Original Article Pengembangan Ular Tangga Gizi Seimbang Sebagai Media Edukasi Tumpeng Gizi Seimbang Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

 

  Lure`c Muej` Kjzj, Qfc. 0, Ef. 4, Mhshidhr 4>02< 18-;> 

J__E < 410=-1=;: (Fecjeh)  Fecjeh shl`g L`eu`rj 4>02 bttps0=, dut tbh sfoj`cjz`tjfe js stjcc eft hvhecy mjstrjduthm.  Ef objcmrhe je G`cjg`yhe Qjcc`kh whrh mhthothm `s b`vjek i`ceutrjtjfe je tbh c`st 8 yh`rs dut jesth`m themhm tf dh fvhrwhjkbt sf tbhy whrh `t rjsg fa mhkhehr`tjvh mjsh`shs. Fdlhotjvh7  tf mhthrijeh tbh `djcjty fa se`ghs `em c`mmhrs tf dh d`c`eohm eutrjtjfe je jeorh`sjek stumhets' gefwchmkh.  I`thrj`cs `em Ihtbfms7 typh fa rhsh`rob js hxphrjihet`c wjtb tbh mhsjke fa feh krfup prh-pfst thst mhsjke. ]bjs stumy jevfcvhm ?1 kr`mh JQ `em Q stumhets arfi G`cjg`yhe 4 ^udcjo Hchihet`ry _obffc wjtb tbh jethrvhetjfe je tbh afri fa ` k`ih fa se`gh tuiphek c`mmhr d`c`eohm eutrjtjfe.  Thsucts7 tbh rhsucts fa tbh [jcofxfe thst dhtwhhe prh-thst `em pfst-thst fdt`jehm p 9 >.>00 wjtb ` sjkejajo`eoh chvhc fa >.>8 sf tb`t tbhrh w`s ` sjkejajo`et mjaahrheoh dhafrh `em `athr tbh jethrvhetjfe.  Ofeocusjfe7 tbh ush fa d`c`eohm eutrjtjfe tuiphek se`ghs `em c`mmhr b`s dhhe prfvhe tf dh `dch tf jeorh`sh gefwchmkh `dfut d`c`eohm eutrjtjfe. [frms    Ghy [frms

< Eutrjtjfe Hmuo`tjfe, D`c`eohm Eutrjtjfe ]uiphek, _e`ghs `em C`mmhrs

@D_]T@G C`t`r Dhc`g`ek7  ]uiphek kjzj shjid`ek ihrup`g`e ihmj` prfifsj ghshb`t`e y`ek mjdu`t fchb ghihethrj`e ghshb`t`e uetug ihekk`etjg`e hip`t shb`t cji` shipure`. ]uiphek jej mjdu`t shl`g t`bue 4>0=, e`iue sfsj`cjs`sjey` i`sjb dhcui ihr`t`. @e`g  ‟  `e`g   `e`g mj Ghcur`b`e G`cjg`yhe tjm`g `m` y`ek thrmhthgsj ihek`c`ij kjzj durug shl`g 8 t`bue thr`gbjr tht`pj i`c`b ohemhruek ihek`c`ij ghchdjb`e dhr`t d`m`e shbjekk` dhrjsjgf thrghe` phey`gjt mhkhehr`tja. ]ulu`e7 uetug ihekht`buj ghi`ipu`e uc`r t`ekk` kjzj shjid`ek m`c`i ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e sjsw`. D`b`e m`e Ihtfmh7 lhejs phehcjtj`e jej `m`c`b hgsphrjihet`c mhek`e r`eo`ek`e feh krfup prh-pfst thst mhsjke. ^hehcjtj`e jej ihcjd`tg`e ?1 sjsw` ghc`s JQ m`e Q m`rj _M Ehkhrj G`cjg`yhe 4 mhek`e jethrvhesj dhrup`  phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` tuiphek kjzj kjzj shjid`ek. B`sjc7 b`sjc ulj [jcofxfe `et`r` prh-thst mhek`e pfst-thst ihiphrfchb ejc`j p 9 >,>00 mhek`e tjekg`t sjkejajg`esj >,>8 shbjekk` thrdugtj `m`ey` dhm` sjkejajg`e shdhcui m`e shsum`b jethrvhesj. Ghsjipuc`e7  phekkue``e uc`r t`ekk` tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek thrdugtj i`ipu ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e thet`ek kjzj shjid`ek. G`t` Gueoj Gueoj  

< Hmug`sj Kjzj, ]uiphek Kjzj _hjid`ek, Xc`r ]`ekk`

^HEM@BXCX@E ]uiphek kjzj shjid`ek ihrup`g`e ihmj` prfifsj ghshb`t`e y`ek mjghid`ekg`e

fchb ghihethrj`e ghshb`t`e  pjrjek kjzj shjid`ek, shjid`ek , s`lj`edhrs`i` shg`cj mhek`e i`g`e shd`k`j vjsu`c m`rj phmfi`e kjzj shjid`ek.

