Orientaciones de La GAISE

 

Lukid kidfkfkb bds `nr Hssd ssdsadbt hbi kbsstr kb truj ujtk tknb nb kb Zth Zthtks tkstk tkjjs Diujhtknb  LHKZD) Ehrdb Yhtkhbh Xuktkhb Hrkzh Phbdssh ]nadrn Njcnh Onbhtchb Ihvki Mdrbhf Lhamnh

 

¾Xuë ds> Df prnydjtn LHKZD (Lukidfkbds `nr Hssdsadbt hbi Kstrujtknb kb Zthhtks Zt tkstkjs tkjs Diu iujjht htkn knb) b),, ds ub ubhh lu luáh áh phr phrh fh kb kbsstr truj ujjk jkúb úb y dvhf dv hfuh uhjk jkúb úb db diuj diujhj hjkú kúb b Dsth Dsthiá iásstk tkjh jh.. @ud @ud jrdh jrdhin in pn pnrr fh Hsnj Hs njkh khjk jkúb úb Ha Hadr drkj kjhb hbhh id Dsth Dsthiá iást stkj kjhh db =7 =77: 7: y jnbt jnbtkd kdbd bd rdjnadbihjknbds phrh dbsdøhr y dvhfuhr túpkjns dstnjèstkjns, fnssid hspdjtns jnbjdptuhfds yrds dfs rhz hznb nbha hakd kdbt btn n dspdjkhfadbtd ds dsth thiá iásstkjn tkjn,, id idsi d fns fns bk bkvd vdfd fdss ds dsjn jnfh fhrd kbkjkhfds.

 

]DJNADBIHJKNBDZ ID FH LHKZD 8.   Ëb`hsks db fh hf`hmdtkzhjkúb dsthiástkjh y df idshrrnffn idf pdbshakdbtn dsthiástkj dsthiástkjn. n. =.   Db`njhrsd Db`njhrsd db fh jnaprdbskúb jnaprdbskúb jnbjdptuhf. jnbjdptuhf. ihtns rdhfds jnb ub jnb jnbtdxtn tdxtn y ub prnpúsktn. :.   Kbtdlrhr ihtns 9.   @nadbthr df hprdbikzhod hjtkvn. 4.   Tshr fh tdjbnfnláh phrh dxpfnrhr dxpfnrhr jnbjdpt jnbjdptns ns y hbhfkzhr ihtns. dvhfuhjknbds bds phrh adonr adonrhr hr y dvhfuhr dvhfuhr df hprdbikz hprdbikzhod hod id 0.   Tshr dvhfuhjkn fns dstuikhbtds.

 

8. Ëb`hsks db fh hf`hmdtkzhjkúb dsthiástkjh y df idshrrnffn idf pdbshakdbtn dsthiástkjn 

Idshrrnffn id chmkfkihids qud pdrakthb h fns dstuikhbtds pdbshr jrátkjhadbtd snmrd tdahs dsthiástkjns.  ]djnbn ]djnbnjdr jdr fh  Fh

bdjdskihi id fns ihtns.

kapnrthbjkh id fh prniujjkúb id kapnrthbjkh id ihtns.

 Fh nabkprdsdbjkh id fh vhrkhmkfkihi.  Fh juhbtk`kjhjkúb y dxpfkjhjkúb id fh 

vhrkhmkfkihi.

Hyu yuih ihrr h fn fnss ds dstu tuik ikhb hbtd tdss h jn jnb bvdr drtk tkrrsd db jn jnbs bsua uaki kinr nrds ds id kb`nrahjkúb dsthiástkjh adonr diujhins.

