Os dois sentidos de 'ser' nos Livros VII, VIII e IX da Metafísica de Aristóteles

E_ @EM_ _KFPM@E_ @K "_KZ" FE_ CM\ZE_ \MM# \MMM K MX 9 @I A  KPILÁ_MOI @K IZM_PßPKCK_ Oísiz Zeakze Lib{f`ks `k _e{wi ' k!aimc7 oiksizse{wiNbaimc&oea  Zks{ae7 Fkspk pzijiche# ~zkpkf`e mf|kspmbiz e oefokmpe `k s{jspêfomi skfsá|kc# pic oeae í i~zkskfpi`e ~ez 

  Izmspÿpkcks fi Akpilásmoi# pkf`e ~ez b{mi i `mspmfâïe kfpzk es `ems skfpm`es `e skz  ‐ s{jspifomic s{jspifomic k iom`kfpic ‐   ‐  # pifpe fe fá|kc `i zkicm`i`k oeae fe `e `mso{zse# ~ze~espi ~kce oeakfpézme `k ^mkzzk I{jkfy{k ka ""Kc ~zejckai `kc skz kf Izmspÿpkcks""& E pzijiche ~e`k skz cm`e oefsm`kzif`e!sk `ems is~kopes7 e pkÿzmoe# oefspmp{á`e ~kcis ~izpks M# MM k MMM# k e ~zépmoe# oefspmp{á`e ~kcis ~izpks M\# \ k \M# y{k ~ess{ka {a oizéopkz  fepi`iakfpk ks~ko{cipm|e& Fi ~izpk M# oea jisk fe oeakfpézme `k I{jkfy{k# ~zeo{ze smp{iz e ~zejckai iokzoi `e l{f`iakfpe `i `mspmfâïe kfpzk es `ems {ses `e pkzae "skz" fes kf{fomi`es `i lezai "_ í ^"# y{k skb{f`e e i{pez fïe í cmfbóáspmoi# ~ezía# efpecÿbmoi& Ka e{pzis ~ici|zis# e l{f`iakfpe `i `mspmfâïe kfpzk es `ems pm~es `k kf{fomiâïe  ‐ i `i kssçfomi k i `es ipzmj{pes ‐  zi`moi fi zkicm`i`k& Fi ~izpk MM# `k aifkmzi s{omfpi# i~zkskfpe is pzçs ~esmâûks océssmois iokzoi `e skz y{k ifpkok`kzia î `k Izmspÿpkcks  ‐ k y{k lezia |m|iakfpk {pmcmwi`is ~kces selmspis ka s{is izb{akfpiâûks ‐  # i sijkz# i `k Hkzéocmpe# i `k ^izaçfm`ks k i `k ^cipïe& Fi ~izpk MMM# skb{mf`e i ezmkfpiâïe i`epi`i# ~zeo{ze smp{iz e ~zejckai iokzoi `i `kpkzamfiâïe `i s{jspêfomi fes Cm|zes \MM# \MMM k MX `i Akpilásmoi& Fis ~izpks M\# \ k \M `e pzijiche# ~zeo{ze i~cmoiz es oefokmpes `kskf|ec|m`es ~ez Izmspÿpkcks ~izi e oise `i s{jspêfomi skfsá|kc fi `kpkzamfiâïe `k {ai s{jspêfomi skfsá|kc ~izpmo{ciz y{k i`epkm oeae kxka~ce ~izi ifécmsk& Pzipi!sk `k pkfpiz i~cmoiz i sec{âïe y{k Izmspÿpkcks leza{ce{ ~izi e ~zejckai `i a{`ifâi ie oise ~izpmo{ciz `k {ai s{jspêfomi skfsá|kc i~zkskfpi`i ka `mlkzkfpks smp{iâûks y{k kf|ec|ka es pm~es `k a{`ifâi ~ez kck ksp{`i`es&