@rja T`bi`t Gurej` 7 Xejvhrsjt`s Ehkhrj _hi`r`ek, Jemfehsj` Hi`jc

 

]uiphek kjzj jej mjghid`ekg`e uetug ihekk`etjg`e hip`t shb`t cji` shipure` y`ek thc`b pfpuchr shdhcuiey`. ]uiphek kjzj shjid`ek mjdu`t uetug ihidhrjg`e k`id`r`e m`e phelhc`s`e shmhrb`e` thet`ek p`emu`e pfrsj i`g`e m`e ijeui, `gtjvjt`s ajsjg shb`rj  ‟   b`rj, ouoj t`ek`e shdhcui m`e shsum`b i`g`e, shrt` ihi`et`u dhr`t d`m`e sho`r` rutje. ]uiphek kjzj shjid`ek y`ek d`ru jej ihrup`g`e dhetug  pheyhipure``e  pheyhipu re``e m`rj tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek vhrsj shidhcuiey` (k`id`r 0 m`e 4). ^heyhipure``e jej mjc`gug`e fchb ghihethrj`e ghshb`t`e shthc`b ihem`p`tg`e i`sug`e m`rj  phtuk`s ghshb`t`e ghshb`t`e m`e efe ghshb`t`e shrt` g`mhr m`e phshrt` pfsy`emu mj gho`i`t`e gho`i`t`e (0). M`c`i ]uiphek Kjzj _hjid`ek (]K_) thrm`p`t hip`t c`pjs dhrurut`e m`rj d`w`b gh `t`s m`e shi`gje ghojc shi`gje gh `t`s. Hip`t c`pjs mj sjej dhr`rtj kjzj shjid`ek mjm`s`rg`e  p`m` prjesjp = pjc`r, y`jtu gfesuisj dhr`ehg` r`k`i p`ek`e, `gtjvjt`s ajsjg, ghdhrsjb`e mjrj, m`e phi`et`u`e dhr`t d`m`e sho`r` rutje. _hi`gje gh `t`s ugur`e tuiphek shi`gje ghojc,

ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e, sjg`p, m`e tjem`g`e ihejekg`tg`e sjsw` thet`ek kjzj shjid`ek sho`r` sjkejajg`e (4). ^`m` phehcjtj`e c`je mj _M ]jtj Dhrmjg`rj, Gft` Ihm`e thrdugtj d`bw` pheyucub`e i`g`e`e dhrkjzj dhr`k`i shjid`ek m`e `i`e mhek`e ihekkue`g`e  ac`sb o`rm   thrdugtj i`ipu ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e m`e sjg`p sjsw` (?). ^hehcjtj`e thet`ek phekkue``e uc`r t`ekk` uetug ihekhmug`sj thet`ek pjcjb`e  l`l`e`e luk` thc`b mjc`gug`e mj _ME _frfp`m`e Gft` _ur`g`rt` y`ek iheuelugg`e hahgtjvjt`s  phri`je`e jej m`c`i m`c`i ihejekg`tg`e ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e phekht`bu`e m`e phrjc`gu sjsw` (=). ^hrd`emjek`e `et`r` ihtfmh pheyucub`e ihekkue`g`e ohr`i`b m`e  pheyucub`e ihc`cuj phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` mj _M Ehkhrj 2 Gje`rj G`dup`the _fcfg iheuelugg`e d`bw` ghcfipfg y`ek ihehrji`  phri`je`e shd`k`j jethrvhesj thc`b iheuelugg`e iheuelugg` e b`sjc phekht`bu`e phekht`bu`e y`ek chdjb d`jg mjd`emjekg`e mhek`e gfetrfc (8). Ghcur`b`e G`cjg`yhe thrcht`g mj Gho`i`t`e Xek`r`e ]jiur. Gfemjsj thrd`ru mj G`cjg`yhe iheuelugg`e d`bw` thc`b thrl`mj

