Os Processos de Globalização - Boaventura Sousa Santos
April 7, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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AHNAQD Agnpt`r Yjth`< Ds prda`ssds in khdmnhjznëád Mddo Yjth`< Mdnv`bturn i` Qdusn Qnbtds Mddo Qumtjth`< Adbstrujbid ns @pjst`edhdkjns id Quh Snrn ue p`bsne`btd nht`rbntjvd i` nht`rbntjvns, Vdhue` J Mddo Nutgdr(s)< Mdnv`bturn i` Qdusn Qnbtds Mddo Snuhn Nkujhñ@ijtdr(s)< Mdb`t nbEnrjn i Bjhe n HjbE`b`s`s, d Kde`s Ldád Nrrjsanid Bub`s, Anrhds H`en Nþñb, Nbtdbj Sumhjsg`i my< AHNAQD Qtnmh` P]H< gttp9 LQYD] js n bdt-fdr-prdfjt bdt-fdr-prdfjt s`rvja` tgnt g`hps sagdhnrs, r`s`nrag`rs, nbi stui`bts ijsadv`r, us`, nbi mujhi updb n wji` rnbk` df adbt`bt jb n trust`i ijkjtnh nragjv`. [` us` jbfdrentjdb t`agbdhdky nbi tddhs td jbar`ns` prdiuatjvjty nbi fnajhjtnt` b`w fdres df sagdhnrsgjp. Fdr edr` jbfdrentjdb nmdut LQYD], ph`ns` adbtnat suppdrtClstdr.drk. Zdur us` df tg` LQYD] nragjv` jbijant`s ydur naa`ptnba` df tg` Y`res & Adbijtjdbs df Ps`, nvnjhnmh` nt gttps.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >736.
‘khdmnhjznëád― (F`ntg`rstdb`, >::3? Kjii`bs, >::3? Nhmrdw ` Ojbk, >::3), ‘fdrenëád khdmnh― > (Agns`-Iubb, >::>) , ‘auhturn khdmnh― (Nppniurnj, >::3, >::;? ]dm`rtsdb, >::=), ‘sjst`en khdmnh― (Qohnjr, >::>), ‘edi`rbjini`s khdmnjs― (F`ntg`rstdb` `t nh, >::0), ‘prda`ssd khdmnh― (Frj`ienb, >::9), ‘auhturns in khdmnhjznëád― (Lne`sdb ` Ejydsgj, >::7) du ‘ajini`s khdmnjs― (Qnss`b, >::>, >::9? Fdrtubn, >::;). Kjii`bs i`b` khdmnhjznëád aded ‘n jbt`bsjanëád i` r`hnëð`s sdajnjs eubijnjs qu` ub`e hdanhjini`s ijstnbt`s i` tnh edid qu` ds nadbt`aje`btds hdanjs sád adbijajdbnids pdr `v`btds qu` nadbt`a`e n eujtns ejhgns i` ijstíbajn ` vja` v`rsn― ` nausn ds sdajñhdkds i` uen nadedinëád jbi`vjin ã ji`jn i` ‘sdaj`ini`― `bqunbtd ue sjst`en f`agnid (>::3< 69). Bd e`sed > ]`pnr`-s`, bd `btnbtd, qu` Agns`-Iubb `bfntjzn n adbtjbujini` ids nadbt`aje`btds r`a`bt`s bd s`jd id sjst`en eubijnh.
Ygjs idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6adbt`bt Dat =3=> >7) n khdmnhjznëád ê ue f`bñe`bd bdvd du v`hgd4? =) n khdmnhjznëád ê edbdhåtjan, du t`e nsp`atds pdsjtjvds ` ns p`atds b`kntjvds4? 1) ndbi` adbiuz n ar`sa`bt` jbt`bsjanëád in khdmnhjznëád4 Bds i`mnt`s na`ran in khdmnhjznëád gî uen fdrt` t`biìbajn pnrn r`iuzj-hn ãs suns ije`bsð`s `adbñejans.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:77).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::9< >3). Dutrn anrnat`-
d p`sd ins pdhåtjans sdajnjs bd drëne`btd id @stnid, r`iuzjbid d edbtnbt` ins trnbsf`rìbajns sdajnjs, `hjejbnbid n sun ubjv`rsnhjini`, ` trnbsfdrenbid-ns `e e`rns e`ijins ade p`bsntñrjns `e r`hnëád nds `strntds sdajnjs jb`qujvdane`bt` vuhb`rnmjhjznids p`hn natun1 ëád id e`ranid . 1 V`r Qtnhhjbks (>::=n< 1). @e bnjs in iêanin i` djt`btn, ns `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs bdrt`ne`rjanbns ` `strnbk`jrns prdtnkdbjznrne 73% id adeêrajd jbt`rbnajdbnh bds @PN ` enjs i` ue t`rëd ids b`kñajds jbt`rbnajdbnjs bdrt`-ne`rjanbds fdj, bn v`rini`, jbtrn-`epr`snrjnh, j.`., i`adrr`u `btr` ijf`r`bt`s ubjini`s, k`dkrnane`bt` s`pnrnins, in e`sen `epr`sn. Snrn nhêe ijssd, gdl` `e ijn, quns` tdid d jbv`stje`btd `s-
råstjan in bdvn k`dkrnn ê qu` d jbv`stje`btd `strnbk`jrd ijr`atd, id qunh, iurnbt` ubs t`e pds, n Neêrjan Neêrj an Hntjbn fdj fd j d enjdr m`b`ajîrjd, m`b` ajîrjd, ijrjkju-s` pnrn H`st`, Quh ` Qui`st` Nsjîtjad, dbi` n tnxn nbunh i` ar`saje`btd nue`btdu `e eêijn 1;% pdr nbd `btr` >:70 ` >:7:. Sdr dutrd hnid, `bqunbtd bds nbds ajbqu`btn d enjdr uxd jbt`rbnajdbnh `rn d adeêrajd eubijnh, adba`btrnid bns entêrjns-prjens, dutrds prdiutds prdiut ds prjeîrjds prjeîrj ds ` r`aursds r`aursd s enbufnatuenbufn aturnids, n pnrtjr ids nbds djt`btn n ijstíbajn trnbk`jrd ijr`atd ` uen hnrkn pnrt` ins trnbsf`rìbajns t`abdhñkjans sád `f`atunids p`hns `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs (Qnss`b, >::9< >9).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::3, d jbv`stje`btd `strnbk`jrd ijr`atd khdmnh ar`sa`u `e eêijn =:% pdr nbd, uen sumjin gjstñrjan (Qnss`b, >::9< >9). Sdr e, bd qu` tdan ã `struturn jbstjtuajdbnh, Qnss`b i`f`bi` qu` `stneds p`rnbt` ue bdvd r`kje` jbt`rbnajdbnh, mns`nid bn nsa`biìbajn in mnban ` ids s`rvjëds jbt`rbnajdbnjs. Ns `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs sád nkdrn ue jepdrtnbt` `h`e`btd bn `struturn jbstjtuajdbnh, lubtne`bt` ade ds e`ranids bnba`jrds khdmnjs ` ade ds mhdads ade`rajnjs trnbsbnajdbnjs. I` nadrid ade Qnss`b, tdins `stns euinbëns adbtrjmuårne pnrn n fdrenëád i` bdvds hdanjs `strntêkjads bn `adbdejn eubijnh< zdbns i` prda`ssne`btd pnrn `xpdrtnëád, a`btrds bnba`jrds dffsgdr` ` ajini`s khdmnjs (Qnss`b, >::9< >7). Pen ins trnbsfdrenëð`s enjs irneîtjans prdiuzjins p`hn khdmnhjznëád `adbñejan b`dhjm`rnh r`sji` bn `bdre` adba`btrnëád i` pdi`r `adbñejad pdr pnrt` ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs< ins >33 enjdr`s `adbdejns id eubid, 9; sád `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs? ;3% id adeêrajd eubijnh ê adbtrdhnid pdr 033 `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs? >% ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs i`têe 03% id jbv`stje`btd ijr`atd `strnbk`jrd
@e suen, n khdmnhjznëád `adbñejan ê sust`btnin p`hd adbs`bsd `adbñejad b`dhjm`rnh aulns trìs prjbajpnjs jbdvnëð`s jbstjtuajdbnjs sád< r`strjëð`s irîstjans ã r`kuhnëád `stntnh in `adbdejn? bdvds ijr`jtds i` prdprj`ini` jbt`rbnajdbnh pnrn jbv`stjidr`s `strnbk`jrds, jbv`btdr`s ` arjnidr`s i` jbdvnëð`s susa`ptåv`js i` s`r`e dml`atd i` prdprj`ini` jbt`h`atunh (]dmjbsdb, >::0< 1;1)? sumdrijbnëád ids @stnids bnajdbnjs ãs nkìbajns euhtjhnt`rnjs tnjs aded d Mnbad Eubijnh, d Fubid Edb`tîrjd Jbt`rbnajdbnh (FEJ) ` n Drknbjznëád Eubijnh id Adeêrajd. Inid d anrîat`r k`rnh i`st` adbs`bsd, ns r`a`jtns `e qu` `h` s` trniuzju fdrne nphjanins, drn ade `xtr`ed rjkdr (d qu` i`sjkbd pdr edid in lnuhn i` f`rrd), drn ade nhkuen `xjmjhjini` (d edid in lnuhn i` mdrrnagn). Sdr `x`ephd, ds pnås`s nsjîtjads `vjtnrne iurnbt` eujtd t`epd nphjanr jbt`krnhe`bt` ns r`a`jtns ` nhkubs i`h`s, aded, pdr `x`ephd, n Åbijn ` n Enhîsjn, adbs`kujrne ntê gdl` nphjaî-hns np`bns s`h`atjvne`bt`. Aded v`r`eds n s`kujr, sád ds pnås`s p`rjfêrjads ` s`ejp`rjfêrjads ds qu` enjs `stád su l`jtds ãs jepdsjëð`s jep dsjëð`s id r`a`jtuîrjd b`dhjm`rnh, b `dhjm`rnh, uen v`z qu` `st` ê trnbsfdrenid p`hns nkìbajns bnba`jrns euhtjhnt`rnjs `e adbijëð`s pnrn n r`b`kdajnëád in iåvjin `xt`rbn `xt `rbn ntrnvês
(Ahnro`, >::6).
ids prdkrnens i` nlustne`btd `struturnh. Ens,
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:7;< =). D jepnatd ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs bns bdvns fdrenëð`s i` ahnss` ` bn i`sjkunhini` n båv`h eubijnh t`e sjid nephne`bt` i`mntjid bds ühtjeds nbds9. I`btrd in trnijëád in t`drjn
9 Qdmr` d jepnatd ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs, v`r d anpåtuhd 1, ‘Yg` Hnrk`st Yrnbsbntjdbnh Adrpdrntjdbs nbi Adrpdrnt` Qtnt`kj`s―, id r`hntñrjd in PBAYNI i` >::: [drhi Jbv`ste`bt ]`pdrt, >:::. Fdr`jkb Ijr`at Jbv`ste`bt nbi tg` Agnhh`bk` df I`v`hdpe`bt . Ijspdbåv`h bn jbt`rb`t< 8www.ubatni.drk/`b/pum/ps>wjr::. gte2. Q`kubid `st` r`hntñrjd, ns `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs hji`rne n prdiuëád jbt`rbnajdbnh ’ `bt`bi`bid-s` pdr tnh n prdiuëád i` m`bs ` s`rvjëds bue inid pnås, adbtrdhnin ` k`rjin pdr `epr`sns ade s`i` bdutrd pnås ’ ` `stn hji`rnbën adba`btrn-s` anin v`z enjs bds pnås`s a`btrnjs. A`ran i` :3% ins >33 enjdr`s `e-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:7;< ;). Ns bdvns i`sjkunhini`s sdajnjs prdiuzjins pdr `stn `struturn i` ahnss` tìe vjbid n s`r ne phne`bt` r`adbg`ajins e`sed p`hns nkìbajns euhtjhnt`rnjs qu` tìe hji`rnid `st` edi`hd i` khdmnhjznëád, aded d Mnbad Eubijnh ` d Fubid Edb`tîrjd Jbt`rbnajdbnh. Snrn @vnbs, d edi`hd i` jbiustrjnhjznëád ` ar`saje`btd mns`nid bn ‘trjphn nhjnbën― ê jb`r`bt`e`bt` jblustd ` np`bns anpnz i` ue tjpd i` r`ijstrjmujëád ‘in enssn in pdpuhnëád pnrn n murku`sjn `stntnh, ns euhtjbnajdbnjs ` d anpjtnh hdanh. N enbut`b-
pr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs `stád s`ijnins bds pnås`s i`s`b vdhvjids. Ade jstd nue`btn tnemêe n pr`ssád i`stns `epr`sns bd s`btjid in hjm`rnhjznëád id jbv`stje`btd `strnbk`jrd ijr`atd< ins >90 nht`rnëð`s bn r`kuhnëád r `kuhnëád id jbv`stje`btd ijr`atd `strnbk`jrd i`ar`tnins `e tdid d eubid `e >::7, >16 fdrne bd s`btjid i` arjnr adbijëð`s enjs fnvdrîv`js nd jbv`stje`btd.
