e I
x
i c m b C y m I / o m r o t f m g m j o f o g p a r C
s m j o t s j f k r m w a
h l u a c t o b t r m t o w h a k h f r o m m v K k p ^ s s t M s m b m c r j x u m p o s j a r a r f r a r m l k b t c t b m o h j m j b f t j m k u e r f s a m a y r l l f b h h t l o l l y m p o d k g m y s b a h r h u e e m f a a s o f r t s t u a f f b m m m t o r d h c t l t b k f m w c g r m s s a f m f g m t f m r u u y j g a h g f m r t j m b s f l t o t j s m f h o s o h b k m f r m o f l m o v c m m t k G k f d m t o c c l p h o k c c t G m m l t a r l s o f u ^ m M r u m r v k ^ S S O m o r Z
y t m k r o v h m h f m g g a c m r o e a s h m m s h m r y t k m c l o h u m _ s h ] h m f m . o . S ? L 4
p t t a r . . u . o . 5 C 3 8 F = Z
y l r m p a r m p g s f k t o b r j k j r h m m b r t t t t a o f s m h t p g f r o f a , m c m j h m o m g m b t f o f j h o o m G m f t t l o s s c , m m h G v v m r t k s o r o r m B b H v
s t s m p a t m u h s s a l h l m k t y f t m f o c g m k j f o j f k o s a G F t t r s s m . o . a . ^ : B 2 ^ ;
;>
H F O L Z
m v c l u l k h b a r r p m e p a s r r l m m l d g u F
A L H M X O J K T T K t j H b m M k X B F O y L t r ^ k S u t F o O G T X h l
= : 8 3 5 = 5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
= ?
5 5 5 ? ? ?
) g c (
; ? 8 4 : 4 5 ; 2 2 2 : > ? 2
5 ;
3 2 8 ; 2 ;
) S O H (
3 8 4 2 5 3 ? 4 > ? > > 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
; 4 ?
? 2 4 ? ? ? ? ? ?
? . ? . 2 . ? . = . ? . ? . : 5 5 : : 2 :
4 . :
5 . > . 2 . : 2 2
? . 5 . 4 . > . 2 . ? . ; . = 8 = = 8 = 8
> . =
> . > . 4 . = = =
m ) o [ T b . A k / x t E o ( S G M K X M l K h ) k o T m [ b O m . / t U v ( M O C K T H M T m D g F o K f l E o c A a L S C K X S K T M X C O T O B y C t m k C r K o U G A F A T
J O ;?
f k l o b o F
f o f k l j w f o o l r a r o G C
o r m v o l o X
f o ` f o a s c w k k j l o o b l ^ O C k L
a f j O
s u j O
a r o @
4 c T D S ^
8 c T D S ^
2 c T D S ^
> ? c T D S ^
2 4 c T D S ^
> 3 c T D S ^
4 3 c T D S ^
5 c T D S ^
2 ? c T D S ^
> 4 c T D S ^
4 4 c T D S ^
m v c l u l k h b a r r p m e p a s r r l m m l d g u F
5 5 ? ?
= ?
: 8 8 : = = 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
t b j k m B
) g c (
? 5 > 2 ?
? ;
2 3 5 > 4 8 4 2 ; ; ; ; ; ;
y t k r u t o G
) S O H (
8 = 4 ? ? ?
3 ? ?
8 8 8 3 8 ? 4 ? 4 4 4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
h l m k [ . x o G
) o b / t (
3 . 3 . > = ?
5 . 5
= . 3 . 3 . ; . 4 . = . : . : : 2 > 2 ; 2 ?
2 . 3 . 8 =
> . =
3 . ; . > . 4 . 4 . > . > . = 8 = = = = =
l a j o h r u D
o r o h f o J
f o t k o r p d o O H
8 3 c T D S ^
4 = c T D S ^
) l f h ) m k a o k [ b t . / t o m ( u v O f k t f a C ( H M X m F g O o L f l ^ o S c a L F O T X . . . S C K X S K T M X C O T y O t m B k r C o U C K G A F A T J O
8 = c T D S ^
5 = c T D S ^
o f p o c o o y d o o G I
f o s u j O
2 = c T D S ^
5 5 c T D S ^
8 5 c T D S ^
f o l i O
o j f o p g o ^
j k s o ^
8 : c T D S ^
2 : c T D S ^
> 2 c T D S ^
;4
m v c l u l k h b a r r p m e p a s r r l m m l d g u F
) f a k t o u f k t f a C ( H M X F O L ^ S F O T X . . . S C K X S K T M X C O T O B C C K G A F A T J O
;3
= 3 8 8 ? ? ? ?