b`c dhr`rtj p`ek`e p`m` mjdutubg`e c`pjs p`cjekm`c`i `t`s y`jtujej kuc`, k`r`i, m`e chi`g  luic`b shmjgjt `t`u phrcu mjd`t`sj. ^`m` shtj`p ghcfipfg p`ek`e mjtucjsg`e luic`b pfrsj p`m` shtj`p ghcfipfg p`ek`e y`ek mj`elurg`e. Ijs`cey` p`m` ghcfipfg s`yur`e thrtucjs ?  ‟   =  pfrsj shb`rj dhr`rtj s`yur`e mj`elurg`e uetug mjgfesuisj shd`ey`g ?  ‟   = i`ekgug phr b`rj. _`tu i`ekgug s`yur`e dhr`tey` gur`ek chdjb ;8 kr`i, shbjekk` sho`r` tft`c mjphrcug`e shgjt`r ?>> kr`i s`yur`e phr b`rj. _hdhc`b g`e`e tuiphek thrm`p`t t`em` t`id`b mjjgutj vjsu`c s`tu khc`s `jr putjb m`e tucjs` 2 khc`s. B`c jej  dhr`rtj m`c`i shb`rj mj`elurg`e uetug ihekfesuisj ihekfesui sj `jr putjb 2 khc`s shb`rj (0) .

 phrd`jg`e usj` ghi`t`ek`e ghi`t`ek `e shgsu`c p`m`kjzj, `e`gihekjek`t `e`g ‟   ‟  `e`g   `e`g ihek`c`ij pheurue`e (1). Ghcur`b`e G`cjg`yhe thrcht`g mj m`hr`b m`t`r`e tjekkj y`ek i`e` gfesuisj i`g`e`e bhw`ej m`e e`d`tjey` rhc`tja dhrjid`ek (;). ^hri`s`c`b`e thrdhs`r mj Ghcur`b`e G`cjg`yhe  dug`ec`b kjzj durug, ihekjek`t ihekjek`t shl`g t`bue 4>0= tjm`g mjthiug`e g`sus kjzj durug mj Ghcur`b`e jej (2). ^hri`s`c`b`e y`ek iueouc phrt`i` `m`c`b i`thrj kjzj shjid`ek dhcui thrm`p`t m`c`i i`thrj phc`l`r`e shgfc`b m`s`r d`jg mj ghc`s 0 s`ip`j ghc`s 1. Gurjgucui shgfc`b m`s`r i`sjb ihiphc`l`rj thet`ek = shb`t cji`

]uiphek kjzj shjid`ek y`ek i`sjb d`ru  phrcu uetug mjsfsj`cjs`sjg` mjsfsj`cjs`sjg`e e ghid`cj ihekjek`t i`sjb d`ey`g `ekkft` i`sy`r`g`t y`ek dhcui ihekhe`cj tuiphek thrshdut. ^hekhe`c`e shl`g mjej phrcu mjc`gug`e ihekjek`t phetjekey` sfsj`cjs`sj kjzj shjid`ek p`m` `e`g  ‟   `e`g. @e`g  ‟   `e`g ihrup`g`e muej` dhri`je shbjekk` phemjmjg`e ihc`cu phri`je`e ihel`mj  phetjek. @c`t phri`je`e hmug`tja ihrup`g`e ihrup`g`e  phemhg`t`e y`ek phetjek mjc`gug`e uetug ihi`stjg`e d`bw` phekht`bu`e thet`ek kjzj shjid`ek djs` mjjek`t m`e mjpr`gthgg`e. mjpr`gthgg`e. Hmug`sj mj djm`ek kjzj m`e ghshb`t`e ihrup`g`e phemhg`t`e thrd`ru mj mu` djm`ek jej. ^hehcjtj`e mj _ME 1 ^f`sj`, Gft` Ghem`rj iheuelugg`e phri`je`e jethr`gtja mhek`e ihekkue`g`e puzzch m`p`t ihid`etu

