PAEE Layanne

 

HWG@BC LXDOGOYCB YCNQH QOGCQN@ ^QO^WGEBHQ YBCD@ NH C^HDNOLHD^@ HNXGCGO@DCB HWYHGOCBOVCN@ (YCHH) D@LH N@ (C) CBXD@ (C)6 Hdz` Bucd G`stc W`crhs WÏQOH6 >¶ cd` EOY×^HWH NOCMD×W^OGC6 GON39 J5> ^rcdst`rd`s mb`acos n` nhshdv`bvolhdt` hdmb`ac c g`dnoíç` `jogocblhdth nhd`lodcnc ^rcdst`rd` n` Hsphgtr` Cutostc (^HC) NC^C NH DCWGOLHD^@6 37/98/1937 YHQÌ@N@ NC HUHGXÍÇ@ N@ YBCD@6 Lcrí` c Nhzhlar` YQ@JHWW@Q nh CHH6 Q`mïroc nh @bovhorc Jcroc YQ@JHWW@QC NH CGB^C6 Lcroc Ncs Dhvhs Wobvc Wcdt`s  YQ@JHWW@Q (C) NC GBCWWH QHMXBCQ6 Bugodïc Jcrocs Gcrvcbe` G`stc 3- CÍØHW DHGHWWÃQOCW YCQC C^HDNHQ ÉW DHGHWWONCNHW HNXGCGO@DCOW HWYHGOCOW N@ CBXD@6 ÁLAO^@W

HWG@BC

Cíøhs fã hxosthdths

Hdgclodeclhdt`

pcrc

Cíøhs dhghssãrocs

` Yr`l`vhr

hdg`dtr`s

Qhsp`dsãvhos

hdtrh Hquo Hquoph ph mhst mhst`r `rc c h phnc phncm÷ m÷mo mogc gc,, hl

cthdnolhdt` dc scbc nh rhgurs`s pr`j pr`josso`dc osso`dcos os nc scbc nh rhgurs`s, rhgurs`s, pcrghroc g`l `s pr`jhss`rhs nc gbcssh nc hsg`bc hsg`bc HWG@B HWG@BC C LXDOGO LXDOGOYCB YCB hquop hquoph h phncm÷mogc phncm÷mogc h pr`jhss`r pr`jhss`rhs hs rhmubcr, hvhdtucb h pr`jhss`rc nc scbc YCNQH

^QOGCQN@ hdv`bvon`s d` pr`ghss` hnugcgo`dcb nh rhgurs`s.

^QO^WGEBHQ, g`lprhhdnhdn` cs n` cbud`.

 

nhlcdncs hsphgìjogcs n` cbud`. cthdnolhdt` @rohdtcíç` odnovonucb h sosthlãtogc   Yr`jhss`rhs nc scbc nh cubc rhmubcr,

WCBC NH

Qhghah

 CXBC

odno odnovo vonu nucb cboz ozcn cn` ` h dç dç` ` ctovoncnhs nojhrhdgocncs.

cbud` jrhdth és rh rhcb cboz ozc c c` dhghssoncnhs hsphgìjogcs; Nhsh hshdv`b dv`bvvhr

sucs pr`jhss`rc nh phncm÷mogc.

ctov ctovon onc cnhs nhs

quh quh

jcv`rhícl ` trcacbe` nh lhl÷roc, cthdíç` h g`dghdtrcíç`; @rohdtcr c`s rhsp`dsãvhos qucdt` é dhghssoncnh dhghssoncn h n` cg`lpcdecl cg`lpcdeclhdt` hdt` dcs dcs ctovo ctovonc ncnh nhss qu quh h hsto hstolu lubh bhl l c g`ludogcíç` h ` rcgo`gìdo` b÷mog`, voscdn`

c

lhbe be` `roc

nh

sucs

pr`nuíøhs. JCLÌBOC

Yhrghah

c

olp`rtádgoc

h

c No Noãb ãb`m `m`s `s

g` g`ds dstc tcdt dths hs

hd hdtr trh h

`s Jclìboc

phrlcdædgoc n` cbu bud d` c`s lhlar`s lhlar`s nc jclìboc. jclìboc. Yr`p`rgo`d Yr`p`rgo`dcr  cr  cthdnolhdt`s dc scbc nh rhgurs`s. ul clao claohd hdth th jcv`r cv`rãv ãvhb hb pcrc crc clhd clhdozc ozcrr cs no nojog jogub ubnc ncnh nhss qu quh h ` cbud` cprhshdtc hl rhbcíç` c suc cu cut` t`hs hsto tolc lc..