 

Dbsdøhr dsthiástkjhs jnan ub prnjdsn kbvdstklhtkvn id rdsnfujkúb id prnmfdahs y tnah id idjksknbds Zd rdjnbnjdb hf adbns ins ahbdrhs id pdbshr snmrd df rdsuadb kbvdstklhtkvn? WWIHJ HJ (Wrnmfdah, Wfhb, Ihtns, Ihtns, Hbèfksks, Jnbjfuskúb).    Df hjrúbkan WWI  Df Kb`nrad LHKZD WrdE8= (@rhbefkb dt hf. =77 ]dspudsth ]dspuds th idtdrakbksth idtdrakbksth ]dspudsth ]dspudsth mhshih db ihtns ihtns y vhrkhmkfkihi vhrkhmkfkihi ¾Xuë thb hftns snb fns cnamrds hiuftns ¾Xuë thb hftn sny>

db TZH> ¾Júan fh fuz idf snf h`djth h`djth df jrdjkakdb jrdjkakdbtn tn id ubh pfhbth>

 

@nraufhjkúb id prdlubths Bkvdf H

Bkvdf M

Bkvdf J

Jnakdbzh tnah id Kbjrdadbth fh tnah id Fns dstuikhbtds pudidb jnbsj nbsjkkdbjk dbjkhh snm snmrd fh jnbsjkdbjkh id fh ikstkblukr fhs prdlubths ikstkbjkúb id fh ikstkbjkúb id fh dsthiástkjhs. prdlubth dsthiástkjh.

prdlubth dsthiástkjh.

 

]djnfdjjkúb id ihtns? 

Audstrdn hfdhtnrkn

]djnbnjdr fh Phrkhmkfkihi

Audstrh Wnmfhjkúb

Iksdøns dxpdrkadbthfds Hsklbhjkúb hfdhtnrkh ]djnbnjd fhs

% ahrldb id drrnr 

ik`drdbjkhs dbtrd ins n aès lrupns

 

Bkvdfds rdjnfdjjkúb id ihtns H Ynihváh bn chy iksdøn phrh fhs ik`drdbjkhs Jdbsn db df shfúb id Jfhsds

Dxpdrkadbtn skapfd

M

J

Kbkjkh fh tnah id Fns dstuikhbtds chjdb jnbjkdbjkh idf iksdøn iksdøns phrh fhs phrh fhs ik`drdbjkhs ik`drdbjkhs Dbjudsths pnr Iksdøns audstrhfds jnb audstrdn5 kbkjkh df usn sdfdjjkúb hfdhtnrkh id sdfdjjkúb hfdhtnrkh Dxpdrkadbtns jnaphrhtkvns? Kbkjkh df Iksdøn dxpdrkadbthf jnb usn id hfdhtnrkzhjkúb hsklbhjkúb hfdhtnrkh

 

Hbèfksks id ihtns? 

Zdfdjjknbhr aëtnins lrè`kjns y buaërkjns hprnpkhins.  Tshr dstns aëtnins phrh hbhfkzhr fns ihtns. Ihr judbth id fh vhrkhmkfkihi Tshr Ikstrkmujknbds

Phrkhmkfkihi i idd ffhh a au udstrh

Juhbin fns rdsufthins id ubh dbjudsth dsthmfdjdb?  ‖ 9=% id fns dbj dbjuds udsth thins ins hpn hpnyh yhb b ub jh jhbik bikiht ihtn n phr phrtkj tkjufh ufhrr jn jnb b ub ahrldb id drrnr +/- :% jnb ub bkv bkvdf id jnb nb`k `khhbz bzhh idf ;4%‑.

Ahrldb id drrnr

Kbikjh quë thb fdons fns

Bkvdf id jnb`khbzh

Bns ikj ikjdd quë th thb b `r `rdju djudbt dbtdd rdsufthins id fhpud audstrh dstkahjknbds (9=% (9= % +/+/-:%) :%) pudidb idb ik` ik`drk drkrr fhs prni prniuj ujki kihs hs pn pnrr df aëtn aëtnin in idf pnrjdbthod rdhf id tnins dapfdhin prniujkrèb fns vnth vnthbt btds ds qud hpn hpnyh yhb b df rdsufthins jnrrdjtns. jhbikihtn.

 

Hbèfksks id ihtns Bkvdf H

Bkvdf M

Hprdbid h Tsn id prnp Tsn prnpkd kdih ihid idss prnpkdihids phrtkjufhrds id phrtkjufhrds iksstr ik trkm kmu ujk jknb nbdds db df ik iksstr trkm kmuj ujkn knb bds jnbtdxtn. cdrrhakdbths hbèfksks.

Bkvdf J ushr Dbtkdbid y ush id iks ikstr trkm kmuj ujkn knb bds db df jnan jnan hbèfksks jnan ub id jnbjdptn lfnmhf.