shipure`, b`c thrshdut tjm`g rhchv`e mhek`e gfemjsj s``t jej mji`e` sum`b mjphrd`ruj t`bue 4>0= ihel`mj phs`e kjzj shjid`ek y`ek mjm`c`i ey` thrm`p`t = pjc`r kjzj shjid`ek. ^hri`s`c`b`e ghmu` `m`c`b phekht`bu`e kuru thet`ek kjzj shjid`ek i`sjb thrd`t`s. B`c jej mjg`rhe`g`e sfsj`cjs`sj phs`ek kjzj shjid`ek t`bue 4>0= dhcui fptji`c shbjekk` d`ey`g shgfc`b y`ek i`sjb ihidhrjg`e i`thrj = shb`t 8 shipure` shsu`j gurjgucui 4>0?. _hc`je jtu, thrm`p`t i`s`c`b ghthrd`t`s`e s`r`e` gfiuejg`sj, jeafri`sj, m`e hmug`sj thet`ek tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek. _jsw` dhcui m`p`t ihek`gshs jeafri`sj y`ek dhe`r ihekhe`j tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek shbjekk` mjphrcug`e

@rja T`bi`t Gurej` 7 Xejvhrsjt`s Ehkhrj _hi`r`ek _hi`r`ek,, Jemfehsj` Hi`jc

 

sfsj`cjs`sj y`ek iheyhcurub thrg`jt mhek`e b`c jej. ]ulu`e phehcjtj`e jej `m`c`b uetug ihekht`buj ghi`ipu`e uc`r t`ekk` kjzj shjid`ek m`c`i ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e sjsw`. D@B@E M@E IH]FMH

phehcjtj`e jej krfup `m`c`b hgsphrjihet`c mhek`eLhejs r`eo`ek`e feh prh-pfst thst mhsjke. Ihtfmh s`ipcjek ihekkue`g`e  purpfsjvh s`ipcjek  y`jtu mhek`e ihek`idjc shcurub sjsw` ghc`s JQ m`e Q m`rj _M Ehkhrj G`cjg`yhe 4. _hcurub sjsw` ghc`s JQ m`e Q y`ek b`mjr m`e ihekjgutj ghkj`t`e s`ip`j shchs`j mj`idjc ihel`mj sudyhg m`c`i phehcjtj`e jej. ^hekkue``e r`eo`ek`e feh krfup mjpjcjb mjg`rhe`g`e shcurub sjsw` dhrb`g uetug ihem`p`tg`e hmug`sj kjzj sho`r` `mjc. ^hrc`gu`e `mjc jej phetjek, ihekjek`t sjsw` _M i`sjb shrjek dhrsja`t ghg`e`g  ‟   g`e`g`e shbjekk` ihr`s` jrj ljg` lj g` phrc`gu`eey` dhrdhm`. ^hek`idjc`e sudyhg mjc`gug`e sho`r`  purpfsjvh s`ipcjek mjg`rhe`g`e phehcjtj jekje ihijcjb ghc`s y`ek `gtja, p`rtjsjp`tja, spfrtja, m`e tjm`g shm`ek ihiphrsj`pg`e ulj`e. ^hijcjb`e _M Ehkhrj G`cjg`yhe 4 mjc`gug`e, mjg`rhe`g`e _M jej i`yfrjt`s sjsw`ey` dhr`s`c m`rj fr`ek tu` y`ek dhrphekb`sjc`e ihehek`b gh d`w`b shbjekk` i`sjb gur`ek ihem`p`tg`e hmug`sj kjzj m`e ghdj`s``e bjmup shb`t. Jestruihe uc`r t`ekk` y`ek mjkue`g`e shd`k`j jethrvhesj m`rj phehcjtj`e ihrup`g`e b`sjc g`ry` frjsje`c m`rj phehcjtj. Xc`r t`ekk` jej  dhrugur`e 4,8 x 4,8 i m`e thrmjrj m`rj 48 gft`g mhek`e tjk` du`b t`ekk` m`e hip`t du`b uc`r. _hc`je jtu thrm`p`t 08 gft`g dhrk`id`r y`ek ihekb`rusg`e phshrt` uetug ihel`w`d

 phrt`ey``e shdhcui ihc`gs`e`g`e ihc`gs`e`g`e phrkhr`g`e phrkhr`g`e m`rj gft`g thrshdut. ^hrt`ey``e  ‟   phrt`ey``e y`ek m`p`t mjkue`g`e thc`b thrtucjs m`c`i dugu phtuelug  dhshrt` l`w`d`eey` l`w`d`eey` shbjekk` shbjekk` shiu` fr`ek m`p`t m`p`t ihekkue`g`e uc`r t`ekk` jej mhek`e chdjb d`jg m`e ium`b. Jestruihe uetug ihc`gug`e hv`cu`sj `m`c`b guhsjfehr y`ek mjghid`ekg`e shemjrj fchb tji phehcjtj mhek`e ihifmjajg`sj guhsjfehr y`ek thc`b mjv`cjm`sj m`e mjkue`g`e uetug phehcjtj`e mj Lhidhr (:). K`id`r Xc`r ]`ekk` ]uiphek Kjzj _hjid`ek m`p`t mjcjb`t  p`m` K`id`r K`id`r 0. 

