Origen de Los Instrumentos Musicales

 

KU@OGH CG MKV @HVSUWJGHSKV JWV@FNMGV Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs skh `hstrujghtks ncnptncks k frgncks pnrn rgnm`znr skh`cks jus`fnmgs. Sàfh`fnjghtg, funmqu`gr keigtk qug pugcn prkcuf`r uh skh`ck gs fkhs`cgrnck fkjk uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm.  Hk kestnhtg gs gm prkpös`tk y ut`m`znf`öh cg prkp`k `hstrujghtk cg jùs`fn mk qug tgrj`hn cg cgm`j`tnr su cghkj`hnf`öh y qug nbgftn n föjk sg bugrkh jkc`b`fnhck mks `hstrujghtks. Mn a`stkr`n cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cntn cgscg mks `h`f`ks cg mn fumturn aujnhn. Mks `hstrujghtks pr`j`t`vks pkcênh sgr ut`m`zncks pnrn r`tunmgs, fkjk mks fugrhks pnrn `hc`fnr gm àx`tk cg uhn fnfgrên k mks tnjekrgs gh uhn fgrgjkh`n rgm`o`ksn. Mns fumturns cgsnrrkmmnrkh n mk mnrok cgm t`gjpk fkjpks`f`khgs cg jgmkcêns pnrn ghtrgtgh`j`ghtk. Mk qug pgrj`tg vgr fkjk anh gvkmuf`khnck mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs, fnje`nhck sus usks y npm`fnf`khgs. Mn bgfan y kr`ogh cgm pr`jgr c`spks`t`vk fkhs`cgrnck fkjk mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs jîs nht`ouks gstî skjgt`ck n cgentg. Gm keigtk jîs nht`oun qug nmouhks rgb`grgh fkjk uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm, uhn bmnutn s`jpmg, t`ghg uhn nht`oýgcnc cg ghtrg 35.444 n 36.444 nþks.  Nmouhks gxpgrtks anh fkhsghsunck tnje`àh mn prgsghf`n cg bmnutns cg anfg 6?.444 nþks ntrîs. V`h gjenrok, g jenrok, mn jnykrên cg mks a`stkr`nckrgs frggh qug gm cgtgrj`hnr uh t`gjpk gspgfêb`fk pnrn mn `hvghf`öh cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gs `jpks`emg cge`ck n mn sueigt`v`cnc gh tkrhk nm fkhfgptk cg `hstrujghtk jus`fnm y mn `hgstne`m`cnc cg mks jntgr`nmgs ut`m`zncks pnrn frgnrmks. Jufaks `hstrujghtks pr`j`t`vks grnh rgnm`zncks fkh p`gmgs cg nh`jnmgs, augsks, jncgrn y ktrks jntgr`nmgs hk rgs`stghtgs nm pnsk cgm t`gjpk. Jufaks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs sg cgsnrrkmmnrkh cg bkrjn `hcgpghc`ghtg gh jufans rgo`khgs fkh ornhcgs pkemnf`öh nmrgcgckr cgm juhck. V`h gjenrok, gm fkhtnftk ghtrg mns f`v`m`znf`khgs a`zk qug sg gspnrf`grnh y ncnptnrnh mn jnykrên cg mks `hstrujghtks gh s`t`ks juy npnrtncks cg sus muonrgs cg kr`ogh. Gh mn gcnc jgc`n, mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cg Jgskpktnj`n gstnenh gh mn pnrtg jnrêt`jn cgm surgstg cg Ns`n, y mks gurkpgks tkfnenh `hstrujghtks cg Hkrtg Îbr`fn. Gm cgsnrrkmmk gh mns Njàr`fns kfurr`ö n uh pnsk jîs mghtk, pgrk mns fumturns cgm hkrtg, fghtrk y sur njàr`fn fkjpnrt`grkh `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Tnrn gm nþk >344, gm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs bug vkmv`àhcksg fncn vgz jîs mghtk y bug ckj`hnck pkr gm kff`cghtg. Mn fmns`b`fnf`öh cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gs jus`fnmgs gs uhn c`sf`pm`hn gh sê j`sjn, y jufaks s`stgjns cg fmns`b`fnf`öh anh s`ck ut`m`zncks n mk mnrok cg mks nþks. Mks `hstrujghtks pugcgh sgr fmns`b`fncks pkr su rnhok cg gbgft`v`cnc, fkjpks`f`öh y jntgr`nm, tnjnþk, ghtrg ktrns fksns. V`h gjenrok, mn bkrjn jîs fkjùh ut`m`zncn, gm jàtkck Akrhekstgm-Vnfas, sg ensn gh gm skh`ck qug prkcufgh. Gm gstuc`k nfncàj`fk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs sg mmnjn kronhkmkoên . V` gstns `htgrgsnck gh nffgcgr n uh m`stnck fkjpmgtk cg hkjergs cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs fkhsumtn jus`fnmgs fkhsumtn hugstrk ktrk nrtêfumk skerg gm tgjn. Fkhfgptk cg @hstrujghtk Jus`fnm

Whn cg mns fugst`khgs qug rgqu`grg ornh ntghf`öh gs mn cg quà gs uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm. jus`fnm . Wh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm prkcufg skh`ck. Funhck mks aujnhks cginrkh cg anfgr skh`cks fkh su fugrpk ‖ fkjk pkr  gigjpmk, fkh npmnusks ‖ y fkjghznrkh n ut`m`znr keigtks pnrn frgnr skh`cks jus`fnmgs, mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs tuv`grkh su `h`f`k. Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cg mn gcnc nht`oun bugrkh prkenemgjghtg c`sgþncks pnrn gjumnr skh`cks hnturnmgs, y su prkpös`tk gstnen jîs m`onck n mks r`tunmgs qug nm ghtrgtgh`j`ghtk.

 

Gm fkhfgptk cg jgmkcên y mn eùsqugcn cg frgnr fkjpks`f`khgs jus`fnmgs jus`fnmgs grn  grn nmok cgsfkhkf`ck pnrn mks jùs`fks pr`j`t`vks cg nqugmmns àpkfns. Nmouhk cg gsks jùs`fks tkfnhck mn bbmnutn mnutn pnrn `hc`fnr gm `h`f`k cg uhn fnfgrên s`jpmgjghtg mk anfên s`h snegr mn hkf`öh cg ”anfgr jùs`fn‚. Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs fkh fkhstru`cks n trnvàs cg uhn c`vgrs`cnc cg gst`mks y bkrjns, ut`m`znhck c`st`htks jntgr`nmgs. Mks `hstrujghtks prga`stör`fks grnh frgncks fkh mks keigtks c`spkh`emgs, fkjk fkhfans k pnrtgs cg pmnhtns. N jgc`cn qug gstks bugrkh gvkmuf`khnhck, mn sgmgff`öh y fnm`cnc cg mks jntgr`nmgs bug jgikrnhck. R`rtunmjghtg, tkcks mks jntgr`nmgs cg mn hnturnmgzn anh s`ck ut`m`zncks pkr mk jghks pkr uhn fumturn pnrn anfgr `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Whk tkfn uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm `htgrnftunhck fkh àm cg nmouhn bkrjn ‖ pkr gigjpmk, nm pumsnr mns fugrcns gh uh `hstrujghtk cg fugrcn. A`stkr`n cg mks @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs

@hvgst`onckrgs anh jus`fnmgs gh jufans pnrtgs

cgsfue`grtk gv`cghf`n nrqugkmöo`fn cg `hstrujghtks cgm juhck.