ëád i` ejhjtn ue `qujhåmrjd ds trìs pnra`jrds adbtrn i`hjanid qunhqu`r `btr` pdssjmjhjini` i` ue trntne`btd sêrjd ãs qu`stð`s in r`ijstrjmujëád i` r`bije`btds, e`sed qu` e`emrds in `hjt` `xpr`ss`e ue npdjd nd prjbaåpjd t`ñrjad in r`ijstrjmujëád i` r`bije`btds― (>:;:< =77). @e adepnrnëð`s enjs r`a`bt`s `btr` ds edi`hds ` pnirð`s i` i`sjkunhini` sdajnh in Neêrj-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >79,7% in pdpuhnëád eubijnh, i`têe ;7,0% id r`bije`btd eubijnh. Pen fneåhjn nfrjanbn eêijn adbsde` gdl` =3% e`bds id qu` adbsuejn gî =0 nbds. Q`kubid d Mnbad Eubijnh, d adbtjb`bt` nfrjanbd fdj d übjad `e qu`, `btr` >:;3 ` >::;, s` v`rjadu
s`sÊa`btrnjs (>:7;)0.qu` n jbjqujini` in ijstrjgdl` `vji`bt` mujëád in rjqu`zn eubijnh s` nkrnvdu bns iuns ühtjens iêanins< 09 ids 79 pnås`s e`bds i`s`b vdhvjids vjrne d s`u SBM p`r anpjtn anpjtn i`ar`sa`r bds nbds 73? `e >9 i`h`s n ijejbujëád rdbidu ds 10%? s`kubid d ]`hntñrjd id Srdkrnen pnrn d I`s`bvdhvje`btd ins Bnëð`s Pbjins i` =33> (SBPI, =33>), enjs i` >,= mjhjð`s i` p`ssdns (pduad e`bds qu` >/9 in pdpuhnëád eubijnh) vjv`e bn pdmr`zn nmsdhutn, du s`ln, ade ue r`bije`btd jbf`rjdr n ue iñhnr pdr ijn ` dutrds d utrds
ue i`arêsajed in prdiuëád nhje`btnr ([drhi Mnbo, >::7). D nue`btd ins i`sjkunhini`s t`e sjid tád na`h`rnid ` tád krnbi` qu` ê ni`qunid v`r ns ühtjens iêanins aded uen r`vdhtn ins `hjt`s adbtrn n r`ijstrjmujëád in rjqu`zn ade n qunh s` pð` e nd p`rådid i` uen a`rtn i`edarntjznëád in rjqu`zn jbjajnid bd bnh in Q`kubin Ku`rrn Eubijnh. Q`kubid d ]`hntñrjd id I`s`bvdhvje`btd Guenbd id SBPI r`hntjvd n sumsngnrjnbn, 93% bd Quh in Îsjn ` >0% bd @xtr`ed
=,7 mjhjð`s vjv`e np`bns ade d idmrd i`ss` r`bije`btd (SBPI, =33>< :)6. Q`kubid d ]`hn0 Bd e`sed s`btjid, afr. [ni` (>::3, >::6) ` [gjth`y (>::=). 6 Q`kubid d e`sed r`hntñrjd, 96% in pdpuhnëád eubijnh n vjv`r `e pdmr`zn nmsdhutn vjv` bn Îfrjan
Drj`bt`, Snaåad ` Neêrjan Hntjbn. I` qunhqu`r edid, n prdpdrëád i` p`ssdns n vjv`r `e pdmr`zn nmsdhutn ijejbuju `btr` >::1 ` >::7 i` =:% pnrn =9% (SBPI, =33>< ==). V`r tnemêe O`bb`iy (>::1< >:1-==7) ` Agdssuidvsoy (>::;). I` nadrid ade Enjz`hs (>::=) ns `xpdrtnëð`s i` m`bs prjeîrjds id Y`ra`jrd Eubid nue`btnrne quns` >33% iurnbt` d p`rådid >:73-77. Ens ns r`a`jtns dmtjins `e >:77 fdrne 13% jbf`rjdr`s ãs dmtjins `e >:73. V`r tnemêe Qjbkg (>::1).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7%. Q`kubid d e`sed ]`hntñrjd, ens r`hntjvd n =33>, bd qujbtd enjs rjad adba`btrne-s` ;:% ids utjhjznidr`s in jbt`rb`t. Ns i`sjkunhini`s b`st` ideåbjd edstrne quád ijstnbt`s `stneds i` uen sdaj`ini` i` jbfdrenëád v`rini`jrne`bt` khdmnh. N hnrkurn in mnbin i` adeubjanëád `h`atrñbjan i` Qád Snuhd, uen ins sdaj`ini`s khdmnjs, ê sup`rjdr ã i` Îfrjan bd s`u tdid. @ n hnrkurn in mnbin usnin `e tdin n Neêrjan Hntjbn ê quns` jkunh nd ijspdbåv`h pnrn n ajini` i` Q`uh
anbinhdsns bd pnås qu` t`e hji`rnid n nphjanëád id bdvd edi`hd `adbñejad, ds @PN. Lî bd bnh in iêanin i` djt`btn, s`kubid inids id F`i`rnh ]`s`rv` Mnbo, >% ins fneåhjns bdrt`ne`rjanbns i`tjbgn 93% in rjqu`zn id pnås ` ns =3% enjs rjans i`tjbgne 73% in rjqu`zn id pnås. Q`kubid d Mnbad, `stn adba`btrnëád bád tjbgn pr`a`i`bt`s bn gjstñrjn ids @PN, b`e adepnrnëád ade ds dutrds pnås`s jbiustrjnhjznids (Enbi`r, >::6< >>). Bd ideåbjd in khdmnhjznëád sdajnh, d adbs`bsd b`dhjm`rnh ê d i` qu` d ar`saje`btd ` n `stnmjhjini` `adbñejads nss`btne bn r`iuëád ids austds snhnrjnjs, pnrn d qu` ê b`a`ssîrjd hj-
(SBPI, =33>< 1).trjbtn nbds n i`sjkunhini` bn Bds ühtjeds ijstrjmujëád ids r`bije`btds `btr` pnås`s nue`btdu irnentjane`bt`. N ijf`r`bën i` r`bije`btd `btr` d qujbtd enjs rjad ` d qujbtd enjs pdmr` `rn, `e >:63, i` 13 pnrn >, `e >::3, i` 63 pnrn > `, `e >::;, i` ;9 pnrn >. Ns =33 p`ssdns enjs rjans id eubid nue`btnrne pnrn enjs id idmrd n sun rjqu`zn `btr` >::9 ` >::7. N rjqu`zn ids trìs enjs rjads mjhjdbîrjds id eubid `xa`i` n sden id prdiutd jbt`rbd mrutd ids 97 pnås`s e`bds i`s`bvdhvjids id eubid (SBPI, =33>). N adba`btrnëád in rjqu`zn prdiuzjin p`hn khdmnhjznëád b`dhjm`rnh ntjbk` prdpdrëð`s `s-
m`rnhjznr d e`ranid i` trnmnhgd, r`iuzjbid ds ijr`jtds hnmdrnjs, prdjmjbid n jbi`xnëád ids snhîrjds nds knbgds i` prdiutjvjini` ` ds nlustne`btds `e r`hnëád nd austd i` vjin ` `hjejbnbid n prnzd n h`kjshnëád sdmr` snhîrjd eåbjed. D dml`atjvd ê jep`ijr ‘d jepnatd jbnaajdbîrjd ids nue`btds snhnrjnjs―. N adbtrnaëád id pdi`r i` adeprn jbt`rbd qu` r`suhtn i`stn pdhåtjan i`v` s`r suprjin p`hn musan i` e`ranids `xt`rbds. N `adbdejn ê, nssje, i`ssdajnhjznin, d adba`jtd i` adbsuejidr sumstjtuj d i` ajiniád ` d arjtêrjd i` jbahusád i`jxn i` s`r d ijr`jtd pnrn pnssnr n s`r n sdhvìbajn. Ds pdmr`s sád ds jbsdhv`bt`s (d qu` jbahuj ds adbsuejidr`s qu` uhtrnpnssne ds hjejt`s id sdmr``bijvjine`b-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >73% ids r`aursds khdmnhe`bt` knstds `e snüi`? >/0 in pdpuhnëád eubijnh bád t`e qunhqu`r na`ssd n s`rvjëds i` snüi` edi`rbds ` e`tni` in pdpuhnëád eubijnh bád t`e na`ssd n e`ijane`btds `ss`bajnjs. N îr`n in snüi` ê tnhv`z nqu`hn `e qu` i` edid enjs agdanbt` s` r`v`hn n jbjqujini` id eubid. Q`kubid d
mjhjð`s (pduadbád e`bds e`tni` in pdpuhnëád eubijnh) tjbgnqu` na`ssd n aujinids mîsjads i` snüi`? `e =333, 19 ejhgð`s i` p`ssdns `stnvne jbf`atnins ade GJV/QJIN, ids qunjs =9,0 ejhgð`s bn Îfrjan sumsngnrjnbn (PBNJIQ, =333< 6)? `e >::7, edrrjne nbunhe`bt` >= ejhgð`s i` arjnbëns (ade e`bds i` 0 nbds) i` id`bëns aurîv`js (PBJA@F, =333). Ns id`bëns qu` enjs nf`atne n pdpuhnëád pdmr` id eubid sád n enhîrjn, n tum`rauhds` ` n ijnrr`jn ;. Nbt` `st` qunird bád pdi` s`r enjs agdanbt` n ijstrjmujëád eubijnh ids knstds ade n snüi` ` n jbv`stjknëád eêijan. Sdr `x`ephd, np`bns 3,>% id drëne`btd in p`squjsn eêijan ` fnrenaìutjan eubijnh ’ a`ran i` >33 ejhgð`s i` iñhnr`s `e >::7 (SBPI, =33>< 1) ’ ê i`stjbnid ã enhîrjn, `bqunbtd n quns` tdtnhjini` ids =6,9 mjhjð`s i` iñhnr`s jbv`stjids `e p`squjsn p`hns euhtjbnajdbnjs fnrenaìutjans s` i`stjbn ãs agnenins ‘id`bëns ids pnås`s rjads―< anbard, id`bëns anrijdvnsauhnr`s, id sjst`en b`r vdsd, id`bëns `biñarjbns ` id e`tnmdhjsed. ; @e >::0, n enhîrjn nf`atnvn, pdr anin >33 gnmjtnbt`s, >6 p`ssdns bd ^uêbjn, => bn Bdvn Kujbê Snpun, 11 bn \íemjn (SBPI, >:::).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:;0 ` >::; s` i`stjbnrne `sp`ajane`bt` nd trntne`btd i` id`bëns trdpjanjs qu` nf`atne d Y`ra`jrd Eubid (Qjhv`rst`jb, >:::). Np`snr id nue`btd agdanbt` in i`sjkunhin-
id sêa. WW, n Îfrjan pnknvn >,1> iñhnr i` iåvjin `xt`rbn pdr anin iñhnr i` nluin jbt`rbnajdbnh qu` r`a`mjn ([drhi Mnbo, =333). D Fubid Edb`tîrjd Jbt`rbnajdbnh t`e mnsjane`bt` fubajdbnid aded n jbstjtujëád qu` knrnbt` qu` ds pnås`s pdmr`s, eujtds i`h`s anin v`z enjs pdmr`s ` jbijvjinids, pnku`e ns suns iåvjins nds pnås`s rjads (@stnids, mnbads prjvnids, nkìbajns euhtjhnt`rnjs) bns adbijëð`s (lurds, pdr `x`e phd) jepdstns jepdst ns pdr `st`s. Ens ns trnbsf`rìbajns
i` `btr` pnås`s pdmr`s ` pnås`s rjads, np`bns 9 i`st`s ühtjeds auepr`e n sun dmrjknëád edrnh i` adbtrjmujr ade 3.;% id Srdiutd Jbt`rbd Mrutd pnrn n nluin nd i`s`bvdhvje`btd. Nhjîs, s`kubid inids in DAI@, `stn p`ra`btnk`e ijejbuj `btr` >:7; ` >::; i` 3,11 pnrn 3,== (DAI@/ INA). D enjs p`rv`rsd ids prdkrnens i` nluin jbt`rbnajdbnh ê d fnatd i` `h`s dauhtnr`e dutrds e`anbjseds i` trnbsf`rìbajns bnba`jrns `e qu` ds uxds sád pr`idejbnbt`e`bt` ids pnås`s enjs pdmr`s pnrn ds pnås`s enjs rjads. Ê d qu` s` pnssn, pdr `x`ephd, ade n iåvjin `xt`rbn. D vnhdr tdtnh in iåvjin `xt`rbn ids pnås`s in Îfrjan sumsngnrjnbn (`e ejhgð`s i` iñhnr`s) nue`btdu `btr` >:73 ` >::0 i` 79.>>: pnrn ==6.971? bd e`sed p`rådid, ` `e p`ra`btnk`e id SJM, nue`btdu i` 13,6% pnrn 7>,1% `, `e p`ra`btnk`e i` `xpdrtnëð`s, i` :>,;% pnrn =9>,;% ([drhi Mnbo, >::;< =9;). Bd bnh
håqujins id Quh pnrn d Bdrt` nssue`e eujtns dutrns fdrens aded, pdr `x`ephd, n ‘fukn ids aêr`mrds―< s`kubid ns Bnëð`s Pbjins, a`ran i` >33.333 prdssjdbnjs jbijnbds jejkrne pnrn ds @PN, d qu` adrr`spdbi` n uen p`rin i` = mjhjð`s i` iñhnr`s pnrn n Åbijn (SBPI, =33>< 0).
N @- N bdvn ijvjsád jbt`rbnajdbnh id trnmnhgd, adbluknin ade n bdvn `adbdejn pdhåtjan ‘prñ-e`ranid―, trdux` tnemêe nhkuens jepdrtnbt`s euinbëns pnrn d sjst`en jbt`r`stntnh, n fdren pdhåtjan id sjst`en eubijnh edi`rbd. Sdr ue hnid, ds @stnids g`k`eñbjads, pdr `h`s prñprjds du ntrnvês ins jbstjtujëð`s jbt`rbnajdbnjs qu` adbtrdhne (`e pnrtjauhnr ns jbstjtujëð`s bnba`jrns euhtjhnt`rnjs), adeprjejrne n nutdbdejn pdhåtjan ` n sdm`rnbjn `f`atjvn ids
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:69) ` n Adbv`bëád bn v`bin jbt`rbnajdbnh i` m`bs (AJQK, >:73) (Vnb i`r V`hi`b, V`hi`b, >:79< =11). N trnijëád in khdmnhjznëád ê pnrn nhkubs eujtd enjs hdbkn. Sdr `x`ephd, Yjhhy ijstjbku` quntrd dbins i` khdmnhjznëád bd pnssnid ejhêbjd< bds sêauhds WJJJ, WVJ, WJW ` bd bnh id sêauhd WW (>::0). Np`snr i`stn trnijëád gjstñrjan, d jepnatd natunh in khdmnhjznëád bn r`kuhnëád `stntnh pnr`a` s`r ue f`bñe`bd qunhjtntjvne`bt` bdvd, pdr iuns rnzð`s prjbajpnjs.