 

Kbtdrprdthjkúb id rdsufthins? 

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Fhs kbtdrprdthjknbds kbtdrprdthjknbds dsthiástkjhs snb cdjchs db prdsdbjkh id fh vhrkhmkfkihi y idmd pdraktkrfh. Fh ldbdrhfk ldbdrhfkzzhjk hjkúb úb id rdsufthi rdsufthins ns id dbjudst dbjudsths hs h fh pnm pnmfhj fhjkú kúb b ak akrh rh aès hffè id fh audstrh id dbjudsthins y idmd pdraktkr fh pnskmkfkihi id vhrkhmkfkihi id fns rdsufthins dbtrd audstrhs ik`drdbtds.   Fh ld ldbd bdrh rhfkfkzzhj hjkú kúb b id fn fnss rd rdsu suft fthi hins ns ak akrh rh aè aèss hf hffè fè id fn fnss ih ihtn tnss rdjnlkins id suodtns phrtkjkphbtds db df dxpdrkadbtn y idmd pdraktkr dshs `udbtds id vhrkhmkfkihi.

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Akrhr aès hffè id fns ihtns phrh chjdr ldbdrhfkzhjknbds ldbdrhfkzhjknbds idmd pdraktkr vhrkhmkfkihi db fns ihtns

 

Kbtdrprdthjkúb id rdsufthins Bkvdf H Fns dstuikhbtds bn akrhb aès hffè id fns ihtns.

Bkvdf M Bkvdf J Fns dstuikhbtds rdjnbnjdb Fns dstuikhbtds pudidb qud ds pnskmfd akrhr aès akrhr aès hffè id fns ihtns hffè id fns ihtns. db hflubns jnbtdxtns.

 

=. Db`njhrsd db fh jnaprdbskúb jnbjdptuhf 

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Hfln aès qud ubh jnaprdbskúb supdr`kjkhf id jnbjdptns d kidhs kapnrthbtds. Whrh qud fns dstuikhbtds pudihb tnahr idjksknbds snmrd fhs `nrahs aès hidjuhihs id vksuhfkzhr, vksuhfkzhr, dxpfnr dxpfnrhr hr y, db ÿftkah kbsthbjkh, hbhfkzhr ub jnboubtn id ihtns. Ydbd dbdrr ubh mud mudbh bh jna jnapr prdbs dbskúb kúb id fns jn jnbjd bjdptn ptnss `h `hjkf jkfkt kthr hrèè h fns dstuikhbtds df usn id fhs cdrrhakdbths y prnjdikakdbtns bdjdshrkns phrh rdspnbidr h prdlubths phrtkjufhrds snmrd ub jnboubtn id ihtns.

 

Hflubhs suldrdbjkhs phrh fns injdbtds db df db`nqud id fh jnaprdbskúb jnbjdptuhf 

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Db`úqudsd db fh jnaprdbskúb id fns dstuikhbtds id fns jnbjdptns jfhv jf hvd, d, kfkfus ustr trhi hins ns pn pnrr hf hflu lubh bhss të tëjb jbkj kjhs hs,, db fu fulh lhrr id ju jumr mrkr kr ub ubhh auf uftk tktu tui i id tëj ëjbk bkjjhs jnb ub db db``nq nqud ud aá aábk bka an db fhs ki kiddhs sumyhjdbtds. ]diuzjh df jnbtdbkin id ub jursn id kbtrniujjkúb phrh jdbtrhrsd db ]diuzjh fns jnbjdptns mèskjns jnb ahynr prn`ubikihi. prn`ubikihi. ]dhfkj ]dhf kjdd fh ah ahyn ynrá ráhh id fn fnss jè jèfj fjuf ufns ns ut utkfkfkz kzhb hbin in fh td tdjb jbnf nfnl nláh áh ph phrh rh pdraktkr ub ahynr ëb`hsks db fh jnaprdbskúb id fns jnbjdptns y fh kbtdrprdthjkúb id fns rdsufthins.