Ct Cthd hdíç íç` `

jclo jclobobocr  cr 

CGB^C

h

hquoph

 

voscdn` lhbe`rc nc cut`hstolc n` cbud`. WCÖNH

Ysog÷b`m`

Ycrghroc g`l hsg`bc, jclìboc h Yr`josso`dcos nc scönh quh ctucl pr`jhss`rc n` CHH. Ctucbozcíç` nh norhtclhdth g`l ` cbud` h Jclìboc. rhbct÷ro`s

s`a s`arh

cvcdí`s

h

nojogubncnhs n` cbud`.

1- @QMCDOVCÍÇ@ N@ C^HDNOLHD^@ HNXGCGO@DCB HWYHGOCBOVCN@6 ^op` ^op` nh CHH CHH

@c cbu bud` d` hs hstã tã od odsh shro ron` n` dc sc scbc bc nh rh rhgu gurs rs`s `s lubt lubtoj ojud udgo go`d `dco coss nc nc H Hsg sg`b `bc c Lud Ludog ogop opcb cb Ycnr Ycnrh hQ Qog ogcr crn` n` ^rot ^rotsg sgeb ebhr hr..

Jrhqu Jrhquædg ædgoc oc sshlc hlcdcb dcb

Xl cthdno cthdnolhd lhdt` t` shl shlcdc cdcbb g`lp` g`lp`st` st` p`r n`os n`os l l÷nu ÷nub`s b`s nh 91 E`rcs. E`rcs.

^hlp` ^hlp ` nh cthdnolhdt` cthdnolhdt`

@ cbud` rhghah rhghah cthdnol cthdnolhdt` hdt` d` CHH CHH nucs vhz p`r p`r shlcdc, shlcdc, shdn` shdn` n`os l÷nub`s l÷nub`s nh 91 e`rcs e`rcs gcnc. gcnc.

G`lp`soíç` n`

 Cthdnolhdt` hl odnovonucb.

cthdnolhdt` @utr`s pr`josso`dcos

Dç` sh cpbogc

hdv`bvon`s @rohdtcíø @roh dtcíøhs hs c shrhl shrhl

CGB^C , qucdt` é rhcbozcíç` nh @rohdtcíøh @rohdtcíøhss c`s pr`jhss`rhs nc gbcssh rhmubcr , pr`jhss`r nh CGB^C,

 

rhcbozcncs phb`

ctovoncnhs quh hstolubhl c phrghpíç` vosucb, c cthdíç`, c g`dghdtrcíç` h c lhl÷roc; `rohdtcíøhs

pr`jhss`r nh CHH

qucdt` é rhcbozcíç` nh ctovoncnhs hl mrup` quh lhbe`rhl c s`gocbozcíç` h c cut`hstolc n` cbud`; `rohdtcíøhs qucdt` é pr`p`soíç` nh ctovoncnhs quh hstolubhl c bhoturc, c hsgrotc h ` rcgo`gìdo` lcthlãtog`; `rohdtcíøhs qucdt` é rhcbozcíç` nh ctovoncnhs quh lhbe`rhl c pr`nuíç` `rcb n` cbud`. @rohdtcr @roh dtcr c g``rnhdcn`rc phncm÷mogc c phncm÷mogc c hstcahbhghr c pcrghorc tcdt` g`l ` pr`jhss`r n` CHH g`l` nc scbc rhmubcr h hnugcíç` jìsogc, nh j`rlc c pr`l`vhr odthrvhdíøhs dhghssãrocs fudt` c` gurrìgub`, mcrcdtodn` cssol ` nhshlphde` g`mdotov` n` cbud`. @rohdtcíøhs qucdt` é dhghssoncnh nh mcrcdtoc nh pcrtogopcíç` n` cbud` hl t`ncs cs ctovoncnhs nc hsg`bc. @r @roh ohdt dtcr cr c jclìbo jclìbocc  nc olp olp`rt `rtádg ádgoc oc n` cg` cg`lpc lpcdec declhd lhdt` t` ncs ctovon ctovoncnh cnhss hxt hxtrcg rcgbcss bcssh h pcr pcrc c c sosthlctozcíç` n`s g`dthön`s cprhdnon`s; `rohdtcíç` qucdt` c` p`thdgocb nh cprhdnozcmhl n` cbud` h c dhghssoncnh nh hstolubcíç` g`dtìduc nh sucs ecaoboncnhs dcs ctovoncnhs nh CZNW h CZYW.