 Nmouhks cgsfuer`j`ghtks s` cgegrênh cg fkhs`cgrnrsg

cntnh cg anfg 2?.444 nþks ntrîs, nuhqug nùh sg cgentg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs.

Mks fkhsghsks sg skm`c`b`fnh funhck sg anemn cg nrtgbnftks fkh 6?.444 nþks cg nht`oýgcnc. Vkmnjghtg mks nrtgbnftks frgncks fkh jntgr`nmgs rgs`stghtgs sugmgh nounhtnr gm pnsk cgm t`gjpk. Tkr mk j`sjk, mks anmmnzoks hk pugcgh sgr fkhs`cgrncks tktnmjghtg fkjk mks pr`jgrks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Vg an ghfkhtrnck gh Gsmkvgh`n mn bmnutn cg C`vig Eneg, Eneg, mn funm sg fkhs`cgrn gm `hstrujghtk jus`fnm jîs v`gik cgm qug sg t`ghg fkhkf`j`ghtk. Gm ium`k cg >007, gm nrqugömkok gsmkvghk @vnh Surl cgsfuer`ö uh tnmmnck gh augsk gh mn rgo`öh hkrgstg cg Gsmkvgh`n. Gstg tnmmnck, qug pnsö n sgr hkjernck mn bmnutn cg C`vig Eneg, pksgg funtrk nouigrks qug gm jus`fömkok fnhnc`ghsg Eke B`hl frgg qug bugrkh ut`m`zncks pnrn tkfnr funtrk hktns gh uhn gsfnmn c`ntöh`fn. Mks `hvgst`onckrgs gst`jnh qug mn gcnc cg mn bmnutn pkcrên gstnr ghtrg mks 36.344 nþks y mks 2?.444 nþks, anf`àhckmk gm `hstrujghtk jus`fnm jîs nht`ouk cgm qug sg t`ghg rgo`strk y tnje`àh gs gm ùh`fk `hstrujghtk jus`fnm nskf`nck fkh mn fumturn hgnhcgrtnm. V`h gjenrok, nmouhks nrqugömkoks y gthkjus`fömkoks cgentgh nfgrfn cg mn fkhs`cgrnf`öh cg mn bmnutn fkjk `hstrujghtk jus`fnm.  Nrqugömkoks nmgjnhgs anh ghfkhtrnck bmnutns frgncns fkh augsk cg jnjuts y augsk cg f`shg qug cntnh cg gcncgs ghtrg 6?.444 nþks ntrîs gh mks Nmpgs cg Vune`n.

 

Mns bmnutns bugrkh rgnm`zncns gh gm pnmgkmêt`fk supgr`kr, y skh jnykrjghtg nfgptncns fkjk mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs jîs v`giks. Vg ghfkhtrö gv`cghf`n nrqugkmöo`fn cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs qug bug cgsfue`grtn gh gxfnvnf`khgs gh gm Fgjghtgr`k Ugnm gh mn f`ucnc cg Vujgr`n. Gstks `hstrujghtks, uhn cg mns pr`jgrns fkhstruff`khgs cgsfue`grtns, `hfmuygh hugvg m`rns (Mns m`rns cg Wr) cks nrpns, uhn bmnutn ckemg cg pmntn, fêjenmks y uh s`strk. Whn sgr`g cg tueks cg pmntn cgsfue`grtks gh Wr bugrkh prkenemgjghtg gm prgcgfgskr cg mns on`tns jkcgrhns. Mks tueks f`mêhcr`fks `hfmuygh trgs nouigrks n mks mncks qug pgrj`tênh n mks jùs`fks prkcuf`r uhn sgr`g cg tkhks. Gstns gxfnvnf`khgs, c`r`o`cns pkr Mgkhnrc _kkmmgy gh >054, cgsfuer`grkh brnojghtks hk-cgorncnemgs cg mks `hstrujghtks y mks rgstks cg brnojghtks qug sg gstnenh cgsanf`ghck qug, nm iuhtnrmks, sg pgrj`t`ö rgnm`znr uhn rgfkhstruff`öh cg gmmks. Gm fkjpnrnr y kronh`znr mks `hstrujghtks ensncks gh su fkjpmgi`cnc pugcg hk sgr sub`f`ghtg, yn qug mks nvnhfgs gh mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs `jpm`fnrkh, gh kfns`khgs, jghks fkjpmgi`cnc gh mks j`sjks. Tkr gigjpmk, mn fkhstruff`öh pr`j`t`vn cg mks tnjekrgs cg aghc`curn `hvkmufrö tnmnr y fkrtnr ornhcgs îrekmgs< pkstgr`krjghtg sg fkjghznrkh n fkhstru`r fkh pnmks cg enjeùs, s`jpm`b`fnhck su fkhstruff`öh. Gm jus`fömkok nmgjîh Furt Vnhfas, uhk cg mks jus`fömkoks jîs prkj`hghtgs gh t`gjpks jkcgrhks, skst`ghg qug gs `hncgfunck tkjnr gh fughtn gm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs n trnvàs cg mns kerns frgncns, yn qug mns fumturns nvnhznh n uhks r`tjks c`st`htks y t`ghgh àx`tk fkh c`st`htks jntgr`nmgs. V`oug nroujghtnhck, y jghf`khn qug mks nhtrkpömkoks fkhtgjpkrîhgks fkjpnrnh mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cg cks fumturns c`st`htns qug gx`st`grkh nm j`sjk t`gjpk, pgrk hk tkjnh gh fughtn qug sg kronh`znenh cg uhn bkrjn c`st`htn, gh funhtk n fumturn y mnekr, pkr mk qug gstk hk gs sub`f`ghtg pnrn cgtgrj`hnr fuîmgs `hstrujghtks skh jîs ”pr`j`t`vks‚. Gm kronh`znr mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gh ensg n mn ogkornbên tnjpkfk gs eughn `cgn, yn qug hk sg pugcg cgtgrj`hnr fkh gxnft`tuc gm jkjghtk gh gm qug mns fumturns fkjpnrt`grkh sus fkstujergs. @hstrujghtks @hstrujght ks Jus`fnmgs Trga`stör`fks

Anstn gm s`omk >0 cgspuàs cg fr`stk, mn fkjpks`f`öh jus`fnm Gurkpgn tghên t`htgs j`tkmöo`fks fkh rgspgftk n föjk grnh frgncks mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Snmgs t`htgs `hfmuênh n Puvnm, cgsfghc`ghtg cg Fnêh y ”pncrg cg tkcks mks qug pugcnh tkfnr gm nrpn y gm öronhk‚, Tnh, `hvghtkr cg mns znjpkþns (bmnutn cg pnh) y Jgrfur`k, qu`àh fkhv`rt`ö n uhn tkrtuon c`sgfncn gh mn pr`jgrn mêr`fn. Mns a`stkr`ns jkcgrhns anh rggjpmnznck tnmgs fkhigturns j`tkmöo`fns fkh gspgfumnf`khgs nhtrkpkmöo`fns, kfns`khnmjghtg sustghtncn pkr mn gv`cghf`n nrqugkmöo`fn. Mks gstuc`ksks gstîh cg nfugrck qug hk gx`stg mn `hvghf`öh k frgnf`öh cgb`h`t`vn cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cnck n qug gm tàrj`hk ”`hstrujghtk jus`fnm‚ gs juy sueigt`vk tnhtk pnrn mks gstuc`ksks fkjk pnrn mks pks`emgs `hvghtkrgs.

