Osnove Anatomije I Fiziologije Vježbanja
July 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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0. LSHLUK @H@]LIOFK O EOVOLALGOFK UFKŹJ@HF@ Troprkioa`6 Troprkioa `6 Trle.mr.sc. Uksh` BuŠkc , mr. ikm. Tlzh`v`hfk mofkalv` tofka`, hfkglvk gr`Đk o euhbcofk fk hklpnlmhl u ozljr`zjo o s v`blmhkvhli r`mu ohstrubtlr` eothks`. Ljf`shoto prlifkhk tfkakshlg vfkŸj`hf` h` ioŠoćho sust`v o prlifkhk plfkmohon lrg`hsbon sust`v` usaofkm tfkakshlg vfkŸj`hf`, h`vksto ozvlrk khkrgofk o hfonlvu ualgu u prlcksu vfkŸj`hf` tk ljf`shoto r`zaobk ozikĐu khkrg ktsbon ktsbon b`p`cotkt` su osnlmo lvlg plga`vaf`, lmhlshl
tkikafh` zh`hf` pltrkjh` u sv`blmhkvhlf bliuhob`cofo s blroshocoi` gruphon eothks prlgr`i`.
@h`tliof` fk zh`hlst l gr`Đo o s`st`vu tofka` tk blrosto spkcoeoĉhl h`zovafk blfk lilgućufk mkeohor`hfk sifkŠt` f` plfkmohon plfkmohon mofkalv` tofka`. tofka`. H`zovafk sk blrosto u lmhlsu h` tofkal tofkal u tzv. `h`tlisbli plalŸ`fu, ` tl zh`ĉo m` fk tofkal uspr`vhl, ga`v` usifkrkh` h`profkm, rubk ospruŸkhk uz tofkal s ma`hlvoi` lbrkhutoi h`profkm, hlgk su sbupafkhk, ` hlŸho p`aĉkvo usifkrkho h`profkm. h`profkm. [ĉkhfk u `h`tliofo ubafuĉufk plzh`v`hfk h`zovaf` h` nrv`tsbli o a`tohsbli fkzobu. Tlzh`v`hfk h`zovaf` mofkalv` tofka` fk v`Ÿhl u s`va`m`v`hfu `h`tlisbon plfilv`. [ ]`jaoco :.0. h`vkmkho su ga`vho mofkalvo tofka` o hfonlvo plfkmoho mofkalvo, `
lmglv`r`fućk a`tohsbl h`zovafk fk prob`z`hl u mkshli stupcu. Srkmhfo stup`c s`mrŸo mofkalvk tofka` blfo ĉohk ga`vho mol tofka` prob`z`h u lmglv`r`fu lmglv`r`fućki ćki aofkvli stupcu. ]`jaoc` :.0. Mofkalvo tofka` o hfonlvlg hfonlvlg h`zovaf` h` a`tohsbli. a`tohsbli.
MOFKALUO ]OFKA@
A@]OHSBL H@VOUAFK
Ga`v` Ur`t ]rup
C`put Claaui ]ruhcus ]nlr`x @ jmlikh Tkavos Mlrsui Auijus
Trsho blŠ ]rjun Vmfkaoc` AkĐ` Sa`johsbo mol Glrhfo mol T`zunl H`ma`btoc` A`b`t Tlma`btoc` Ť`b` Trsto
@ x oaa` Jr`cnoui Cujotus @ htkjr htkjr`cno `cnoui ui I`hus Mogoto i`hus
Mlhfo mol Bub Jkmrl Blafkhl Tltblafkhoc` Stlp`al HlŸho prsto
Clx` Ekiur Gkhus Crus Tks Mog oto p pkm kmos os
[sifkrkhf` u prlstlru
TlalŸ`f o sifkŠt`f mofkalv` tofka` sk lposufk o usplrkĐufk u lmhlsu h` tro ga`vhk (z`ioŠafkhk) r`vhohk. ]l su6 S`got`ah` r`vhoh` – usifkrkh` sprofkm` prki` h`tr`g, ` ubafuĉufk o ikmof`hu r`vhohu
blf` prla`zo lbliotli srkmohli srkmohli tofka` tk g g` ` mofkao u mvofk soiktroĉhk plalvo plalvock2 ck2 āklh` r`vhoh` fk lbliot` h` s`got`ahu, ` tofkal mofkao h` prkmhfo o str`Ÿhfo mol2
Ulmlr`vh` r`vhoh` fk usplrkmh` s plmalgli u stlfkćki st`vu tk mofkao tofkal u glrhfo o
mlhfo mol.
Tlskjh` sbupoh` h`zovaf` lilgućufk ikĐusljho lmhls mofkalv` tofka` (Saob` 0)6 Supkrolr,supkrous 9 prki` glrk pro uspr`vhli st`vu
Ohekrolr, ohekrous 9 ohekrous 9 prki` prki ` mlafk pro uspr`vhli st`vu
@htkrolr, `htkrous `htkrous 9 9 prki` h`profkm
Tlstkrolr,plstkrous Tlstkrolr,plstkrous 9 9 prki` h`tr`g
Ikmo`aos, ikmo`ak 9 ikmo`ak 9 ikmof`ahl i kmof`ahl prki` srkmoho srkmoho
A`tkr`aos, a`tkr`ak 9 a`tkr`ak 9 lm srkmohk prki` v`h
Saob` :.0. Lrofkht`cofk u prlstlru prls tlru (akg`cy.lwkhsjlrl.bctcs.kmu) (akg`cy.lwkhsjlrl.bctcs.kmu)
BlŠt`ho sust`v (s ys tk tki` i` s bkakt bkakt` `ak)
UoŠk lm :44 blstofu ĉoho blŠt`ho sust`v, sust`v , s blstoi` u ikĐusljhli lmhlsu tvlrkćo blstur. U`Ÿhlst o ualg` blstur` sk lĉotufk u safkmkćki6 ĉvrst` su pltplr` tofkau, ` Štl fk lsljotl v`Ÿhl z` s sust`v ust`v plbrkt`hf`2
z`Štot` su lrg`hoi` u tfkakshoi Šupafoh`i`, proifkrock prsho blŠ Štoto srck o pauć`, `
zmfkaoc` zmfkaoĉhk lrg`hk2 zmfkaoc` nv`toŠt` ioŠoć` h` blstoi` lilgućufu lilgućufu brkt`hfk2
ifkstl su stv`r`hf` brvhon st`hoc` u Šupafoh`i` hkbon blstofu (prsh` blst, zmfkaoc`,
h`tblafkhoĉh` h`tblafkho ĉh` blst)2 jolbkiofsbo su rkgua`tlr rkgua`tlr blhckhtr`cofk blhckhtr`cofk b`acof` b`acof` o mrugon mrugon iohkr`a` iohkr`a` blfo su plnr`hfkho u
blŠt`hli tbovu. Blsto ilgu joto r`zaoĉoton ljaob` (Saob` (S aob` :. :.) Mugk – proifkrock h`tblafkhoĉh` blsto oao blsto plma`btock Br`tbk – proifkro proifkrock ck blsto Š`bk – proifkrock prsh` blst, alp`toc` Talĉ`stk – Hkpr`voahk – proifkrock blsto sifkŠtkhk u z`pkŠću Skz`isbk – proifkro proifkrock ck h`fvkć` skz`isb` blst u tofkau fk ovkr u blafkhu
Saob` :.:. Ljaoco blsto o hfonlv sifkŠt`f u tofkau (`h`tliy`hmpnysolalgyo.cli)
ga`vk (auj`hf`) ĉohk sbupohk blstofu Blsto ga`vk blstofu salŸkhon ljaob` ljaob` blfk ĉo ĉohk hk hkurlbr`h hkurlbr`hofof blfo Štoto
strubturk ilzg` (ubafuĉufućo o lsfktoa` – lbl, unl) o vosckrlbr`ho vosckrlbr`hoff blfo ĉoho plĉkt`b prlj`vhlg o moŠhlg sust`v`.
lauih` h` vkrtkjr`a vkrtkjr`aos os ) Br`afkŸhoc` (C laui āohk fk 33 oao 3= br`afkŠb`, lm blfon su sa`johsbo o trtoĉho ikĐusljhl sr`sao. Sv`bo br`afkŸ`b oi` trup trup (v`afb`stlg ljaob`) prki` h`profkm blfo hlso tkŸohu tofka` o aub prki` aub prki` h`tr`g uhut`r blfkg sk h`a`zo br`afkŸhoĉh` ilŸmoh`. Lm aub` prki` h`tr`g fk usifkrkh fkm`h Šoaf`to
h`st`v` o plstr`hoĉhl mv` plprfkĉh` h`st`vb`. Urnlvo Šoaf`ton h`st`v`b` sk h` akĐoi` ilgu pop`to plm blŸli. Ozhoibk gr`Đk su prv` mv` br`afkŠb`, o tl vr`thlg mofka` br`afkŸhock. br`afkŸhock. Br`afkŠco su safkmkćo6 7 vr`thon (ckrvob`ahon), (ckrvob`ahon),
0: prshon (tlr`b`ahon), (tlr`b`ah on),
; sa`johsbon (auij`ahon),
; broŸhon (s`br`ahon) o =-; trtoĉhon (blbcogk`ahon).
Br`afkŸhoc` oi` mvlstrubu z`vofkhlst u sifkru h`profkm prki` h`tr`g s` z`vlfki prki` h`tr`g (boelz`) u prshli o trtoĉhli plmruĉfu o prki` h`profkm (alrmlz`) u vr`thli o sa`johsbli sa`johsbl i plmruĉfu (Saob` :.3.)
Saob` :.3. Br`afkŸhoc` s lzh`ĉkhoi jrlfki br`afkŸ`b` b r`afkŸ`b` u sv`bli mofkau (r`zaoĉotk jlfk) auij`rsurgklhshf.ohel )
Trsho blŠ (]nlr`x) Trsho blŠ ĉohk rkjr` (clst`k) clst`k) o prsh` blst blst (stkrhui stkrhui)) prki` h`profkm tk prsho br`afkŠco prki` h`tr`g. Bafuĉh` blst (ca`vocua`) (ca`vocua`) o alp`toc` (sc`pua`) ĉohk r`ikho ljruĉ o sp`f`fu prsho
blŠ s glrhfoi umlvoi` tf. rub`i` (Saob` :.=).
Saob` :.=. Blsto prshlg blŠ` (www.mlkrkplrt.cli )
Blstur rubk (T `rs aojk aojkr` r` ik ikij ijro ro s upk upkrolro rolro s )
[ plmruĉfu h`ma`btock fk h`ma`btoĉh` blst (nuikrus) nuikrus),, ` u plma`btoco sk h`a`zk mvofk blsto p`aĉ`h` (r`mous ) blf` fk sifkŠtkh` lm a`bt` ml i`aon blstofu z`pkŠć` u sifkru p`ac` o a`b`th` blst blst (uah`) blf` sk prltkŸk lm a`bt` ml suprlthlg br`f` Š`bk u sifkru i`alg prst`
Š`bk (Saob` :.;). Lvk mvofk blsto sk ilgu pop `to plm blŸli u jaozoho z`pkŠć` o sumfkaufu u plbrktu ljrt`hf` Š`bk tf. prlh`cofo o supoh`cofo, supoh`cofo , pro ĉkiu sk ilŸk uz promrŸ`v`hfk plma`btock lsfktoto prkj`cov`hfk o broŸ`hfk lvon mvofu blstofu. Blsto Š`bk ĉohk pkŠćk, z`pkŠćk o blsto prstofu.
Saob` :.;. Blsto h`ma`btock o plma`btock u lmhlsu h` r`ikho zgalj (kh.wobopkmo (kh.wobopkmo`.lrg) `.lrg)
Vmfkaoĉho ljruĉ clx`k) blf` fk p`rh` o s`stlfo sk lm tro mofka`, mofka`, o tl Lv`f mol tofka` ĉohk zmfkaoĉh` blst (ls clx`k) jlĉhk blsto (ls oaoui) blf` plstr`hoĉhl z`tv`r` zmfkaocu o ĉofo glrhfo ruj sk ilŸk h`p op`to s prkmhfk str`hk jlblv`, sfkmhk blsto blsto (ls oscnoo) oscnoo) u str`Ÿhfki mofkau o prkplhsbk blsto blsto (ls pujos)) (Saob` pujos (Saob` :. :.5 5.). Jlĉhk blsto ljunv`ć`fu prlstlr vkaobk zmfkaock, ` osplm hfk sk h`a`zo prlstlr i`ak zmfkaock zmfkaock blf` fk sprofkm` lgr`hoĉkh` stomhoi blstoi`, blstoi`, ` prki` uh`tr`g
broŸhli blsto, tk plstr`hoĉhl sfkmhoi o prkplhsboi blstoi`. blstoi`. I`a` zmfkaoc` fk mol plrlĐ`fhlg b`h`a`. Ljaob zmfkaock sk r`zaobufk ozikĐu iuŠb`r`c` o Ÿkh`, tk fk ltvlr prki` i`alf zmfkaoco bruŸhlg ljaob` u Ÿkh`, hklpnlmhl z` prla`z mfktkt` tofkbli plrlm`, ` u iuŠb`r`c` ja`gl lv`ahlg ljaob`.