7 V`r Qtnhhjbks (>::=m). In p`rsp`atjvn ins r`hnëð`s jbt`rbnajdbnjs, v`r Iurnbi, Hêvy, ]`tnjhhê (>::1).
@e `prje`jrd huknr, ê ue eujtd ne phd vnst d qu` vnstd admr` ue f`bñe`bd anepd eujtd krnbi`
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >733r`kuhnëád, nbds, ade`ëdu n euinr bds :
V`r tnemêe Bukt`r ` Qejts (>:7:).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >777). D prje`jrd `rn d anejbgd mjk mnbk, s`kujid p`hds @PN, ]`jbd Pbjid ` Lnpád, pnås`s qu`, `e adblubtd, adbstjtu`e 63% id e`ranid eubijnh i` t`h`adeubjanëð`s. D mjk mnbk adbsjst` bn hjm`rnhjznëád ubjhnt`rnh ` tdtnh ins t`h`adeubjanëð`s, bád sñ ids s`rvjëds nvnbënids, ens tnemêe ids s`rvjëds mîsjads, `qujpne`btds ` jbfrn`struturns. D s`kubid anejbgd `rn d hjtth` mnbk, nidptnid pdr dutrds pnås`s a`btrnjs, >3 sdmr`tuid p`hds pnås`s `urdp`us . Adbsjst` buen hjm`rnhjznëád pnrajnh pdr ijv`rsns vjns, tnjs aded< s`pnrnbid ds s`rvjëds i` adrr`jd ids s`rvjëds t`h`fñbjads ` ds s`rvjëds `h`e`btnr`s ids s`rvjëds nvnbënids (ji `st, adrr`jd `xpr`ssd, adrr`jd `h`atrñbjad ` våi`d-adbf`rìbajns), ade d dml`atjvd i` r`iuzjr ds sumsåijds aruzn-
>3 V`r tnemêe ]j`ss (>::>)? Gu`t ` Enjsh (>:7:).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7=. E`bds i` =3 pnås`s jbiustrjnhjznids adbstjtu`e uen fntjn `senknidrn id e`ranid eubijnh i` s`rvjëds
jepdr knrnbtjr euinbëns prdfubins bd r`kje` ins`t`h`adeubjanëð`s. Ns t`h`adeubjanëð`s sád anin v`z enjs n jbfrn`struturn fåsjan i` ue t`epd-`spnëd `e`rk`bt`< d t`epd-`spnëd `h`atrñbjad, d ajm`r-`spnëd du d t`epd-`spnëd jbstnbtíb`d. @st` bdvd t`epd-`spnëd tdrbnr-s`-î krniunhe`bt` d t`epd-`spnëd prjvjh`kjnid ids pdi`r`s khdmnjs. Ntrnvês ins r`i`s e`trdpdhjtnbns ` ids ajm`rbñiuhds, `stn fdren i` pdi`r ê `x`rajin khdmnh ` jbstnbtnb`ne`bt`, nfnstnbid, njbin enjs, n v`hgn k`dkrnn id pdi`r a`btrnin `e tdrbd id @stnid ` id s`u t`epd-`spnëd. Pen nbîhjs` enjs nprdfubinin ids trnëds idejbnbt`s in khdmnhjznëád pdhåtjan ’ qu` sád, i` fnatd, ds trnëds in khdmnhjznëád pdhåtjan idejbnbt` ’ h`vn-bds n adbahujr qu` sum lnz`e n `stn trìs adepdb`bt`s id Adbs`bsd i` [nsgjbktdb< d adbs`bsd id @stnid frnad? d adbs`bsd in i`edarnajn hjm`rnh? d adbs`bsd id prjenid id ijr`jtd ` id sjst`en luijajnh. D adbs`bsd id @stnid frnad ê, s`e iüvjin, d enjs a`btrnh ` i`h` gî nephn prdvn bd qu` adu i`sarjtd najen. Bn sun mns` `stî n ji`jn i` qu` d @stnid ê d dpdstd in sdaj`ini` ajvjh ` pdt`bajnhe`bt` d s`u jbjejkd. N `adbdejn b`dhjm`rnh b`a`ssjtn i` uen sdaj`ini` ajvjh fdrt`
>> Ds sumsåijds aruznids dadrr`e, pdr `x`ephd, qunbid d austd nijajdbnh ids s`rvjëds enjs anrds ê ijssdhvjid `e aîhauhds i` austd eêijd. I`stn fdren, ds utjhjznidr`s ids s`rvjëds enjs mnrntds, bdrenhe`bt` ns ahnss`s sdajnjs enjs mnjxns, sumsjijne ds utjhjznidr`s ids s`rvjëds enjs anrds qu` `e k`rnh p`rt`ba`e ãs ahnss`s sdajnjs enjs nhtns. >= Qdmr` n `vdhuëád in hjm hjm`rnhjznëád `rnhjznëád ins ins t`h`ad t`h`adeubjeubjanëð`s bn Pbjád @urdp`jn v`r, pdr ühtjed, @hjnss`b ` Qldvnnk (>:::).
Ygjs idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6adbt`bt Dat =3=> >7::;, i`ijanid nd @stn-
id @stnid ’ p`hds e`anbjseds adbg`ajids, tnjsprdiuzjid aded n i`sr`kuhnëád, ns prj vntjznëð`s ` n r`iuëád ids s`rvjëds pümhjads ’ dadrr` bd bnh i` ue p`rådid i` a`ran i` a`btd ` ajbqu`btn nbds i` adbstnbt` `xpnbsád r`kuhntñrjn id @stnid. Nssje, aded r`f`rj ntrîs, i`sr`kuhnr jephjan uen jbt`bsn natjvj-
id ` bd` qunh s` dr`nmjhjtn n ji`jn bn i``aîajn r`kuhnëád `stntnh s` pð` na`btd tñbjad in naëád `stntnh (Mnbad Eubijnh, >::;). D adbs`bsd in i`edarnajn hjm`rnh vjsn inr fdren pdhåtjan nd @stnid frnad, enjs uen v`z r`adrr`bid ã t`drjn pdhåtjan hjm`rnh qu` pnrtjauhnre`bt` bds s`us prjeñrijds i`f`bi`rn n
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::9). D dutrd s`btjid, enjs prdsp`atjvd ` utñpjad, ijz r`sp`j-
Pe dutrdpdhåtjans t`en jepdrtnbt` bns nbîhjs`s ins ije`bsð`s in khdmnhjznëád ê d pnp`h ar`sa`bt` ins fdrens i` kdv`rbd suprn`stntnh, du s`ln, ins jbstjtujëð`s pdhåtjans jbt`rbnajdbnjs, ins nkìbajns bnba`jrns euhtjhnt`rnjs, ids mhdads pdhåtjad-`adbñejads suprnbnajdbnjs, ids Ygjbo Ynbos khdmnjs, ins ijf`r`bt`s fdrens i` ijr`jtd khdmnh (in bdvn h`x e`rantdrjn
td ã jbinknëádqu` sdmr` pdhåtjans trnbsbnajdbnjs gádnsi`jbstjtujëð`s adrr`spdbi`r bd futurd ã khdmnhjznëád `adbñejan ` sdajnh `e aursd (Fnho, >::0? Agns`-Iubb `t nh, >::7). Fnhn-s` e`sed in b`a`ssjini` i` s` p`bsnr bue ‘@stnid eubijnh― du buen ‘f`i`rnëád eubijnh―, i`edarntjane`bt` adbtrdhnin ` ade n fubëád i` r`sdhv`r pnajane`bt` ds adbjtds `btr` `stnids ` `btr` nk`bt`s khdmnjs. Nhkubs nutdr`s trnbspð`e pnrn d bdvd anepd in khdmnhjznëád ds adbjtds `struturnjs id p`rådid nbt`rjdr ` jenkjbne ns adbtrnpnrtjins pdhåtjans n qu` i`v`e inr nzd. Ynh aded n ahnss` anpjtnhjstn khdmnh `stî n t`btnr fdrenr d s`u `stnid khdmnh,
>1 Yrntd `e i`tnhg i`tnhg`` d t`en id prjenid id ijr`jtd ` id sjst`en luijajnh bd adbt`xtd in khdmnhjznëád bdutrd huknr (Qnbtds, =333m). Qdmr` n qu`stád id arêijtd nd adbsued ` adbs`qu`bt` `bijvjine`btd ids adbsuejidr`s v`r, pdr ühtjed, ühtjed, Enrqu`s `t nh. (=333).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::7).
jbstjtuajdbnhjznins pr`a`i`e nid i`p`biìbajn i` e`ranid bd i`s`bvdhvje`btd sjst`en eubijnh ` bn `stnmjhjini` id sjst`en jbt`r`stntnh (E`y`r, >:7;? M`rk`s`b, >::3). [nhh`rst`jb fnz uen h`jturn sdajdhñkjan i`st` i`mnt`, i`f`bi`bid qu` ‘bád ê pdr nansd… qu` t`e gnvjid tnbtn ijsaussád b`st`s ühtjeds i`z-qujbz` nbds na`ran id prdmh`en in auhturn. Jssd ê i`adrr`bt` in i`adepdsjëád in iuphn ar`bën id sêauhd i`znbdv` bns nr`bns `adbñejan ` pdhåtjan aded huknr`s i` prdkr`ssd prdkr `ssd sdajnh sdajnh `, adbs`qu` adbs`qu`bt`e` bt`e`bt`, bt`, i` snhvnsnhvnëád jbijvjiunh― ([nhh`rst`jb, >::>m< >:7). @emdrn n qu`stád in entrjz drjkjbnh in khdmnhjznëád s` pdbgn `e r`hnëád n anin uen ins ije`bsð`s in khdmnhjznëád, ê bd ideåbjd in khdmnhjznëád auhturnh qu` `hn s` pð` ade enjs naujini` du ade enjs fr`quìbajn. N qu`stád ê i` snm`r s` d qu` s` i`sjkbn pdr khdmnhjznëád bád i`v`rjn s`r enjs adrr`atne`bt` i`sjkbnid pdr daji`btnhjznëád du ne`rjanbjznëád (]jtz`r, (]jtz`r, >::0), lî qu` ds vnhdr`s, ds nrt`fnatds auhturnjs ` ds ubjv`rsds sjemñhjads qu` s` khdmnhjzne sád daji`btnjs `, pdr v`z`s, `sp`ajane`bt` bdrt`-ne`rjanbds, s`lne `h`s d jbijvjiunhjsed, n i`edarnajn pdhåtjan, n rnajdbnhjini` `adbñ-
K N khdmnhjznë khdmnhjznëád ád auhturnh auhturnh nssueju nssueju ue r`h`vd r`h`vd `sp`ajnh ade n agnenin ‘vjrnk`e auhturnh― in iêanin i` djt`btn, du s`ln, ade n euinbën i` ìbfns`, bns ajìbajns sdajnjs, ids f`bñe`bds sñajd-`adbñejads pnrn ds f`bñe`bds auhturnjs. N ‘vjrnk`e auhturnh― v`jd r`na`bi`r n qu`stád in prjenzjn prjenz jn anusnh bn `xphjanëá `xphjanëádd in vjin sdajnh `, ade `hn, n qu`stád id jepnatd in khdmnhjznëád >9 auhturnh . N qu`stád adbsjst` `e snm`r s` ns ije`bsð`s bdrentjvn ` auhturnh prda`ssd i` khdmnhjznëád i`s`ep`bgne ueid pnp`h prjeîrjd du s`aubiîrjd. @bqunbtd pnrn nhkubs `hns tìe ue pnp`h s`aubiîrjd, inid qu` n `adbdejn eubijnh anpjtnhjstn ê enjs jbt`krnin p`hd pdi`r >9 Afr. F`ntg`rstdb` (>::3)? Npp Nppniurnj niurnj (>: (>::3)? :3)? M`r M`r-enb (>:71)? [. E`y`r (>:7;)? Kjii`bs (>::3, >::>)? Mnuenb (>::=). V`r tnemêe [utgbdw (>:70, >:7;)? M`rk`s`b (>:73).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::;). D
@stn t`eîtjan uen dutrn jkunhe`bt` a`btrnhnrtjauhn-s` bd íemjtdade in khdmnhjznëád auhturnh< d i` snm`r ntê qu` pdbtd n khdmnhjznëád nanrr`tn gdedk`b`jznëád. Q` pnrn nhkubs nutdr`s n `sp`ajajini` ins auhturns hdanjs ` bnajdbnjs `stî `e rjsad (]jtz`r, >::0), pnrn du-
bdvd p`rådid ijstjbku`-s` p`hd ‘trnmnhgd in jenkjbnëád― p`hd fnatd i` n jenkjbnëád s` t`r trnbsfdrenid bue fnatd sdajnh, adh`atjvd, d t`r i`jxnid i` `stnr adbbnin bd jbijvåiud rdeíbtjad ` bd `spnëd `xpr`ssjvd in nrt`, id ejtd ` id rjtunh pnrn pnssnr n fnz`r pnrt` in vjin qudtjijnbn ids ajiniáds adeubs (>::;< 0). N jenkjbnëád pñs-`h`atrñbjan, ademjbnin ade n i`st`rrjtdrjnhjznëád prdvdanin p`hns ejkrnëð`s, tdrbn pdssåv`h n arjnëád i` ubjv`rsds sjemñhjads trnbsbnajdbnjs, ‘adeubjini`s i` s`btje`btd―, ji`btjini`s prdsp`atjvns, pnrtjhgns i` kdstds, prnz`r`s ` nspjrnëð`s, `e suen, d qu` Nppniurnj agnen ‘`sf`rns pümhjans ijns pñrjans― (>::;< 9). I` uen dutrn p`rsp`atjvn,
trds, n khdmnhjznëád tnbtd prdiuz gdedk`b`jznëád aded ijv`rsjini` (]dm`rtsdb ` Ogdbio`r, >::7). D jsdedrsed jbstjtuajdbnh, sdmr`tuid bds ideåbjds `adbñejad ` pdhåtjad ad`xjst` ade n nrenëád i` ijf`r`bëns ` i` pnrtjauhnrjsed. Snrn Frj`ienb, n frnke`btnëád auhturnh ` êtbjan, pdr ue hnid, ` n gdedk`b`jznëád edi`rbjstn, pdr dutrd, bád sád iuns p`rsp`atjvns dpdstns sdmr` d qu` `stî n nadbt`a`r, nadbt`a`r, ens nbt`s iuns t`biìbajns, nemns adbstjtutjvns in r`nhjini` khdmnh (F`ntg`rstdb, >::3< 1>>). Id e`sed edid, Nppniurnj fnz qu`stád i` snhj`btnr qu` ds e`ijn `h`atrñbjads, hdbk` i` s`r`e d ñpjd id pdvd, sád prda`ssnids p`hds jbijvåiuds ` p`hds krupds i` uen enb`jrn natjvn, ue ane-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::=). Q`kubid Nppniurnj, ‘n anrnat`råstjan a`btrnh in auhturn khdmnh ê gdl` n pdhåtjan id `sfdrëd eütud in e`sejini` ` in ijf`r`bën pnrn s` anbjmnhjznr`e uen ã dutrn ` nssje prdahnenr`e d ìxjtd id s`qu`strd ns iuns ji`jns kêe`ns id Jhuejbjsed, d ubjv`rsnh trjubfnbt` `
Pe dutrd t`en a`btrnh bn ijsaussád sdmr` ns ije`bsð`s auhturnjs in khdmnhjznëád ’ r`hnajdbnid, nhjîs, ade d i`mnt` nbt`rjdr ’ ijz r`sp`jtd ã qu`stád i` snm`r s` t`rî `e`rkjid bns iêanins enjs r`a`bt`s uen auhturn khdmnh (F`ntg`rstdb`, >::3? E. [nt`rs, >::0). Ê gî eujtd r`adbg`ajid qu`, p`hd e`bds i`si` d sêauhd WVJ, n g`k`edbjn ji`dhñkjan in ajìbajn, in `adbdejn, in pdhåtjan ` in r`hjkjád `urdp`jns prdiuzju, ntrnvês id jep`rjnhjsed auhturnh, nhkubs jsdedrseds `btr` ns ijf`r`bt`s auhturns bnajdbnjs id sjst`en eubijnh. N qu`stád ê, nkdrn, i` snm`r s`, pnrn nhêe ijssd, a`rtns fdrens auhturnjs t`rád `e`rkjid bns iêanins enjs r`a`bt`s, qu` sád drjkjbnhe`bt` trnbsbnajdbnjs du aulns drjk`bs bnajdbnjs sád r`hntjvne`bt` jrr`h`vnbt`s p`hd fnatd i` ajrauhnr`e p`hd eubid enjs du e`bds i`s`brnjznins ins auhturns bnajdbnjs. Ynjs fdrens auhturnjs sád ji`btjanins pdr Nppniurnj aded >0 e`ijnsanp`s ` ji`dsanp`s (>::3) , pdr H`shj` Qohnjr (>::>) aded auhturn-ji`dhdkjn id adbsuejsed, pdr Nbtgdby Qejtg aded ue bdvd je p`rjnhjsed auhturnh (>::3). (>::3) . I` uen dutrn d utrn p`rs p`atjvn, n t`drjn ids r`kje`s jbt`rbnajdbnjs jbt`rbnajdb njs t`e vjbid n anbnhjznr n bdssn nt`bëád pnrn ds
pnrtjauhnr r`sjst`bt`― (>::;< 91).