 

:. Kbtdlrhr ihtns rdhfds jnb ub jnbtdxtn y ub prnpúsktn   

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Mrkbih h fns dstuikhbtds dxpdrkdbjkh dxpdrkdbjkh db df hbèfksks id ihtns ldbukbns Zkrvdb phrh kfustrhr utkfkihi snmrd fh iksjkpfkbh Df usn id ihtns rdhfds ds kbtdrdshbtd phrh fns dstuikhbtds id hjudrin jnb df jnbtdxtn db qud sd dbjudbtrdb Idmd kbjfukr ub jnbtd jnbtdxtn xtn qud dxpfkqud júan y pnrquë sd prniuodrnb n rdjnpkfhrnb ihtns

 

Hflubhs suldrdbjkhs suldrdbjkhs snmrd df usn id ihtns rdhfds 

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Tshr ihtns rdhfds phrh hbkahr fh jfhsd, antkvhr h fns dstuikhbtds y huadbthr fh rdfdvhbjkh phrh su usn db df aubin rdhf Hsdlÿrdsd qud fhs prdlubths sdhb id kbtdrës phrh fns dstuikhbtds, dxpfkjhbin df tkpn id ihtns y fn qud rdprdsdbthb Tsd ih Tsd ihttns ld ldb bdr drhi hin ns pn pnrr fh jf jfhs hsdd ph phrrh `nr nra aufh fhrr prdl dlu ubths dsthiástkjhs Akbkakjd df usn id jnboubtns id ihtns ckpntëtkjns Dxpnblh h fns dstuikhbtds ihtns jnb fns qud kbtdrhjtÿhb id ahbdrh rdlufhr.

 

9. @nadbthr df hprdbikzhod hjtkvn 

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Ds ub jnboubtn id db`nquds qud kbvnfujrhb h fns dstuikhbtds db chjdr jnshs y pdbshr snmrd fn qud dstèb chjkdbin. Df us usn n id aëtn aëtnin inss id hp hprd rdbi bikz kzho hodd hj hjtk tkvn vn db jf jfhs hsdd pdra pdrakt ktdd hf dstui ds tuikhb khbtd td ids idsjum jumrkr rkr,, jnb jnbst struk rukrr y jna jnapr prdbi dbidr dr kid kidhs hs ds dsthi thiás ástkj tkjhs hs kapnrthbtds, kapnrthbt ds, hsá jnan phrtkjkphr db df pdbshakdbtn dsthiástkjn.

 

Hflubhs suldrdbjkhs snmrd df hprdbikzhod hjtkvn 

  Hjt jtkv kvki kihi hids ds

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tdrrds tdrr dstr trds ds db df jn jnbt btdx dxtn tn id ih ihtn tnss rd rdhf hfds ds jn jnb b ub ubhh prdlubthh antkvhinrh. Bn "rdjnpkfd ihtns phrh rdjnpkfhr ihtns" pnr sá prdlubt aksan. Ydblh db judbth fh bdjdskihi idf dstuikhbtd id rdhfkzhr dxpfnrhjknbds `áskjhs (pnr dodapfn, tkrhr id ub ihin, rnmhr jhrths) hbtds id ushr skaufhjknbds pnr jnaputhinrh phrh kfustrhr n prhjtkjhr jnbjdptns.

  Dvktd hjtkvkihids hjtkvkihids qud luádb h fns dstuikhbtds phsn h phsn h trhvës id ubh fksth id prnjdikakdbtns. Db su fulhr, pdrakth qud fns dstuikhbtds iksjuthb y pkdbsdb snmrd fns ihtns y df prnmfdah.

 

4. Tshr fh tdjbnfnláh phrh dxpfnrhr jnbjdptns y hbhfkzhr ihtns  

Wdraktd qud fns dstuikhbtds rdhfkjdb hbèfksks jnb ahynr `hjkfkihi

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Chy aès tkdapn phrh kbtdrprdthr rdsufthins y prnmhr fhs jnbikjknbds Idmdráh hyuihr h hprdbidr h pdbshr dsthiás dsthiástkjhadbtd tkjhadbtd

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@hjkfkth df hjjdsn h jnboubtn id ihtns rdhfds

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Zu usn idmd jnapfdadbthrsd jnb fh dxpdrkdbjkh id fdjturh id rdsufthins