 

7- WCBC NH QHGXQW@W LXB^OJXDGO@DCOW6

ÃQHCW C WHQHL ^QCACBECNCW Ãrhc G`mdotovc6 cthdíç`, G`mdotovc6 cthdíç`, g`dghdtrcíç`, lhl÷roc cunotovc h vosucb; hsgutc h g`lprhhdsç` nh DC WCBC NH LXB^OJXDGO@DCOW

QHGXQW@W lösogc lösogcss h eost÷r eost÷rocs ocs;; bho bhotur turc c h hsgrot hsgrotc; c; `rmcdo `rmcdozcí zcíç` ç` thl thlp`r p`rcb cb p`r lho lho` ` nc odthr odthrprh prhtcí tcíç` ç` h g`lprhhdsç` nh sotucíøhs, jct`s h eost÷rocs; nhshdv`bvolhdt` nc hxprhssç` `rcb p`r lho` nh ctovoncnhs quh provobhmohl ` us` nhssc l`ncboncnh nh g`ludogcíç`. Ãrhc L`t`rc6 g``rnhdcíç` L`t`rc6 g``rnhdcíç` l`t`rc jodc p`r lho` nh f`m`s, arodgcnhorcs h ctovoncnhs nh hsgrotc. Ãrhc W`gocb6 odthrcíç` W`gocb6 odthrcíç` g`l `s shus pcrhs h nhshdv`bvolhdt` nc cut`hstolc h cut`d`loc.

@AFH^OZ@W

Hstolubcr ` shu nhshdv`bvolhdt` g`mdotov`; Yr`nuzor phquhd`s thxt`s quh cprol`rhl c suc olcmodcíç` h groctovoncnh;  Clpbocr cs ecaoboncnhs nh lhl`rozcíç`; lhl`rozcíç`;  Cprol`rcr c bodmucmhl, c g`dstruíç` nc bìdmuc hsgrotc, g`l g`ludogcíç` udogcíç` h odthrprhtcíç`;  Cphrjhoí`cr suc p`thdgocboncnh nh nh cthdíç` h g`dghdtrcíç`; Grocr vìdgub`s cjhtov`s h lhbe`roc nc cut`hstolc.

C^OZONCNHW NOJHQHDGOCNCW

Hxhrgìgo`s nh gãbgub` g`l ` us` nh ãacg`, lcthrocb n`urcn`, gcbgubcn`rc, jogecs h `afht`s (f`m`ss nh g`lputcn`r). (f`m` g`lputcn`r). F`m`s nh shquædgoc shquædgoc b÷mogc h nh `rohdtcíç` `rohdtcíç` h g``rnhdcí g``rnhdcíç` ç` hspcgocb h thlp`rcb (f`m`s nh g`lputcn`r h prãtog`s). Ctovoncnhs nh crths g`l` nhshde`s, podturcs, l`dtcmhds, nrclctozcíøhs; Ctovoncnhs g`l lösogcs6 cprhgocíç` lusogcb, gcdt`s, odthrprhtcíç` nh bhtrcs nh lösogcs; prãtogcs novhrsojogcncs nh bhoturc, hsgrotc h pr`nuíøhs nh nojhrhdths mædhr`s thxtucos; shquædgoc nh jct`s, r`thor`s g`l` rhjhrædgoc; olcmhds vosucos; bhoturc h hsgutc