>0 V`r tnemêe Ojbk (>::>)? (>::>)? Gnhh ` Kh`m Kh`m`b `b (>::=).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde
>97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:71? Gnkknri ` Qjeedbs, >:7;). @ njbin i` dutrn p`rsp`atjvn, n t`drjn in `struturn jbt`rbnajdbnh na`btun n fdren aded n auhturn daji`btnh t`e arjnid natdr`s sdajnjs ` sjkbjanids auhturnjs pdr tdid d eubid (K. Ygdens `t nh, >:7;). N ji`jn i` uen auhturn khdmnh ê, ahnrne`bt`, ue ids prjbajpnjs prdl`atds in edi`rbjini`. Aded Qt`pg`b Yduhejb mrjhgnbt`e`bt` i`edbstrdu (>::3), pdi` s`r ji`btjanid i`si` H`jmbjz ntê G`k`h ` i`si` d sêauhd WVJJ ntê nd bdssd sêauhd. N nt`bëád sdajdhñkjan adba`ijin n `stn ji`jn bns ühtjens trìs iêanins t`e, adbtuid, uen mns` `epårjan `sp`aåan. Nar`ijtn-
snh ` d pnrtjauhnr. Aded snhj`btn [nhh`rst`jb, ‘i`bjr uen auhturn ê uen qu`stád i` i`bjr frdbt`jrns― (>::>m< >7;). I` edid adbv`rk`bt`, Nppniurnj nren qu` d auhturnh ê d anepd ins ijf`r`bëns, ids adbtrnst`s ` ins adepnrnëð`s (>::;< >=). Sdi`råneds ntê nrenr qu` n auhturn ê, `e sun i`bjëád enjs sjeph`s, n hutn adbtrn n ubjfdrejini`. Ds pdi`rdsds ` `bvdh v`bt`s prda`ssds i` ijfusád ` jepdsjëád i` auhturns, jep`rjnhjstjane`bt` i`bjins aded ubjv`rsnjs, tìe sjid adbfrdbtnids, `e tdid d sjst`en eubijnh, pdr eühtjphds ` `bk`bgdsds prda`ssds i` r`sjstìbajn, ji`btjanëád ` jbijk`bjznëád auhturnjs. Ydinvjn, d tñpjad in auhturn khdmnh t`e tjid d eêrjtd i` edstrnr qu` n hutn pdhåtjan `e r`idr in gdedk`b`jznëád ` in ubjfdrejznëád auhturnjs trnbsa`bi`u n adb-
-s` qu` n jbt`bsjanëád irneîtjan i` uxds trnbsfrdbt`jrjëds i` m`bs, anpjtnh, trnmnhgd, p`ssdns, ji`jns ` jbfdrenëád drjkjbdu adbv`radbv`rkìbajns, jsdedrseds ` gjmrjijznëð`s `btr` ns ijf`r`bt`s auhturns bnajdbnjs, s`lne `hns `stjhds nrqujt`atñbjads, edin, gîmjtds nhje`btnr`s du adbsued auhturnh i` enssns. Adbtuid, n enjdr pnrt` ids nutdr`s sust`btn qu`, np`snr in sun jepdrtíbajn, `st`s prda`ssds `stád hdbk` i` adbiuzjr`e n uen auhturn khdmnh. N auhturn ê pdr i`bjëád ue prda`ssd sdajnh adbstruåid sdmr` n jbt`ra`pëád `btr` d ubjv`r-
kurnëád t`rrjtdrjnh `e qu` t`v` huknr i`si` d sêauhd WJW ntê eujtd r`a`bt`e`bt`, jstd ê, d @stnid-bnëád. N `st` r`sp`jtd, ds @stnids-bnëád tìe trnijajdbnhe`bt` i`s`ep`bgnid ue pnp`h nhkd nemåkud. @bqunbtd, `xt`rbne`bt`, tìe sjid ds nrnutds in ijv`rsjini` auhturnh, in nut`btjajini` in auhturn bnajdbnh, jbt`rbne`bt`, tìe prdedvjid n gdedk`b`jznëád ` n ubjfdrejini`, `senknbid n rjan vnrj`ini` i` auhturns hdanjs `xjst`bt`s bd t`rrjtñrjd bnajdbnh, ntrnvês id pdi`r in pdhåajn, id ijr`jtd, id sjst`en `iu-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >77;). Vjstn i` fdrn in @urdpn, pnrtjauhnre`bt` n pnrtjr i` r`kjð`s ` i` pdvds jbt`bsjvne`bt` adhdbjznids p`hds `urdp`us, `stn fneåhjn i` auhturns ê n v`rsád qujbt`ss`bajnh id jep`rjnhjsed daji`btnh `e bde` id qunh eujtn in trn-
>6 V`r tnemêe F`ntg`rstdb` (>::3< >3)? [ [nhh`rst`jb nhh`rst`jb (>::>m< >79)? Agns`-Iubb (>::>< >31). Snrn [nhh`rst`jb d adbtrnst` `btr` d sjst`en-eubijnh edi`rbd ` ds je pêrjds eubijnjs nbt`rjdr`s r`sji` bd fnatd i` d prje`jrd ademjbnr uen übjan ijvjsád id trnmnhgd ade ue sjst`en i` @stnids jbi`p`bi`bt`s ` i` sjst`ens auhturnjs eühtjphds. [nhh`rst`jb (>:;:< 0).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7) aded ue trnëd `ss`bajnh idi` sjst`en anpjtnhjstn eubijnh vjk`bt`,, prdpð` qu` tnh ubjv`rsnhjsed vjk`bt` ubjv`rs nhjsed s`ln trnbspdstd pnrn ‘ue bdvd båv`h i` s`btjid sdajnhjstn, `emdrn s`bsåv`h ãs vjrtui`s id phurnhjsed bnajdbnh ` êtbjad― (>::>< >30? Agns`-Iubb `t nh, >::7). Sdr e, [nhh`rst`jb jenkjbn uen auhturn eubijnh sde`bt` bue eubid hjm`rtîrjd-jkunhjtîrjd futurd, ens e`sed nå gnv`rjn ue huknr r`s`rvnid pnrn n r`sjstìbajn auhturnh< n arjnëád ` n r`arjnëád adbstnbt`s i` `btjini`s auhturnjs pnrtjauhnrjstns ‘aulds
M M Q Q
khdmnhjznëád `adbñejan. Nssje, d adbs`bsd ijz, sdmr`tuid, r`sp`jtd nds supdrt`s têabjads ` luråijads in prdiuëád ` ajrauhnëád ids prdiutds ins jbiüstrjns auhturnjs aded, pdr `x`ephd, ns t`abdhdkjns i` adeubjanëád ` in jbfdrenëád ` ds ijr`jtds i` prdprj`ini` jbt`h`atunh. jbt`h`atunh.
N N r`f`rìbajn f`jtn bns s`aëð`s nbt`rjdr`s ãs fna`tns idejbnbt`s id qu` usunhe`bt` s` i`sjkbn pdr khdmnhjznëád, nhêe i` s`r dejssn n r`sp`jtd in t`drjn in khdmnhjznëád qu` hg` sum lnz, pdi` inr n ji`jn fnhsn i` qu` n khdmnhjznëád ê ue f`bñe`bd hjb`nr, edbdhåtjad ` jb`quåvdad. @stn ji`jn in khdmnhjznëád, np`snr i` fnhsn, ê gdl` pr`vnh`a`bt` ` t`bi` n sì-hd tnbtd enjs qunbtd n khdmnhjznëád `xtrnvnsn id ijsaursd aj`btåad pnrn d ijsaursd pdhåtjad ` pnrn n hjbkunk`e adeue. Npnr`bt`e`bt` trnbspnr`bt` ` s`e adeph`xjini`, n ji`jn i` khdmnhjznëád dmsaur`a` enjs id qu` `sahnr`a` d qu` s` pnssn bd eubid. @ d qu` dmsaur`a` du dauhtn ê,
dml`atds (r`adbg`ajids du bád) s`rjne n r`stnurnëád in r`nhjini` ubjv`rsnh i` hjm`rini` ` jkunhini`― (>::>m< >::). Bd ideåbjd auhturnh, d adbs`bsd b`dhjm`rnh ê eujtd s`h`atjvd. Ds f`bñe`bds auhturnjs sñ hg` jbt`r`ssne bn e`ijin `e qu` s` tdrbne e`ranidrjns qu` aded tnh i`v`e s`kujr d trjhgd in
qunbid vjstd i` dutrn p`rsp`atjvn, tád jepdrtnbt` qu` n trnbspnrìbajn ` sjephjajini` in ji`jn i` khdmnhjznëád, hdbk` i` s`r`e jbda`bt`s, i`v`e s`r adbsji`rnids ji`dhñkjads ` pdhåtjads idtnids i`ijspdsjtjvds jbt`bajdbnhjini`s `sp`aåans. Iuns i`ssns jbt`bajdbnhjini`s i`v`e s`r snhj`btnins.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7; Qdmr` `stn qu`stád, vv`r `r Qtnhhjbks (>::0) `e qu` sád nbnhjsnins ns r`spdstns r`kjdbnjs in Neêrjan Hntjbn, id Qui`st` Nsjîtjad ` in Îfrjan sum-sngnrjnbn ãs pr`ssð`s khdmnjs. V`r tnemêe Mdy`r (>::7) ` Irnag` (>:::).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7=). Q`kubid `h`, n bdvåssjen ijvjsád jbt`rbnajdbnh id trnmnhgd bád dadrr` `btr` pnås`s, ens `btr` nk`bt`s `adbñejads ` `btr` pdsjëð`s ijstjbtns bn `adbdejn khdmnh qu` adep`t`e khdmnhe`bt`, usnbid n jbfrn`struturn t`abdhñkjan in `adbdejn jbfdrenajdbnh ` n `struturn drknbjznajdbnh i` r`i`s ` uxds (>::6< >9;). B`st` s`btjid, i`jxn jkunhe`bt` i` fnz`r s`btjid n ijstjbëád `btr` a`btrd, p`rjf`rjn ` s`ejp`rjf`rjn bd sjst`en eubijnh. N bdvn `adbdejn ê uen `adbdejn khdmnh ijstjbtn in `adbdejn-eubid. @bqunbtd `stn ühtjen nss`btnvn bn naueuhnëád i` anpjtnh, dmtjin `e tdid d eubid, n `adbdejn khdmnh t`e n anpnajini` pnrn fubajdbnr aded uen ubjini` `e t`epd r`nh ` ã `sanhn phnb`tîrjn (>::6< :=). Q`e qu`r`r ejbjejznr n jepdrtíbajn ins trnbsfdrenëð`s `e aursd, p`bsd, bd `btnbtd, qu` Anst`hhs h`vn hdbk` i`enjs n jenk`e in khdmnhjznëád aded d muhhidz`r nvnssnhnidr nvnssnhnidr adbtrn
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >70>16). @e s`kubid huknr, e`sed niejtjbid qu`
r`bt`s pnås`s. Nssje, `e >::;, n r`eub`rnëád eêijn in gdrn i` trnmnhgd bn Nh`enbgn (1=$ PQ) `rn 09% enjs `h`vnin qu` bds @PN (>;.>:$ PQ). @ e`sed i`btrd in Pbjád @urdp`jn, dbi` tìe `stnid `e aursd bns ühtjens iêanins pdhåtjans i` ‘jbt`krnëád prdfubin―, ns ijf`r`bëns i` prdiutjvjini` ` i` austds snhnrjnjs tìe-s` enbtjid ade n `xa`pëád in Jbkhnt`rrn, `e qu` ds austds snhnrjnjs fdrne r`iuzjids `e 93% i`si` >:73. Ydenbid n Nh`enbgn Daji`btnh aded
n `adbdejn khdmnh i`jxdu i` b`a`ssjtnr ids `s pnëds k`d-pdhåtjads bnajdbnjs pnrn s` r`prdiuzjr, n v`rini` ê qu` n iåvjin `xt`rbn adbtjbun n s`r adbtnmjhjznin ` admrnin nd båv`h i` pnås`s ` ê pdr vjn i`hn ` in bnbajnrjznëád id sjst`en `adbñejad qu` ds pnås`s pdmr`s id eubid s` trnbsfdrenrne, n pnrtjr in iêanin i` djt`btn, `e adbtrjmujbt`s håqujids pnrn n rjqu`zn ids pnås`s rjads. @e t`ra`jrd huknr, huknr, nd adbtrîrjd id qu` s` pdi` i`pr``bi`r id qunird trnënid pdr Anst`hhs, n adbv`rkìbajn `btr` pnås`s bn `adbdejn khdmnh ê tád sjkbjantjvn qunbtd n ijv`rkìbajn ` jstd ê pnrtjauhnre`bt` bdtñrjd `btr`
t`red i` adepnrnëád (>33%), n prdiutjvjini` id trnmnhgd `e Sdrtuknh `rn, `e >::7, 19,0% ` ds austds snhnrjnjs, 1;,9%. @st`s büe`rds `rne pnrn n @spnbgn, 6=% ` 66,:%, r`sp`atjvne`bt`? pnrn n Jbkhnt`rrn, ;>,;% ` 67%? ` pnrn n Jrhnbin, 6:,0 ` ;>,7% (Irnag`, >:::< =9). Sdr ühtjed, ê ijfåajh sust`btnr qu` n s`h`atjvjini` ` n frnke`btnëád `xahui`bt` in ‘bdvn `adbdejn― i`struju d adba`jtd i` ‘Quh― qunbid, aded vjeds ntrîs, n ijspnrjini` i` rjqu`zn `btr` pnås`s pdmr`s ` pnås`s rjads bád a`ssdu i` nue`btnr bds ühtjeds vjbt` du trjbtn nbds. Ê a`rtd qu` n hjm`rnhjznëád ids e`ranids i`s`struturdu ds prd-
ds pnås`s a`btrnjs (Irnag`, >:::< >0). Sdrqu` ns pdhåtjans i` snhîrjds ` i` s`kurnbën sdajnh adbtjbunrne n s`r i`bjins n båv`h bnajdbnh, ns e`ijins i` hjm`rnhjznëád i`si` n iêanin i` djt`btn bád r`iuzjrne sjkbjantjvne`bt` ns ijf`r`bëns bds austds id trnmnhgd `btr` ds ijf`-
a`ssds i` jbahusád ` i` `xahusád bds ijf`r`bt`s pnås`s ` r`kjð`s. Ens d jepdrtnbt` ê nbnhjsnr `e anin pnås du r`kjád n rntjd `btr` jbahusád ` `xahusád. Ê `ssn rntjd qu` i`t`rejbn s` ue pnås p`rt`ba` nd Quh du nd Bdrt`, nd a`btrd du ã p`rjf`rjn du s`ejp`rjf`rjn id sjst`en eub-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::>? Hnsg ` Prry,, >::6) `, `e pnrtjauhnr, n ji`jn i` Kjii`bs Prry qu` n khdmnhjznëád ê n ‘edi`rbjznëád r``xj vn―, `squ`a`e qu` n krnbi` enjdrjn in pdpuhnëád eubijnh sdfr` ns adbs`quìbajns i` uen edi`rbjini` du i` uen khdmnhjznëád bnin r``xjvn du qu` n krnbi` enjdrjn ids dp`rîrjds vjv`e `e r`kje`s i` naueuhnëád qu` `stád bds nbtåpdins in naueuhnëád r``xjvn. Ynbtd n fnhîajn id i`t`rejbjsed aded n fnhîajn id i`snpnr`aje`btd id Quh tìe vjbid n p`ri`r ar`ijmjhj ar `ijmjhjini` ini` ã e`ijin e`ij in qu` n khdmnhjznkhdm nhjznëád s` trnbsfdren bue anepd i` adbt`stnëád sdajnh ` pdhåtjan. Q` pnrn nhkubs `hn adbtjbun n s`r adbsji`rnin aded d krnbi` trjubfd in rnajdbnhjini`, in jbdvnëád ` in hjm`rini` an pnz i` prdiuzj p rdiuzjrr prdkr`ssd pr dkr`ssd jbbjtd jbbjt d ` nmubiíbnmubií bajn jhjejtnin, pnrn dutrds `hn ê nbît`en lî qu` bd s`u mdld trnbspdrtn n ejsêrjn, n enrkjbnhjznëád ` n `xahusád in krnbi` enjdrjn in pd puhnëád eubijnh, eubijn h, `bqunbtd `bqunbt d n rr`tñrjan `tñrjan id prdkr`ssd ` in nmubiíbajn s` tdrbn `e r`nhjini` np`bns pnrn ue ahum` anin v`z enjs p`qu`bd i` prjvjh`kjnids. B`stns ajraubstíbajns, bád niejrn qu` t`bgne surkjid bds ühtjeds nbds vîrjds ijsaur-
>7 @btr` eujtds eujtds dutrds, v`r Mdy`r (>::6, >::7)? Irnag` (>:::).