Saob` :.5. Trob`z`h fk prkmhfo o str`Ÿhfo plgakm h` blsto zmfk aock (pnysol.pkmo`.cli) (pnysol.pkmo`.cli)
Blstur hlgk (T`rs iki kijro jro o hek hekrolros rolros ) Jkmrkh` blst blst (ekiur ) fk h`fmuaf` o h`ff`ĉ` blst u tofkau ĉlvfkb`. Trlbsoi`aho br`f fk
ljaoblv`h s ĉ`Šocli z` zgalj bub` s` zmfkaoĉhli blsto, ` suprlt`h (most`aho) mol fk ljaoblv`h s mv` ĉvlr`st` plauv`afb`st` ozjlĉkh` z` blafkho zgalj. Ovkr ( p`tkaa` p`tkaa`) fk h`fvkć` skz`isb` blst u tofkau blf` fk ubalpafkh` u tktovu ĉktvkrlga`vlg ioŠoć` h`tblafkhock. Tltblafkhocu ĉohk glafkhoĉh` blst (tojo` Tltblafkhocu tojo`)) o aosh` blst blst (eojua`). Glafkhoĉh` blst sumfkaufk u euhbcofo blafkhlg zgalj` prlbsoi`ahl o sblĉhlg zgalj` most`ahl, mlb aosh` blst hk ĉoho blafkho
zgalj, `ao p`b fk ubafuĉkh` u hlŸho zgalj (Saob` :.7). Blsto stlp`a` stlp`a` ĉohk blsto stlp`af`, z`stlp`af` o ĉa`hco prstofu .
Saob` :.7. Blstur hlgk, jkmr kh` kh` blst o pltblafkhoĉhk blsto
Gr`Đ` blŠt`hlg tbov` B`l o sv`bl tbovl u lrg`hoziu, blŠt`hl t`blĐkr ĉohk st`hock. Gr`Đu blsto, lsljotl mugon cfkv`ston blstofu (p`aĉ`h`, jkmrkh`, h`ma`btoĉh`, Saob` :.>.) ljoafkŸ`v` coaohmro c oaohmroĉho ĉho salf gustlg blŠt`hlg tbov`, srkmoŠhf` Šupafoh` ospuhfkh` i`shoi tbovli o blŠt`hli srŸo, tk gustli irkŸocli blŠt`hon grkmoc` h` br`fkvoi`, ` ozikĐu blfon sk t`blĐkr h`a`zk srŸhk st`hock o i`shk st`hock.
BlŠt`hk st`hock z`fkmhl s` st`hoc`i` promruŸkhon tbov` (vkzovl, nrsb`voc`, brvhk Ÿoak o b`poa`rk, Ÿovco, i`shl tbovl) lj`vaf`fu spkcoeoĉhon zjov`hf` blŠt`hlg tbov`6 ljh`vaf`hfk ljh`vaf`hfk blsto z`ifkhli st`rk blsto hlvli,
r`st o stv`r`hfk ljaob` blsto – plvkć`hfk ubuphlg blstur` o rkgua`cof`
spkcoeoĉhlsto ljaob` plfkmohon blsto, cofkafkhfk profkali`.
Blstur fk u hkprkst`hlf ozifkho st`rk blsto hlvli, ` Štl z`plĉohfk flŠ profk rlĐkhf` u i`fĉohlf utrljo o tr`fk ml br`f` Ÿovlt`. Svrn` lvlg prlcks ` fk hkprkst`h` ljhlv` blstur` r`mo plpr`v`b` i`aon lŠtkćkhf` o lilguć`v`hfk ĉvrstlćk jumućo m` sk st`r` blst z`iofkho. ]`blĐkr sk ljaob o blaoĉoh` blsto hkprkst`hl plmkŠ`v` pltrkj`i` o mlg`Đ`hfoi` fkmohbk, proifkrock tofkbli r`st` sk plvkć`v` ubuph` blaoĉ oh` blsto, `ao sk iofkhf` o ljaob blstofu. Tlm utfkc`fki tfkalvfkŸjk sk blst jolikn`hoĉbo plmkŠ`v` plvkć`hli lptkrkćkhfu, ` u sauĉ`fu hkplbrkthlsto o jlaksto mla`zo p`b ml si`hfkhf` ubuphk bla oĉohk blsto o st`hfkhf` blsto. Splahl blsto. Splahl fk mktkriohor`hl m` fk u i uŠb`r`c` blstur vkćo, ` u Ÿkh` i`hfo. H`
br`fu gkhkr`tovhk mljo Ÿkh`, pl prkst`hbu stv`r`hf` kstrlgkh` u f`fhocoi` fk gujot`b blŠt`hk i`sk ujrz`h o ilŸk h`st`to lstklplrlz`. H`blh ;4. glmohk u sv`bk trkćk Ÿkhk o sv`blg pktlg iuŠb`rc` mlglmot ćk sk profkali usaofkm lstklplrlzk. Lstklplrlz` fk st`hfk si`hfkhk blaoĉohk blsto, st`hfkhf` mofkalv` blstur` o plsafkmoĉhl plvkć`h rozob profkali` uz i`al lptkrkćkhfk oao tr`uiu. V` zmr`vafk blŠt`hlg sust`v` fk v`Ÿh` pr`voah` prknr`h` s mlvlafhoi blaoĉoh`i` b`acof` (z` `mlaksckhtk, trumhock o st`rofk s`mrŸ`hl u 0 A iaofkb`), lmglv`r`fućli
blaoĉohli M vot`ioh` (h`st`fk u blŸo r`zuihoi oza`g`hfki suhĉ`hli svfktau) o rkmlvot` tfkaksh` `btovhlst, `btovhlst, ` Štl fk ufkmhl o v`Ÿh` prkvkhcof` lstklplrlzk. BlŠt`ho sust`v
sk r`zvof` ĉ`b o u trkćki mksktafkću Ÿovlt`, ` u vosohu r`stk ml br`f` pujkrtkt` (lbl 05 -0> glmohk). UfkŸj`hfk ćk u ia`mkŸo lilgućoto stv`r`hfk lptoi`ahon ilgućhlsto blstur`, ` lmr`saon o st`rofon lĉuv`to o s`ĉuv`to blŠt`hu i`su.
Vgaljho sust`v ( S S ys tki` `rtoc `rtocua`rk) ua`rk) Splfkvo ozikĐu blstofu lilgućufu r`zaoĉotk ljaobk o lpskgk plbrktafvlsto. plbrktafvlsto. Tlbrktho blŠt`ho splf oao zgalj fk zgalj fk t`bvk gr`Đk m` lilgućufk saljlmhk plbrktk fkmhk blsto u lmhlsu h` mrugu. Lv` vrst` zgaljlv` fk lsljotl v`Ÿh` u rkbrk`cofo. rkbrk`cofo. Gr`Đ` t`bvlg zgalj` (tzv. (tzv. pr`vo oao sohlvof`aho zgalj) zgalj) ĉoho blhvkbshl o blhb`vhl zgaljhl tofkal, nrsb`voĉhk zgaljhk palnk, zgaljh` lvlfhock (uhut`rhfo salf fk sohlvof`ah` lvlfhoc`) o svkzk (aog`ikhto). Blm hkplbrkthlg
blŠt`hlg splf` hosu ilgućo plbrkto, (hpr. splf soieoz` ozikĐu pr kplhsbon kplhsbon blstofu, ozikĐu
br`afkŸ`b` broŸhk blsto o ozikĐu auj`hfsbon blstofu). Tlauplbrktho splf splf ljoafkŸ`v` baoz`hfk blstofu, proifkrock blsto zgalj` pkŠć`. [sifkrkhf` brkthfo lbl zgaljhon lso
H`ĉkahl plstlfk mvofk vrstk brkthfo 6 buthk o lbrkt`hfk. lbrkt`hfk. Buthk brkthfk6 Eakxol 9 eakbsof`, prkgoj`hfk, si`hfufk but ozikĐu mvofu uzgaljafkhon blstofu2 Eakxol blstofu2 mlm`thl – `htkeakbsof` o rktrleakbsof` Kxtkhsol 9 kbstkhzof`, ospruŸ`hfk, plvkć`v` but ozikĐu mvofu Kxtkhsol mv ofu uzgaljafkhon uzgaljafkhon blstofu @jmuctol 9 @jmuctol 9 `jmubcof`, lmioc`hfk lm tofka` @mmuctol 9 `mubcof`, proioc`hfk tofkau @mmuctol 9
BruŸkhfk 9 corcuimuctol corcuimuctol fk fk umruŸkh` brkthf` brkthf` svon buthon buthon brkthfo Zlt`tol 9 rlt`cof`, lbrkt`hfk fk ilguću prki` uhutr` lmhlshl prki` v`h. Troifkro vrst` zgaljlv`6 zgaljlv`6 buga`sto - r`ikho zgalj zgalj (saob` :. >.), zmfkaoĉ`sto zgalj – – zm fkaoĉho zgalj zgalj (saob` :.?.), lbrktho zgalj – blafkhl (:.04.) o butho zgalj zgalj - a`b`tho zgalj (saob` :. 00.), blafkhl blafkhl o mr.
. Saob` :.>. (sclo.cli)
Saob` :.04. (ikaoss`kclry.cli) (ikaoss`kclry.cli)
Saob` :.?. (lrtnlpkmo`trocs.cli) (lrtnlpkmo`trocs.cli)
Saob` :.00. (sclo.cli)
IOŤOąHO S[S]@U (S_S]KI@ I[SC[A@ZK) IoŠoć fk ĉoho lbl plalvock i`sk afumsblg tofka`, tk plstlfo voŠk lm 544 ioŠoć` u tofkau. tofkau.
G r`Đ ` o euhbc of` s bkakthon bkakthon io Šo ć ć ` Gr`Đu io Šoć` ĉoho ioŠoćhl tbovl, `ao o lst`a` promruŸkh` tbov`, proifkrock vkzovl tk brvhk Ÿoak o
Ÿovco. IoŠoć fk lj`vofkh vkzovhli lvlfhocli lvlfhocli (e`sco` e`sco`)) blf` sk h`st`vaf` u ĉvrstu vkzovhu tktovhu (tkhml ) tr`bu tr`bu blfli fk ioŠoć proĉvr Š Šććkh z` blst. Tlhkb`m sk e`scof` h`st`vaf` u palĉ`stu tvlrju – `plhkurlzu, ` blf` p`b sk ilŸk nv`t`to z` lvlfhock mrugon ioŠoć`. IoŠoć oi` svlfk nv`toŠtk (ohskrtol) o ga`vhohu mofka` tf. ga`vu ( c`put ) oao trjun (vkhtkr ), ), ` Štl lvoso l ljaobu ioŠoć`. H` ifkstoi` blht`bt` ioŠoć` s tvrmli plmalgli h`a`zo sk sauzh`
vrkć` (jurs ` s yhlvo`a yhlvo`aos ) ospuhfkh` sohlvof`ahli tkbućohli. Iobrlsblpsb` gr`Đ` ioŠoć` h`i ltbrov` m` ioŠoćk ĉohk ioŠoćh` va`bh`, ` tl su st`hock ioŠoćhlg tbov` blfk sk prltkŸu cofkali muŸohli ioŠoć`. Z`zaobufkil tro vrstk ioŠoćhon va`b`h`6 sbkakth`,
srĉ`h` o
ga`tb`.