 

nh eost÷rocs, g`dt`s, odthrprhtcíç` `rcb h hsgrotc, odthrprhtcíç` nh olcmhds, rhg`dt`s; nhsgroíç` nh `afht`s, olcmhds, claohdths, phss`cs; rhg`dt` nh sotucíøhs vovoncs h somdojogctovcs c` lho`; Lhsc cbjcaïtogc n` p`sotov` (f`m`s novhrsojogcn`s nh cbjcahtozcíç` h rcgo`gìdo` b÷mog`); ^r`gc bhtrcs, gcíc-pcbcvr bhtrcs, gcíc-pcbcvrcs, cs, rolcs rolcs,, actc actcbec bec ncs pcbcvrcs, pcbcvrcs, pcbcvrc nhdtr` nh pcbcvr pcbcvrcs, cs, notcn` nh pcbcvrcs, pr`nuíç` nh eost÷roc lcbugc pcrc nhshdv`bvhr c `rcboncnh; F`m`s hdv`bvhdn` cs quctr` quc tr` `ph `phrcí rcíøhs øhs;; F`m`s F`m`s g`djhg g`djhggo` go`dcn dcn`s `s g`l lcthro lcthrocos cos rhutob rhutobozcn ozcn`s, `s, voscdn` voscdn` cs suc sucss pcrtogubcroncnhs h quh p`sscl g`dtroauor pcrc c cquosoíç` ncs ecaoboncnhs h g`lphtædgocs quh codnc dç` j`rcl g`ds`boncncs; Ctovoncnhs quh hdv`bvcl d`íøhs s`arh thlp` (e`rc, phrì`n`s n` noc, nocs nc shlcdc, lhshs h cd`). Ctovoncnhs hdv`bvhdn` sotucíøhs-pr`abhlcs. LH^@N@B@MOC NH ^QCACBE@

Nhshdv`bvhr ctovoncnhs crtìstogcs g`l`6 nhshde`s h podturc g`l nojhrhdths lcthrocos (moz, bãpos nh g`r, mucgeh, todtc cqucrhbc); g`bcmhl. Xtobozcíç` nh hstrctïmocs quh cuxoboh c hxprhssç` `rcb, pcrc quh p`ssc vhracbozcr nh j`rlc gbcrc sucs onhocs, clpbocdn` ` v`gcaubãro` nh j`rlc clpbc h novhrsojogcnc; rhg`dtcr h rhmostrcr sotucíøhs vovhdgocncs h eost÷rocs p`r lho` nh nhshde`s h pr`nuíç` `rcb h hsgrotc; ctovoncnhs quh hdv`bvcl bcthrcboncnh b cthrcboncnh h hsquhlc g`rp`rcb; nrclctozcíç` h lösogc; Ctovoncnhs nh rhg`rth (us` nc ths`urc) h l`nhbcmhl (lcssc nh l`nhbcr), quh ` cuxobohl dc g``rnhdcíç` l`t`rc; Xtobozcíç` nh f`m`s phncm÷mog`s d` g`lputcn`r h dc Lhsc cbjcaïtogc cbjca ïtogc (norhíøhs, (norhíøhs, mrcdnhzcs mrcdnhzcs,, cnoíç` cnoíç` h suatrcíç` suatrcíç` h d`íç` nh lubtopbogcíç lubtopbogcíç` ` h novosç`.); novosç`.); rhcbozcíç` nh f`m`s nh hsgrotc quh jcv`rhghl c g`dsgoædgoc j`d`b÷mogc h c odthrprhtcíç`; b`gcbozcíç` b`gcboz cíç` nh odj`rlcíøh odj`rlcíøhss hl nojhrhdths nojhrhdths g`dthxt` g`dthxt`s. s. Qhs`buíç` Qhs`buíç` nh gãbgub`s gãbgub`s g`l lcthrocb g`dgrht`, g`dgrh t`, pcrtodn` pcrtodn` nh sotucíøhs sotucíøhs g`dthxtucb g`dthxtucbozcncs ozcncs;; gãbgub` gãbgub` lhdtcb, lhdtcb, hstolctovcs hstolctovcs.. Y`ssoaobotcr  Y`ssoaobotcr  ctovoncnhs pcrc cprol`rclhdt` nc lhl÷roc, g`dghdtrcíç` h cthdíç` hl hspcí`s gurt` nh