K`id`r 0 Xc`r ]`ekk` ]uiphek Kjzj _hjid`ek ^hek`idjc`e m`t` mjc`gug`e mj ru`ek ghc`s JQ m`e ghc`s Q _M Ehkhrj G`cjg`yhe 4 fchb phehcjtj. ^hc`gs`e``e ^hc`gs`e``e  prh-thst mjc`gug`e ?> ihejt shdhcui jethrvhesj mjiuc`j. Jethrvhesj  dhrup` phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` mjdhrjg`e shc`i` 0,8 l`i. _hthc`b jethrvhesj, mjc`gug`e  pfst-thst    phek`idjc`e  phek`idjc`e m`t` mhek`e ihekkue`g`e phrt`ey``e y`ek s`i` mhek`e sf`c  prh-thst, e`iue efifr  ‟  efifr   efifr sf`c thc`b mjc`gug`e phek`o`g`e shmhijgj`e rup`. Guhsjfehr y`ek thc`b mjl`w`d ghiumj`e mj`idjc phehcjtj m`e mjjeput mhek`e ihekkue`g`e gfiputhr   M`t` ghiumj`e ihc`cuj shr`ekg`j`e hmjtjek, gfmjek, t`duc`sj, m`e `e`cjsjs.  @e`cjsjs m`t` mj`w`cj mhek`e ihc`gug`e ihc`gug` e ulj efri`cjt`s ihekkue`g`e ihekkue`g`e ulj _b`pjrf [jcg . _hthc`b mjc`gug`e ulj efri`cjt`s,  d`ru shc`elutey` mjc`gug`e ulj ^`jrhm t-]hst `p`djc` m`t` efri`c `t`u ulj [jcofxfe `p`djc` m`t` tjm`g thrmjstrjdusj efri`c, ghiumj`e mjc`gug`e phrbjtuek`e E-k`je uetug ihekht`buj shl`ub i`e` phejekg`t`e phekht`bu`eey`. ^hrbjtuek`e  E-k`je  dj`s` mjkue`g`e m`c`i phehcjtj`e mj djm`ek phemjmjg`e uetug m`p`t iheku`etjajg`sj phrdhm``e y`ek mjm`p`t m`rj b`sjc  prh-thst m`e  pfst -thst (0>,00). Tuius  phrbjtuek`e E-K`je `m`c`b 9 (∔  ∔ ) 9   (0>>  ∔ ) Tuius thrshdut ghiumj`e mj r`t`  ‟   r`t`, y`ek ghiumj`e mjdhrjg`e gc`sjajg`sj shsu`j mhek`e st`em`r. (0) `p`djc` k ≨ >,;, i`g`  Ek`je  y`ek mjb`sjcg`e thri`sug g`thkfrj tjekkj7 (4) ljg` >,; 5 k≨ >,?, i`g`  E-k`je  y`ek

mjb`sjcg`e thri`sug g`thkfrj shm`ek, m`e (?) @rja T`bi`t Gurej` 7 Xejvhrsjt`s Ehkhrj _hi`r`ek _hi`r`ek,, Jemfehsj` Hi`jc

 djc` k 3 >,? i`g`  E-k`je  y`ek mjb`sjcg`e thri`sug g`thkfrj rhem`b (04).. B@_JC Mhsgrjpsj lhejs ghc`ije, ghc`s, m`e usj` m`rj sudyhg p`m` phehcjtj`e jej m`p`t mjcjb`t mj t`dhc 0. Luic`b tft`c sjsw` ghc`s JQ m`e Q y`ek ihekjgutj phehcjtj`e jej `m`c`b ?1 fr`ek, thrmjrj

m`rj 08 prj` m`e 40 w`ejt`. _jsw` ghc`s JQ shd`ey`g 01 fr`ek m`e sjsw` ghc`s Q shd`ey`g 4> fr`ek. Thet`ek usj` sudyhg phehcjtj`e jej `m`c`b : ‟  : ‟  04  04 t`bue t `bue mhek`e luic`b p`m` i`sjek  ‟  i`sjek   i`sjek usj`ey` sho`r` dhrurut`e `m`c`b =, 0:, 04, m`e 0 fr`ek sjsw`. ]`dhc 0 G`r`gthrjstjg _udyhg ^hehcjtj`e ^hrshet`sh G`r`gthrjstjg Luic`b Guiuc`tja Lhejs Ghc`ije ^rj` 08 =0,; [`ejt` 40 0>> Ghc`s JQ 01 ==,= Q 4> 0>> Xsj` : t`bue = 00,0 0> t`bue 0: 1?,: 00 t`bue 04 :;,4 04 t`bue 0 0>>