 

Tkr gigjpmk, uh Akjk ane`m`s okmpgnhck su fugrpk pkcrên gstnr anf`ghck skh`cks s`j`mnrgs nm cg uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm, n pgsnr cg qug hk tghon gsn `htghf`öh. Ghtrg mks pr`jgrks c`spks`t`vks nighks nm fugrpk aujnhk qug pugcgh sgr fkhs`cgrncks `hstrujghtks sg ghfughtrnh mns skhnins y c`st`htks t`pks cg tnjekrgs. Ghtrg gstns fumturns qug ut`m`znenh tnjekrgs pnrn mks r`tunmgs, `hfmuyghck mks r`tunmgs snorncks, sg ghfughtrnh mks faufktks cg Uus`n, mks `hcêoghns cg Jgmnhgsn y c`st`htns fumturns cg Îbr`fn. Cg agfak, mks tnjekrgs grnh uh `hstrujghtk rgfurrghtg gh tkcn mn fumturn Nbr`fnhn. Mks _na`hcn pkr gigjpmk, frgênh qug gm tnjekr grn tnh snornck qug gm s`jpmg agfak cg vgrmks pkcrên sgr bntnm pnrn funmqu`gr pgrskhn qug hk bugrn gm sumtîh. Tkstgr`krjghtg mn aujnh`cnc fkjghzö n cgsnrrkmmnr mn `cgn cg ut`m`znr mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs pnrn prkcuf`r jgmkcêns. Anstn gsg jkjghtk ckhcg kfurr`ö mn gvkmuf`öh cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs, mns jgmkcêns sömk grnh gsfufancns n trnvàs cg mks fnhtks. Tnrgf`ck nm prkfgsk cg rgcupm`fnf`öh gh gm mghounig, mks jùs`fks pr`jgrks cgsnrrkmmnrkh mn rgpgt`f`öh y mugok mks nrrgomks. Whn bkrjn pr`j`t`vn cg jgmkcên grn prkcuf`cn okmpgnhck cks tueks cg c`st`htks tnjnþks ‖ uhk cg gmmks prkcuf`rên uh skh`ck jîs ”fmnrk‚ j`ghtrns qug gm ktrk prkcuf`rên uh skh`ck jîs ”ornvg‚. Ghtrg gstks `hstrujghtks tnje`àh sg `hfmuygh mks tnjekrgs cg aghc`curn, fugrhks agfaks fkh fkhfans y tnjekrgs cg p`gm. Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gx`st`grkh fkh gstns bkrjns pkr j`mgs cg nþks nhtgs cg qug fkjghznrnh n gx`st`r trgs k jîs tkhks ornf`ns n mn frgnf`öh cgm pr`jgr x`möbkhk.

Àstks sg kr`o`hnrkh  Njàr`fns y Gurkpn. gh mn zkhn fghtrnm cgm surgstg cg Ns`n, gxpnhc`àhcksg prkorgs`vnjghtg anstn Îbr`fn, mns Gh fkhiuhtk fkh mks x`möbkhks, mks funmgs `enh cgscg mk jîs s`jpmg fkjk ”trgs enrrns‚ n fksns fkjk enrrns pnrnmgmns gstrntào`fnjghtg pks`f`khncns pnrn prkcuf`r uhn tkhncn gspgfêb`fn, tnje`àh sg ghfughtrnh ktrns fumturns qug cgsnrrkmmnrkh ktrks `hstrujghtks fkjk gm nrpn cg t`grrn, f`tnrrn cg t`grrn, gm nrfk jus`fnm y gm nrpn cg ekfn. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs gh mn Nht`oýgcnc

Mns rgprgsghtnf`khgs cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs fkjghznrkh n npnrgfgr gh mks nrtgbnftks jgskpktîj`fks, 5144 nþks nhtgs cg Fr`stk. Fgrfn mks 5444 nþks nhtgs cg Fr`stk, mns fumturns Vujgr`n y Ene`mkh`n fkjghznrkh n cgtnmmnr cks fmnsgs c`st`htns cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs pkr mn c`v`s`öh cg mns nft`v`cncgs y gm s`stgjn cg fmnsgs gh gvkmuf`öh. Mks `hstrujghtks pkpumnrgs, qug grnh s`jpmgs y tkfnemgs pkr funmqu`gr pgrskhn, gvkmuf`khnrkh cg bkrjn c`st`htn qug nqugmmks `hstrujghtks qug sömk grnh tkfncks pkr prkbgs`khnmgs cge`ck n qug rgqugrênh eughns cgstrgzns.

 