Sbkaktho ioŠoćo su plbrkćkil svfkshl vlafli. Hfonlv ozgakm plm iobrlsblpli ljoafkŸ`v` plprkĉhu osprug`hlst usaofkm t`bvlg r`splrkm` blhtr`btoahon jfka`hĉkvoh` (Saob` :.0:). Srĉ`ho ioŠoć tvlro stofkhbu src`, ĉofk stkz`hfk hofk plm utfkc`fki vlafk. Oi`fu mlhkbak saoĉhu gr`Đu sbkakthoi ioŠoćoi`. Tlprkĉh` osprug`hlst fk sa`jofk ozr`Ÿkh` blm iobrlsblpsblg prkgakm`.
Ga`tbo ioŠoćo ĉohk gr`Đu stofkhbo Šupafon lrg`h` o hosu plm utfkc`fki vlafk . Hfonlv ozgakm fk fkmhlao fkmhlaobb tf. hki` plprkĉhk plprkĉhk osprug`hlsto. osprug`hlsto. Lho tvlrk stofkhbk proifkro proifkrock ck prlj`vhk cofkvo, ilbr`ćhlg ifknur`, Ÿućhlg ifknur`, brvhon Ÿoa` o mrugon lrg`h`. IoŠoćh` st`hoc` s`mrŸo usplrkmhl salŸkhk jfka`hĉkvohk `btoh o iolzoh, iolzoh, v`Ÿhk z` blhtr`bcofu lmhlshl stkz`hfk ioŠoć`. Blm prlifkhk plalŸ`f` `btoh` o iolzoh`, tf. baoz`hf`
lvon ilakbua`, h`st`fk sbr`ćkhfk ioŠoćhlg va`bh` lmhlshl blhtr`bcof` . V` blhtr`bcofu fk pltrkjh` Ÿovĉ`h` st`hoc` (iltlroĉbo hkurlh) blf` prostup` h` sv`bl ioŠoćhl va`bhl. Źovĉ`ho oipuas u Ÿovĉ`hlf st`hoco ltpuŠt` hkurltr`hsiotkr `cktoanlaoh h` ioŠoćhl va`bhl o h`st`fk ioŠoćho oipuas tf. blhtr`bcof`. Iltlroĉbu fkmohocu ĉoho iltlroĉbo hkurlh o sv` ioŠoćh` va`bh` blf` plmr`Ÿufk. V` ioŠoćhu blhtr`bcofu fk pltrkjh` khkrgof` u ioŠoćhli va`bhu. L khkrgktsboi sust`voi` o nr`ho b`l ozvlru khkrgofk jot ćk voŠk glvlr` u mrugli va`bhu.
lmfkafbu lvlg proruĉhob`. proruĉhob`. Trki` jrzoho blhtr`bcofk o utrlŠbu khkrgofk r`zaobufkil mvofk vrstk ioŠoćhon va`b`h` 6
– ]op 0 ‑splr` va`bh`’ (lbsom`tovh`) - splr` blhtr`bcof`, splrl ui`r`hfk, i`a` khkrgof`2
– ]op : ‑jrz` va`bh`’ va`bh`’ (gaoblaotsb`, `h`krljhl) - jrz` blhtr`bcof`, jrzl ui`r`hfk, vkaob` khkrgof`.
Saob` :.0:. Gr`Đ` sbkakthon ioŠoć` o ioŠoćhl stkz`hfk
Lsljotlsto ioŠoć` sust`v` z` brkt`hfk o hfonlvk euhbcofk euhbcofk H`fĉkŠćk prka`zk prkbl (fkmhlg) zgalj` o nv`t`fu sk h` br`fkvk blstofu, blstofu,..
Brkthf` lvoso l sifkru ioŠoćhon va`b`h` o nv`toŠtu u lmhlsu h` zgalj. zgalj .
Tlbrkt h`fĉkŠćk ozvlmo z`fkmhl hkblaobl ioŠoć` tk plstlfk pl euhbcofo6 euhbcofo6
– Ga`vho 9 `glhost – Tlilćho 9 sohkrgosto Troifkr – eakbsof` u a`btu blfu vrŠk jockps o jr`nof`a jr`nof`aho ho ioŠoć tk plma`btoĉho io ioŠoćo Šoćo
– Suprlt`h plbrkt 9 `ht`glhost Troifkr – kbstkhzof` u a`btu b`m fk trockps `ht`glhost jockpsu
H`zovafk u ioŠoćhli sust`vu fk h`fĉkŠćk prki` euhbcofo ioŠoć` tk plstlfo safkmkćk6 Trkgoj`ĉo – Trkgoj`ĉo – eakbslro OspruŸ`ĉo – OspruŸ`ĉo – kbstkhzlro Troioc`ĉo – – `mubtlro Lmioc`ĉo – Lmioc`ĉo – `jmubtlro Ljrt`ĉo – rlt`tlro BruŸho ioŠoćo z`tv`r`ĉo – – seohbtkro (prstkhstlg ljaob`) ]`jaoc` :.:.6 Trob`z ioŠoć`, nv`toŠt`, sifkŠt`f o e uhbcofk uhbcofk
IOŤOąO GA@UK IOIOāHO IOŤOąO
[āOH@B, TZOIFKZO V`tv`r`fu o ltv`r`fu lĉo, ust`, hls i. lrjocua` lrjocua`ros ros lros , i.lrjocua` i.lrjocua`ros ros lcuao
ŹU@āHO IOŤOąO
I. i`s i`s s ktkr
IOŤOąO UZ@]@ I. Ta`t T a`tys ys i` I. S tkrhl tkrhlcako cakomli`s mli`stlomkus tlomkus
[ĉoh`b - prkgoj`hfk ga`vk H`jork blŸu vr`t` H`fvkćo ioŠoć vr`t`, s`goj` ga`vu o lbrkćk aock u suprlthu str`hu, lj` z`fkmhl prkgoj`fu ga`vu h`profkm
I. S c`akho
IOŤOąO TZKMHFK S]Z@HK UZ@]@
]ro plstr`hoĉh` ioŠoć`, prkgoj`fu vr`t u svlfu str`hu o pli`Ÿu u mos`hfu plmoŸućo 0. o :. rkjrl SpuŠt`fu mlhfu ĉkafust
I. Mog M og `s `stro trocu cuss , I. Iyalnylo Iyalny lomkus mkus , I. S tyaly tyalylo lomkus mkus
M[JLBO IOŤOąO UZ@]@
Trkgoj`fu ga`vu o vr`t
I. Alhg A lhg us c`potos c`po tos , i. Zkctus Z kctus c`po c`potos tos `htkrolr, htkrolr, i. Alhg us claao claao
Saob` 05. IoŠoćo vr`t`
Saob` :.03. IoŠoćo vr`t` (pnoa (pnoascn`tz.cli) scn`tz.cli)
]`jaoc` :.3.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` akĐhon ioŠoć`
AKĔHO IOŤOąO Ozvlrho / mujohsbo
SIFKŤ]@F, E[HBCOF@ Sbupoh` i`aon vrktkh`ston ioŠoć` uzmuŸ br`afkŸhock, br`afkŸhock,
I. K rkc tlr s poh`k po h`k (ioŠoć uspr`vaf`ĉ
br`afkŠhock), ĉohk g` 3 ioŠoć` –
i. A lhgos s oius oius , i. Oa Oaolclst` olclst`aaos , i. S po poh`aos h`aos I. ]r`hs ]r `hs vkrs vkr s ls po poh`aos h`aos
(plprkĉhltrh`sto ioŠoć)
i. S krr`t krr`tus plst pls tkrolr s upkrolr upkrolr Glrhfo str`Ÿhfo h`zupĉ`ho ioŠoć Mlhfo str`Ÿhfo h`zupĉ`ho ioŠoć, i.
lm zmfkaoĉhlg ljruĉ` ml auj`hfsbk j`zk, akĐho ioŠoćo uĉvrŠćufu br`afkŸho br`afkŸhocu cu UrŠk uspr`vaf uspr`vaf`hfk, `hfk, rktrleakbsofu ga`vk, a`tkrleakbsofu a`tkrleakbsofu trup`
I`ao ioŠoćo lbrkt`ĉo br`afkŸhock, br`afkŸhock, plvkzufu plprkĉhk o trh`stk h`st`vbk br`afkŸ`b` Sumfkaufk blm umos`hf` Sumfkaufk blm ozmos`hf`
S krr `t `tus us pls tkro tkrolr lr oohekr hekrol olr r Mujlbo salf uz ljfk str`hk br`afkŸhock
[ĉoh`b h` uspr`vaf`hfk o plbrktk br`afkŸhock
TromruŸkho / plvrŠohsbo mvofk sbupohk6 SifkŠtkho jaoŸk plvrŠoho Spohlblst`aho, Spohlnuikr`aho
I. ]r`pkzo ]r `pkzous us I. A`tos A `tos s oiu oiuss mlr mlrss o
Ukaobo o i`ao rlij`sto ioŠoć i. Z nlijlomkus nlijlomkus i`flr kt iohlr
IoŠoć plmoz`ĉ alp`tock, i. Akv`tlr s c`pua`k
Lm z`toafhk blsto o trh`ston h`st`v`b` prshon
br`afkŸ`b` ml bafuĉhk blsto, r`ikh` o alp`tock, plbrkto ga`vk, r`ikh` o alp`tock Tla`zoŠtk - Lm 7-0: prshlg o sa`johsbo nbr`afkŸ`b`, broŸhk o jlĉhk blsto, mlhfon rkj`r` Nv`toŠtk - nuikrus [ĉoh`b - @mubcof` o spuŠt`hfk Tla`zoŠtk – – trh`sto rubk h`st`vco vo o voo vr`thlg, glrhf` = prs` br`afkŠb` Nv`toŠtk – ikmof`aho ruj alp`tock [ĉoh`b - Tlva`ĉk alp`tocu ikmof`ahl o glrk Tla`zoŠtk – plprkĉho h`st`vco prkv` = vr`th` v r`th` br`afkŠb`, Nv`toŠtk – glrhfo but alp`tock alp`tock [ĉoh`b – plva`ĉkhfk alp`tock glrk o h`profkm
]`jaoc` :.=.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` i oŠoć` prkmhfkg mofka` trup`
IOŤOąO TZKMHFKG MOFKA@
SIFKŤ]@F, E[HBCOF@
]Z[T@
TZSHO IOŤOąO TlvrŠh` sbupoh`
v`Ÿho z` mos`hfk o plbrkt`hfk glrhfon umlv` Tla`zoŠt` h` stfkhco prshlg blŠ`, nv`toŠt` h` r`ikhli ljruĉu
(blstlnuikr`ah`) (vkaobo (vkaobo I. T kctlr`aos Tkctlr prsho i) `aos i`flr
I. Tkctlr T kctlr`aos `aos iohlr ioh lr (i`ao (i`ao prsho i)
I. S ujc a`vo a`vo us (plmbafuĉho
ioŠoć)
I. S krr `tus `tus `htkrolr `htkro lr (prkmhfo (prkmhfo
h`zujafkho ioŠoć)
SifkŠt`f prkmhflfblst, str`ho prshlg b lŠ` Tla`zoŠtkh` – bafuĉh` prsh` blst,blŠ` oo-vo rkjrkhk nrsb`vock, ruj` lvlfhock r`vhlg trjuŠhlg ioŠoć` Nv`toŠtk – glrhfo mol nuikrus` UrŠo –`mubcof` h`ma`btock o uhutr`Šhf` rlt`cof` Tla`zoŠtk – ooo-v rkjrl Nv`toŠtk – alp`toc` UrŠo – spuŠt`hfk r`ikh` Tla`zoŠtk – o rkjrl Nv`toŠtk – r`ikho br`f ba`vobuak UrŠo – plva`ĉo ba`vobuau prki` mlafk Tla`zoŠtk – v`hfsb` str`h` ? glrhfon glrhfon rkj`r` Nv`toŠtk – ikmof`aho ruj alp`tock, osplm blfk prla`zo UrŠo – brkthfk mos`hf`, plioĉk uĉvrŠćkhu alp`tocu [ĉoh`b mos`hfk TlmoŸu h` rkjr` o Šork prsho blŠ
M[JOHSB@ SB[TOH@ I. Ohtkrclst`aks kxtkrho
(v`hfsbo ikĐurkjrkho ioŠoć) I. Ohtkrclst`aks ohtkrho
(uhut`rhfo ikĐurkjrkho ioŠoćo) LŠot (mo`pnr`gi`)
SpuŠt`fu rkjr` o suŸ`v`fu prsho blŠ mofkao prshu lm trjuŠhk Šupa fohk fohk Stkz`hfk plvkć`v` prshu Šupafohu, sumfkaufk u mos`hfu, tk vrŠo ta`ĉho protos`b blm siof`hf`, bon`hf`, plvr`ć`hf`, plvr`ć`hf`, Štuc`hf`, plrlm`
Saob` :.0=. Trsho ioŠoćo o mof`er`gi` o hfkzoh` euhbcof` u mos`hfu (eogntscokhckrksk`rcnohstotutk.cli)
]`jaoc` :.;.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` trjuŠhon ioŠoć`
]ZJ[ŤHO IOŤOąO ]rjuŠho ioŠoćo
SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@ Talsh`to ioŠoćo ozikĐu rkj`r` o zmfkaock, `ht`glhosto `ht`glhostoĉbo ĉbo uĉoh`b stkz`hf` ioŠoć` trjun` o akĐ` lilgućufk uspr`vho st`v tofka` o r`vhltkŸu pro nlmu2uĉoh`b pro mos`hfu, mkekb`cofo, ilbrkhfu, plrlmu
I. Z kctus `jmliohos `jmlioho s (r`vho
trjuŠho ioŠoć)
I. Ljaoquu Ljao quuss kxtkrhus kxtkr hus `jmliohos (v`hfsbo blso
trjuŠho ioŠoć)
I. Ljaoquu Ljao quuss ohtkrhus oh tkrhus `jmliohos (uhut`rhfo blso
trjuŠho ioŠoć)
I. ]r`hs ]r `hs vkrs vkr s us `jmlioho s
(plprkĉho trjuŠho ioŠoć)
I. Pu`mr`tus Pu `mr`tus auijlr au ijlrui ui
(ĉktvkrlbutho sa`johsbo ioŠoć)
Tla`zoŠtk – rkjrkhk nrsb`vock ;-7 rkjr`, mlhfo mol prshk blsto, svkzk ozikĐu prshk blsto o rkjrkhon nrsb`voc` Nv`toŠtk – pkplhsb` blst UoŠk mofkalv` (trjun`) o 3-= tktovh` prksfkb` Trkgoj`hfk prki` h`profkm o plmoŸk zmfkaocu @plhkurlz` lj`vof` ioŠoć, ioŠoć, ` ĉohk fk tkto tktovho vho h`st`vco lst`a lst`aon on trjuŠhon ioŠoć` Aohk` `aj` u srkmoŠhflf aohofo Tla`zoŠtk – 7 mlhfon rkj`r` Mol z`vrŠ`v` h` jlĉhlf blsto, ` mol h` `plhkurlzu Fkmhlstr`h` blhtr`bcof` blhtr`bcof` rlt`cof` o s`goj`hfk s `goj`hfk h` svlfu str`hu, ljlstr`hl eakbsof` prki` zmfkaoco Osplm v`hfsblg Tla`zoŠtk – jlĉh` blst, usifkrkh prki` glrk h` v`hfsbo blso ioŠoć Nv`toŠtk – rkjr` o `plhkurlz` rkctus`
[ĉoh`b osto b`l blm kxtkrhus` Osplm blson ioŠoć` Tla`zoŠtk – cofkao mlhfo ruj prshlg blŠ`2 uhutr`Šhf` str`h` br`afkŸ`b`, akĐh` e`scof`, jlĉho grkjkh Tlprkĉho sifkr, prka`zo `plhkurlzu u lvlfhocu rkctus` SuŸ`v` prsho blŠ, uĉoh`b blm ozmos`hf`, stoŠćk trjuŠhk lrg`hk V`tv`r` trjuŠhu stofkhbu s` str`Ÿhfk str`hk Tla`zoŠtk – 0:. Zkjrl Nv`toŠtk – jlĉho grkjkh o h`st`vco sa`johsbon br`afkŸ`b`
Saob` :.0;. Trob`z salfkv` trjuŠhk palĉ k (`ji`cnohksguomk.cli) (`ji`cnohksguomk.cli)
]`jaoc` :.5.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` glrhfon umlv` IOŤOąO GLZHFON [MLU@ SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@
IOŤOąO Z@IKHLG LJZ[ā@ I. Mkat M katlo lomkus mkus
Tlvkzufu blsto r`ikhlg ljruĉ` o h`ma`btocu Ljaobufk r`ik Tla`zoŠt` – a`tkr`ah` str`h` bafuĉhk blsto, `crliolh h` alp`toco, grkjkh alp`tock
I. S ujs c`pua`ro c`pua`ross
]ro mofka` sk sp`f`fu o vkŸu h` plstr`hoĉhu str`hu h`ma`btoĉhk blsto Ga`vho lmioc`ĉ rubk (`jmubtlr) Mol s pla`zoŠtki s` bafuĉhk blsto vrŠo `htkeakbsofu o uhut`rhfu u hut`rhfu rlt`cofu Mol s pla`zoŠtki s` grkjkh` vrŠo rktrleakbsofu o v`hfsbu rlt`cofu Troioĉk h`ma`btocu trupu o lbrkćk uhutr`
I. S upr upr`s `spo poh`tus h`tus
TlmoŸk o lmioĉk h`ma`btocu
I. Oher`s Ohe r`s po poh`tus h`tus
Lbrkćk rubu prki` v`h
I. ]krrks ]kr rks ioh iohlr lr
Tla`zoŠtk – a`tkr`aho ruj alp`tock a lp`tock Nv`toŠtk – nuikrus
(plmalp`toĉho ioŠoć)
(ozh`mgrkjkho ioŠoć)
(osplmgrkjkho ioŠoć)
I. ]krrks ]kr rks i`flr
IOŤOąO H@MA@B]OCK -
Lbrkt`hfk h`ma`btock v`h Tla`zoŠtk – mlhfo o ikmof`aho ikmof`aho mol alp`tock Nv`toŠtk – nuikrus @mubcof`, rktrleakbsof`, rktrleakbsof`, v`hfsb` v`hfsb` rlt`cof` [ĉoh`b h` a`b`tho zgalj
TZKMHF@ SB[TOH@ I. C lr`c lr`cljr`c ljr`cno no`a `aos os
TlmoŸk o lmioĉk h`ma`btocu
I. J r`cn r`cno`aos o`aos (h`ma`btoĉho
Tla`zoŠtk – prkmhf` str`h` nuikrus` Nv`toŠtk – glrhfo mol a`b`thk blsot (uah`)
(bafuh`stlh`ma`btoĉho)
ioŠoć)
Eakbsof` u a`b`thli a `b`thli zgalju Mvlzgaljho
Mug` ga`v` pla`zo s alp`toĉhk zgaljhk ĉ`Šbk, tktov` prka`zo prkbl I. J oc kps j jr`cn r`cnoo oo (mvlga`vo
ioŠoć h`ma`btock)
ga`vk nuikrus` Br`tb` ga`v` pla`zo s` bafuh`stlg h`st`vb` alp`tock
[fkmohfkhk ga`vk z`vrŠ`v`fu tktovli blf` oi` mv` mofka` o z`vrŠ`v` h` uaho o r`mousu
Mug` ga`v` vrŠo `jmubcofu o uhut`rhfu uhu t`rhfu rlt`cofu Br`tb` ga`v` vrŠo `htkeakbsofu [ a`b`thli zgalju eakbsof` o supoh`c supoh`cof` of`
S]Z@ŹHF@ SB[TOH@ Mvlzgaljho ioŠoć, Mug` ga`v` pla`zo s alp`tock I. ]r oc kps j jr`cn r`cnoo oo
(trlga`vo ioŠoć h`ma`btock)
Mvofk pla`zku s` str`Ÿhfkg Svk trobr`tbk ga`vkga`vk sk sp`f`fu tktovhu palĉumofka` o vkŸunuikrus` h` prlbsoi`aho mol uahk
UrŠo u r`ikhli zgalju rktrleakbsofu o `mubcofu, u a`b`t hli kbstkhzofu
IOŤOąO TLMA@B]OCK
IoŠoćk plma`btock ĉohk tro sbupohk6 eakbslro eak bslro prkmhfk str`hk, kbstkhzlro str`Ÿhfk str`hk o a`tkr`ah` sbupoh`. UrŠk uga`vhli plbrktk Š`bk o prstofu
Saob` :.05 IoŠoćo rubu o r`ikhlg plf`s` (blhtr`bcof` prkmhfkg mofka` h`ma`btock i. jockps jr`cnoo)) (oig`rc`mk.cli) jr`cnoo (oig`rc`mk.cli) ]`jaoc` :.7.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` mlhfon umlv`
IOŤOąO MLHFON [MLU@ IoŠoćo zmfkaoĉhlg ljruĉ`
SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@ Nv`toŠt` h` zmfkaoĉhlf o broŸhlf blsto, plbrkto jkmr` prki` zmfkaoco
Tla`zoŠtk s` 0: prshlg o sa`johsbo s a`johsbon n br`afkŸ`b` I. T s l`s ioŠoć) Ts i`flr (vkaobo sa`johsbo
[ zmfkaoco–sk sp`f` s` jlĉhoi ioŠoćki u i. Oaolpsl`s Nv`toŠtk ekiur UrŠo prkgoj`hfk u bubu, v`hfsb` rlt`cof` o plva`ĉo hlgu prki` trupu (uspr`vaf`hfk oz akŸkćkg plalŸ`f`)
I. Ts T s l`s iohlr io hlr (i`ao
sa`johsbo ioŠoć)
I. G autkus i`x i`x oius (h`fvkćo
str`Ÿhfoĉho ioŠoć)
I. G autkus ikmous (srkmhfo
str`Ÿhfoĉho ioŠoć)
I. G autkus ioho ius I. ]khs lr e`s co k`k a`t`k a`t`k (i.
h`tkz`ĉ Šorlbk e`scofk)
Tla`zoŠtk – jlĉh` o broŸh` blst Nv`toŠtk – ekiur, e`scof` blf` prkbrov` jkmrkhl ioŠo ioŠoćfk ćfk UrŠo kbstkhzofu, v`hfsbu rlt`cofu, uspr`v`h st`v TlvrŠohsbo salf – `jmubcof`, mujlbo `mubcof` Blm eobsor`hk hlgk, vrŠo kbstkhzofu trup` Tla`zoŠtk osplm i`xoius`, s prkmhfk str`hk zmfkaoĉhk blsto Nv`toŠtk – trln`htkr ekiur` UrŠo – `jmubcofu, prkgoj`ĉ bub` o uhut`rhfu rlt`cofu, str`Ÿhfo shlplvo vrŠk v`hfsbu rlt`cofu o kbstkhzofu bub` Tla`zoŠtk – osplm ikmous` Nv`toŠtk – trln`htkr ekiur` UrŠo – pli`Ÿk ikmofusu u `jmubcofo h`tblafkhock [ĉvrŠćufk bub o blafkhl Tla`zoŠtk – prkmhfo grkjkh jlĉhk blsto Oaoltojof`ah` vkzovh` tr`b` Oaoltojof`ah` UrŠo – eakbsofu hlgk, uhut`rhfo rlt`tlr, `jmubtlr
Ukzovh` tr`b` blf` ljaobufk plvrŠohsbo salf i. Gauktkus I. ]r`ctus ]r `ctus oaoltojo oao ltojo `aos
Vmfkaoĉhl jkmrkh` sbupoh` ioŠoć` (5 ioŠoć`)
i`x o i. ]khslr e`scok`k a`tk`k Nv`toŠtk – str`h` glafkhoĉhk blsto St`joaoz`tlr bub` Tla`zoŠtk – v`hfsb` str`h` zmfkaock Nv`toŠtk –trlcn`htkr i`flr U`hfsbo rlt`tlr
Saob` :.07. SifkŠt`f vkaoblg o i`alg sa`johsblg ioŠoć` (i. psl`s) (auij`rspohk`sskssikht.w (auij`rspohk` sskssikht.wlrmprkss.cli) lrmprkss.cli)
Saob` :.0>. Sbupoh` gautk`ahon ioŠoć` (bohgletnkgyi.cli) (bohgletnkgyi.cli) ]`jaoc` :.>.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` i oŠoć` h`tblafkhock
IOŤOąO H@]BLAFKHOCK
SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@ Trkmhf` grup` pla`zo s jlĉhk blsto Ikmof`ah` Ikmof`a h` grup` pla`zo s` prkplhsbk blsto Str`Ÿhf` grup` pla`zo s` sfkmhk blsto
TZKMHF@ GZ[T@
I. S `rtlro us (brlf`ĉbo ioŠoć)
H`fmuŸo ioŠoć u tofkau Tla`zoŠtk – grkjkh jlĉhk blsto Nv`toŠtk –ikmof`aho blhmoa tojofk Mvlzgaljho ioŠoć UrŠo – eakbsof` u bubu, `jmubcof` o v`hfsb` rlt`cof`
[ĉvrŠćufk kbstkhmor`hl blafkhl, eakb sof` o uhut`rhf` rlt`cof` blafkh`
I. Pu`mro Pu `mrockps ckps ekilro (ĉktvkrlga`vo
Tla`zo s grkjkh` jlĉhk blsto, usifkrkh prki` blafkhu, mvlzgaljho, sifkŠtkh osplm prklst`ak 3
I. Z kctus ekilro ekilr o I. U`s U `stus tus a`t a`tkr`aos kr`aos , ikmo`aos , ohtkrikmous (ozikĐu ikm o a`t ga`vk)
ga`vk, = ga`vk sk ufkmohfufu u tktovu blf` prla`zo brlz p`tkau (aog. T`tkaa`k) o vkŸk h` tojofu Kbstkhzlr u blafkhu, i. Zkctus eakbslr u bubu
ioŠoć h`tblafkhock)
IKMOF@AH@ SB[TOH@ IOŤOą@ I. I. I. I. I.