G`r`gthrjstjg phehcjtj`e p`m` t`dhc 0 iheuelugg`e d`bw` luic`b sjsw` JQ m`e Q shrt` luic`b c`gj  ‟   c`gj m`e phrhipu`e rhc`tja shjid`ek. M`c`i rhet`ek usj`, thrcjb`t d`bw` i`yfrjt`s sudyhg dhr`m` p`m` usj` 0>  ‟   00 t`bue. B`c jej dhr`rtj iheuelugg`e `p`djc` sudyhg phehcjtj`e jej dhrsja`t bfifkhe. ]`dhc 4 B`sjc Xlj Efri`cjt`s _jk.*   Efri`cjt`s  ]hrmjstrjdusj ^rh-thst   >.0?:  efri`c  ]jm`g ^fst-thst   >.>?1  thrmjstrjdusj efri`c  *b`sjc ulj _`pbjrf [jcg  

B`sjc ulj _`pbjrf [jcg iheuelugg`e  d`bw` mjstrjdusj m`t`  prh-thst   efri`c, e`iue b`sjc ulj m`t`  pfst-thst iheuelugg`e mjstrjdusj y`ek tjm`g efri`c. B`sjc ulj efri`cjt`s m`p`t mjcjb`t p`m` t`dhc 4. Mjstrjdusj b`sjc  pfst-thst   y`ek tjm`g efri`c ihidu`t `e`cjsjs b`rus mjc`elutg`e

 

mhek`e ihekkue`g`e ulj  [jcofxfe. B`sjc ulj [jcofxfe ihekb`sjcg`e p 9 >,>00 (ejc`j p 3 >,>8) shbjekk` djs` mjsjipucg`e d`bw` thrm`p`t  phrdhm``e dhri`ge` dhri`ge` `et`r` phekht`bu`e shdhcui m`e shthc`b jethrvhesj uc`r t`ekk`. t `ekk`.  ^fst-thst   ]`dhc ? B`sjc ^rh-thst  m`e ^fst-thst B`sjc ^rh-thst m`e ^hekht`bu`e Kjzj _udyhg ^hehcjtj`e Q`rj`dhc 

^hekht`bu`e*   *9 p 3 >,>8

^rhthst  82,1 

^fstthst  1?,? 

E-K`je 

>,>18 

B`sjc phrbjtuek`e  E-k`je ihekb`sjcg`e ejc`j 9 >,>18. B`c jej dhr`rtj d`bw` phrdhm``e y`ek mjb`sjcg`e i`sug g`thkfrj shm`ek. Ghsjipuc`eey` d`bw` jethrvhesj mhek`e uc`r t`ekk` i`ipu ihejekg`tg`e ejc`j phekht`bu`e sjsw` thrg`jt tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek sho`r` sjkejajg`e. ^HID@B@_@E

@sup`e kjzj shjid`ek ihrup`g`e a`otfr phetjek uetug ihel`ije  phrtuidub`e y`ek fptji`c. ^hemjmjg`e kjzj  dhrbuduek`e mhek`e `m`ey` ghl`mj`e  `e`g  ‟   `e`g shgfc`b stuetjek  p`m` m`s`r(0?). B`c jej thetu ihel`mjg`e  phemjmjg`e kjzj ihel`mj b`c y`ek s`ek`t  phetjek uetug mjphrb`tjg`e. @p`c`kj `sup`e  prfthje, vjt`ije O, m`e vjt`ije M y`ek ougup dhrphek`rub dhs`r p`m` ghp`m`t`e tuc`ek pm` w`ejt` w`ejt` mhw`s` ium`(0=). B`sjc phehcjtj`e jej iheuelugg`e  d`bw` phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` i`ipu ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e sjsw` thrg`jt kjzj shjid`ek. ^hekht`bu`e sjsw` y`ek ihejekg`t thrdugtj mhek`e `m`ey` b`sjc ulj [jcofxfe  y`ek iheuelugg`e `m`ey`  phrdhm``e sjkejajg`e `et`r` shdhcui m`e shsum`b jethrvhesj. B`sjc phehcjtj`e jej shc`r`s mhek`e dhrd`k`j phehcjtj`e c`je y`ek ihekkue`g` uc`r t`ekk` shd`k`j ihmj`  phri`je`e uetug ihiphrium`b  phidhc`l`r`e. ^hekkue``e uc`r t`ekk` shd`k`j ihmj` hmug`sj thc`b thrdugtj ihid`etu ihiphrium`b i`sugey` i`thrj m`e ihekur`ekj ghdfs`e`e (08). ^hri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` d`bg`e djs` ihid`etu `e`g mhek`e bjphr`gtjvjt`s uetug m`p`t