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Ds ubh `nrah id dxpfnr dxpfnrhr hr kidhs y adonrhr df hprdbikzhod

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Bn tnihs fhs tdjbnfnláhs tdbirèb tnihs fhs jhrhjtdrástkjhs jhrhjtdrástkjhs idsdhihs

 

Hflubhs suldrdbjkhs snmrd df usn id tdjbnfnláh 

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]dh dhfkfkzzhr jè jèfj fjuf ufns ns id ru rutk tkbh bh ph phrrh pd pdra rakt ktkr kr ah ahyynr ëb ëb``hs hsks ks db fh kbtdrprdthjkúb id rdsufthins. Pdr df nmodtkvn prkbjkphf jnan idsjumrkr jnbjdptns db fulhr id jumrkr aëtnins. ]dhfkzhr skaufhjknbds phrh kfustrhr jnbjdptns hmstrhjtns. Ttkfkzhr skstdahs id rdspudsth db tkdapn rdhf phrh fh dvhfuhjkúb `nrahtkvh. Ikspnbkmkfkihi phrh dstuikhbtds, pnrthmkfkihi. Jnbskstdbjkh Jnbskstdb jkh `ubjknbhf db tnihs fhs pfhth`nrahs.

 

0. Tshr dvhfuhjknbds phrh adonrhr y dvhfuhr df hprdbikzhod id fns dstuikhbtds. 

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Fh dvhfuhjkúb idmd jdbtrhrsd db jnaprdbidr fhs kidhs jfhvd, y bn súfn db chmkfkihids, prnjdikakdb prnjdikakdbtns tns y rdspudst rdspudsths. hs. Fh dvhfuhjkúb ds ubh `nrah id n`rdjdr rdhfkadbthjkúb ÿtkf y npnrtubh qud jnbiuzjh hf hprdbikzhod. Fns dstuikhbtds idmdb tdbdr fh jhphjkihi id shjhr jnbjfusknbds snmrd fh prdlubth id kbvdstklhjkúb y dxpfkjhr df rhznbhakdbtn qud tuvkdrnb phrh ffdlhr h dsth.

 

Hflubhs suldrdbjkhs phrh fns prn`dsnrds snmrd df usn id dvhfuhjknbds 

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Kbtdlrhr Kbtdlr hr fh dvhfuhjkúb jnan ub jnapnbdbtd dsdbjkhf idf jursn. Tshr dfdadbtns qud sd jdbtrdb db dfdlkr mudbhs kbtdrprdthjknbds kbtdrprdthjknbds id lrè`kjns n db sdfdjjknbhr prnjdikakdbtns dsthiástkjns dsthiástkjns hprnpkhins. Tshr ubh vhrkdihi id aëtnins id dvhfuhjkúb5 prnydjtns id jfhsd, prds pr dsdb dbth thjk jknb nbds ds nr nrhf hfds ds,, rd rdpn pnrt rtds ds ds dsjr jrkt ktns ns,, jr jrát átkj kjhs hs id hr hrtá táju jufn fnss (prdbsh), dtj.

 

]d`drdbjkhs @rhbefkb, J., Ehidr, L., Adwmnrb, I., Anrdbn, O., Wdje, ]., Wdrry, A., y ntrns. (=774).   Fkbd Fkbdha hakd kdb btns ph phrh rh fh dvh vhfu fuhj hjkkúb y db dbsd sdøh øhbz bzh h db Diu iujh jhjk jkúb úb Dsthiástkjh, ]dpnrtd (LHKZD). Ikspnbkmfd db? www.hastht.nrl/diujhtknb/lhksd db? www.hastht.nrl/diujhtknb/lhksd.. LHKZD Jnffdld ]dpnrt HZH ]dvksknb Jnaakttdd,  ‖Lukidfkbds  `nr Hssdssadbt hbi Kbstru Kbs trujtk jtknb nb kb Zt Zthtk htkstk stkjs js Di Diuj ujhtk htknb nb Jnf Jnffdl fdldd ]d ]dpnr pnrtt =78 =780 0‑. Ik Iksp spnb nbkm kmfd fd db db?? cttp?//www.hastht.nrl/diujhtknb/lhksd l/diujhtknb/lhksd..