Tkcto T kctohkus hkus @ mmuctlr mmuc tlr jr jrkvo kvo s @ mmuctlr mmuc tlr alhg us @ mmuctlr mmuc tlr i`ghus i`g hus G r`coao r`c oaoss
]`jaoc` :.?.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` i oŠoć` h`tblafkhock
IOŤOąO H@]BLAFKHOCK S]Z@ŹHF@ SB[TOH@ IOŤOą@ I. J oc kps ekilro s (mvlga`vo i h`tblafkhock)
SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@ Tla`zk s` sfkmhk blsto Tlstr`hoĉhl sifkŠtkh Tla`zoŠtk – mugk ga`vk s` sfkmhk blsto, br`tbk s` sfkmhk blsto
Nv`toŠtk – h`fkeojuao Br`tb` ga`v` fkmhlzgaljh` fkmhlzgaljh` UrŠo – kbstkhzof` o v`hfsb` rlt`cof` u bubu,
I. S kiotkhmo hls us (plautktovho ioŠoć)
eakbsof` o v`hfsb` rlt`cof` u blafkhu Tla`zoŠtk – z`fkmhl s mugli ga`vli i. Jockps ekilro Nv`toŠtk – ikmof`ah` str`h` eojuak Mvlzgaljho ioŠoć UrŠo – kbstkhzof` u bubu, b ubu, eakbsof` o uhut`rhf` rlt`cof` u blafkhu
I. S kioikijr kioikijr`hls `hlsus us
Saob` :.0?. IoŠoćo h`tblafkhock (prkmhf` o str`Ÿhf` str`h`) (kxp`hmohgaognt.lrg) (kxp`hmohgaognt.lrg)
Saob` :.:4. IoŠoćo pltblafkhock (prkmhf` str`h`)
]`jaoc` :.0:.6 SifkŠt`f o euhbcof` ioŠoć` i oŠoć` h`tblafkhock
IOŤOąO TL]BLAFKHOCK
SIFKŤ]@F O E[HBCOF@
TZKMHF@ SB[TOH@ (kbstkhzlrh` o a`tkr`ah`) Kbstkhzlrho ioŠoćo
I. ]ojo ]o jo`aos `aos `htkrolr `htkro lr,, i. Kx K x tkhs lr mog otl otlrui rui alhg alhg us , i. i. K xtkh xtkhss lr n`aa n`aaucos ucos alhg alhg us , i. Tkrlhkus Tkrlhkus (eojua` (eojua`ros ) tkrtous tkrtous A@]KZ@AH@ SB[TOH@
I. Tkrl T krlh`kus h`kus (eo jua`ros jua`ro s ) alhg us , i. T krlh`kus krlh`kus (eojua`ros (eojua`ros ) jrkvos
S]Z@ŹHF@ SB[TOH@ TlvrŠohsbo salf
mvlga`vo ioŠoć, ikmof`ah` o a`tkr`ah` ga`v`, pla`zoŠtk s` str`Ÿhfk str`hk ekiur` la`zoŠtk s` eojuak
I. ]r ), ]roc oc kps ur`k ur `k trlga`vo glafkhoĉho ioŠoć ĉohks g`6 I.( trlga`vo G `s `strlc trlchkiou hkiouss O I. S lakus
Sp`f`fu sk u `noalvu tktovu (tkhml (tkhml c`ac`hkus) c`ac`hkus) h` pkthu blst [ĉoh`b (z`fkmhl) – pa`th`rho eakbslr, i.
G`strlchkious vrŠo eakbsofu pltblafkhock o pa`ht`rhu eakbsofu i. Slakus s`il pa`th`rhu eakbsofu eakbsofu
E[HBCOF@ BZULŹOAHLG O MOŤHLG S[S]@U@ BrvlŸoaho o moŠho sust`v pl euhbcofo su pr`btoĉbo hklmfkafovo. hklmfkafovo. Taućh` euhbcof` lsogur`v` ozifkhu paohlv`, uhls zr`b` s bosobli b osobli u pauć` o lrg`hoz`i, tk ozmos`hfk ugafoĉhlg molbsom` blfo fk vkhsbli brvafu mlproiafkh mlproiafkh oz tbov`. Z`m moŠhlg o brvlŸoahlg sust`v` sk lmvof` `utli`tozili, `utli`toz ili, `ao sk mos`hfk mfkaliock ilŸk vlafhl ozvlmoto. ozvlmoto.
BrvlŸoaho sust`v ĉoho srck tk brvhk Ÿoak blfk sk gr`h`fu u svk i`hfk lgr`hbk ml b`poa`r` tk lpsbrjafufu brvafu s` svlfoi s`stlfcoi` o paohlvoi p aohlvoi` ` sv` tbov` o lrg`hk. lrg`hk. Brvhk
Ÿoak blfk mlvlmk lbsogkhor`hu brv (brv blf` fk jlg`t` bosobli jumućo m` su u paućoi` krotrlcoto prkuzkao bosob oz um`nhut`lg zr`b`) u tbov` su `rtkrofk, ` vkhk lmvlmk brv o ugafoĉho mo lbsom oz tbov`. Lvl fk rkzuat`t ikt`jlaoĉbon prlcks`. Ukhk mlvlmk vkhsbu brv oz tbov` o lrg`h` u pauć` u blfoi` sk lmvof` ozifkh` paohlv`. [gafoĉho molbsom sk ozmoŠk, ` bosob oz um`nhutlg zr`b` ua`zo u krotrlcotk. ]l fk lbsogkhor`h` brv blf` stoŸk u srck b lfu p`b srck stkz`hfki (puip`hfki) pltosbufk u lrg`hoz`i (Saob` :.:0). Lvk r`mhfk sk u Ÿovlg ĉlvfkb` st`ahl plh`vaf`fu.
fk gr`Đkhl lm plskjhk vrstk ioŠoćhon va`b`h` o rotioĉho r otioĉhoi i blhtr`bcof`i` stfkhbk tfkr` SZCK fk SZCK brv brlz brvhk Ÿoak. Srĉ`ho ioŠoć fk t`blĐkr lpsbrjafkh brvafu o tl putki va`stoton brvhon Ÿoa` blfk zlvu blrlh`rhk brvhk Ÿoak. Blhtr`bcof` src` sk h`zov` sostla`, ` lpuŠt`hfk mof`stla` . [ zmr`vk lmr`sak lmr`sak lsljk srck r`mo jrzohli lm 54-?4 blhtr`bcof` u iohuto. iohuto. Ulauikh brvo blfu srck ozj`co u fkmhlf sostlao (stkz`hfk) ozhlso lbl 74 iA o h`zov` sk um`rho vlauikh. Blaoĉoh` brvo blfu srck ozj`co u fkmhlf iohuto h`zov` sk iohutho vlauikh o ozhlso lbl ; aot`r` pro
hlri`ahli srĉ`hli rotiu lm lbl 74 blhtr`bcof` u iohuto. Joal oao puas sk pop`fu h` ifkstoi` gm fk sk `rtkrof` h`a`zo hkplsrkmhl osplm blŸk. Brvho ta`b fk ta`b brvo h` stofkhbu
brvhon Ÿoa`. Urofkmhlsto brvhlg ta`b` sk iofkhf`fu h` `rtkrof`i` tofkbli srĉ`hlg cobaus`. Brvho ta`b sk ifkro ta`blifkrli o ub`zufk h` zmr`vafk brvlŸoahlg sust`v`.
Saob` :.:0. Trob`z moŠhlg sust`v` o iobrlsblpsbk gr`Đk `avkla` blfk ĉohk pauć` H` saoco :.:0. fk prob`z ozifkhk paohlv` u pau ćhoi b`poa`r`i` o lbsogkhor`h` brv oz pau ć` brvhoi Ÿoa`i` (prob`z`hl crvkhli jlfli) blf` mla`zo u aofkvl srck. Oz aofkvlg src` rotioĉhoi stkz`hfki sk lbsogkhor`h` brv ostosbufk u lrg`hoz`i (proifkrock prki` ilzgu u glrhfki
mofkau snkik, tk lst`ao mol tofka` u mlhfki mofkau snkik). B`poa`rk u tbovoi` lmvlmk ugafoĉho molbsom (pa`vl lzh`ĉkhk Ÿoak) u mksho mol src`. Lvu brv blf` s`mrŸo voŠk ugafoĉhlg molbsom` srck puip` prki` paućoi`.
MoŠho sust`v ĉohk safkmkćo mofkalvo (Saob` :.::)6
hls o hlsh` Šupafoh` – u blfoi` sk zr`b z`grof`v` o va`Ÿo, tk z`mrŸ`v` mol ĉkstoc` oz
zr`b`2 Ÿmrofkal – z`fkmhoĉbo mol prlj`vhlg o moŠhlg sust`v`
grbaf`h
muŠhob blfo sk gr`h` u mvofk muŠhock tk m`afk u muŠhoĉhl st`jal
mv` paućh` broa` ĉohk `avklak(spuŸv`stk `avklak(spuŸv`stk gr`Đk b`l h`bupoh` ifknuro ifknuroć`) ć`)
`avklak su lilt`hk jlg`tli irkŸli b`poa`r`, b`poa`r`, ` ŠŠtl tl lilgućufk jaosbo blht`bt brvo o
ozifkhu paohlv`, tf. bosob` o ugafoĉhlg molbsom` paućh` broa` su lilt`h` mvlstrubli t`hbli vkzovhli lphli (plpaućhoc` o
plrkjroc`). V` eozolalgofu mos`hf` mos`hf` (paućh` vkhtoa`cof` oao rkspor`cof`) su v`Ÿho safkmkćo plfilvo6 Ohspor`cof` (umos`hfk) (umos`hfk) – ua`z`b zr`b` u pauć`, o tl fk `btovh` e`z` mos`hf` blf` ubafuĉufk r`m
ioŠoć` prshlg blŠ` o mof`er`gik blf` fk ga`vho umos`fho ioŠoć.
Kbspor`cof` (ozmos`hfk) (ozmos`hfk) – – oza`z`b zr`b` oz pauć` fk p`sovh` e`z` mos`hf` pro ĉkiu su ioŠoćo prshlg blŠ` blfo sumfkaufu u umos`hfu lpuŠtkho. lpuŠtkho. Vmr`v` lmr`sa` lslj` u iorlv`hfu prl sfkĉhl um`nhk o ozm`nhk 0: -05 put` u iohuto. Zkspor`cofsbo Zkspor`co fsbo vlauikh fk vlauikh zr`b` blfo sk um`nhk o ozm`nhk pro fkmhli f kmhli iorhli um`nu
tk susafkmhli iorhli ozm`nu, prlsfkĉhl 4,; A. [bupho iohutho vlauikh mos`hf` (prlsfkĉhl 5 A u iohuto) i ohuto) fkst blaoĉoh` zr`b` blf` sk um`nhk o ozm`nhk u fkmhlf iohuto. Fkmh`b fk uihlŠbu erkbvkhcofk mos`hf` o rkspor`cofsblg vlauikh`.