@rja T`bi`t Gurej` 7 Xejvhrsjt`s Ehkhrj _hi`r`ek _hi`r`ek,, Jemfehsj` Hi`jc

ihi`b`ij i`thrj i`thi`tjg` mhek`e chdjb  d`jg (01). ^`m` phc`l`r`e gjij` _I^ pue  phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` m`p`t ihiphrium`b  prfshs phidhc`l`r`e d`kj sjsw` (0;). ^hri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` m`p`t ihejekg`tg`e phekht`bu`e mjg`rhe`g`e  dhri`je ihrup`g`e prfshs y`ek jethkr`c mhek`e dhc`l`r. ^rfshs phidhc`l`r`e mhek`e uc`r t`ekk` thc`b thrdugtj ihid`etu sjsw` uetug chdjb ium`b iheyhr`p phekht`bu`e m`e ihek`pcjg`sjg`eey` m`c`i sjg`p. ^hehcjtj`e y`ek mjc`gug`e mj _M Ehkhrj >? _jekg`w`ek ]hek`b iheuelugg`e d`bw`  phri`je`e uc`r t`ekk` m`p`t ihid`etu sjsw` `k`r ihel`k` ghshb`t`e kjkj m`e iucut (02). B`c jej thrl`mj g`rhe` sjsw` m`p`t ihek`pcjg`sjg`e ghshcurub jemhr`ey` shbjekk` ihiphrium`b i`sugey`  phekht`bu`e d`ru. Jefv`sj m`c`i hmug`sj kjzj shjid`ek  phrcu mjphrcug`e ihekjek`t gfeshp kjzj shjid`ek ougup sucjt mjp`b`ij fchb `e`g shgfc`b. ^hehcjtj`e shdhcuiey` thet`ek  phekkue`e uc`r t`ekk` uetug u etug ihejekg`tg`e ih ejekg`tg`e  phekht`bu`e, sjg`p, m`e pr`gtjg phijcjb`e  l`l`e`e p`m` sjsw` _M thc`b thrdugtj ihejekg`tg`e ghtjk` `sphg thrshdut, shbjekk` sjsw` i`ipu ihijcjb l`l`e`e shb`t (0:). Ihmj` c`je y`ek m`p`t mjkue`g`e uetug ihekhmug`sj `m`c`b gfijg, e`iue tjm`g dfchb mjcup`g`e luk` d`bw` shi`gje mjej hmug`sj kjzj mjdhrjg`e i`g` st`tus kjzj `e`g luk` `g`e ihel`mj chdjb d`jg (4>,40).

`rtjghc jej. M@A]@T ^X_]@G@  0. Ghihethrj`e Ghshb`t`e TJ. ^hmfi`e Kjzj _hjid`ek (^hmfi`e ]hgejs D`kj ^htuk`s m`c`i Ihidhrjg`e ^heyucub`e Kjzj _hjid`ek). Mjrhgtfr`t Lhemhr`c Dje` Kjzj m`e Ghshb`t`e Jdu m`e @e`g, hmjtfr. L`g`rt`< Ghihethrj`e Ghshb`t`e TJ7 4>0=. 04: p. 4. Bjgi`w`tj \, Z`se`ej, Z`se`ej, _y`‚d`e @T. ^hek`rub ^heyucub`e mhek`e Ihmj` ^rfifsj ^uzzch Kjzj ]hrb`m`p ^hrjc`gu Kjzj _hjid`ek ^`m` _jsw` Ghc`s Q mj _M  Ehkhrj >1 ^f`sj` Gft` Ghem`rj 4>01. Xejvhrsjt`s B`cu Fchf7 4>01. ?. _yfaj`, _j`kj`e @, E`sutjfe H. ^hek`rub ^heyucub`e I`g`e`e Dhrkjzj Dhr`k`i _hjid`ek m`e @i`e mhek`e Ihekkue`g`e Ac`sb O`rm m`c`i Ihejekg`tg`e ^hekht`bu`e m`e _jg`p @e`g Ghc`s 0-? _M Jsc`i ]jtj Dhrmjg`rj Gho`i`t`e Ihm`e C`dub`e ]`bue 4>0=. L Xejv _ui`thr`

=.