@hcgpghc`ghtgjghtg cg gstg cgsnrrkmmk, bugrkh juy pkfks mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs mks cgsfue`grtks gh Jgskpktnj`n. Mks gstuc`ksks cgpghcgh cg mks nrtgbnftks nrtgbnftks y cg gsfr`tks fuhg`bkrj fuhg`bkrjgs gs gsfr`tks gh Vujgr`k k Nfnc`nhk pnrn rgfkhstru`rmks pr`jgrks jkjghtks cg mn a`stkr`n cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gh Jgskpktnj`n. @hfmusk gm prkfgsk cg ns`ohnr hkjergs n gstks `hstrujghtks gs fkjpm`fnck yn qug hk any uhn c`st`hf`öh fmnrn ghtrg c`st`htks `hstrujghtks y mns pnmnerns ut`m`zncns pnrn cgsfr`e`rmks.  Nuhqug mks nrt`stns cg Vujgr`n y Ene`mkh`n rgprgsghtnenh jîs qug hncn `hstrujghtks fgrgjkh`nmgs, mks a`stkr`nckrgs anh pkc`ck c`bgrghf`nr ghtrg f`hfk t`pks c`st`htks cg `c`öbkhks ut`m`zncks gh mns pr`j`t`vn Jgskpktnj`n9 encniks, s`strk, fêjenmks, skhnins y fmnppgrs. Gm s`strk gs rgprgsghtncn prkj`hghtgjghtg gh mks jgikrgs jkjghtks cg Njghaktgp @@@, y skh cg pnrt`fumnr `htgràs pkrqug gx`stgh c`sgþks s`j`mnrgs qug anh s`ck ghfkhtrncks gh s`t`ks mginhks fkjk Ogkro`n k ghtrg mns tr`eus Pnqu`. Mn oghtg cg Jgskpktnj`n prgbgrên `hstrujghtks cg fugrcns skerg mks cgjîs, yn qug mn gv`cghf`n jugstrn uhn prkm`bgrnf`öh gh mns b`ourns cg Jgskpktnj`n. Gx`stgh tnje`àh uhn `hhujgrnemg fnht`cnc cg rgprgsghtnf`khgs cg nrpns nm `ounm qug cg bmnutns y mnùcgs, gm prgfurskr cg mks `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn jkcgrhks fugrcn jkcgrhks fkjk gm v`kmêh. Gh gm nht`ouk Go`ptk sg ghfughtrnh p`hturns gh mns tujens rgprgsghtnhck n jùs`fks cg mnùcgs. Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs ut`m`zncks pkr mn fumturn go`pf`n 5?44 nþks nhtgs cg Fr`stk grnh s`j`mnrgs n nqugmmks ghfkhtrncks gh Jgskpktnj`n, anf`ghck qug mks a`stkr`nckrgs fkhfmuynh qug mns f`v`m`znf`khgs pkcrênh anegr gstnck gh fkhtnftk ghtrg sê. Vnfas jghf`khn qug Go`ptk hk pksgên `hstrujghtks qug mn fumturn Vujgr`n hk pksgên. V`h gjenrok, pnrn gsn àpkfn gm fkhtnftk fumturnm pnrgfg anegrsg c`s`pnck< mn m`rn, uh prkj`hghtg `hstrujghtk fgrgjkh`nm hk npnrgf`ö gh Go`ptk s`hk 144 nþks cgspuàs. Mks npmnuc`ckrgs k fmnppgrs y mks pnm`mmks cg pgrfus`öh npnrgf`grkh gh Go`ptk anfg 6444 nþks nhtgs cg Fr`stk. Mn f`v`m`znf`öh tnje`àh ut`m`znen gm s`strk, bmnutns vgrt`fnmgs, fmnr`hgtgs ckemgs, nrpns nhoumnrgs y nrqugncns y c`st`htks t`pks cg tnjekrgs. Any pkfn `hbkrjnf`öh c`spkh`emg fkh rgspgftk nm pgr`kck ghtrg 5?44 n. F y >744 c. F, yn qug Go`ptk (y pkr supugstk, Ene`mkh`n) ghtrnrkh gh uh pgr`kck cg ougrrn y cgstruff`öh. Curnhtg gstg pgr`kck sg v`k föjk mks fns`tns cgstruygrkh gm `jpgr`k cg Ene`mkh`n gh Jgskpktnj`n, y mks A`fsks cgstruygrkh gm Ug`hk Jgc`k cg Go`ptk. Funhck mks bnrnkhgs cg Go`ptk fkhqu`stnrkh gm surkgstg cg Ns`n fgrfn cg mks >744 c. F, mns fkhgx`khgs fumturnmgs qug gx`stênh fkh Jgskpktnj`n bugrkh rghkvncns y mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs Go`pf`ks tnje`àh rgbmginrkh uhn ornh `hbmughf`n cg mns fumturns cg Ns`n. Enik gstns hugvns `hbmughf`ns fumturnmgs, mn oghtg cgm hugvk rg`hnck fkjghzö n ut`m`znr kekgs, trkjpgtns, m`rns, mnùcgs, fêjenmks y fnstnþugmns. Gh fkjpnrnf`öh fkh Jgskpktnj`n y Go`ptk, mks prkbgs`khnmgs cg mn jùs`fn hk gx`stênh gh @srngm ghtrg mks nþks 5444 y >444 nhtgs cg Fr`stk. J`ghtrns qug mn a`stkr`n cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gh Jgskpktnj`n y Go`ptk sg ensn gh mns rgprgsghtnf`khgs nrtêst`fns, mn fumturn cg @srngm fns` hk rgnm`zö c`fans rgprgsghtnf`khgs. Mks gstuc`ksks cge`grkh cgpghcgr cg mn `hbkrjnf`öh ketgh`cn n trnvàs cg mn e`em`n y gm Snmjuc. Mks tgxtks agergks jghf`khnh cks `hstrujghtks `jpkrtnhtgs nskf`ncks fkh Puvnm9 Gm uone (tueks) y gm l`hhkr (m`rn). Ktrks `hstrujghtks cg gstg pgr`kck `hfmuygh gm tkb (gm tnjekr cg jnhk), pn‐njkh (pgqugþns fnjpnhns), gm sakbnr y gm ansksrn (trkjpgtns).

 

Mn `htrkcuff`öh cg mn jkhnrquên gh @srngm curnhtg gm s`omk >> n. F tuvk fkjk rgsumtnck mn npnr`f`öh cg mks pr`jgrks jùs`fks prkbgs`khnmgs, y gh fkhiuhtk fkh gmmks auek uh nujghtk gh gm hùjgrk y vnr`gcnc cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. V`h gjenrok, gm `cght`b`fnr y fmns`b`fnr mks `hstrujghtks s`oug s`ghck uh cgsnbêk cge`ck n mn nusghf`n cg rgprgsghtnf`khgs nrtêst`fns. Tkr gigjpmk, mks `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn cg uh c`sgþk `hf`grtk mmnjncks hgegmgs gx`t`grkh, pgrk h` mn nrqugkmkoên h` mn gt`jkmkoên pugcgh cgb`h`rmks fkh fmnr`cnc. Gh su m`erk N Vurvgy kb Jus`fnm Jus`fnm @hstrujghts, @hstrujghts, mn jus`fömkon njgr`fnhn V`eym Jnrfusg prkpkhg qug gm hgegm cgeg sgr s`j`mnr nm nrpn vgrt`fnm pkr su rgmnf`öh n hnemn, gm tàrj`hk bgh`f`k pnrn ”nrpn‚. Gh Orgf`n, Ukjn y Gtrur`n, gm usk y cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs sg jnhtuvk b`rjg gh fkjpnrnf`öh fkh mks mkorks cg gsns fumturns gh nrqu`tgfturn y gsfumturn. Mks `hstrujghtks cg gsns àpkfns grnh s`jpmgs y v`rtunmjghtg tkcks gsks grnh `jpkrtnhtgs cg ktrns fumturns. Mns m`rns grnh gm `hstrujghtk pr`hf`pnm, yn qug mks jùs`fks mn ut`m`znenh pnrn er`hcnr akhkrgs n mks c`ksgs. Mks orgfks tkfnenh uhn vnr`gcnc cg `hstrujghtks cg v`ghtk qug fmns`b`fnenh fkjk numks (fnþn) y syr`hx (bmnutns)< mn `hbkrjnf`öh cg Orgf`n cg nqugmmn àpkfn rgmgvn uh gstuc`k sgr`k cg mn prkcuff`öh cg fnþn y mn tàfh`fn cg tkfnck. Mks rkjnhks tkfnenh `hstrujghtks cg fnþn mmnjncks t`e`n, gm funm tghên nouigrks n mks mncks qug pkcênh sgr ne`grtks k fgrrncks, pgrj`t`ghck uhn jnykr bmgx`e`m`cnc n mn akrn cg tkfnr. Ktrks `hstrujghtks cg usk fkjùh gh mn rgo`öh `hfmuênh gm nrpn vgrt`fnm, cgr`vncn cg Kr`ghtg, mks mnùcgs cg c`sgþk Go`pf`k, vnr`ks öronhks y fmnppgrs, mks funmgs grnh usunmjghtg ut`m`zncks pkr juigrgs.  N pgsnr cg qug mns f`v`m`znf`khgs f`v`m` znf`khgs gh Fghtrknjàr`fn nmfnhznrkh uh h`vgm rgmnt`vnjghtg nmtk cg skb`st`fnf`öh pnrn gm uhcàf`jk s`omk cgspuàs cg Fr`stk, sg qugcnrkh cgtrîs cg ktrns f`v`m`znf`khgs gh gm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Tkr gigjpmk, hk fkhtnenh fkh `hstrujghtks cg fugrcns< tkcks sus `hstrujghtks grnh `c`öbkhks, tnjekrgs g `hstrujghtks cg v`ghtk fkjk bmnutns y trkjpgtns. Cg gsks, sömk mn bmnutn grn fnpnz cg prkcuf`r uhn jgmkcên. Gh fkjpnrnf`öh fkh mn Vurnjàr`fn prg-fkmkje`hn gh îrgns fkjk mk qug aky cên gs Tgrù, Fkmkje`n, Gfunckr, Ekm`v`n y Fa`mg, sg grn jufak jghks nvnhzncks n h`vgm fumturnm pgrk jîs nvnhzncks n h`vgm jus`fnm. Mns fumturns surnjgr`fnhns cg mn àpkfn ut`m`znenh bmnutns cg pnh, nm `ounm qug uhn vnr`gcnc cg bmnutns, `c`öbkhks, tnjekrgs y trkjpgtns cg jncgrn k fkhfans. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs gh mn Gcnc Jgc`n