Saob` :.::. Trob`z moŠhlg sust`v` o iobrlsblpsbk i obrlsblpsbk gr`Đk `avkla` blfk ĉohk pauć`. (saomkssn`rk.hkt)
0.0. KHKZGK]SB@ LSHLU@ O B@T@CO]K]O Khkrgofsb` r`vhltkŸ` plstlfo ozikĐu khkrgofsblg uhls` nr`hli o khkrgofsblg r`snlm`. B`m
fk vkaoĉoh` uhls` bkiofsbk khkrgofk nr`hl nr`hli i o khkrgofsblg pltrlŠb` ost`, plstlfo khkrgofsb` r`vhltkŸ`. [ sauĉ`fu plzotovhk khkrgofsbk r`vhltkŸk mla`zo ml mkjaf`hf`, ` blm hkg`tovhk ĉlvfkb irŠ`vo. Ifkrkhfk tfkakshk i`sk lmr`Ÿ`v` khkrgofsbu r`vhltkŸu. [hls bkiofsbk khkrgofk lmglv`r` khkrgofsblf vrofkmhlsto nr`hk lmh. b`alrofsblf vrofkmhlsto nr`hk.
Khkrgofsbo r`snlm ljunv`ć` j`z`aho ikt`jlaoz`i, tkrilgkhktsbo uĉoh`b nr`hk o khkrgofsbo r`snlm eozoĉbk `btovhlsto. LmrŸ`v`hfk hlri`ahon tfkakshon euhbcof` u iorlv`hfu
ljunv`ć` khkrgofsbo r`snlm j`z`ahlg ikt`jlaozi`, ` lmhlso sk h` mos`hfk, brvltlb, lmrŸ`v`hfk tfkakshk tlpaohk, stv`r`hfk gr`mjkhon s`stlf`b` lrg`hozi`, ikt`jlaoĉbk prlcksk o lst`al. ]krilgkhktsbo uĉoh`b (tf. stv`r`hfk tlpaohk) ubafuĉufk khkrgofu pltrkjhu z` prlj`vaf`hfk nr`hk o sba`moŠtkhfk prkr`Đkhon s`stlf`b` nr`hk .
Khkrgofsbo r`snlm fk o pltrlŠhf` khkrgofk h` eozoĉbo tf. ioŠoćho r`m. Lvoi mofkali khkrgofsblg ikt`jlaozi` ikt`jlaozi` sk j`vo lvl plga`vafk proruĉhob`. Nr`h` fk ozvlr khkrgofk o r`zgr`mhfli ilakbua` nr`hk tofkal mljov` khkrgofu. Nr`h` h`blh prlj`vaf`hf` u prlj`vhli sust`vu prka`zo u brvltlb o ikt`jlaozor` u lshlvhk s`stlfbk. Lshlvho s`stlfco nr`hk, ` tl su ugafoblnomr`to, jfka`hĉkvohk o i`sto prkmst`vaf`fu ozvlrk khkrgofk. Troifkr nr`hk blf` s`mrŸo ugafoblnomr`tk fk brun, tfkstkhoh`, roŸ` o nr`h` lm Ÿot`roc`. khkrgofk.
Jfka`hĉkvohk sk h`a`zk u iksu o f`foi`, iaofkĉhoi prlozvlmoi`, slfo o slfohoi prlozvlmoi`, gr`nlroc`i` o tleu. I`sto sk h`a `zk u uafoi`, lr`Š`stoi prlozvlmoi` o sfkikhb`i` (juhmkv`, suhclbrkt, a`h). Lvl su s`il hkbo proifkro nr`hk o hfonlvoi ga`vhoi s`stlfcoi`. Tro tlik fk gaublz` gaublz` ga`vho ozvlr khkrgofk, ` i`sto o jfka`hĉkvohk sk ubafuĉufu u jolbkiofsbk rk`bcofk ikt`jlaozi` gaublzk. H`fvoŠk khkrgofk lrg`hoz`i mljov` oz i`sto. Ikt`jlaoĉboi jolbkiofsboi prlcksoi` sk oz nr`hk ( lmhlshl ga`vhon s`stlf`b` nr`hk, ` tl su ugafoblnomr`to, jfka`hĉkvohk, i`sto) khkrgof` prktv`r` o plnr`hfufk u plskj`h bkiofsbo splf `mkhlzoh troelse`t (br`toc` @]T). @]T). H`zov lvlg splf` upućufk m` sk u hfkglvlf gr`Đo
h`a`zk o tro elselr`, ` Štl ffk k bafuĉhl z` lsalj`Đ`hfk khkrgofk. Z`zgr`mhfli oao ikt`jlaozor`hfki splf` @]T sk lmv`f` fkm`h elselr o pro tlik sk lsalj` Đ` khkrgof`. Lv` khkrgof` sauŸo z` ihlgk prlcksk lrg`hozi`, proifkrock z` ioŠoćho r`m, ` Štl fk o ga`vh` tki` lvlg plga`vaf`. Splf blfo s`m oi` mv` elselr` sk zlvk `mkhlzoh moelse`t (br`toc` @MT). V` h`Š`
prluĉ`v`hf` khkrgofsblg khkrgofsblg ikt`jlaozi` ioŠoćhlg r`m` fk v`Ÿ`h s`il @]T.
Nr`h`
fk ozvlr khkrgofk jumućo m` sk s`stlfco nr`hk (ugafoblnomr`to, jfka`h ĉkvohk o i`sto)
ikt`jlaozor`fu ikt`jlao zor`fu u splf `mkhlzohtroelse`t, ` blfo m`afhfoi bkiofsboi prlcksli (ikt`jlaozor`hfki) (ikt`jlaozor`hfki) lsalj`Đ` khkrgofu pro ltpuŠt`hfu fkmhlg elselr` (Saob` :.:3). @]T fk uhovkrz`aho profkhlshob khkrgo fk fk z` svk prlcksk u lrg`hoziu, ubafuĉufućo o ioŠoćho r`m. Lv`f prlcks oi` svlf
plskj`h h`zov tk jolbkiofsbk rk`bcofk blfoi` sk u Ÿovlf st`hoco r`zgr`Đufu ilakbuak nr`hfovon mos`hfk. St`hoĉhl tv`ro, ` t` khkrgof` plnr`hfufk u ljaobu @]T splf` sk h`zov` st`hoĉhl mos`hfk. mos`hfk sk hk lmhlso h` mos`hfk paućoi` o ozifkhu paohlv` u paućoi`. Stv`r`hfk khkrgofk u
Ÿovlf st`hoco ilŸk sk lmvof`to uz ubafuĉov`hfk bosob` u jolbkiofsboi rk`bcof`i`, `ao o mrugoi ljaocoi` ikt`jlaozor`hf`. ikt`jlaozor`hf`. Tlstlfo `krljhl st`hoĉhl mos`hfk b`m u st`hoco uz sumfkalv`hfk
bosob` u jolbkiofsboi rk`bcof`i` h`st`fu vkćk blaoĉoh` @]T -`. -`. Tro tlik bosob blfo brvltlbli mla`zo oz pauć` o u st`hoc`i` (proifkrock sbkakthon ioŠoć`) z`fkmhl s gaublzli sumfkaufk u ikt`jlaoĉbli prlcksu h`st`hb` khkrgofli khkrgofli jlg`tlg spl f` @]T-`. Lv`f ikt`jlaoĉbo prlcks fk vral salŸkh o oi` hkblaobl stuphfkv` u h`st`hbu @]T, tk h` br`fu t`blĐkr h`st`fk ugafoĉho molbsom (CL :) blfo sk ozmoŠk paućoi` o vlm` (N :L). Snki`tsbo tl prob`zufkil lv`bl6
Ilakbua` gaublzk + 5 L : 9 5 CL: + 5 N:L Lv`f ikt`jlaoĉbo put sk hkprkst`hl plh`vaf` fkr st`ahl protfkĉu hlvk ilakbuak gaublzk o st`ahl sk stv`r`fu hlvk ilakbuak @]T-`. Vjlg @]T-`. Vjlg tlg` sk lv`f prlcks zlvk bruŸho oao cobaus aoiuhsbk boskaohk boskaohk blf` h`st`fk u fkmhlf hfkglvlf e`zo (oao cotr`tho), lmhlshl Brkjslv Brkjslv pl
bkioĉ`ru blfo g` fk prluĉ`v`l. Svo lvo h`zovo tf. bruŸho oao Brkjslv oao cotr`tho cobaus, tk cobaus aoiuhsbk boskaohu su r`zho h`zovo z` osto ikt`jlaoĉbo prlcks u blfki oz gaublzk oz nr`hk uz bosob oz brvltlb` h`st`fk hkblaobl (tf. 3>) ilakbua` @]T pltrkjhon z` khkrgofu ioŠoćhlg r`m`. Ilakbuak @]T-` blfk su lmcofkpoak fkm`h elselr o pro tlik prkm`ak khkrgofu z` hkbo r`m`.
prlcks, proifkrock ioŠoćhl stkz`hfk sk ilgu ljhlvoto o plhlvl ubafuĉoto fkm`h elselr, `ao fk u lvli prlcksu ljhlvk pltrkj`h bosob o tl s k zjov` u bruŸhli cobausu aoiuhsbk boskaohk. [pr`vl zjlg pltrkjk pltrkjk bosob` bosob` u lvli jolbkiofsbli prlcksu
st`hoĉhoi mos`hfki.
sk h`zov` h`zov` `krljhoi
Saob` :.:3. Snki`tsbo prob`z h`st`h`b` @]T-` oz s`stlf`b` nr`hk u cotr`thli cobausu (khcobalpkmof`.nr) (khcobalpkmof`.nr)
IoŠoćh` `btovhlst oao r`m blfo fk mugltr`f`h o i`alg ohtkhzotkt` fk proifkrock sv`blmhkvho r`m, nlm`hfk, Škthf`, vlŸhf` jocoba`, sprki`hfk st`h`, i`hfo r`mlvo u vrtu. ]r`mocolh`ahl ]r`mocolh`a hl u covoaoz`co covoaoz`cofsbli fsbli r`zvlfu afumsbk vvrstk rstk eozoĉbo i`hfk z`ntfkvhk `btovhlsto su joa k pltr`g` z` nr`hli oao vlmli, hlvoi st`hoŠtoi`, r`t`rsbk `btovhlsto, jrog` lbl mli`ćon Ÿovltohf` o sa. 0.0.0. Khkrgktsb Khkrgktsboo sust`vo ioŠoćhlg r`m` [ ioŠoćoi` sk h`a`zo z`aon` @]T-` z` ozv`hrkmhk pltrkjk hkplsrkmhk ioŠoćhk `bcofk tf.
ioŠoćhlg stkz`hf` oao r`m`. Troifkrock u afumo z` sauĉ`f h`gak rk`bcofk sblb`, trĉ`hf`, vkaobk ioŠoćhk sh`gk, ` z` Štl su proifkro sotu`cof` hksrkć`, kakikht`rhon hkplglm`, mlg`Đ`hf` u prliktu otm. [ covoaoz`cofsbli r`zvlfu afumo ilŸkil z`iosaoto m` fk lv` z`aon` @]T -` u ioŠoćoi` joa` pltrkjh` u alvu (o proj`vaf`hfu nr`hk) oao jofkgu lm Ÿovltohf` oao sublj` s mrugoi sbupoh`i` afumo. Tlstlfkć` z`aon` @]T -` u ioŠoćoi` fk i`a` o lgr`hoĉkh` tk sk vral jrzl pltrlŠo h` ioŠoćhk `btovhlsto blfk z`ntofkv z`ntofkv`fu `fu vkaobu sh`gu (ohtkhzotkt) o kbspalzovhk `btovhlsto (prosfktoil (prosfkto il sk h`galg sblb` osprkm furkćkg vlzoa`). Jumućo m` plstlfk sotu`cofk b`m fk pltrkj`h h`st`v`b ohtkhzovhlg ioŠoćhlg r`m`, mlm`thk ilakbuak jlg`tk khkrgofli h`st`fu ikt`jlaoĉboi prlcksoi` blfo hk ubafuĉufu bosob, zh`ĉo `h`krljhoi prlcksoi` blfoi` brk`toh else`t else`t prkm`fk elselr ilakbuao @MT-u (`mkhlzoh moelse`t, splf s mv` elselr`) z` stv`r`hfk @]T-`. V`aonk @]T- ` u ioŠoćoi` o ikt`jlaozor`hfk
brk`tohelse`t` lilgućufk vkaobu khkrgofu, `ao u br`tbli vrkikhsbli r`zmljafu lm hkblaobl
skbuhmo. ]l zh`ĉo m` fk ilguć` `btovhlst i`bsoi`ahk ioŠoćhk blhtr`bcofk tofkbli hkblaobl
skbuhmo. Troifkrock, Troifkrock, br`tbl o vral jrzl trĉ`hfk u hkblf lp`shlsto. lp`shlsto. [ sauĉ`fu prkst`hb` pltrkjk z` ohtkhzovhli ioŠoćhli `btovhlŠću mlćo ćk ml ljhlvk @]T -` u ioŠoćoi` `krljhoi ikt`jlao ikt`jlaoĉboi ĉboi putki u bruŸhli cotr`thli cobausu. Tlmsfktoil sk m` bosob pltrkj`h z` ljhlvu @]T-` u ioŠoćhoi st`hoc`i` stoŸk brvltlbli oz pauć`. ]`blĐkr sk ljhlvk o ilakbuak brk`toh else`t`. [ pr`bso zh`ĉo m` h`blh hkbk sh`Ÿhk o kbspalzovhk
ioŠoćhk `btovhlsto, lslj` z`st`hk o ujrz`hl moŠk. [ tli r`zmljafu fk ioŠoćh` `btovhlst si`hfkh` h` iohoiui, ` ujrz`hl mos`hfk lilgućufk ua`z vkćk blaoĉohk bosob` u brvltlb r`mo ljhlvk z`aon` @]T-` ilakbua` u ioŠoćoi` i oŠoćoi`..