M& Oeflezak I{jkfy{k# Izmspÿpkcks fi  Akpilásmoi:# `mspmfb{k kfpzk e `mso{zse bkzic smbfmlmoipm|e k i ~zk`moiâïe# s{sokpá|kc `k |kz`i`k e{ licsm`i`k?# y{k `k~kf`k `e ~zmakmze# ~ems {ai ~ze~esmâïe okzpiakfpk pka `k skz smbfmlmoipm|i ifpks y{k sk |kzmlmy{k sk í |kz`i`kmzi e{ licsi# ais {a pkzae ~e`k skz smbfmlmoipm|e ska y{k# fe kfpifpe# higi fi zkicm`i`k iy{mce i y{k oezzks~ef`k# e{ skgi# {a pkzae ~e`k smbfmlmoiz icbe ska y{k skgi |kz`i`kmze e{ licse& ^izi I{jkfy{k# i ~ze~esmâïe í ""e c{biz `i |kz`i`k k `i licsm`i`k""# k í ""kfy{ifpe |kz`i`kmze# k fïe kfy{ifpe `mso{zse# y{k sk `mw y{k e `mso{zse sk isskakchi îs oemsis""0& I ~ze~zmk`i`k `k zk~zkskfpiz i zkicm`i`k í oeflkzm`i î ~ze~esmâïe# fïe ~kce lipe `k es pkzaes y{k i oea~ûka skzka smbfes smbfmlmoipm|es `es ejgkpes y{k zk~zkskfpia# ~ezía# `k|m`e ""ie ipe aksae `i oea~esmâïe"" ; `kssks smbfes ka s{i mfpkfâïe `k zk~zkskfpiz e zkic& ^izi I{jkfy{k# Izmspÿpkcks Izmspÿpkcks fïe ~ûk ka y{kspïe i ""l{fâïe `ksmbfi`ezi `ksmbfi`ezi `is ~ici|zis""# {ai |kw y{k i kx~kzmçfomi h{aifi `i cmfb{ibka `kaefspzi y{k kcis o{a~zka jka sk{ ~i~kc `k zklkzmz ejgkpes fi zkicm`i`k# ~ems ""e çxmpe `k {ai `ksmbfiâïe oefsibzi`i ~kce {se mf`moi y{k pic `ksmbfiâïe fïe í izjmpzézmi k y{k î {fmom`i`k `e feak pka `k oezzks~ef`kz i {fm`i`k `k {ai ks~íomk e{ `k {a bçfkze"" =& ; M`&# ceo&omp& < Mjm`&# ~&999& 2 Mjm`&# ~&990&