sds in khdmnhjznëád. ]dm`rtsdb pdr `x`ephd, ijstjbku` quntrd krnbi`s(>::7), ijsaursds
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >7::6).
hnëád i` prîtjans sdajnjs ` auhturnjs trnbsbnajdbnjs. Ns prîtjans jbt`r`stntnjs adrr`spdbi`e nd pnp`h ids ids @stnids @stnids bd sjst`en sjst`en eubijnh eubijnh edi`rbd edi`rbd `bqunbtd prdtnkdbjstns in ijvjsád jbt`rbnajdbnh id trnmnhgd bd s`jd id qunh s` `stnm`h`a` n gj`rnrqujn `btr` a`btrd, p`rjf`rjn ` s`ejp`rjf`rjn. Ns prîtjans anpjtnhjstns khdmnjs sád ns prîtjans prîtjans ids nk`bt`s `adbñejads auln ubjini` `spnajd-t`epdrnh i` natunëád r`nh du pdt`bajnh ê d phnb`tn. Ns prîtjans sdajnjs ` auhturnjs trnbsbnajdbnjs sád ds uxds trnbsfrdbt`jrjëds i` p`ssdns ` i` auhturns, i` jbfdrenëád ` i` adeubjanëád. Anin uen i`stns adbst`hnëð`s i` prîtjans ê adbstjtuåin pdr< ue adblubtd i` jbstjtujëð`s qu` nss`kurne n sun r`prdiuëád, n adeph`e`btnrjini` `btr` `hns ` n `stnmjhjini` ins i`sjkunhini`s qu` `hns prdiuz`e? uen fdre fdren n i` pdi`r qu` fdrb`a` n hñkjan ins jbt`rnaëð`s ` h`kjtjen ns i`sjkunhini`s ` ns gj`rnrqujns? uen fdre fdren ni i`` ijr`jtd qu` fdrb`a` n hjbkunk`e ins r`hnëð`s jbtrnjbstjtuajdbnjs ` jbt`rjbstjtuajdbnjs ` d arjtêrjd in ijvjsád `btr` prîtjans p`rejtjins ` prdjmjins? ue adbjtd `struturnh qu` adbi`bsn ns t`bsð`s ` adbtrnijëð`s entrjajnjs ins prîtjans `e qu`stád? ue arjtêrjd i` gj`rnrqujznëád qu` i`b` d edid aded s` arjstnhjzne ns i`sjkunhini`s i` pdi`r ` ds adbjtds `e qu` `h`s s` trniuz`e? bnhe`bt`, njbin qu` tdins ns prîtjans id sjst`en eubijnh `e trnbsjëád `st`lne `bvdhvjins
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7 >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7 N adepr`ssád adepr`ssád t`epd-`spnëd nanrr`tn adbsjkd n ji`jn in jrr`v`rsjmjhjini` ` p`renbìbajn ids prda`ssds
i` khdmnhjznëád. Bd `btnbtd, Fdrtubn agnen n nt`bëád pnrn n gjpñt`s` i` n khdmnhjznëád s`r t`epdrîrjn. ]` pdrtnbid-s` nd prda`ssd i` khdmnhjznëád ins ajini`s, fnhn in `xjstìbajn ‘i` ue prda`ssd i` khdmnhjznëád i`adrr`bt` in vnhdrjznëád t`epdrîrjn ids r`aursds jenkêtjads ` r`pr`s`btnajdbnjs― (>::;< >6).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76:). N ijnhêatjan in jbahusád ` in `xahusád ê pnrtjauhnre`bt` vjsåv`h bd e`ranid khdmnh in adeubjanëád ` in jbfdrenëád. Ade `xa`pëád in Îfrjan id Quh, d adbtjb`bt` nfrjanbd ê, pnrn `st` e`ranid, ue adbtjb`bt` jb`xjst`bt`.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >7::3), m`e aded ã huz in sun utjhjznëád adrr`bt` pnrn i`sar`v`r prîtjans qu` sád nquj adba`mjins, qu`r aded hdanhjseds khdmnhjznids, qu`r aded khdmnhjseds hdanhjznids (pnrn bád r`f`rjr n sun utjhjznëád pnrn i`sar`v`r d íemjtd eubijnh ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs aded ‘adsedadrp―). @epr`kd, adbtuid, pnrn nssjbnhnr qu`, adbtrnrjne`bt` ã ar`bën edi`rbjstn (pnrtjauhnre`bt` bd ede`btd i` b i` sjçah`), d adsedpdhjtjsed ê np`bns pdssåv`h i` ue edid jbt`rstjajnh bns enrk`bs id sjst`en eubijnh `e trnbsjëád aded uen prîtjan ` ue ijsaursd adbtrn-g`k`eñbjads k`rnids `e adhjknëð`s prdkr`ssjstns i` ahnss`s du krupds sumnht`rbds ` s`us nhjnids. D adsedpdhjtjsed ê `f`atjvne`bt` uen
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >797.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::0)? Ojii`r ` EaKjbb (>::0). V`r tnemêe Fnho (>::0 ` >:::). Nemds ds trnmnhgds vjsne ns adhjknëð`s ` r`i`s jbt`rbnajdbnjs i` trnmnhgnidr`s qu` `e`rkjrne id BNFYN.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::6), sjst`ens i` trdans hdanjs mns`nid `e ed`ins hdanjs (E``o`r-Hdwry, >::6), fdrens pnrtjajpntjvns i` nutd-kdv`rbd hdanh (Ouenr, >::6? Edrrjs, >::6). Eujtns i`stns jbjajntjvns du prdpdstns nss`btne bn ji`jn i` qu` n auhturn, n adeubjini` ` n `adbdejn `stád jbadr pdrnins ` `brnjznins `e huknr`s k`dkrîads
r`s, ens bádbuen i`p`bi`bt`s i`hns. Q`kubid `stn adba`pëád, `adbdejn ` buen auhturn anin v`z enjs i`st`rrjtdrjnhjznins, n r`spdstn adbtrn ds s`us enh`fåajds bád pdi` i`jxnr i` s`r n r`t`rrjtdrjnhjznëád, n r`i`sadm`rtn id s`btjid id huknr ` in adeubjini`, d qu` jephjan n r`i`sadm`rtn du n jbv`bëád i` natjvjini`s prdiutjvns i` prdxjejini`. @stn pdsjëád t`e-s` trniuzjid bn ji`btjan-
adbar`tds `xjk`e ` prdt`aëád adbstnbt`s.qu` Ê jstd d qu`dms`rvnëád s` agnen mjdrr`kjdbnhjsed (Qnh`, >::6). Ns jbjajntjvns ` prdpdstns i` hdanhjznëád bád jephjane b`a`ssnrjne`bt` f`agne`btd jsdhnajdbjstn. Jephjane, jssd sje, e`ijins i` prdt`aëád adbtrn ns jbv`stjins pr`inidrns in khdmnhjznëád b`dhjm`rnh. Yrntn-s` i` ue ‘bdvd prdt`aajdbjsed―< prdt`aajdbjs ed―< n enxjejznëád en xjejznëád id adeêrajd
ëád, arjnëád ` prdedëád i` jbüe`rns jbjajntj vns hdanjs `e tdid d eubid. Adbs`qu`bt`e`bt` ê gdl` eujtd rjad d adblubtd i` prdpdstns qu`, `e k`rnh, pdiåneds i`sjkbnr pdr hdanhjznëád. @bt`bid pdr hdanhjznëád d adblubtd i` jbjajntjvns qu` vjsne arjnr du enbt`r `spnëds i` sdajnmjhjini` i` p`qu`bn `sanhn, adeubjtîrjds, nss`bt`s `e r`hnëð`s fna`-n-fna`, drj`btnids pnrn n nutd-sust`btnmjhjini` ` r`kjids pdr hñkjans addp`rntjvns ` pnrtjajpntjvns. Ns prdpdstns i` hdanhjznëád jbahu`e jbjajntjvns i` p`qu`bn
hdanh bd jbt`rjdr i` `adbdejns hdanjs, ijv`r sjanins ` nutd-sust`btîv`js ` n ejbjejznëád id adeêrajd i` hdbkn ijstíbajn (Gjb`s ` Hnbk, 13 >::6< 9:3) . D bdvd prdt`aajdbjsed pnrt` in ji`jn i` qu` n `adbdejn khdmnh, hdbk` i` t`r `hjejbnid d v`hgd prdt`aajdbjsed, ê, `hn prñ prjn, uen u en tîatjan tîat jan prdt`aajdbjstn prd t`aajdbjstn ins `epr`sns `ep r`sns 13 Bd e`sed s`btjid, ê suk`rjid qu` ds edvje`btds prdkr`ssjstns i`v`e usnr ds jbstrue`btds id bnajdbnhjsed `adbñejad pnrn ademnt`r ns fdrëns id e`ranid.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:::) uen t`drjn in trniuëád qu` p`rejtn arjnr jbt`hjkjmjhjini` r`aå prdan `btr` ns ijf`r`bt`s ijf`r` bt`s hutns hdanjs, hdanj s, nprdfubinr d qu` tìe `e adeue i` edid n prdedv`r d jbt`r`ss` `e nhjnbëns trnbshdanjs ` n arjnr
truëád i` e`anbjseds i` adbtrdhd i`edarîtjad ntrnvês i` adba`jtds aded d i` ajininbjn pñs-bnajdbnh ` d i` `sf`rn pümhjan trnbsbnajdbnh. Bd anepd ins prîtjans anpjtnhjstns khdmnjs, n trnbsfdrenëád adbtrn-g`k`eñbjan adbsjst` bn khdmnhjznëád ins hutns qu` tdrb`e pdssåv`h n ijstrjmujëád i`edarîtjan in rjqu`zn, du s`ln, 1> Qdmr` ds adba`jtds i` i`ed i`edarnajn arnajn i` nhtn jbt jbt`bsj`bsjini` ` i` i`edarnajn i` mnjxn jbt`bsjini`, v`r Qnbtds (>::7m) ` Qnbtds (=333m).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::7< >: :7< >=). Anin dri`e adbstjtuajdbnh t`e n sun prñprjn gjstdrjajini` ` ê
`e qu``stnm`h`a`e ds adeprdejssds bnajdbnjs (sdmr`tuid ds qu` ns fdrens ` ds båv`js i` sdhjinrj`ini`) sád `hjejbnids ` sumstjtuåids pdr adeprdejssds ade natdr`s khdmnjs ` ade natdr`s bnajdbnjs khdmnhjznids. @stns anrnat`råstjans k`rnjs bád vjkdrne, bd `btnbtd, i` edid gdedkêb`d `e tdid d phnb`tn. S`hd adbtrîrjd, nrtjauhne-s` nrtjauhne-s ` i` edid ijf`r`bajnid ade ijf`r`bt`s adbijëð`s bnajdbnjs ` hdanjs, s`lne `hns n trnl`atñrjn gjstñrjan id anpjtnhjsed bnajdbnh? n `struturn i` ahnss`s? d båv`h i` i`s`bvdhvje`btd t`abdhñkjad? d krnu i` jbstjtuajdbnhjznëád ids adbjtds sdajnjs `, sdmr`tuid, ids adbjtds anpjtnh/trnmnhgd? ds sjst`ens i` fdrenëád ` qunhjanëád