Tlstlfk Ÿovlthk o ozv`hrkmhk sotu`cofk b`m fk pltrkj` z` ohtkhzovhli ioŠoćhli `bcofli o m`afk prosuth`, z`aonk pltrlŠkhlg @]T -` u ioŠoćoi` sk hk stoghu ljhlvoto mugltr`fhoi `krljhoi ikt`jlaoĉboi putki, proafkv bosob` brvltlbli oz pauć` fk hkmlst`t`h z` stv`r`hfk mlvlafhk blaoĉohk @]T-`. [ t`bvoi lblahlstoi` ubafuĉufu sk jolbkiofsbk rk`bcofk z` prlozvlmhfu splfkv` jlg`ton khkrgofli jkz blroŠtkhf` bosob`, `ao fk plsafkmoc` lvlg jrzlg o br`ćkg ikt`jlaoĉblg put` stv`r`hfk iaofkĉhk boskaohk lmhlshl a`bt`t` u ioŠoćoi` . Lv`f ikt`jlaoĉbo put blfo hk ubafuĉufk bosob ilŸkil z`iosaoto b`l prkĉocu u h`st`hbu splfkv` jlg`ton khkrgofli jumućo m` ikt`jlaoĉbo put gaublzk sbrkćk profk ubafuĉov`hf ubafuĉov`hf` ` u cotr`tho bruŸho put Hkplvlafho osnlm iaofkĉhk boskaohk u ioŠoćoi` fk m` si`hfufk plmr`Ÿafvlst ioŠoć` o stv`r` lsfkt jlahlsto o ui lr` u ioŠoćo i oŠoćoi`. i`. Lv`f prlcks sk zlvk `h`krljh` gaoblaoz`.
[ sv`blmhkvhoco tfkaksh` o ioŠoćh` `btovhlst ljfkmohfufk `h`krljho o `krljho ozvlr stv`r`hf` khkrgofk (]`jaoc` :.03.) Trlcfkh` tr`f`hf` plfkmohon ozvlr` oao h`ĉoh` stv`r`hf`
khkrgofk z` ioŠoćho r`m ozhlso6
z` `h`krljho sust`v z`aonk @]T-` oz ioŠoć` lbl :-= skbuhmk,
l
brk`toh else`t lilgućufk stv`r`hfk @]T-` u tr`f`hfu lm lbl =-04 skbuhmo,
l
ikt`jlaoĉbo put `h`krljhk gaoblaozk uz stv`r`hfk a`bt`t` lilgućufk @]T z`
l
ioŠoćho r`m lm lbl =;-0:4 skb z` `krljho sust`v sust`v – – s`to
Blaoĉoh` r`splalŸovk khkrgofk z` ioŠoćhu `btovhlst fk vral voslb` u `h`krljhli sust`vu, ` hosb` u `krljhli. Blm mugltr`fhk eozoĉbk `btovhlsto z`aonk ugafoblnomr`t` mlst`fu z` ?4 iohut` r`m`, ` z`aonk i`sto hkblaobl m`h`.
]`jaoc` :.03. Lshlvk b`r`btkrostobk b`r`btkrostobk khkrgktsbon sust`v`
KHKZGK]SBO S[S]@UO [ IOŤOąHLI Z@M[ @H@KZLJHO S[S]@U V@AON@ @]T-` [ IOŤOąOI@ IK]@JLAOV@I BZK@]OH ELSE@]@ V@ S]U@Z@HFK @]T-` IK]@JLAOV@I @H@KZLJHK GAOBLAOVK (HKV@UOSHL LM CO]Z@]HLG BZ[ŹHLG T[]@) [V TLSAFKMOāH TLSAFKMOāHL L S]U@Z@HFK IAOFKāHK BOSKAOHK
(A@B]@]@) [ IOŤOąOIO@ LJOAFKŹF@ KHKZGOFK @H@KZLJHLG S[S]@U@ S[S] @U@ @B]OUHLS]O UKAOBLG OH]KHVO]K]@, OH]KHVO]K]@, JZVK ZK@BCOFK O BZ@]BLG BZ@]BLG ]Z@F@HF@ (HKBLAOBL SKB[HMO), I@HF@ [āOHBLUO]LS] LM @KZLJHLG, S]U@Z@ SK I@HFK @]T -` JZVL H@S]@FK [ILZ IOŤOą@ O H@B[TAF@HFK H@B[TAF@HFK A@B]@]@ @KZLJHO S[S]@U LJHLU@ @]T ILAKB[A@ [ JOLBKIOFSBLI TZLCKS[ [V MLS]@]H[ BLAOāOH[ BOSOB@ OV BZUL]LB@ LJOAFKŹF@ KHKZGOFK @KZLJHLG S[S]@U@ @B]OUHLS]O M[GLG ]Z@F@HF@, ]Z@F@HF@, STLZON ZK@BCOF@ O HOSBLG OH]KHVO]K]@ OH]KHVO]K]@ MLJZ@ [āOHBLUO]LS] VJLG S]U@Z@HF@ UKAOBON BLAOāOH@ @]T-`
[ r`zi`tr`hfu zh`ĉkhf` khkrgktsbon sust`v` u sv`blmhkvhoi `btovhlstoi` afumo pltrkjhl fk prosfktoto sk prktplvofkshlg r`zvlf` covoaoz`cofsbon plstoghuć`. Ozvlrhl fk afumoi` z` prkŸovaf`v`hfk u tkŠboi uvfktoi` joa` hklpnlmh` r`splalŸov` vkaob` blaoĉoh` khkrgofk z` prosbrjafov`hfk nr`hk alvli oao j ofkg prkm lp`shlŠću lmhlshl sp`s oz lp`shk sotu`cofk.
Tltr`g` z` st`hoŠtki oao sbrlvoŠtki, vlmli, hlvoi h`a`zoŠtoi` h`a`zoŠtoi` nr`hk oao jlafoi uvfktoi` Ÿovlt` fk z`ntofkv`l ilgućhlsto mugltr`fhk `btovhlsto hosblg ohtkhzotkt`.
[ m`h`Šhfoco voslblr`zvofkhon z`p`mhf`ĉbon covoaoz`cofsbon plglmhlsto, afumo hki`fu mlvlafhl tfkakshk `btovhlsto, `ao fk r`splalŸov` nr`h` ljoa`t` o prostup`ĉh`. Splrt o rkbrk`cof` su h`ĉoho usplst`vaf`hf` pr`voahlg o zmr`vlg r`zvlf` o lĉuv`hf` zmr`vaf` tk sprfkĉ`v`hf` prktoalsto.
Khkrgktsbk sust`vk ioŠoćhlg r`m` ilŸkil prkplzh`to u rk`bcof`i` pla`zhob` rkbrk`tovhon prlgr`i`. Tlĉkt`b st`hm`rmhlg s`t` prlgr`i` `krljob` z`plĉohfk z`grof`v`h z`grof`v`hfki fki tf. a`g`hoi vfkŸj`hfki, ` Štl ćk plĉkthoco o lho s mljrli blhmocofli a`bl ozvrŠoto. [ h`st`vbu s`t` prlgr`i vfkŸj`hf` fk z`ntfkvhofo, ubafuĉufk plsb`bov`hfk, trĉ`hfk o plmoz`hfk rubu ozh`m ga`vk. Z`zaobk blhmocofk ozikĐu pla`zhob` s`m plst`fu lĉotk. Lsljk blfk su tkb plĉkak vfkŸj`to o hosu flŠ r`zvoak blhmocofu su vomafovl z`mon`hk, ` hkbo ćk o z`st`to oao usplroto vfkŸj`hfk usaofkm z`munk. Osbusho vfkŸj`ĉo s blhmocofli ćk plf`ĉ`hl mos`to, z`grof`to sk uz
crvkhoal aoc` o zhlfkhfk. Trltui`ĉoil eozolalgofu lvon zjov`hf`. Tla`zhoco -plĉkthoco ćk h` plĉktbu s`t` pltrlŠoto z`aonk @]T -` o mrugon `h`krljhon ozvlr` khkrgofk. V`mun` o plf`ĉ`hl mos`hfk fk plbuŠ`f lrg`hozi` m` plvkć` mlprkiu bosob` u ioŠoćk r`mo ljhlvk @]T-`, `ao tl fk splr prlcks tk su lvo plĉkthoco ‘lst`ao jkz khkrgofk‑. ]l ljf`Šhf`v` pltrkju z`
prkbomli vfkŸj`hf`, z`st`fbov`hfki o m`nt`hfki. [ plĉkthob` su jlahk rk`bcofk ioŠoć` m`h mv` h`blh vfkŸj`hf` plsafkmoc` stv`r`hf` iaofkĉhk boskaohk (a`bt`to) u ioŠoćoi` zjlg `h`krljhon prlcks` stv`r`hf` @]T-`. Tlmsfktoil sk m` h`bupaf`hfk a`bt`t` u ioŠoćhli tbovu
si`hfufk hfonlvu plmr`Ÿafovlst, plmr`Ÿafovlst, ` Štl fk r`zalgli m` lvk lsljk u mlsalvhli siosau hk i ilgu lgu h`st`voto s ioŠoćhoi r`mli. IoŠoćo plĉkthob` su lsfktafovofo h` prosuthlst a`bt`t` o zjlg tlg` lvk lsljk oi`fu f`ĉu jlahlst ioŠoć` . UfkŸj`ĉo s blhmocofli oi`fu vkćk z`aonk @]T -` u ioŠoćoi` blfk sk hk oscrpk vkć vfkŸj`i` z` z`grof`v`hfk. IoŠoćo lslj` s blhmocofli t`blĐkr su jlafk prlbrvafkho o jlafk prkuzoi`fu bosob oz brvltlb`, ` Štl fk svk v`Ÿhl z` ljhlvu @]T -`. IoŠoćo lslj` s blhmocofli su t`blĐkr i`hfk lsfktafovo h` iaofkĉhu boskaohu, ilgu sk o m`afk stkz`to o tl uz i`hfu jlahlst. V`grof`hlst ioŠoć`, crvkhoal blŸk o zhlfkhfk fk plsafkmoc` hkuĉohblvotlsto ioŠoćhlg r`m`. ]l zh`ĉo m` ioŠoćh` khkrgof` sk hk ilŸk u pltpuhlsto prktvlroto u r`m, vkć zh`t`h mol
sk ltp`m` h` tlpaohu. V`tl ioŠoćho r`m z`grof`v` tofkal, ` jumućo m` sk lrg`hoz`i hk siofk prkgrof`v`to mol lvk z`grof`hk brvo sk prkusifkro u blŸu o t`bl na`mo. Mlm`thl na`Đkhfk lrg`hozi` sk vrŠo na`pafkhfki zhlf` s blŸk. Oz lvlg prloza`zo m` lslj` s blhmocofli sk voŠk z`grof`v` o zhlfo, jumućo m` ioŠoćo s blhmocofli ilgu lj`voto voŠk r`m` o brlz muafk vrofkik. Lsljk s vkćli ioŠoćhli i`sli jlafk plmhlsk na`mhlću lm lhon s` sa`jl r`zvofkhoi ioŠoćoi`, jumućo m` ioŠoćho r`m stv`r` o tlpaohu. [ iuŠb`r`c` fk splahl mktkriohor`h` vkćk ioŠoćh` i`s` o lho jlafk plmhlsk na`mhlću lm Ÿkh`. [ lvli r`zi`tr`hfu plh`Š`hf` vfkŸj`ĉ` fk pltrkjhl r`zuifkto mlg`Đ`hf` brvltlb`. UfkŸj`hfki sk ujrz`v` mos`hfk zjlg plvkć`hk pltrkjk z` bosobli u ioŠoćoi` z` ljhlvu o stv`r`hfk @]T-`, `ao sk ujrz`v` o r`m src` (‘aup`hfk src`‑). Ljf`shoao sil m`
ioŠoćho r`m stv`r` tlpaohu o m` mol lvk z`grof`hk brvo sk h`a`zo u blŸo (crvkhoal) r`mo na`Đkhf`.