t b j k m B
) g c (
> = ? 4 > > ; ; ? ?
y t k r u t o G
) S O H (
> 5 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
h l m k [ . x o G
) o b / t (
> . 5 . 5 . 3 . 4 : 5 : ?
h l m k [ . m v O
) o b / t (
8 . 8 . 2 . 5 . = 8 8 8
m g o f l o c a L
o h f o r o ÿ m ^
4 ? j f o t o j o k t d o u G X
4 f o j k d u X
4 2 c T D S ^
4 4 4 ? ; 4 5 4 : ; 5 T K
4 ? ? c T C K S F
y t m k r o U
> ? ? c T C K S F
s r l 9 ) 4 m l e l l k g a b r r m r m m m p 8 d v p - ? g c - T u u T S
= ?
8 ?
8 ?
5 4 4 / 8 ?
5 3 4 / 8 ?
4 ; 4 / = ?
? ;
5 > ?
; ;
: 2 / ; 2
: 2 / > ;
4 ; / 8 ;
3 > ? / : > ?
5 > ? / ? ? ?
a F h ^ Z X r ( H p
/ H M X F O L ^ S F O T X T A E S M K X M K T O U M C K T H H M T F D O L F K Z E A A L S H C K M X X S K O T J K M T X T C K O H T M O H B M C M S C K X M G A Z F X A C T M T J H O K
t b j k m B
) = g c ; (
y t k r u t o G
) S O H (
: > ?
; > ?
? 4 ?
2 ? ?
8 > ? / 2 > ?
. x h o l m k G [
) o b / t (
: . 5
5 . 5
; . 2
4 . 5
; . : / 5 . :
: . ; / 2 . ;
: . 2 / > . 2
. h l m v m O k [
) o b / t (
5 . 8
2 . 8
: . 8
= . =
2 . 8 / ; . 8
8 . = / 8 . =
= . = / 8 . =
T ^ X
T S Z H / T T ^ ^ X X
T S Z H / T ^ X
T S Z H / T ^ X
t f m h g a b b s k t l d m g o t s M
T ^ X
T ^ X
f a o h f f k m o g g a h g a c m T
m g o f l o c a L
y t m k r o U
) O ( ? 3 5 a j j o j c o f k t o t l o o o m t t j d o o f o G G O G
3 8 f f o o j j k k d d u X u X
= f o j k d u X
2 ? ? c T C K S F
> 3 ? c T C K S F
2 3 ? c T C K S F
> 4 ? c T C K S F
4 4 ? c T C K S F
2 4 ? c T C K S F
8 3 ? c T C K S F
;8
s r l 9 ) 4 m l e l l k g a b r r m r m m m p d v p g c - T u u T S
? ; 4 / 8 ?
= 2 4 / 8 ?
? 3 4 / 8 ?
= > ? / 8 ?
4 ; / 8 ;
= 2 / 2 2
8 ?
3 > 3 / 8 ?
= 8 3 / = ?
8 ?
? ;
4 ; / 5 ;
= ; / : ;
= ;
4 > ? / ; > ?
> ? ?
a F h ^ Z X r ( H p
) f a k t o u f k t f a C ( H M H M M S X M Z X C M T K H / H M X F O L ^ S F O T X . . . S C K X S K T M X C O T O B C C K G A F A T J O
;=
t b j k m B
) g c (
3 ; / 8 ;
; ; / ? > ?
y t k r u t o G
8 = 3 ) > > S > ? ? ? O / / / H > 4 : ( ? ? > ? ? ?
8 > ? / > ? ?
? ? ?
4 > ? / ; > ?