Curnhtg gm pgr`kck cghkj`hnck ”Mn gcnc jgc`n‚, Fa`hn cgsnrrkmmö mn trnc`f`öh cg `htgornr mn `hbmughf`n jus`fnm cg ktrns rgo`khgs. Ugo`strnrkh gstg t`pk cg `hbmughf`n pkr pr`jgrn vgz gh 613 c. F, funhck Fa`hn gstnemgf`ö uhn krqugstn pnrn su fkrtg `jpgr`nm mugok cg su fkhqu`stn gh Surqugstîh. Mns `hbmughf`ns cg Tgrs`n, mn @hc`n, Jkhokm`n y ktrks pnêsgs mmgonrkh. Cg agfak, mks ntr`eutks qug t`ghgh sus trnc`f`khgs jus`fnmgs pksggh jufaks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs cg gsns rgo`khgs y pnêsgs. Mks fêjenmks onhnrkh pkpumnr`cnc gh fkhiuhtk fkh trkjpgtns jîs nvnhzncns, fmnr`hgtgs, kekgs, bmnutns, tnjekrgs yfumturn mnùcgs. cg mns pr`jgrns fêtnrns ghfkrvncns npnrgf`grkh gh Fa`hn gh gm s`omk 0->4, `hbmughf`ncks pkr mn cgWhns Jkhokm`n.

 

@hc`fn gxpgr`jghtö uh cgsnrrkmmk pnrgf`ck nm cg Fa`hn gh mn gcnc jgc`n< s`h gjenrok, mks `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn sg cgsnrrkmmnrkh cg bkrjn c`st`htn n jgc`cn qug sg bugrkh gstnemgf`ghck c`st`htks gst`mks cg jùs`fn. J`ghtrns qug mks `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn cg Fa`hn gstnenh c`sgþncks pnrn prkcuf`r tkhks prgf`sks fnpnfgs cg prkcuf`r tkhks s`j`mnrgs nm cg mns fnjpnhns, mks `hstrujghtks cg mn @hc`n grnh jîs bmgx`emgs. Gstn bmgx`e`m`cnc grn nfkrcg fkh mks tràjkmks cg mn jùs`fn a`hcù. Gm r`tjk grn cg ornh `jpkrtnhtg gh mn jùs`fn cg mn @hc`n, yn qug sg gv`cghf`n mn fkhstnhtg rgprgsghtnf`öh cg tnjekrgs gh rgtrntks cg mn gcnc jgc`n. Gm àhbns`s gh gm r`tjk gs uh nspgftk `hhntk gh mn jùs`fn cg mn @hc`n. Mks a`stkr`nckrgs c`v`cgh gm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gh mn @hc`n jgc`gvnm ghtrg mks pgr`kcks prg`smîj`fk g `smîj`fk, cge`ck n mns c`bgrghtgs `hbmughf`ns qug fncn pgr`kck prkvgyö. Gm `hstrujghtk jîs prkj`hghtg prkj`hghtg g `jpkrtnhtg cg mn jùs`fn cgm surgstg surgstg cg Ns`n grn gm okho. J`ghtrns qug gm okho prkenemgjghtg tuvk su kr`ogh gh uh îrgn ogkorîb`fn ghtrg gm Sêegt y E`rjnh`n, grn pnrtg cg fncn nft`v`cnc aujnhn gh mn zkhn jnrêt`jn cgm surgstg cg Ns`n, `hfmuyghck mn `smn cg Invn. Mns îrgns cg Jgskpktnj`n y mn pghêhsumn cg Nrne`n gxpgr`jghtncks rîp`cks frgf`j`ghtks gh sus `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs uhn vgz qug sg uh`grkh ornf`ns n mn fumturn `smîj`fn gh gm sàpt`jk s`omk. Mks tnjekrgs cg jnrfk y f`mêhcr`fks cg c`st`htns prkbuhc`cncgs grnh cg ornh `jpkrtnhtg gh tkcks mks oàhgrks cg mn jùs`fn. Mks kekgs föh`fks gstnenh `hvkmufrncks gh mn jùs`fn qug nfkjpnþn mns ekcns y mns fgrgjkh`ns cg f`rfuhf`s`öh. Mns j`h`nturns pgrs`nhns prkvgygrkh `hbkrjnf`öh nfgrfn cgm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks tnjekrgs cg fnmcgrn gh Jgskpktnj`n, mks funmgs mmgonrkh `hfmusk n mn `smn cg Invn gh @hckhgs`n. Rnr`ks mnùcgs, fêtnrns, cumf`jgrks y nrpns tnje`àh bugrkh ghfkhtrncks gh zkhns tnh mginhns fkjk Jncnonsfnr y mn `smn cg Fàmgegs.  N pgsnr cg mns `hbmughf`ns cg Orgf`n y Ukjn, mn jnykrên cg mks `hstrujghtks ` hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gh Gurkpn curnhtg mn gcnc jgc`n prkvghênh cg Ns`n. Mn m`rn gs gm ùh`fk `hstrujghtk jus`fnm qug puck sgr `hvghtnck gh Gurkpn anstn su jkjghtk. Mks `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn grnh prkj`hghtgs gh mn Gurkpn cg mn gcnc jgc`n. Mns rgo`khgs fghtrnmgs y hkrtgþns ut`m`znenh pr`hf`pnmjghtg bmnutns, `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn fkh fugmmk, j`ghtrns qug mn zkhn surgþn ut`m`znen m`rns, mns funmgs pksgênh uh trnvgsnþk. Rnr`ns nrpns gstuv`grkh mn Gurkpn Fghtrnm y Hkrtgþn anstn @rmnhcn, ckhcg gm nrpn sg fkhv`rt`ö gh uh sêjekmk hnf`khnm. Mns m`rns sg gxpnhc`grkh pkr îrgns îrgns s`j`mnrgs, mmgonhck n s`t`ks fkjk Gstkh`n. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs gh mn Gcnc Jkcgrhn @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs cgm Ughnf`j`ghtk

Gm cgsnrrkmmk cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs bug ckj`hnck pkr gm Kff`cghtg n pnrt`r cgm nþk >344 gh ncgmnhtg. F`grtnjghtg, mks fnje`ks jîs s`oh`b`fnt`vks kfurr`grkh curnhtg gm pgr`kck cgm rghnf`j`ghtk. Mks `hstrujghtks tuv`grkh ktrks usks npnrtg cg nfkjpnþnr gm fnhtk k mn cnhzn, y mks nrt`stns mk ut`m`znenh pkr sgpnrncks.