 

thlp`, lcdushcr `afht`s nh j`rlcs h tclcde`s vcrocn`s cdcboscdn` nojhrhdícs h shlhbecdícs hdtrh hbhs. Bhr h odthrprhtcr nojhrhdths mædhr`s (thxt`s dcrrctov`s bothrãro`s, thxt`s odstrugo`dcos, p`ïtog p`ï tog`s, `s, jãa jãaubc ubcs, s, pcr pcrbhd bhdncs ncs,, cno cnovod vodecs ecs,, p`hlcs p`hlcs,, gcdíøh gcdíøhs, s, trcvctrcvc-bìd bìdmuc mucs, s, Eos Eost÷r t÷rocs ocs hl Sucnrode`s...); Ctovoncnhs nh lhl`rozcíç` h g`dghdtrcíç` g`l` quharc-gcahíc, lhl÷roc, shth hrr`s... QHGXQW@W

LC^HQOCOW

HSXOYCLHD^@W

H G`lputcn`r, d`tha``k, s`jtwcrhs quh hstolubhl ` cprhdnozcn` nc bhoturc, hsgrotc h lcthlãtogc, nojhrhdths mædhr`s thxtucos6 f`rdcos rhvostcs, bovr`s, moaos, bostcs...lhsc cbjcaïtogc n` p`sotov`, prcdgecs cbjcaïtogcs, f`m`s novhrsojogcn`s hdv`bvhdn` cs quctr` `phrcíøhs, tcaubhor`s nh f`m`s odthrnosgopbodcrhs, pr`mrclcs nh g`lputcn`r quh hstolubhl ` cprhdnozcn` nc bhoturc, hsgrotc h lcthlãtogc. F`m`s nh shquædgoc b÷mogc; Bovr`s nh bothrcturc, bo thrcturc, GNs nh eost÷rocs, tclpodecs nh pht, pcbot`s, lcthrocb n`urcn`, mb`a` ^hrrhstrh, Mh`pbcd`, gcbhdnãro`, rhb÷mo`,...

GQO^ÏQO@W NH CZCBOCÍÇ@

@ pbcd` shrã cvcbocn` nurcdth t`nc c suc hxhguíç` nh j`rlc g`dtìduc. Whrã rhcbozcnc c gcnc cthdnolhdt` p`r lho` nh `ashrvcíç`, hdv`bvolhdt` h pcrtogopcíç` n` cbud` dcs ctovoncnhs `jhrhgoncs h luncdícs nh g`lp`rtclhdt` h ctotunhs prodgopcblhdth d` quh sh rhjhrh c` shu nhshlphde` hsg`bcr h cut`hstolc. D` jodcb n` cd` bhtov`, nhsgrhvhr, hl rhbct÷ro`, cs g`dquostcs n` cbud` h qucos `afhtov`s j`rcl cbgcdícn`s d` CHH h nh quh j`rlc cs cíøhs n` CHH rhphrgutorcl d` shu nhshlphde` hsg`bcr.

>. @X^QCW @AWHQZCÍØHW OLY@Q^CD^HW

 

Sucdn` sh jozhr dhghssãro`, `u shfc, qucdn` `s `afhtov`s dç` tovhrhl shdn` cbgcdícn`s, ` pbcd` shrã rhhstruturcn`, g`l c jodcboncnh nh sh cbgcdícr cs lhtcs pbcdhfcncs. Gcs` shfc dhghssãro`, sh hstcahbhghrã d`vcs pcrghrocs, d`v`s rhgurs`s h lcthrocos shrç` utobozcn`s utobozcdn`-sh nh `utrcs lht`n`b`mocs h hstrctïmocs nh cprhdnozcmhl. 8.YQ@JOWWO@DCOW QHWY@DWÃZHOW YHB@ YQHHDGEOLHD^@ N@W NCN@W Yr`jhss`rc nc Wcbc nh Qhgurs`s Lubtojudgo`dcb.

   PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PP  Yr`jhss`rc nc Wcbc nh Qhgurs`s  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PPPP  Hsphgocbostc hl Hnugcíç` Aãsogc  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP  PPPPPPP  Norhíç` LCDMC 9: NH FXDE@ NH 1911