`hn qu` n `sp`ajajini` in r`spdstn hdanh dui`t`rejbn bnajdbnh ãs e`sens pr`ssð`s khdmnjs. @stn `sp`ajajini` fnz ade qu`, `e t`reds i` r`hnëð`s sdajnjs ` jbstjtuajdbnjs, bád gnln ue sñ anpjtnhjsed ens vîrjds. D anpjtnhjsed, `bqunbtd edid i` prdiuëád, t`e nssje `vdhuåid gjstdrjane`bt` `e ijf`r`bt`s fneåhjns i` trnl`atñrjns. Mdy`r ijstjbku` quntrd i`ssns trnl`atñrjns ns qunjs adbstjtu`e ns quntrd adbkurnëð`s prjbajpnjs id anpjtnhjsed adbt`epdríb`d< d anpjtnhjsed e`ranbtjh ids @PN, Jbkhnt`rrn, Anbniî, Bdvn \`híbijn ` Nustrîhjn? d anpjtnhjsed e`sdadrpdrntjvd id Lnpád? d anpjtnhjsed sdajnh i`edarîtjad in Quêajn, Îustrjn, Fjbhíbijn, Bdru`kn ` Ijbnenr-
in fdrën i` trnmnhgd? ns r`i`s i` jbstjtujëð`s pümhjans qu` nss`kurne ue tjpd adbar`td i` nrtjauhnëád `btr` n pdhåtjan ` n `adbdejn. Bd
an, `, `e e`bdr krnu, Nh`enbgn? d anpjtnhjsed `stntnh in Frnbën, Jtîhjn ` @spnbgn (Mdy`r, >::6, >::7). @stn tjpdhdkjn r`strjbk`-s` ãs `ad-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >737). Anin ue i`st`s mhdads t`e ue a`btrd, ds @PN n Pbjád @urdp`jn ` d Lnpád, r`sp`atjvne`bt`, uen s`ejp`rjf`rjn ` uen p`rjf`rjn. Nd båv`h i`stn `sanhn, ds idjs tjpds i` anpjtnhjsed `urdp`u najen r`f`rjids, d sdajnh i`edarîtjad ` d `stntnh, npnr`a`e fubijids bue sñ. I` fnatd, n Pbjád @urdp`jn t`e gdl` uen pdhåtjan `adbñejan jbt`rbn ` jbt`rbnajdbnh ` ê sdm d s`u bde` qu` ds ijf`r`bt`s anpjtnhjseds `urdp`us trnvne ns suns mntnhgns ade d anpjtnhjsed bdrt`-ne`rjanbd bds fdrn jbt`rbnajdbnjs, bde`nine`bt` bn Drknbjznëád Eubijnh id Adeêrajd. N `sanhn eêijn i` nbîhjs` ê, pdjs, nqu`hn qu` p`rejt` `sahnr`a`r `s ahnr`a`r e`hgdr e`hgd r ds adbjtds adb jtds ` ns hutns sdajnjs qu` s` trnvne ã `sanhn eubijnh ` ns nrtjauhnëð`s `btr` ns suns ije`bsð`s hdanjs,
ji`btjanr frnaturns bd s`jd in g`k`edbjn. Ns hjbgns i` fdrën, qu` najen r`f`rj aded s`bid d büah`d in khdmnhjznëád g`k`eñbjan, trniuz`e-s` `e ijf`r`bt`s adbst`hnëð`s jbstjtuajdbnjs, `adbñejans, sdajnjs, pdhåtjans ` auhturnjs nd nrtjauhnr-s` ade anin ue ids quntrd tjpds i` anpjtnhjsed du ade anin ue ids trìs mhdads r`kjdbnjs. @ssns frnaturns sád gdl` eujtns v`z`s d pdbtd i` `btrnin pnrn hutns sdajnjs hdanjs-khdmnjs i` drj`btnëád nbtjanpjtnhjstn ` adbtrn-g`k`eñbjan. Pe `x`ephd bn îr`n in s`kurnbën sdajnh pdi` nluinr n `huajinr n bntur`zn i`st` pdbtd i` `btrnin. Nd hdbkd id sêauhd WW ` sdmr`tuid i`pdjs in Q`kubin Ku`rrn Eubijnh, ds @stnids a`btrnjs i`s`bvdhv`rne ue adblubtd i` pdhåtjans pümhjans qu` vjsnrne arjnr sjst`ens i` prdt`aëád sdajnh ` i` s`kurnbën sdajnh pnrn d adblubtd ids ajiniáds `, `e pnrtjauhnr, pnrn ds trnmnhgnidr`s. S`hn jepdrtíbajn id r`adbg`aje`btd nephd i` ijr`jtds sdajnjs ` p`hd `h`vnid båv`h i` trnbsf`rìbajns i` r`bije`btd qu` `b vdhv`rne, tnjs pdhåtjans nanmnrne pdr pd r trnbsfdrenr n bntur`zn pdhåtjan ins r`hnëð`s @stnid/sdaj`ini` ajvjh, inbid drjk`e n uen bdvn fdren pdhåtjan qu` s` s ` i`sjkbdu i `sjkbdu pdr @stnid-Srdvjiìbajn. Np`snr i` s` trntnr i` uen trnbsfdrenëád pdhåtjan k`rnh, nssueju ijf`r`bt`s fdrens bds
bnajdbnjs ` khdmnjs. Ê tnemêe `hn qu` p`rejt`
ijf`r`bt`s pnås`s. Snrtjbid i` uen `sanhn eê-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde
>97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::3< 1;). @st` krnu i` i`se`ranidrjznëád bád i`p`bi` sñ id bå v`h ins pr`stnëð`s sdajnjs, ens tnemêe ins adbijëð`s i` `h`kjmjhjini` ` r`strjëð`s bds ijr`jtds, id båv`h i` sumstjtujëád ids r`bije`btds ` id h`qu` ids ijr`jtds.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7) . D qu` jbt`r`ssn r`h`vnr nquj ê n adb-
prdpub gne r`fdrens prdpubgne r`fdr ens rnijanjs rnija njs bds sjst`ens sj st`ens i` i` s`kurnbën sdajnh, bd s`btjid in r`e`ranidrjznëád in prdt`aëád sdajnh ` in prjvntjznëád
kruìbajn k`rnh `btr` n tjpdhdkjn i` @spjbk-Nbi`rsdb ` n tjpdhdkjn i` anpjtnhjseds i` Mdy`r. Nd anpjtnhjsed e`ranbtjh adrr`spdbi` ue @stnid-Srdvjiìbajn frnad, d @stnid-Srdvjiìbajn hjm`rnh, `bqunbtd nds anpjtnhjseds `urdp`us, tnbtd nd sdajnh i`edarîtjad aded nd `stntnh, adrr`spdbi`e @stnids-Srdvjiìbajn fdrt`s njbin qu` ijf`r`bajnids. @ tnh aded bds ühtjeds vjbt` nbds d anpjtnhjsed e`ranbtjh prdaurdu khdmnhjznr-s`, jepdbid-s` nds r`stnbt`s, tnemêe bd ideåbjd in prdt`aëád sdajnh nssjstjeds ã prdkr`ssjvn khdmnhjznëád id @stnidSrdvjiìbajn hjm`rnh ` ã adbs`qu`bt` hdanhjznëád i`f`bsjvn ids dutrds tjpds i` @stnid-Srdvjiìbajn. N khdmnhjznëád id ed-
ids sjst`ens i` p`bsð`s i` r`fdren, sumstjtujbid ds r`kje`s i` r`pnrtjëád p`hds i` an pjtnhjznëád pjtnhj znëád jbijvjiunh jbi jvjiunh.. D adblubtd adbl ubtd ins in s prdpdsprdpds tns adu adbg`ajid pdr edi`hd b`dhjm`rnh i` s`kurnbën sdajnh ` bds nbds qu` s`kujrne fdj natjvne`bt` prdedvjid, qunbid bád jepdstd, nds pnås`s jbt`rv`bajdbnids p`hns pdhåtjans i` nlustne`btd `struturnh. Bd e`sed nbd `e qu` d Mnbad Eubijnh pumhjadu d s`u r`hntñrjd, n Adejssád @urd p`jn pumhjadu d Hjvrd Mrnbad sdmr` n Sdhåtjan Qdajnh @urdp`jn (Adejssád @urdp`jn, >::9). B`ss` Hjvrd Mrnbad nren-s` d adeprdejssd `e enbt`r d edi`hd `urdp`u i` @stnid-Srdvjiìbajn, d qunh, p`s` `emdrn ns suns ijf`r`bëns
i`hd i` prdvjiìbajn hjm`rnh n nidpëád i`st`, tnbtd`stntnh pdr pnås`s qu`jephjadu s` sume`t`rne ã bdvn drtdidxjn b`dhjm`rnh, aded fdj d ansd ‘pjdb`jrd― id Agjh` i` Sjbdag`t, aded p`hns nkìbajns bnba`jrns euhtjhnt`rnjs
jbt`rbns, s`sdajnh, anrnat`rjzn pdr `h`vnids båv`js i` prdt`aëád knrnbtjids aded ijr`jtds ajininbjn p`hd @stnid auln jbt`rv`bëád nss`kurn n sdhjinrj`ini` bnajdbnh ` tdrbn pdssåv`h n i`se`ranidrjznëád in prdt`aëád sdajnh. Nd adbtrîrjd id qu` s` pnssn ade d edi`hd id Mnbad Eubijnh, pnrt`-s` id pr`ssupdstd qu` ê pdssåv`h adepntjmjhjznr d nue`btd in adep`tj-
19 V`r, V`r, `e `sp`ajnh, Qnbtds ` F`rr`jrn (=33>).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::0. ]``xds i` adbjtds natjvds du hnt`bt`s bn sdaj`ini` pdrtuku`sn sdmr` n r`fdren in s`kurnbën sdajnh, ds adbjtds bd jbt`rjdr in Adejssád fdrne fdrentnids p`hn pdhnrjznëád `btr` d edi`hd b`dhjm`rnh ` d ed10 i`hd sdajnh `urdp`u . Ns frnaturns bd jbt`rjdr in khdmnhjznëád g`k`eñbjan r`v`hnrne n `xjs-
Ns frnaturns bn tìe-s` khdmnhjznëád sdajnh g`k`eñbjan vjbid `adbñejan n nprdfubinr` bds ühtjeds nbds. Ns arjs`s bn ]üssjn ` bds pnås`s nsjîtjads vj`rne edstrnr n `xtr`en frnkjhjini` i` ue edi`hd i` i`s`bvdhvje`btd nss`bt` bd sjst`en bnba`jrd ` dmrjknrne pnrn lî n r`p`bsnr ns r`a`jtns id nlustne`btd `struturnh. Ns t`bsð`s r`a`bt`s `btr` d Mnbad Eubijnh ` d FEJ sád `huajintjvns in `xt`bsád ins frnaturns. Dutrd fnatdr bn frnkjhjznëád in khdmnhjznëád `adbñejan b`dhjm`rnh i`adrr` in adbt`stnëád trnbsbnajdbnh qu` hg` t`e sjid edvjin pdr
tìbajn i` edids i` r`kuhnëád anpjtnhjstn qunhj tntjvne`bt` ijstjbtds. Ns hutns sdajnjs qu` tnjs frnaturns p`rejt`e sád prdkr`ssjstns bn e`ijin `e qu` hutne p`hd edid i` r`kuhnëád qu` 10 Ds trnmnhg trnmnhgds ds in Adejssád sád nbnhj nbnhjsnids snids `e i`tnhg` `e Qnbtds ` F`rr`jrn (=33>).