8.

1.

GH_JI^XC@E

Dhrm`s`rg`e b`sjc phehcjtj`e m`p`t mjsjipucg`e d`bw` jethrvhesj dhrup` uc`r t`ekk` kjzj shjid`ek thrdugtj ihejekg`tg`e  phekht`bu`e sjsw`. ^hekkue``e uc`r t`ekk`  phrcu ihel`mj s`c`b s`tu str`thkj m`c`i ihejekg`tg`e o`gup`e phekht`bu`e ihekhe`j tuiphek kjzj shjid`ek. XO@^@E ]HTJI@ G@_JB Xo`p`e thrji` g`sjb g`ij tuelugg`e ghp`m` _M Ehkhrj G`cjg`yhe 4 `t`s ghshmj``eey`` ihel`mj cfg`sj phehcjtj`e jej. ghshmj``eey j ej.  GFEACJG GH^HE]JEK@E ]jm`g `m` gfeacjg m`c`i prfshs pudcjg`sj

 

;.

2.

:.

Xt`r`. 4>0=70 Ef.=0?. Cudjs A_C. ^hek`rub Hmug`sj Kjzj mhek`e Ihmj` Xc`r ]`ekk` thrb`m`p ^hekht`bu`e thet`ek ^hmfi`e Kjzj _hjid`ek (^K_)  p`m` _jsw` _hgfc`b M`s`r M`s`r mj _M Ehkhrj >2 Gje`rj Gho`i`t`e Dugjt _uemj G`dup`the _fcfg. Qfc. 4:. Xejvhrsjt`s @em`c`s7 @em`c`s7 4>01. ^utrj [[, [`byuej _, @arjy`ej @arjy`ej CM. ^hrdhm``e ^hrjc`gu _hgsu`c Thi`l` ^hmhs``e m`e ^hrgft``e mj Gho`i`t`e Xek`r`e G`dup`the _hi`r`ek. _]JGH_  Ekumj [`cuyf7 4>01. 4>01. B`ijm`b _. ^hrdhm``e ^fc` Gfesuisj D`b`e I`g`e`e _uidhr ^rfthje Ghcu`rk` mj M`hr`b ^`et`j, M`t`r`e rhem`b m`e M`t`r`e ]jekkj mj [jc`y`b Gft` _hi`r`ek. Xejvhrsjt`s Iub`ii`mjy`b _hi`r`ek7 4>01. D`pphm` G`dup`the _hi`r`ek. M`t` _tr`thkjs Gho`i`t`e Xek`r`e ]jiur 4>0=. G`dup`the _hi`r`ek< D`m`e ^us`t _t`tjstjg G`dup`the _hi`r`ek7 4>0=. ]rjse`w`tj H. Buduek`e ^hiheub`e ^hiheub`e Kjzj _hjid`ek mhek`e ^hrghid`ek`e ^hrsfe`c _fsj`c @e`g Xsj` ^r`shgfc`b mj ]`i`e G`e`g - G`e`g Mb`ri` [`ejt` Gho`i`t`e @rl`s` G`dup`the Lhidhr. Xejvhrsjt`s

@rja T`bi`t Gurej` 7 Xejvhrsjt`s Ehkhrj _hi`r`ek _hi`r`ek,, Jemfehsj` Hi`jc

 

Lhidhr7 4>0?. 0>. B`im`ej B`im`ej M, Gurej`tj H, _`gtj _`gtj J. ^hek` ^hek`rub rub Ifmhc ^hidhc`l`r`e Khehr`tja mhek`e Ihekkue`g`e @c`t ^hr`k` ]hrb`m`p ^hi`b`i`e Gfeshp O`b`y` Ghc`s QJJJ mj _I^ Ehkhrj ; Gft` Dhekgucu. Hx`ot`. 4>047R(0)0470(4)