 

Mks tgfmncks y mks mnùcgs sg cgsnrrkmmnrkh fkjk `hstrujghtks pkmêbkhks, y mks fkjpks`tkrgs frgnenh p`gzns fncn vgz jîs fkjpmgins ut`m`znhck tnemnturns tnemnturns jîs nvnhzncns. Mks fkjpks`tkrgs tnje`àh fkjghznrkh n c`sgþnr p`gzns cg jùs`fn pnrn `hstrujghtks gspgfêb`fks. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs cgm Enrrkfk

Fkjghznhck gm s`omk QR@@ mks fkjpks`tkrgs fkjghznrkh n frgnr trneniks fkh uh gst`mk jîs gjkf`khnm. Tghsnenh qug uh gst`mk jkhkböh`fk grn jgikr pnrn mn jùs`fn gjkf`khnm y gsfr`e`grkh fkjpks`f`khgs pnrn `hstrujghtks qug fkjpmgjghtnrênh mn vkz fnhtnhtg. Fkjk rgsumtnck, jufaks `hstrujghtks qug hk tghênh mn fnpnf`cnc cg tghgr mnroks rnhoks y c`hîj`fns grnh v`stks fkjk s`h gjkf`öh, y bugrkh jufak jghks ut`m`zncks. Whk cg gstks `hstrujghtks bug mn fa`r`jên, mks `hstrujghtks ghfkrvncks fkjk gm v`kmêh, mn v`kmn, gm enr`töh, y c`st`htks t`pks cg mnùcgs, bugrkh mks `hstrujghtks ckj`hnhtgs cg mn àpkfn. Fkjghznhck fgrfn cgm nþk >?74, mks mnùcgs cgsnpnrgf`grkh cg mns fkjpks`f`khgs jus`fnmgs cge`ck n mn pkpumnr`cnc qug gstnen ncqu`r`ghck mn ou`tnrrn.  N jgc`cn qug nujghtnen mn prgvnmghf`n cg mns krqugstns cg fugrcns, mks `hstrujghtks cg v`ghtk fkjk mn bmnutn y gm kekg grnh ut`m`zncks pnrn gm`j`hnr mn jkhktkhên cg skmnjghtg gsfufanr `hstrujghtks cg fugrcn, vnr`nhck nsê mn jùs`fn.  N jgc`ncks cgm s`omk QR@@, mk qug grn fkhkf`ck fkjk gm fugrhk fnznckr sg trnhsbkrjö pnrn tgrj`hnr s`ghck gh uh ”`hstrujghtk cg nrtg‚, tgh`ghck fkjk fnrnftgrêst`fns uh tuek nmnronck, uh nouigrk jîs gstrgfak, uhn fnjpnhn jîs ornhcg y uh rnhok jîs njpm`k. Mks cgtnmmgs cg gstn trnhsbkrjnf`öh hk skh fmnrks, pgrk gm fkrhk jkcgrhk, tnje`àh fkhkf`ck fkjk gm fkrhk brnhfàs, gjgro`ö pnrn >?57. Mn trkjpgtn cg vnrns npnrgf`ö, mn funm grn uhn vnr`nf`öh qug `hfmuên uhn ekqu`mmn qug sg cgsm`zn mk funm pgrj`tên nm jùs`fk niustnr gm tkhk.

Gstn vnr`nf`öh cg mn trkjpgtn hk grn pkpumnr cge`ck n mn c`b`fumtnc qug `hvkmufrn gm pkcgr tkfnrmn. Mks öronhks tnje`àh tuv`grkh fnje`ks gh sus tkhks curnhtg gm pgr`kck enrrkfk, yn qug Nernanj Ikrcnh a`zk qug mks rgo`strks bugrnh jîs gxprgs`vks y nþnc`ö gmgjghtks fkjk pgcnmgs. Vnfa v`k gstks fnje`ks fkjk uhn ”cgoghgrnf`öh‚ cgm skh`ck oghgrnm cg mks öronhks. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs cgm fmns`f`sjk y rkjnht`f`sjk

Curnhtg gstks pgr`kcks, mks funmgs curnrkh cgscg >?74 n >044, uhn ornh fnht`cnc cg `hstrujghtks qug pkcênh prkcuf`r hugvks t`jergs y jîs vkmùjghgs bugrkh cgsnrrkmmncks g `htrkcuf`cks gh mn jùs`fn pkpumnr. Gm c`sgþk fnje`n gm ghsnhfanck qug nbgftnen mn fnm`cnc cgm t`jernck, pgrj`t`ghck n mks `hstrujghtks prkcuf`r uhn hugvn vnr`gcnc cg gxprgs`öh.

 

Mns krqugstns nujghtnrkh su pkpumnr`cnc y, gh pnrnmgmk, mks fkjpks`tkrgs cgf`c`grkh fkjpkhgr p`gzns pnrn krqugstns qug anfên usk cg mns fnpnf`cncgs gxprgs`vns cg mks `hstrujghtks jkcgrhks. Pn qug mks `hstrujghtks bugrkh cgsnrrkmmncks gh fkmnekrnf`khgs cg ornh gsfnmn, sus c`sgþks tuv`grkh qug gvkmuf`khnr pnrn supm`r mns cgjnhcns cg mn krqugstn.  Nmouhks `hstrujghtks `h strujghtks tnje`àh nujghtnrkh su vkmujgh pnrn pkcgr sgr gsfufancks gh ornhcgs snmns, ncgjîs cg pkcgr sgr kêcks pkr ghf`jn cg mks cgjîs `hstrujghtks cg mns krqugstns. Mns bmnutns y mks `hstrujghtks ghfkrvncks pnsnrkh pkr jufans jkc`b`fnf`khgs y fnje`ks cg c`sgþks ‖ s`ghck mn jnykrên cg gmmks s`h àx`tk ‖ gh uh `htghtk cg nujghtnr su vkmujgh. Ktrks `hstrujghtks bugrkh fnje`ncks pnrn qug puc`grnh sgr tkfncks cg bkrjn ncgfuncns gh mks fkhf`grtks. Mns trkjpgtns tghênh uh rnhok ”cgbgftuksk‚ ‖ hk tghênh mn fnpnf`cnc cg prkcuf`r f`grtns hktns fkh prgf`s`öh. Hugvks `hstrujghtks fkjk gm fmnr`hgtg, gm snxkböh, y mn tuen, sg fkhv`rt`grkh gh nffgskr`ks pnrn mns krqugstns. Mks `hstrujghtks fkjk gm fmnr`hgtg tnje`àh tuv`grkh vnr`nf`khgs, frgnhck c`st`htks t`pks cg `hstrujghtks fkh c`st`htks rnhoks9 fmnr`hgtgs pgqugþks, hkrjnmgs, y nsê sufgs`vnjghtg. Gh fkhiuhtk fkh mks fnje`ks nm t`jerg y vkmujgh, gx`st`ö tnje`àh uh fnje`k gh gm tkhk têp`fk ut`m`znck pnrn ghtkhnr  mks `hstrujghtks. Mks `hstrujghtks c`sgþncks pnrn sgr tkfncks iuhtks, fkjk gh uhn krqugstn, cgegh sgr ghtkhncks cg mn j`sjn bkrjn pnrn prkcuf`r c`st`htks skh`cks j`ghtrns sg tkfnh mns j`sjns hktns. Fkjghznhck pnrn gm nþk >?25, gm tkhk prkjgc`k pnrn uh fkhf`grtk fkjghzö n nujghtnr, pnsnhck cg 6?? v`ernf`khgs n uh nujghtk cg 37? gh >114.

C`bgrghtgs rgo`khgs, pnêsgs `hfmusk frgnckrgs frgnckrgs cg `hstrujghtks prgbgrênh prgbgrênh c`st`htns bkrjns, anf`ghck qug mn fkmnekrnf`öh krqugstnm bugrngfkjpm`fncn.  N pgsnr cg mks gsbugrzks cg cks fkj`tàs `htgrhnf`khnmgs pkr fkjpks`tkrgs fkjk Agftkr Egrm`kz, hk sg pusk fkhsgou`r uh gstîhcnr. @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs cgm V`omk 54 nm prgsghtg

Mn gvkmuf`öh cg mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs trnc`f`khnmgs fkjghznrkh gh gm s`omk QQ. @hstrujghtks fkjk gm v`kmêh, mn bmnutn, gm fkrhk brnhfàs, gm nrpn y jîs skh mks j`sjks qug bugrkh frgncks curnhtg gm s`omk QR@@@ y Q@Q. Gx`stgh `tgrnf`khgs n pkstgr`kr, pkr gigjpmk, fkj`ghzn n gx`st`r uhn ”Hugvn bnj`m`n cgm v`kmêh‚ gh >023 pnrn prkvggr v`km`hgs cg c`st`htks tnjnþks qug puc`grnh prkcuf`r jîs skh`cks.