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ocissk y{k `ksmbfia# ~ezpifpe# kspïe ka oef`mâûks `k i~cmoiz!sk piajía i e{pzes lezi `i oemsi `klmfm`i""8& _kb{f`e I{jkfy{k# í e lipe `k is ~ici|zis skzka cmampi`is ka f÷akze k zk~zkskfpizka oemsis mcmampi`is y{k ioizzkpi i ~c{zmssmbfmlmoiâïe# ~ems {ai aksai ~ici|zi a{mpis |kwks zkoejzk smbfmlmoiâûks `mlkzkfpks ka `mlkzkfpks smp{iâûks ka y{k eoezzka& Kspi ~ze~zmk`i`k `i cmfb{ibka ~e`k skz kci!~zÿ~zmi ~zkg{`momic î ""s{i oi~iom`i`k smbfmlmoifpk"" =4 k í kxipiakfpk oefpzi e {se mf`msozmamfi`e `i ~c{zmssmbfmlmoiâïe `is ~ici|zis ~ez ~izpk `es selmspis ka s{is izb{akfpiâûks 9> y{k Izmspÿpkcks ohiai i ipkfâïe y{if`e zkociai# fe Cm|ze M\# y{k {ai ~ici|zi fkokssizmiakfpk pka `k smbfmlmoiz icbe `kpkzamfi`e# ~ems# `e oefpzézme# i smbfmlmoiâïe fïe skzé ~essá|kc k# ska kspi# pe`i i cmfb{ibka issma oeae e `mécebe kfpzk es heakfs 99& E aípe`e ~ez akme `e y{ic Izmspÿpkcks mzé zkl{piz es selmspis skzé e `k `mspmfb{mz is smbfmlmoiâûks `is ~ici|zis# j{soif`e i {fm`i`k smbfmlmoipm|i `kspis# ~ems# í ""fkokssézme# kfpïe# y{k oi`i ~ici|zi skgi oefhkom`i k y{k zk|kck icbe# fïe a{mpis a{mpis oemsis# skfïe sÿ {ai& ^ems sk i ~ici|zi smbfmlmoi `mspmfpis oemsis# pka y{k y{k ~ez!sk ~ez !sk i ocize i y{ic `kspks smbfmlmoi`es i ~ici|zi sk i~cmoi& ^ezy{k# e y{k `mw y{k {ai oemsi í k fïe í# fkbi e y{k `mssk# `k ae`e y{k fkbi y{k i ~ici|zi smbfmlmy{k e y{k smbfmlmoi"" 9:& I ohi|k# ~ezpifpe# `i izb{akfpiâïe `k Izmspÿpkcks oefpzi es selmspis kspé fe ~zmfoá~me `k fïe!oefpzi`mâïe  ‐ e "ozmpízme `i {fm`i`k aáfmai `k smbfmlmoiâïe `i cmfb{ibka"& _kb{f`e Izmspÿpkcks# kspk ~zmfoá~me í e aims skb{ze `k pe`es k i zks~kmpe `e y{ic í ma~essá|kc ky{m|eoiz!sk# ""~ems í fkokssézme y{k skakchifpk ~zmfoá~me skgi e aims oefhkom`e `k pe`es es ~zmfoá~mes k y{k fïe kspkgi jiski`e ka hm~ÿpksks""# ~ezy{k í e ~zmfoá~me y{k ifpkok`k i pe`e e oefhkomakfpe `iy{kck y{k ~zkpkf`k oefhkokz icbe& E ~zmfoá~me í issma leza{ci`e ~ez Izmspÿpkcks# fe Cm|ze M\7 ""í ma~essá|kc y{k sma{cpifkiakfpk k skb{f`e i aksai zkciâïe e aksae ipzmj{pe ~kzpkfâi k fïe ~kzpkfâi ie aksae s{gkmpe ""9?& E iz`mc mfksoi~é|kc `kspk ~zeok`makfpe `k zkl{piâïe oefsmspk ka ~k`mz ~izi e i`|kzsézme y{k `mbi icb{ai oemsi# y{k smbfmlmy{k icbe ~ez mfpkzaí`me `is ~ici|zis& _k kck oefok`kz# fïe ~e`kzé `kmxiz `k i`ampmz y{k ie liciz s{is ~ici|zis ~ess{ka {a skfpm`e skfp m`e ie akfes# oise oefpzézme# fïe ~e`k kfpziz ka oef|kzsiâïe& Oeflezak I{jkfy{k# i {fm`i`k ejgkpm|i y{k bizifpmzé i smbfmlmoiâïe `e `mso{zse í e y{k Izmspÿpkcks ohiai i kssçfomi (e{smi-# ~ems ""e pkzae "skz" e{ e pkzae "fïe!skz" smbfmlmoia icbe `kpkzamfi`e# `k ae`e y{k fka p{`e ~e`kzmi skz "issma k fïe!issma"& I s{i |kw# sk i`ampk y{k "heaka" smbfmlmoi {ai sÿ oemsi# i sijkz7 ifmaic já~k`k& ^ez "smbfmlmoiz {ai sÿ oemsi" ak zklmze ie skb{mfpk7 sk heaka smbfmlmoi mspe Ty{k `msskaesQ# k sk icbe í heaka# mspe skzé i kssçfomi `k heaka& ^e{oe ma~ezpi sk sk `msskssk y{k heaka pka a{mpes smbfmlmoi`es# oefpifpe y{k lesska 8