. x h o l m k G [
) o b / t (
: . 5 / : . 2
4 . ; / 2 . :
5 . 2 / ; . :
: / ; . 5
> . 5
4 . : / = . 2
> . 2 / : . 2
? . 2
. h l m v m O k [
) o b / t (
= . = / : . =
5 . = / 5 . =
= . = / 3 . =
: . 8 / 5 . 8
5 . 8
; . = / ; . =
2 . = / > . 5
; . =
T S Z H / T ^ X
T S Z H / T ^ X
T S Z H / T ^ X
T T S S Z Z H H / / T T T ^ ^ ^ X X X
T S Z H / T T ^ ^ X X
5 f o j k d u X
: f o j k d u X
2 f o j k d u X
) : @ ^ (
4 a j f o d o G
; f o j k d u X
> ? ? ? f f o o j j k k d d u X u X
> 8 ? c T C K S F
4 8 ? c T C K S F
8 8 ? c T C K S F
5 8 ? c T C K S F
2 8 ? c T C K S F
> = ? c T C K S F
4 = ? c T C K S F
t f m h g a b b s k t l d m g o t s M f a o h f f k m o g g a h g a c m T
m g o f l o c a L
y t m k r o U
8 = ? c T C K S F
s r l 9 ) 4 m l e l l k g a b r r m r m m m p d v p g c - T u u T S
5 8 3 / 8 ?
= ?
8 ? 3 / -
5 ?
5 ?
8 ; 4 / = ?
> ; 4 / = ?
= 2 4 / 8 ?
2 :
8 > ? / ; > ?
3 > ? / 5 > ?
4 ; / 5 ;
4 ? ?
? ? ? / = ? ?
> ? ? / 5 ? ?
8 > ? / 4 ? ?
a F h ^ Z X r ( H p
) f a k t o u f k t f a C ( H M H M M S X M Z X C M T K H / H M X F O L ^ S F O T X . . . S C K X S K T M X C O T O B C C K G A F A T J O
t b j k m B
) g c (
y t k r u t o G
8 ) S > ? O / H ? ( ? ?
2 2 / 4 ;
8 ;
5 ; / -
3 ? ?
: > ? / 4 4 ?
: . 5
; . =
3 8 . . / ; : 4 4 . . / > ; / : > ? . ? ;
= . 8
5 . 8
5 . = / > . 5
. x h o l m k G [
) o b / t (
= . ; / = . 2
? . 2
4 . 2 / 3 . :
. h l m v m O k [
) o b / t (
5 . = / : . =
> . 5
5 . = / 8 . 5
t f m h g a b b s k l t d m g o t s M
> ;
4 ? ?
T T S S Z Z H H / / T T T T ^ ^ ^ ^ X X X X
T S Z H / T T ^ ^ X X
= . = / > . 5
: . = / > . 5
T S Z H / T ^ X
T S Z H / T ^ X
f a o h f f k m o g g a h g a c m T
m g o f l o c a L
y t m k r o U
4 ? f o j k d u X
3 8 ? ? f f o o j j k k d d u X u X
= ? f ? 3 o ? ? j k S S d G G u X
5 ? f o j k d u X
: ? f o j k d u X
5 = ? c T C K S F
2 = ? c T C K S F
> : ? c T C K S F
8 ? 4 c T C K S F
5 ? 4 c T C K S F
> 5 ? c T C K S F
4 : ? c T C K S F
4 ? 4 c T C K S F
;5
s r l 9 ) 4 m l l e l k g a b r r m r m m m p 8 d v ? p g c - T u u T S
3 ?
2 : 4 / 8 ?
; 2
2 ; / ? > ?
; > ?
5 > ? / 8 ? ?
8 ?
= ; 4 / 8 ?
= ?
; = 4 / 4 ?
3 ; : 5 4 4 / / - = ?
8 > ?
4 > ? / 4 > ?
8 > ?
8 > ? / : > ?
3 5 ; ; / / - 2 ;
? ? ?
8 > ? / 4 ? ?
> ? ?
2 > ? / = ? ?
8 = > > ? ? / / 5 = ? ? ? ?
? . ;
= . 2 / 2 . ;
5 . > ?
/ 5 . 5 . > : ?
4 . ; 2 / / 8 . ; . > ; ?
2 . =
8 . = / 4 . 5
8 . 5
2 . = / 8 . 5
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;:
t b j k m B
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t b j k m B
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s r l 9 ) 4 m l l k g e l a b r r m r m 2 m m p = d v 3 p g c - T / u u T S a F h ^ Z X r ( H p
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f a z u L
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s o y l o s o k U f a h t f o o F ) 9 T f ) a S z u T ^ Z X ( H L (
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