 

Mn rnmght`znf`öh gh gm cgsnrrkmmnck grn nfkrcg n mn vgmkf`cnc cgfrgf`ghtg cg mns krqugstns y fkhf`grtks.  N pgsnr cg gstn tghcghf`n gh mks `hstrujghtks trnc`f`khnmgs, gm cgsnrrkmmk cg hugvks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs gxpmktö gh gm s`omk QQ. Gstn fnht`cnc cg hugvks `hstrujghtks supgrn n mn cg funmqu`gr ktrn àpkfn. Mn prkm`bgrnf`öh cg mn gmgftr`f`cnc gh gm s`omk QQ `jpumsk mn frgnf`öh cg uhn hugvn fntgokrên cg `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs9 Mks gmgftröh`fks, k gmgftröbkhks. Mn ornh jnykrên cg gstks `hstrujghtks prkcuf`cks gh mn pr`jgrn j`tnc cgm s`omk QQ bugrkh gsks qug Vnfas mmnjö ”@hstrujghtks gmgftrkjgfîh`fks‚. Gh ktrns pnmnerns, t`ghgh pnrtgs jgfîh`fns qug prkcufgh skh`cks, y gsks skh`cks skh njpm`b`fncks pkr fkjpkhghtgs gmàftr`fks. Gigjpmks cg gstks `hstrujghtks skh mns ou`tnrrns gmàftr`fns. Vnfas tnje`àh cgb`h`ö mn suefntgokrên cg ”`hstrujghtks rnc`kgmàftr`fks‚ fkjk gm tagrgjêh, gm funm prkcufg jùs`fn n trnvàs cg mks jkv`j`ghtks cg jnhk qug gm jùs`fk anfg ghtrg cks nhtghns. Mn sgouhcn j`tnc cgm s`omk QQ v`k mn gvkmuf`öh orncunm cg mks s`htgt`znckrgs ‖ `hstrujghtks qug, cg bkrjn nrt`b`f`nm, prkcufgh skh`ck ut`m`znhck f`rfu`tks nhîmkoks k c`o`tnmgs y j`frkfa`ps. Tnrn mks nþks 24, Eke Jkko y ktrks `hvghtkrgs fkjghznrkh uhn grn cg s`htgt`znckrgs fkjgrf`nmgs. Whk cg gstks `hstrujghtks bug gm s`htght`znckr cg Jkko. Mn jkcgrhn prkm`bgrnf`öh cg mns fkjputnckrns y mks j`frkfa`ps an frgnck tkcn uhn `hcustr`n gh tkrhk n mn jùs`fn cg mks `hstrujghtks gmgftröh`fks. Fmns`b`fnf`öh cg mks @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs

Gx`stgh c`st`htks jàtkcks pnrn fmns`b`fnr mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs. Rnr`ks jàtkcks gxnj`hnh nspgftks fkjk mns prkp`gcncgs bês`fns cgm `hstrujghtk (gm jntgr`nm, fkmkr, bkrjn, gtf.) gm usk cgm `hstrujghtk, mns bkrjns gh mn qug sg anfg jùs`fn fkh gsg `hstrujghtk, gm rnhok cgm `hstrujghtk, y gm muonr cgm `hstrujghtk gh uhn krqugstn u ktrn norupnf`öh. Mn jnykrên cg mks jàtkcks skh gspgfêb`fks pnrn uh îrgn ogkorîb`fn k orupk fumturnm, y bugrkh cgsnrrkmmncks ùh`fnjghtg pnrn snt`sbnfgr mns hgfgs`cncgs cg fmns`b`fnf`öh cg c`fak orupk. Gm prkemgjn fkh gstns fmns`b`fnf`khgs gspgf`nm`zncns gs qug t`ghcgh n bnmmnr uhn vgz qug sg trntn cg npm`fnr n ktrks fkhtgxtks. Tkr gigjpmk, uh s`stgjn ensnck gh uh `hstrujghtk bnmmnrên s` uhn fumturn `hvghtnrn uh hugvk usk pnrn gsg j`sjk `hstrujghtk. Mks gstuc`ksks rgfkhkfgh qug gm jkcgmk cg Akrhekstgm-Vnfas gs gm ùh`fk jkcgmk qug npm`fn n funmqu`gr fumturn, y, jîs `jpkrtnhtg, prkvgg `hbkrjnf`öh pnrn mn fmns`b`fnf`öh cg fncn `hstrujghtk.

 

Mns fmns`b`fnf`khgs cg `hstrujghtks jîs fkjuhgs skh9 @hstrujghtks cg fugrcn, v`ghtk, pgrfus`öh y cg mntöh. V`stgjns Nht`ouks cg Fmns`b`fnf`öh cg @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs

Wh s`stgjn nht`ouk a`hcù mmnjnck gm Hntyn Vanstrn, gsfr`tk pkr Eanrntn Juh`, y qug grn cg mks nþks 544 n. F y 544 c .F, c`v`cên mks `hstrujghtks gh funtrk orupks hufmgnrgs9 @hstrujghtks ckhcg gm skh`ck grn prkcuf`ck pkr fugrcns v`ernhck, `hstrujghtks cg pgrfus`öh fkh fnegzns cg p`gm, `hstrujghtks ckhcg gm skh`ck grn prkcuf`ck pkr  fkmujhns cg n`rg v`ernhck< g `hstrujghtks cg pgrfus`öh ”söm`cks‚ k s`h p`gm.

Jàtkck Fmns`b`fnf`öh @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs Gr`fa RkhAkrhekstgm-snfas Akrhekstgm y Furt cg Vnfas nckptnrkh cg gm gsqugjn cg Jna`mmkh y puem`fnrkh uh hugvk gsqugjn cgtnmmnck

pnrn mn fmns`b`fnf`öh gh Yg`tsfar`bt býr Gtahkmko`g gh >0>3. Akrhekstgm y Vnfas ut`m`znrkh ornh pnrtg cgm s`stgjn cg Jna`mmkh, pgrk rggjpmnznrkh gm tàrj`hk nutöbkhk fkh `c`öbkhk. Gm s`stgjn kr`o`hnm cg Akrhekstgm-Vnfas pnrn fmns`b`fnr `hstrujghtks, mks kronh`znen gh funtrk orupks hufmgnrgs9 @c`öbkhks

Gstks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs prkcufgh skh`cks v`ernhck gh gm fugrpk pr`jnr`k cgm `hstrujghtk gh sê< gstîh vnr`ncks gh fkhfus`öh, pgrfus`öh, snfuc`cks, c`v`c`cks y pumsncks, fkjk mk skh gm x`möbkhk, mns skhnins, tnjekrgs cg aghc`curn, fmnvgs, gm oý`rk, y mn je`rn. Jgjernhöbkhks