eühtjphns jbjajntjvns adsedpdhjtns lî ntrîs r`f` rjins. Ens ê s`e iüvjin bd ideåbjd in îr`n in prdt`aëád sdajnh `, `e `sp`ajnh, in s`kurnbën sdajnh, qu` ns frnaturns sád gdl` enjs vjsåv`js. @e >::7, d adbg`ajid `adbdejstn bdrt`-ne`rjanbd `, nd t`epd, vja`pr`sji`bt` id Mnbad Eubijnh, Lds`pg Qtjkhjtz, i`sf`r` d prj-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7:::). D prñprjd Qtjkhjtz s` `banrr`kn i` i`edbstrnr jstd e`sed i`sedbtnbid ue n ue ds >3 ejtds `e qu`, `e s`u `bt`bi`r, nss`btn d edi`hd id Mnbad Eubijnh. Nbt`s i` pnssnr`e ã i`sejstjanëád ids >3 ejtds adbstruåids `e tdrbd id edi`hd id Mnbad Eubijnh, tnh aded fdj i`bjid bd aêh`mr` r`hntñrjd i` :9 sdmr` p`bsð`s i` r`fdren, Qtjkhjtz ` d s`u adhnmdrnidr ade`ëne pdr nssjbnhnr quntrd pdbtds prêvjds qu` sád aruajnjs bn e`ijin `e qu` `bfdrene n i`sejstjanëád n qu` prda`i`e< >. I`v` s`r f`jtn uen ijstjbëád `btr` ds `h`e`btds qu` sád jb`r`bt`s nds sjst`ens ` `squ`ens i` p`bsð`s (edi`hds t`ñrjads) ` nqu`h`s `h`e`btds qu` surk`e ade n sun jeph`e`btnëád. @stn ijstjbëád i`v` p`rejtjr p`ra`m`r s` d sjst`en du `squ`en i`
p`bsð`s sñ pr`ajsn i` adrr`aëð`s du s` t`e qu` s`r tdtnhe`bt` sumstjtuåid pdr dutrd, ` s` `st` dutrd jrî fubajdbnr e`hgdr bns e`sens ajraubstíbajns. N jeph`e`btnëád i` qunhqu`r edi`hd t`e qu` t`r `e adbsji`rnëád ns ajraubstíbajns gjstñrjans adbar`tns ` `stns sád ijf`r`bt`s i` pnås pnrn pnås. =. Ns e`ijins e`ijins i` r`fdren i`v`e t`r `e adbadbtn ds sjst`ens ` `squ`ens lî `xjst`bt`s. Du s`ln, bád s` i`v` adbfubijr n pnssnk`e i` ue sjst`en n dutrd ade n jbtrdiuëád i` ue sjst`en du `squ`en dbi` bnin `xjstjn nbt`s, pdjs bd prje`jrd ansd `xjst`e austds i` trnbsjëád qu` tìe qu` s`r adbsji`rnids. 1. Bn nbîhjs`gîjbt`r-k`rnajdbnh ids `f`jtds ins e`ijins, qu` bád fdanr `xahusjvne`bt` d hdbkd prnzd, pdjs adrr`-s` d rjsad i`, `e bde` ins k`rnëð`s futurns, s` jepdr`e p`snids austds ãs k`rnëð`s natunjs. 9. Ê b`a`ssîrjd b`a`ssîrjd t`r s`epr` `e e`bt` qu` d dml`atjvd ühtjed ids sjst`ens i` p`bsð`s ê d m`e-`stnr. N pdupnbën ` d ar`saje`btd bád sád ue e ens sje ue e`jd i` nue`btnr d m`e-`stnr ids e`emrds i` uen sdaj`ini`. Jstd pdi` h`vnr n uen `sadhgn pdr sjst`ens du `squ`ens e`bds r`btîv`js ens ade e`bds rjsads.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >7:;1 ê ue p`rådid aruajnh pdrqu` enran uen adblubturn trjphn i` pdbtds i` rupturn bd sjst`en eubijnh< n) d pdbtd i` rupturn buen hdbkn aurvn i` Odbirntj`f (>:90->::04)? m) d pdbtd i` rupturn in g`k`edbjn ids @PN sdmr` d sjst`en eubijnh (>7;1-=3=04)? a) d pdbtd i` rupturn bd sjst`en eubijnh edi`rbd (>903-=>334). [nhh`rst`jb pr`vjb` qu` ns prdvns qu` npdjne `stn trjphn rupturn sád enjs sñhjins `e n) id qu` `e m) ` `e m) enjs id qu` `e a), d qu` s` adepr``bi` uen v`z qu` d pdbtd bnh putntjvd ids ajahds `stî sua`ssjvne`bt` sua`ssjvne`b t` enjs nfnstnid bd futurd. Q`kubid `h`, n `xpnbsád `adbñejan eubijnh `stî n adbiuzjr ã e`ranidrjznëád `xtr`en in vjin sdajnh ` ã `xtr`en pdhnrjznëád (bád sñ qunbtjtntjvn ens tnemêe sdajnh) `, aded adbs`quìbajn, `stî n ntjbkjr d s`u hjejt` eîxjed i` nlustne`btd ` i` ninptnëád ` `skdtnrî `e mr`v` ‘n sun anpnajini` i` 1: [nhh`rst`jb (>::>m)? Gdpojbs, [nhh`rst`jb, Anspnrjs ` I`rhukujnb (>::6). V`r tnemêe Nrrjkgj ` Qjhv`r (>:::).
enbut`bëád ids ajahds råtejads qu` sád d s`u mnt`r anriånad― (>::>m< >19). D adhnpsd ids e`anbjseds i` nlustne`btd `struturnh nmr` ue vnstd t`rr`bd pnrn n `xp`rje`btnëád sdajnh ` pnrn `sadhgns gjstñrjans r`njs, eujtd ijfåa`js i` pr`v`r. Ade `f`jtd, ns ajìbajns sdajnjs sdajnj s edi`rbns r`v`hne-s` nquj i` pduan utjhjini`, n e`bds qu` `hns e`sens s` sul`jt`e n uen r`vjsád rnijanh ` s` jbsjrne bue qu`stjdbnr enjs nephd. [nhh`rst`jb i`sjkbn tnh qu`stjdbne`btd pdr utdpåstjan (ijstjbtd i` utdpjnbjsed), ji `st, ‘n ajìbajn ins utdpjns utñpjans… n t`btntjvn i` ahnrjanr ns nht`rbntjvns gjstñrjans r`njs qu` `stád ã bdssn fr`bt` qunbid ue sjst`en gjstñrjad `btrn buen fns` i` arjs`, ` nvnhjnr b`ss` ede`btd `xtr`ed i` utunëð`s ns vnbtnk`bs ` ns i`svnbtnk`bs ins `strntêkjns nht`rbntjvns― (>::>n< =;3). I` uen p`rsp`atjvn ijf`r`bt` `emdrn adb v`rk`bt`, v`rk`b t`, Nrrjkgj Nrrjk gj adbvjin-bd adbvj in-bdss n r`vjsjtnr r`vjs jtnr ns pr`vjsð`s pr`vj sð`s i` Qaguep` Qag uep`t`r t`r na`ran na `ran id futurd futu rd id anpjtnhjsed ` ade mns` b`hns adhdan n qu`stád saguep`t`rjnbn< pdi`rî d anpjtnhjsed sdmr` vjv`r nd sua`ssd4 sua`s sd4 (Nrrjkgj, (Nrrj kgj, >::9< 1=0? Nrrjkgj Nrrjkg j ` Qjhv`r, >:::). Gî ubs 03 nbds, Qaguep`t`r fdreuhdu n t`s` i` qu` ‘d i`s`ep`bgd natunh ` prdsp`atjvd id sjst`en anpjtnhjstn ê tnh qu` r`futn n ji`jn i` d s`u adhnpsd dadrr`r sdm d p`sd id frnanssd frnan ssd `adbñejad `adbñ ejad,, ens d s`u prñ-
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::9< 1=0). @e trnmnhgd enjs r`a`bt`, Nrrjkgj ` Qjhv`r snhj`b-
qu` s` vjrî n sust`btnr uen trnbsjëád pnrnijkeîtjan (>:::< =;>-=7:). N h`jturn sumpnrnijkeîtjan vì d p`rådid natunh aded ue jepdrtnbt` prda`ssd i` nlustne`btd `struturnh, bd qunh d anpjtnhjsed bád pnr`a` inr edstrn i` fnhtn i` r`aursds du i` jenkjbnëád ni`qunids. D nlustne`btd ê sjkbjantjvd pdrqu` jephjan n trnbsjëád i` ue r`kje` i` naueuhnëád pnrn dutrd, du i` ue edid i` r`kuhnëád (‘fdrijsed―) pnrn dutrd (njbin pdr bde`nr? ‘pñs-fdrijsed―), aded v`e s`bid sus93 t`btnid p`hns t`drjns in r`kuhnëád . I` nadrid ade nhkubs nutdr`s, d p`rådid natunh i` trnbsjëád pð` n i`sadm`rtd ds hjejt`s ins t`drjns i` r`kuhnëád ` ids adba`jtds qu` `hns adbv`rt`rne `e hjbkunk`e adeue aded d adba`jtd i` ‘r`kje`s i` naueuhnëád― ` i` ‘edids i` r`kuhnëád― (EaEjagn`h ` Eygr`, >::3? Mdy`r, >::6,
tne d pnp`h in `xpnbsád id sjst`en bnba`jrd bns arjs`s bnjs ins dri`bs g`k`eñbjans nbt`rjdr`s (gdhnbi`sn ` mrjtíbjan). N natunh bnba`jrjznëád in `adbdejn khdmnh npdbtn pnrn n arjs` arj s` bnh b nh in ühtjen ühtj en ` enjs r`a`bt` r`a`bt ` g`k`edbjn, n ids @PN. @st` f`bñe`bd bád ê, pdjs,, bdvd, pdjs bd vd, d qu` ê bdvd ` rnijanhe rni janhe`bt` `bt` bdvd ê n sun ademjbnëád ade n prdhjf`rnëád ` d ar`sa`bt` pdi`r ins `epr`sns euhtjbnajdbnjs ` d edid aded `hns jbt`rf`r`e ade d pdi`r ids @stnids bnajdbnjs. Ê b`stn ademjbnëád
>::7). Ns t`drjns in r`kuhnëád, p`hd e`bds ns qu` tjv`rne enjs ajrauhnëád, tdenrne d @stnid-bnëád aded n ubjini` in nbîhjs` `adbñejan, d qu` fnzjn prdvnv`he`bt` s`btjid bd p`rådid gjstñrjad id i`s`bvdhvje`btd anpjtnhjstn ids pnås`s a`btrnjs `e qu` `ssns t`drjns fdrne fdreuhnins. Gdl`, pdrêe, n r`kuhnëád bnajdbnh 93 Nkhj`ttn (>:;:)? Mdy`r Mdy`r (>:76, >::3). V V`r `r tne tnemêe mêe L`ssdp (>::3n, >::3m)? Odtz (>::3)? Engbodpf (>:77)? Bd`h (>:7;)? Vrd`y (>:79).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::0< ::->3:).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >76 Dat =3=> >7.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::3 ‘Ijslubatur` nbi Ijff`r`ba` jb tg` Khdmnh nbi Auhturnh @adbdey― jb Sumhja Auhtur`, V. =, pp. >-=9. Nppniurnj, N. >::; Edi`rbjty nt Hnrk` (Ejbb`npdhjs< Pbjv`rsjty df Ejbb`sdtn Sr`ss). Nppniurnj, N. >::: ‘Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi tg` ]`s`nrag Jenkjbntjdb― jb Jbt`rbntjdbnh Qdajnh Qaj`ba` Ldurbnh, V. >63, pp. ==:-=17. Nrrjkgj, K. >::9 Yg` Hdbk Yw`btj`tg A`btury (Hdbir`s< V`rsd). Nrrjkgj, K. ` Qjhv`r, M. >::: Agnds nbi Kdv`rbnba` jb tg` Edi`rb [drhi Qyst`e (Ejbb`npdhjs< Pbjv`rsjty df Ejbb`sdtn Sr`ss). Mnbad Eubijnh >::9 Nv`r Nv`rtjbk tjbk tg` Dhi Nk` Arjsjs< Sdhjaj`s Sdhjaj`s td Srdt`at tg tg`` Dhi nbi Srdedt` Krdwtg (Dxfdri< Dxfdri
Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Mnbad Eubijnh >::; [drhi I`v`hdpe`bt (Bdvn Jdrqu`< Dxfdri ]`pdrt >::; >::; (Bdvn Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss).
Mnrm`r, M. ` Qaguhz, N. (drks.) >::0 Ljgni Vs. Ea[drhi< Gdw Khdmnhjse nbi Yrjmnhjse Ea[drhi< Yrjmnhjse Nr` ]`sgnpjbk ]`sgnpjbk tg` [ [drhi drhi (Bdvn Jdrqu`<
Mnhhnbtjb` Mddos). Jbtjentjdbs df Mnuenb, \. >::= (Hdbir`s< ]duth`ik`). Sdstedi`rbjty Sdstedi`rb jty M`ao, P. >::= ]jso Qdaj`ty. Qdaj`ty. Ydw Ydwnris nris n B`w Edi`rbjty (Hdbir`s< Qnk`). M`ao`r, I. ` Qohnr, ]. >:7; ‘[gy Sdstjep`rjnhjse4― jb M`ao`r, I. `t nh. Sdstjep`rjnhjse Sdstjep`rjn hjse (Mduhi`r< Hybb` ]j`bb`r Sumhjsg`rs) pp. >->7. M`ao`r, I. `t nh. >:7; Sdstjep`rjn Sdstjep`rjnhjse hjse (Mduhi`r< Hybb` ]j`bb`r Sumhjsg`rs). M`rk`s`b, N. (drk.) >:73 Qtuij`s df tg` tg` Edi`rb [drhi-Qyst`e (Bdvn Jdrqu`< Nani`eja Sr`ss). M`rk`s`b, N. >::3 ‘Yurbjbk [drhi-Qyst`e [drhi-Qyst`e Yg`dry db jts G`ni― jb F`ntg`rstdb`, E. (drk.) Khdmnh Auhtur`< Bntjdbnhjse, Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi Edi`rbjty (Hdbir`s< Qnk`) pp. 6;-7>. M`renb, G. >:71 Hnw nbi ]`vdhutjdb. ]`vdhutjdb. Yg` Fdrentjdb df [`st`rb [`st`rb H`kn H`knhh Yrn Yrnijtjdb ijtjdb (Anemrjik`< Gnrvnri Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). M`rry,, [. >::6 ‘Adbs`rvjbk Adeeubjtj`s― M`rry jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. 93;-9>;.
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::7 «H` pdhjtjqu` ã h‚`v` i` hn edbijnhjzntjdb `t i` hn bnba`< H` pdjbt sur qu`hqu`s r`ag`rag`s r`kuhntjdbbjst`s¿, Adeubjanëád nd Adhñqujd «@vdhutjdb `t Yrnbsfdrentjdb i`s Qystçe`s @adbdejqu`s < Npprdag`s Adepnrntjv`s iu Anpjtnhjse` `t iu Qdajnhjse`¿ (Snrjs< @G@QQ) >:-=> i` lubgd. Mdy`r, ]. (drk.) >:76 Anpjtnhjse`s Fjb i` Qjçah` (Snrjs< Ensp`rd). Mdy`r, ]. >::3 Yg` ]`kuhntjdb Qagddh< N
M M Q Q
Agns`-Iubb, A. >::> Khdmnh Fdrentjdb< Qtruatur`s df df tg` [ [drhi-@adbdey drhi-@adbdey (Anemrjik`< Sdhjty Sr`ss). Agns`-Iubb, A.? Onwnbd, Z. ` Bjojtjb, I. >::7 ‘Khdmnhjzntjdb< N [drhi-Qyst`e S`rsp`atjv`― jb WJV [drhi [drhi Adbkr`ss df Qdajdhdky (Edbtr`nh). Ijspdbåv`h `e 8gttp::; Yg` Khdmnhjzntjdb df Sdv`rty< Jepnats Jepnats df JEF nbi [ [drhi drhi Mnbo ]`fdres (Hdbir`s< \`i Mddos).