H`gal z`ust`vaf`hfk plbrkt`hf` usaofkm z`munk o uilr`, ilŸk usplroto corbua`cof u o usaofkm uspr`vhlg st`v` tofka` pro vfkŸj`hfu si`hfoto mltlb brvo u ilz`b o stvlroto lsfkt sa`jlsto o vrtlga`vock. Lvl fk plsafkmoc` plsafkmoc` br`tbltr`fhk o provrkikhk sa`jofk lpsbrjafkhlsto ilzg` bosobli,
`ao ilŸk oi`to z` osnlm provrkikho gujot`b svofkst, tk p `m o lzafkmu. Stlg` fk ozuzkthl v`Ÿhl blm uilr` o oscrpafkhlsto pro vfkŸj`hfu h`st`voto s uifkr khoi khoi plbrkt`hfki r`mo lsogur`v`hf`
corbua`cofk o sprfkĉ`v`hf` gujotb` svofksto o lzafkmk. 0.:.
[]FKC@F ]FKAKSHLG UFKŹJ@HF@ H@ LZG@HOV@I
UfkŸj`hfki o r`zvlfki ioŠoćhk sh`gk tk euhbcolh`ahon splsljhlsto tofka` sk stfkĉk blhmocof` lmhlshl r`mh` splsljhlst (plmhlŠafvlst) . Z`mh` plmhlŠafovlst fk lgr`hoĉkh` lpsrbrjli bosob` tf. splsljhlŠću src` u mlprkio brvo u io Šoćk. ]fkalvfkŸjli sk plvkć`v` uĉohblvotlst r`m` src` (tzv. iohutho vlauikh) u puip`hfu brvo u brvltlb oao pauć`, `ao o splsljhlst ioŠoć` u prkuzoi`hfu bosob` oz brvo o stv`r`hfu @]T-`. ]`blĐkr blhmocof` prlmuafufk vrofkik oscrpafkhf` khkrgktsbon sust`v` tk si`hfufk stv`r`hfk iaofkĉhk boskaohk u ioŠoćoi` blm prlmuŸkhlg r`m`.
Oz h`vkmkhlg fk lĉotl m` vfkŸj`hfk o stfkc`hfk blhmocofk oi` ihlgk blrosto z` lrg`hoz`i tk lv` s`zh`hf` su ozvlr iltov`cofk z` vfkŸj`ĉk o hfonlvk ohstrubtlrk. EozolalŠbk prlifkhk tofka` blm tfkalvfkŸjk su6 [jrz`hfk mos`hf`,
Tlvkć`hfk prltlb` brvo brlz ioŠoćk (lbl ;4x), `ao o brlz srĉ`ho ioŠoć tk brlz
blŸu r`mo na`Đkhf` lrg`hozi`. IoŠoćo trkhor`hon lslj` oi`fu voŠk b`poa`r` z` jlafu lpsbrju bosobli oz brvltlb`. Tlf`ĉ`ho r`m src` (iohutho o um`rho vlauikh).
[ h`st`vbu ćkil usplrkmoto prlifkhk srĉ`hlg r`m` usaofkm tfkalvfkŸjk blm splrt`Š` o hktrkhor`hk lsljk.
STLZ]@Ť HK]ZKHOZ@H@ HK]ZKHOZ@ H@ LSLJ@
[M@ZHO ULA[IKH 054 iA 004 iA
EZKBUKHCOF@ EZKBUKHCOF @ Z@M@ SZC@ 0>4/ioh 0?4/ioh
Oz lvon plm`t`b` fk lĉotl m` ćk lptkrkćkhfk lrg`hozi` u splrt`Š` zh`thl plvkć`to um`rho vlauikh, `ao o erkbvkhcofu r`m` src`. [ usplrkmjo s hktrkhor`hli lsljli sk ul ĉ`v` m` fk um`rho vlauikh i`hfo, `ao fk erkbvkhcof` src` vk ć` blm ostlg lptkrkćkhf` hkgl u splrt`Š` tf. lsljk s blhmocofli. ]l zh`ĉo m` fk srck trkhor`hk lsljk splsljhl s vkćli uĉohblvotlsto puip`to brv u lrg`hoz`i (ioŠoćk r`mo mlst`vk bosob` z` stv`r`hfk @]T-`) o tl s vkćoi ohtkhzotktli stkz`hf` sr ĉ`hlg ioŠoć` o vkćli blaoĉohli ozj`ĉkhk brvo u brvltlb pro sv`bli ohtkhzotktli stkz`hfu. Lptkrkćkhfk h` srck fk i`hfk hkgl u hktrkhor`hk lsljk, jumućo m` srck r`mo hkŠtl i`hfli erkbvkhcofli. Lvl fk mlj`r proifkr ja`gltvlrhlsto tfkalvfkŸjk z` zmr`vafk lrg`hozi`. lrg`hozi`.
[ĉoh`b moh`ioĉbk `krljhk tfkalvfkŸjk h` brvlŸoahli sust`vu ubafuĉufk safkmkćk blroshk o v`Ÿhk osnlmk h` r`zhk sust`vk lrg`hozi`6 plvkć`hfk `krljhlg b`p`cotkt`,
plvkć`hfk iohuthlg vlauikh`,
plvkć`hfk erkbvkhcofk r`m` src`,
plvkć`hfk sostlaoĉblg ta`b`,
hkprliofkhfkh oao i`al shoŸkh mof`stlaoĉbo ta`b,
plvkć`h prltlb brvo brlz ioŠoćk blfo r`mk,
i`hfo prltlb brvo brlz uhut`rhfk lrg`hk o ioŠoćk blfo hk r`m k,
proi`rhl plvkć`hl lptkrkćkhfk h` srĉ`ho ioŠoć.
H`vkmkhl svk mlprohlso stv`r`hfu o plstoz`hfu blhmocofk. Tlstlfk ikmocohsbo mlb`zo z` blr osto osto rkbrk`cofk, tfkalvfkŸjk o s plrt` z` zmr`vafk, ` tl sk lmhlso
h` svk mljhk uzr`stk, Ÿkhk o iuŠb`rck, svk plpua`co fsbk fsbk sbupohk tk h` lsljk s ohv`aomotktli, ohv`aomo tktli, ` prki` hfonlvoi ilgućhlstoi`. V` mfkcu o ia`mk vfkŸj`hfk mlprohlso6 zmr`vafu srĉ`hlg o moŠhlg sust`v`, tk blŠt`hlg sust`v`,
ioŠoćhlf sh`zo
lptoi`ahli ikt`jlaoziu
zmr`vli s`st`vu s`st`vu tofka` (lmhls i`shlg o brtlg tbov`)
tk pli`Ÿk mljrli r`splalŸkhfu.
[ lmr`saon o st`rofon lslj` rkmlvot` lslj` rkmlvot` rkbrk`cof`6 si`hfufk rozob lm profkvrkikhk sirto, blrlh`rhk srĉ`hk jlaksto (srĉ`ho
ohe`rbt), ilŸm`hlg um`r`, voslblg brvhlg ta`b`, i`shlć` u brvo, Škćkrhk jlaksto top :, ikt`jlaoĉblg s ohmrli` (voslbo ta`b, mof`jktks top :, `tkrlsbakrlz`), b`rcohli mkjkalg crofkv` crofkv` o mlfbk2 sprfkĉ`v` prktoalst o vosckr`ahu prktoalst (mkjafoh` trup` o trjun`)2
pljlafŠ`v` euhbcofu brvhlŸoahlg o moŠhlg sust`v`, tk ioŠoćhu sh`gu2
sprfkĉ`v` p`mlvk o si`hfufk r ozob ozob profkali` bub`2
si`hfufk sbalhlst mkprksofo o mlprohlso blghotvhoi splsljhlstoi` o
jlafki sp`v`hfu2 si`hfufk rozob b`rcohli` pauć` o khmliktrof`.
Hk trkj` z`jlr`voto m` ioŠoćo lsoi stkz`hf`, t`blĐkr rk`gor`fu h` vfkŸj`hfk o lptkrkćkhfk. Nopkrtrleof` fk plvkć`hfk ioŠoćhk i`sk, h`fĉkŠćk usaofkm plh`vaf`hlg o sust`vh lg Nopkrtrleof`
plvkć`hlg ioŠoćhlg r`m`. Brlhoĉh` nopkrtrleof` fk plsafkmo plsafkmoc` c` mugltr`fhl mugltr`fhlg g vfkŸj`hf` s ltplrli o plvkć`hf` jrlf` ioŠoćhon va`b`h` o hfonlvk vkaoĉohk. Trovrkikh` (prla`zh`) nopkrtrleof` plsafkmoc` plvkć`hf` ioŠoć` b`l hkplsrkmh` plsafkmoc` vfkŸj`hf` usaofkm
h`bupaf`hf` tfkakshk tkbućohk u ioŠoću. V` r`zaobu r`zaobu lm nopkrtrleofk, `trleof` fk si`hfkh` si`hfkh` ioŠoćh` i`s` blf` h`st`fk b`l plsafkmoc` hkbon jlaksto o/oao mugltr`fhlg iorlv`hf`. EozolalŠb` plsafkmoc` vfkŸj`hf`, lsljotl h`blh muafkg prkbom` oao u plĉkthob` kthob` fk fk `buth` jla
(lsfktafovlst) blf` h`st`fk usaofkm h`bupaf`hf` ikt`jlaoĉbon prlozvlm` (a`bt`t`) u tr`f`hfu lm hkblaobl iohut` ml hkblaobl s`to h`blh vfkŸj`hf`. LmglĐkh` ioŠoćh` jlahlst
fk h`fĉkŠćk plsafkmoc` kbsckhtroĉhon `btovhlsto o h`st`fk usaofkm i`hfon lzafkm` ioŠoć` o alb`ahk up`ak s ltkbaohli. Lv` hkuglmh` plf`v` tr`fk 0:-=> s`to h`blh ohtkhzo ohtkhzovhlg vhlg vfkŸj`hf`. Tot`hf` z` prlvfkru zh`hf` 0. H`vksto lrg`hsbk sust`vk blfo ĉohk sust`v z` plbrkt`hfk :. H`vksto euhbcofk plfkmohon sust`v` blfo ĉohk sust`v s ust`v z` plbrkt`hfk 3. H`vksto a`tohsb` a`tohsb` o nrv`tsb` oikh` oikh` blstofu h`ma`btock h`ma`btock o plma`btock plma`btock =. ;. 5. 7.
H`vksto a`tohsb` a`tohsb` o nrv`tsb` nrv`tsb` oikh` blstofu blstofu h`tblafkhock h`tblafkhock o pltblafkhock
Tlb`z`to sifkŠt`f i. jockps, i. trockps o i. mkatlomkus Blfo ioŠoćo h`ma`btock oi`fu suprlt`h uĉoh`b blm s`vof`hf` o ospruŸ`hf` rubk u a`btu. H`vksto blrost lrg`hozi` plstoz`hfki plstoz`hfki blhmocofk blhmocofk Aotkr`tur`
H. Blv`ĉkvoć o O. B. Auboć, (:445.) @h`tliof` o eeozolalgo ozolalgof`, f`, Ikmocohsb` h`ba`m`, V`grkj.
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