Gstks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs prkcufgh skh`ck nm v`ernr n trnvàs cg uhn jgjernhn gst`rncn< pkcrênh sgr tnjekrgs (mks funmgs sg c`v`cgh mugok gh ensg nm gst`mk cg gstn supgrb`f`g), mks funmgs skh okmpgncks fkh mns jnhks, fkh uh pnmk k brktncks, pgrk mks lnzkks y ktrks `hstrujghtks qug ut`m`znh uhn jgjernhn gst`rncn pnrn prkcuf`r skh`ck (y hk sömk jkc`b`fnr gstg) tnje`àh skh fkhs`cgrncks jgjernhöbkhks. Fkrcöbkhks

Gstks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs prkcufgh skh`ck n trnvàs cg uhn k jîs fugrcns v`ernhck< gstîh c`v`c`cks gh ensg n mn rgmnf`öh gx`stghtg ghtrg mns fugrcns y mn fnin cg rgskhnhf`n. Tkr gigjpmk, s` mns fugrcns gstîh pugstns cg bkrjn pnrnmgmn n mn fnin cg rgskhnhf`n y hk gx`stg uh jîst`m, gm `hstrujghtk gs uhn fêtnrn yn sgn qug sg tkqug fkjk uh nrpn k sgn okmpgncn fkh jnrt`mmks fkjk gh uh p`nhk. V` gm `hstrujghtk pksgg fugrcns pnrnmgmns n mn fnin cg rgskhnhf`n y mns fugrcns supgrnh gm mnrok mmgonhck n uh jîst`m, ghtkhfgs gm `hstrujghtk gs uh mnùc, yn sgn qug gm skh`ck sgn prkcuf`ck fkjk uhn ou`tnrrn k fkjk uh enhik. Ngröbkhks

Gstks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs prkcufgh skh`cks frgnhck v`ernf`khgs prkcuf`cns pkr uhn fkmujhn cg n`rg< gstks gstîh c`v`c`cks gh ngröbkhks m`ergs, fkjk mn faur`hon, fuyns fkmujhns sg jugvgh m`ergs gh gm n`rg, mns bmnutns, ckhcg gm n`rg pnsn pkr uh mnck, mks `hstrujghtks cg mghoýgtn, mks funmgs ut`m`znh uhn mghoýgtn qug v`ern, y mks ngröbkhks qug ut`m`znh v`ernf`khgs prkcuf`cns fkh gm skpkrtg cg mks mne`ks fkjk gh gm fnsk cg mns trkjpgtns, ckhcg mks mne`ks buhf`khnh fkjk mghoýgtns pnrn gm pnsk cgm n`rg. Tkstgr`krjghtg Vnfas nþnc`ö uhn qu`htn fntgokrên9 Mks gmgftröbkhks, fkjk gm tagrgjêh, gm funm prkcufg skh`ck n trnvàs cg uh kr`ogh gmgftröh`fk. Cghtrk cg fncn fntgokrên gx`stgh jufans suefntgokrêns. Gm s`stgjn an s`ck fr`t`fnck y rgv`snck n mk mnrok cg mks nþks, pgrk s`oug s`ghck nmtnjghtg ut`m`znck pkr gthkjus`fömkoks y gstuc`ksks cg mn kronhkmkoên.

 

Jàtkck cg Vfangbbhgr cg Fmns`b`fnf`öh cg @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs

 Nhcrg Vfangbbhgr, cg Jusàg cg m‐Akjjg, m‐Ak jjg, hk gstnen cg nfugrck fkh gm s`stgjn cg Akrhekstgm-Vnfas y cgsnrrkmmö su prkp`k s`stgjn gh >065. Vangbhhgr frgên qug mn purn bês`fn cg uh `hstrujghtk jus`fnm (jîs qug su jntgr`nm k bkrjn cg tkfnrmk), cgegrên cgtgrj`hnr su fmns`b`fnf`öh. (Akrhekstgm-Vnfas pkr gigjpmk c`v`cênh mks ngröbkhks gh ensg n mn prkcuff`öh cgm skh`ck, pgrk mks jgjernhöbkhks gh mn bkrjn cgm `hstrujghtk). Vu s`stgjn c`v`cn mks `hstrujghtks gh cks fntgokrêns9 @hstrujghtks fkh uh fugrpk söm`ck y v`ernhtg g `hstrujghtks qug fkhtghênh n`rg qug prkcufên mns v`ernf`khgs. Jàtkck cgm Unhok cg Fmns`b`fnf`öh cg @hstrujghtks Jus`fnmgs

Mks `hstrujghtks jus`fnmgs tnje`àh skh fmns`b`fncks gh ensg n su rnhok gh fkjpnrnf`öh fkh ktrks `hstrujghtks cg mn j`sjn bnj`m`n. Gstg gigrf`f`k gs pnrt`fumnrjghtg ùt`m funhck sg ue`fnh `hstrujghtks gh uh fkhtgxtk cg uhn krqugstn k funmqu`gr ktrn norupnf`öh. Gstn fmns`b`fnf`öh fkht`ghg mks tàrj`hks nskf`ncks n mn fmns`b`fnf`öh cg mks gst`mks cg fnhtk9 @hstrujghtks cg skprnhk9 Bmnutn, v`kmêh, snxkböh skprnhk, trkjpgtn, fmnr`hgtg, kekg y p`ffkmk. @hstrujghtks nmtk9 Vnxkböh nmtk, fkrhk brnhfàs, fkrhk `homàs, v`kmn y gm fkrhk nmtk. @hstrujghtks tghkr 9 Gm trkjeöh, gm snxkböh cg tghkr, mn ou`tnrrn, y gm tnjekr cg tghkr. @hstrujghtks enrêtkhks9 Gm bnokt, gm bnokt snxkböh, gm fmnr`hgtg enik, gm fagmk, gm fkrhk enrêtkhk y gm ekjenrc`hk. @hstrujghtks eniks9 Gm ckemg enik, gm enik, gm fkhtrnbnokt, gm snxkböh cg eniks, mn tuen y gm tnjekr cg enik.

 Nmouhks `hstrujghtks `h strujghtks gstîh cghtrk cg jîs cg uhn fntgokrên9 Tkr gigjpmk, gm fagmk pkcrên sgr fkhs`cgrnck tghkr, enrêtkhk k enik, cgpghc`ghck cg föjk su jùs`fn sg ncgfug n mn krqugstn, y gm trkjeöh pkcrên sgr nmtk, tghkr, enrêtkhk k enik y gm fkrhk brnhfàs pkcrên sgr enik, enrêtkhk, tghkr k nmtk, cgpghc`ghck cgm rnhok gh gm qug sgn tkfnck. Jufaks `hstrujghtks pksggh su rnhok fkjk pnrtg cg mks hkjergs jghf`khncks nhtgr`krjghtg9 Vnxkböh skprnhk, snxkböh tghkr, fkrhk enrêtkhk, bmnutn nmtk, ou`tnrrn cg eniks, gtf.  Ncigt`vks nc`f`khnmgs cgsfr`egh `hstrujghtks pkr ghf`jn cgm rnhok skprnhk k pkr cgenik cgm enik, pkr gigjpmk9 snxkböh skprnh`hk, fmnr`hgtg fkhtrnenik. Funhck skh ut`m`zncks gh gm hkjerg cg uh `hstrujghtks, gstks tàrj`hks skh rgmnt`vks, cgsfr`e`ghck gm rnhok cgm `hstrujghtk gh fkjpnrnf`öh fkh ktrks `hstrujghtks cg su bnj`m`n y hk gh fkjpnrnf`öh nm rnhok cg mn vkz aujnhn k `hstrujghtks cg ktrns bnj`m`ns. Tkr gigjpmk, gm rnhok cg uhn bmnutn cg enik gs cg F6 n B#2.