Izmspÿpkcks# e~&omp&# 9>0>i 99!90& I{jkfy{k# ej&omp&# ~&99 Ol& I{jkfy{k# ""E ~izicebmsae# fe skfpm`e kspzmpe `e pkzae# oefsmspk klkpm|iakfpk ka peaiz i aksai ~ici|zi ka `mlkzkfpks iok~âûks ie cefbe `k {a aksae ziomeoáfme4 sk ~ze`{w issma i mc{sïe `k y{k sk smbfmlmoi icbe# y{if`e fi`i sk smbfmlmoi# ~ems sk chk `ïe |ézmis smbfmlmoiâûks i {ai aksai ~ici|zi7 i heaefáami í pïe sÿ i i~izçfomi `i smbfmlmoiâïe# k ~ez mspe í e l{f`iakfpe `kssi sijk`ezmi i~izkfpk# i seláspmoi""& E~&omp&# ~&992& 99 ^ems# oeflezak Izmspÿpkcks# hé ""fes kfpks {a ~zmfoá~me oea zks~kmpe `e y{ic fïe ~e`kaes kzziz# skfïe# ie oefpzézme# `e y{ic fkokssizmiakfpk pkaes ska~zk `k zkoefhkokz i |kz`i`k& Fes zklkzmaes ie skb{mfpk7 fïe í ~essá|kc y{k i aksai oemsi# ka {a k ie aksae pka~e# skgi k fïe skgi4 skgi4 k e{pze pifpe eoezzk oea es e~espes `e aksae pm~e& @k pims ixmeais fïe hé pepic `kaefspziâïe# skfïe sÿ ~ze|i i` heamfka& Fïe hé ~zmfoá~me aims okzpe y{k iy{kck# e y{ic í e ~efpe `k ~izpm`i `i zkicmwiâïe `e smcebmsae4 k í fkokssézme y{k kxmspi sk í y{k hé `k pkz `kaefspziâïe oea~ckpi& Ais sk sk y{kz `kaefspziz y{k kspé fe licse e y{k s{spkfpi ~ze~esmâûks oefpzi`mpÿzmis# jispi oea y{k sk izzify{k `kck i i`amssïe `k {ai ~ze~esmâïe `k pic pm~e p m~e y{k skgi m`çfpmoi oea i y{k isskb{zi y{k {ai aksai oemsi fïe ~e`k skz k fïe skz ka {a k fe aksae pka~e# ais fïe y{k  ~izkâi skz m`çfpmoi& ^ems sÿ issma sk ~e`kzmi ejpkz {ai `kaefspziâïe |écm`i oefpzi e y{k s{spkfpi =

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cmampi`es ka f÷akze# ~ems sk ~e`kzmi issmfiz {a feak `mlkzkfpk i oi`i kf{fomi`e"" 90& Oeflezak I{jkfy{k# í i ~kzaifçfomi `i kssçfomi y{k skzé e ~zkss{~espe `e l{f`iakfpe `i {fm`i`k `e skfpm`e# ~ems ""is ~ici|zis pça {a skfpm`e ~ezy{k pça {ai kssçfomi"" 9;& E ~zmfoá~me `k oefpzi`mâïe zks{cpizé fe l{f`iakfpe `i cmfb{ibka# ~ems i ifpkok`k kfy{ifpe oef`mâïe `k s{i ~essmjmcm`i`k& I~zkskfpi`e issma# kspk ~zmfoá~me pka `{is lioks `mspmfpis# ~ezía mf`mssÿomé|kms# ~ems {ai l{f`iakfpi i e{pzi# i sijkz7 i cÿbmoi ({ai |kw y{k í i zkbzi l{f`iakfpic `e ~kfsiakfpe- k i efpecÿbmoi (~ems is oemsis pça y{k pkz {ai kssçfomi-9&

90

Mjm`&# 9>>>& 92 Ol& I{jkfy{k7 ""@k|k i`ampmz!sk# ~ems# y{k kxmspka ""~zk`moi`es y{k smbfmlmoia i kssçfomi"" k e{pzes y{k smbfmlmoia e iom`kfpk& E kxiak `i cmfb{ibka fïe fes skz|k iy{m `k fi`i# ~espe y{k i lezai (_ í ^- í ka iajes es oises i aksai& ~izi `mspmfb{mz i ~zk`moiâïe iom`kfpic `i ksskfomic# hi|kzé y{k zkoezzkz kfpïe i {ai zklckxïe sejzk is `mspmfpis smbfmlmoiâûks y{k fessi mfpkfâïe oeflkzk# ka oi`i oise# î oÿ~{ci skz ""& ""& E~&omp# ~&9?2& 98 I `mlkzkfâi kfpzk {ai cmfb{ibka ipzmj{mpm|i k {ai cmfb{ibka smbfmlmoipm|i oefsmspmzmi fe lipe `k y{k7 ""fe ~cife `i ipzmj{mâïe# ipzmj{mâïe# í ckbápmae `mwkz y{k {ai {ai oemsi í mspe k fïe!mspe4 ais fe ~cife ~cife `i smbfmlmoiâïe hi|kzmi fmspe {ai oefpzi`mâïe& ""_mbfmlmoiz i kssçfomi `k {ai oemsi í smbfmlmoiz y{k fi`i `mspmfpe `msse í i kssçfomi `kssi oemsi""(M\# 0# 9>>2i :