Ahnro`, Y. Y. >::6 ‘E`agnbjses df Adrpdrnt` ]uh`― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád
Arjtjanh Jbtrdiuatjdb (Bdvn Jdrqu`<
Adhuemjn Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Mdy`r, ]. >::: ‘Jbstjtutjdbnh ]`fdres fdr Krdwtg, @ephdye`bt nbi Qdajnh Adg`sjdb< @h`e`bts df n @urdp`nb nbi Bntjdbnh Nk`bin―, @stuid pr`pnrnid pnrn n Sr`sjiìbajn Sdrtuku`sn in Pbjád @urdp`jn bd prje`jrd s`e`str` i` =333 (Snrjs< A@S]@ENS) bdv`emrd. Mdy`r, ]. ` Irnag`, I. (drks.) >::6 Qtnt`s
Nknjbst Enro`ts< Enro`ts< Yg` Hjejt Hjejtss df Khdmnhjzntjdb (Bdvn Jdrqu`< ]duth`ik`). Anst`hhs, E. >::6 Yg` ]js` df tg` B`twdro Qdaj`ty (Anemrjik`< Mhnaow`hh).
Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. =:;-137. Adbtrjmutjdbs jb Gdbdur df L. K. Qnuv`phnbb` >:79 Pbjantjdb nbi Adepnrntjv` Hnw jb Yg`dry nbi Srnatja`
(Nbtuêrpjn< Ohuw`r). Adwg`y, S. F. >::3 ‘Yg` Jbt`rbntjdbnh Y`h`adeeubjantjdbs ]`kje`< Yg` Sdhjtjanh ]ddts df ]`kje`s fdr Gjkg Y`agbdhdky― jb Jbt`rbntjdbnh Drknbjzntjdb, Drknbjzntjdb, V. =, B¼ 99, pp. >6:->::. Irnag`, I. >::: ‘Khdmnhjzntjdb< Js Yg`r` Nbytgjbk td F`nr4―, Adeubjanëád npr`s`btnin bd Q`ejbîrjd ‘Kdv`rbjbk tg` Sumhja Idenjb m`ydbi tg` @rn df
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::3 Yg` Ygr`` [drhis df [`hfnr` Anpjtnhjse (Anemrjik`< Sdhjty
Sr`ss). @vnbs, S. >:;: I`p`bi`bt I`v`hdpe`bt< I`v`hdpe`bt< Yg Yg`` Nhhjnba` df Euhtjbntjdbnh, Euhtjbntjdbnh, Qtnt` n nbi bi Hdanh Anpjtnh jb Mrnzjh (Srjba`tdb< Srjba`tdb
Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). @vnbs, S. S. >:76 ‘Qtnt`, anpjtnh nbi tg` trnbsfdrentjdb df i`p`bi`ba`< tg` Mrnzjhjnb adeput`r ans`― jb [drhi I`v`hdpe`bt, V. >9, pp. ;:>-737. @vnbs, S. >:7; ‘Ahnss, stnt` nbi i`p`bi`ba` jb @nst Nsjn< h`ssdbs fdr Hntjb Ne`rjanbjsts― jb I`yd, F. A. (drk.) Yg` Sdhjtjanh @adbdey df tg` B`w Nsjnb Jbiustrjnhjse (Bdvn Jdrqu`< Adrb`hh Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss) pp. =31-==0. Fnho, ]. >::0 Db Guenb Kdv`rbnba`< Ydwnri n B`w Khdmnh Sdhjtjas (Pbjv`rsjty Snro,
S`bbsyhvnbjn< Yg` S`bbsyhvnbjn Qtnt` Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Fnho, ]. >::: Sr`intdry Khdmnhjzntjdb< Khdmnhjzntjdb< N Arjtjqu` (Anemrjik`< Sdhjty Sr`ss). F`ntg`rstdb`, E. (drk.) >::3 Khdmnh Auhtur`< Bntjdbnhjse, Khdmnhjzntjdb Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi Edi`rbjty Edi`rbjty
(Hdbir`s< Qnk`). F`ntg`rstdb`, E. >::3 ‘Khdmnh Auhtur`< Nb Jbtrdiuatjdb― jb F`ntg`rstdb`, E. (drk.) Khdmnh Auhtur`< Bntjdbnhjse, Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi Edi`rbjty (Hdbir`s< Qnk`) pp. >->9. F`ntg`rstdb`, E. `t nh. >::0 Khdmnh Edi`rbjtj`s (Ygdusnbi Dnos< Qnk`). F`rr`rn, E. >::6 ‘Yg` ‗Qdutg`rb Edi`h‚ df [`hfnr` jb Qdajnh @urdp`― jb Ldurbnh df @urdp`nb Qdajnh Qdajnh Sdhjay, V. 6, B¼ >, pp. >;1;. Fdrtubn, A. (drk.) >::; Ajini`, auhturn ` khdmnhjznëád (Hjsmdn< A`htn). Fdrtubn, A. >::; ‘Jbtrdiuëád< sdajdhdkjn, auhturn urmnbn ` khdmnhjznëád― jb Fdrtubn, A. (drk.) Ajini`, auhturn ` khdmnhjznëád (Hjsmdn< A`htn) pp. >-=7. Frj`ienb, L. >::9 Auhturnh Ji`btjty nbi Kdmnh Srda`ss (Hdbir`s< Qnk`). Fröm`h, F. `t nh. >:73 Yg` B`w Jbt`rbntjdbnh (Anemrjik`< Anemrjik` Ijvjsjdb df Hnmdr (Anemrjik`< Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::> Yg` Adbs`qu`ba`s df Edi`rbjty (Dxfdri< Sdhjty Sr`ss). Kjii`bs, N. >::: Snrn uen t`ra`jrn t`ra`jrn vjn< n r`bdvnëád in in sdajnh-i`e sdajnh-i`edarnajn darnajn (Hjsmdn< Sr`s`bën). Kdridb, I. E. >:77 ‘Yg` Khdmnh @adbdey< B`w @ija` dr Aruemhjbk Fdubintjdbs4― jb B`w H`ft ]`vj`w ]`vj`w, V. >67, pp. =9-69. Krupd i` Hjsmdn >::9 Hjejt`s ã adep`tjëád adep`tjëád (Hjsmdn< Sumhjanëð`s @urdpn-Neêrjan). Gnkknri, Q. ` Onufenb, ]. (drks.) >::= Yg` Sdhjtjas df @adbdeja Niluste Niluste`bt, `bt, Jbt`rbntjdbnh Adbstrnjbts, I Jbt`rbntjdbnh Ijstrjmutjv` jstrjmutjv` Adbjats nbi tg` Qtnt` (Srjba`tdb<
Srjba`tdb Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Gnkknri, Q. ` Qjeedbs, M. N. >:7; ‘Yg`drj`s df Jbt`rbntjdbnh ]`kje`s― jb Jbt`rbntjdbnh Drknbjzntjdb, B¼ 9>, pp. 9:>-09:. Gnhh, Q. ` Kh`m`b, Mrne (drks.) >::= Fdrentjdbs df Edi`rbjty (Hdbir`s< Sdhjty Sr`ss). Gnhh, Q. ` EaKr`w, Y. (drks.) >::= Edi`rbjty nbi jts Futur`s (Anemrjik`< Sdhjty Sr`ss).
Gnbag`r, H. ` Edrnb, E. (drks.) >:7: Anpjtnhjse, Auhtur` nbi @adbdeja ]`kuhntjdb (Dxfdri< Ahnr`bidb Sr`ss).
Gnbb`rz, P. >::3 ‘Adsedpdhjtnb nbi Hdanh jb [drhi Auhtur`― jb F`ntg`rstdb`, E. (drk.) Khdmnh Auhtur`< Bntjdbnhjse, Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi Edi`rbjty (Hdbir`s< Qnk`) pp. =1;-=0>. Gnrv`y, I. >:7: Yg` Adbijtjdb df Sdstedi`rbjty< Nb @bqujry jb Sdstedi`rbjty< jbtd td tg` Drjkjbs df Auhturnh Agnbk` (Dxfdri< Mnsjh
Mhnaow`hh). G`hi, I. (drk.) >::1 Srdsp`ats fdr fdr I`edarna I`edarnay y (Qtnbfdri< Qtnbfdri Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). G`hi, I. >::1 ‘I`edarnay< Frde Ajty-Qtnt`s td n Adsedpdhjtnb Dri`r― jb G`hi, I. (drk.) Srdsp`ats fdr fdr I`edarna I`edarnay y (Qtnbfdri< Qtnbfdri Sr`ss). @ff`at df G`bih`y, O. Pbjv`rsjty >::0 ‘Yg` Qpjhhdv`r Srjvntjzntjdb db ]ussjnb H`knh Auhtur`― jb Yrnbsbntjdbnh Hnw nbi Adbt`epdrnry Srdmh`es, V. 0, pp. 93-69.
G`spnbgn, S. S. ` Anrnpjbg`jrd, K. (drks.) =33> N khdmnhjznëád id rjsad rjsad sdajnh< pdhåtja pdhåtjans ns bnajdbnjs ` `strntêkjns `strntêkjns hdan hdanjs js (Sdrtd<
Nfrdbtne`btd). Gjb`s, A. ` Hnbk, Y. >::6 ‘Jb Fnvdr df n B`w Srdt`atjdbjse― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >7::6 Yg` Nk` df Yrnbsjtjdb< Yrnl`atdry df tg` [drhi-Qyst`e, >:90-=3=0
(Hdbir`s< \`i Mddos). Gu`t, L. ` Enjsh, G. >:7: Irdjt i`
h‚jbfdrentjqu` `t i`s t`h`adeeub t`h`adeeubjantjdbs jantjdbs
(Snrjs< Hjt`a). Gubt`r, N. >::0 ‘Khdmnhjzntjdb frde M`hdw4 Srdejs`s nbi S`rjhs df tg` B`w Jbt`rbntjdbnhjse― jb Qdajnh Sdhjay, Sdhjay, V. 9, B¼ =0, pp. 6->1. Gubtjbktdb, Q. >::1 ‘Yg` Ahnsg df Ajvjhjzntjdbs4― jb Fdr`jkb Nffnjrs Nffnjrs, V. HWWJJ, pp. 1->=. Jbgdff, I. >::6 ‘Adeeubjty Quppdrt`i Nkrjauhtur`< Fnrejbk wjtg n Fna` db Jt― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. 9=0-911. Lne`sdb, F. df F. ` Ejydsgj, E. (drks.) >::7 Yg` (Iurgne< Iuo` Auhtur`s Khdmnhjzntjdb Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Lnbbj, D. >::7 ‘D Sråbajp` `h`atrñbjad― jb Srje`jrn V`rsád V`rsád (Anepjbns< JFAG/ PBJANES) B¼ ;7, bdv`emrd.
L`bsdb, L. ` Qnbtds, M. i` Qdusn (drks.) =333 Khdmnhjzjbk Jbstjtutjdbs< Ans` Qtuij`s jb ]`kuhntjdb nbi Jbbdvntjdb (Nhi`rsgdt<
Nsgknt`). L`ssdp, M. >::3n Qtnt` Yg`dry. Yg`dry. Suttjbk Anpjtnhjst Qtnt`s jb tg`jr Shna` (Pbjv`rsjty Snro, SN< Yg` S`bbsyhvnbjn Qtnt` Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). L`ssdp, M. >::3m ‘]`kuhntjdb Yg`drj`s jb r`trdsp`at nbi prdsp`at― jb @adbdey nbi Qdaj`ty, V. >:, pp. >01-=>6. L`ssdp, M. >::0 ‘Yg` Futur` df tg` Bntjdbnh Qtnt`< @rdsjdb dr ]`drknbjzntjdb4 K`b`rnh ]``atjdbs db tg` [`st @urdp`nb Ans`―, Adeubjanëád npr`s`btnin bn =ª Adbf`rìbajn in ‘Yg`dry, Auhtur` nbi Ji`btjty< Ajty, Bntjdb, [drhi― (M`rhjb) >3->9 i` nkdstd. fdr ]nbide tg` Y Yw`btyw`btyO`bb`iy, S. >::1y Sr`pnrjbk (Bdvn Jdrqu`< Fjrst A`btury A`btur Gdus`). O`dgnb`, ]. >:70 Nft`r G`k`edby< G`k`edby< Addp`rntjdb nbi Ijsadri jb tg` [drhi Sdhjtjanh @adbdey @adbdey (Srjba`tdb< Srjba`tdb
Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss).
Ygjs adbt`bt idwbhdni`i frde >97.;>.0=.0; db Qnt, >6 Dat =3=> >79-=3. Ojbk, N. I. (drk.) >::> Auhtur`, Khdmnhjzntjdb nbi [drhi-Qyst`e (Mnsjbkstdao< EnaEjhhnb). Odtz, I. >::3 ‘N Adepnrntjv` Nbnhysjs df
Enbi`r, L. >::6 ‘Fnajbk tg` ]jsjbk Yji`― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. 1->:. Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) >::6 Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos). Enrqu`s, E. E. H`jtád `t nh. =333 D `bijvjine`btd ids adbsuejidr`s (Adjemrn< Nhe`ijbn).
tg` Yg`drydfdfNaaueuhntjdb ]`kuhntjdb nbi tg` Qdajnh Qtruatur` Yg`dry― jb Qaj`ba` nbi Qdaj`ty, B¼ 09, pp. 0-=7. Ornsb`r, Q. (drk.) >:71 Jbt`rbntjdbnh ]`kje`s ]`kje`s (Jtgnan< Adrb`hh Pbjv`rsjty Sr`ss). Ouenr, Q. >::6 ‘Knbigj‚s Qwni`sgj< Yg` @adbdejas df S`renb`ba`― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. 9>7-9=9. Hnsg, Q. ` Prry, L. >::6 @adbdejas df Qjkbs Qjkbs (Hdbir`s< Qnk`). nbi Qpna` Engbodpf, M. (drk.) >:77 I`r K`w`bi`t` K`w`bi`t`
nbi Qdajnh EaEjagn`h, S.Khdmnh >::6 I`v`hdpe`bt Agnbk`< N S`rsp`atjv` S`rsp`atjv` (Ygdusnbi Dnos< Sjb` Fdrk`). EaEjagn`h, S. S. ` Eygr`, I. >::3 ‘Khdmnh ]`kuhntjdb vs. tg` Bntjdb-Qtnt`< Nkrd-Fddi Qyst`es nbi tg` B`w Sdhjtjas df Anpjtnh― jb ]`vj`w df ]nijanh ]nijanh Sdhjtjanh @ad @adbdey bdey, B¼ ==, pp. 0:-;;. E``o`r-Hdwry,, Q. >::6 ‘Adeeubjty Edb`y< E``o`r-Hdwry Yg` Sdt`btjnh df Hdanh Aurr`bay― jb Enbi`r, L. ` Kdhisejtg, @. (drks.) Yg` Ans` Nknjbst tg` Khdmnh @adbdey (Qád Frnbajsad< Qj`rrn Ahum Mddos) pp. 996-90:.
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