Orientación de las antenas satélite

Brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins sntëmktl. Kitrbfuaakñi Flsfl dnal nmouibs nþbs, mn ñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn sktunfn sbhrl lm Launfbr , sl lstî abivkrtklifb li ui muonr `uy abiaurrkfb pbr sntëmktls fl tbfb tkpb, l`pmlnfbs pnrn mns natkvkfnfls `îs fkspnrls. Dny sntëmktls `ltlbrbmñokabs, ab`b lm @ltlbsnt, sntëmktls pnrn limnals tlmleñikabs trnisbalîikabs, pnrn mbanmkznakbils `nràtk`ns y, mñokan`litl, pnrn trnis`kskbils fl VU. Mn vlitncn qul berlali mbs sntëmktls fl tlmlvkskñi   ls mn fl auhrkr ui tlrrktbrkb `uy n`pmkb , y ab`b lstl ”trnis`ksbr‐ lst{ sktunfb li lm ”aklmb‐, plr`ktl qul mns l`kskbils fl `uadns l`ksbrns fl VU mmlouli n `uadbs dbonrls, kiamusb nqulmmbs sktunfbs li vnmmls y abmkins n mns qul ib mmlon mn tlmlvkskñi flhkfb n mn nusliakn fl ui rlpltkfbr fl zbin. Wnrn rlakhkr mns l`kskbils prbalflitls fl ui sntëmktl , ls ilalsnrkb mn kistnmnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan lxtlrkbr fl 17 a` n >,47 fl fkî`ltrb , nþnfkrml ui abivlrtkfbr , qul abivklrtl mn slþnm fl >> ODz n > ODz , nsà ab`b ui pbmnrkznfbr , , anpnz fl slpnrnr mns slþnmls pbmnrkznfns dbrkzbitnm`litl fl mns  pbmnrkznfns li slitkfb vlrtkanm. Qk lstn nitlin fkspbil fl ui pbskakbinfbr , pbskakbinfbr , pbfl`bs anptnr vnrkbs sntëmktls. Abbrflinfns olborîekans Ls abivliklitl rlabrfnr nmouibs abialptbs lstufknfbs dnal yn nmoói tkl`pb. Mn  pbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn  qulfn fltlr`kinfn olborîekans . `lfknitl abbrflinfns olborîekans. Mn mbioktuf b nmtktuf  nmtktuf   sl `kfl flsfl lm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad dnstn lm `lrkfknib flm muonr. Ql aulitn flsfl 7  dnstn +>47  dnakn lm Lstl y flsfl 7  dnstn ->47 dnakn lm Blstl. Mn mntktuf olborîekan  olborîekan   sl `kfl flsfl lm Launfbr dnakn lm Ibrtl (7  dnstn +;7), y dnakn lm Qur (7 dnstn -;7).

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin > fl 1?

Wbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn. Vb`nrl`bs lm skouklitl arktlrkb fl skoibs3    

Mbioktufls Lstl (L), pbsktkvns. Mbioktufls Blstl (_), ilontkvns. Mntktufls Ibrtl (I), pbsktkvns. Mntktufls Qur (Q), ilontkvns.

Qntëmktls olblstnakbinrkbs sntëmktls  sl liaulitrni li uin ñrhktn n 15.777 j` fl mn Vklrrn, ñrhktn Mbs sntëmktls sl olblstnakbinrkn flib`kinfn Ñrhktn fl Amnrjl , Amnrjl , sbhrl lm  pmnib flm Launfbr , li mn qul  prlslitn kounm plràbfb y slitkfb fl rbtnakñi qul mn Vklrrn. Lstb skoikekan qul lm sntëmktl lstnrî skl`prl li lm `ks`b puitb abi rlsplatb n mn Vklrrn.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 8 fl 1?

Fkstniakn fl mbs sntëmktls abi mn suplrekakl tlrrlstrl. Mn rnfkbfkeuskñi fl tlmlvkskñi pbr sntëmktl  rlquklrl, nfl`îs flm sntëmktl li sà, uin lstnakñi tlrrlstrl pnrn mn l`kskñi fl mns slþnmls lmlatrb`noiëtkans  y uin lstnakñi pnrn mn rlalpakñi fl mns `ks`ns. ab`uikanakñi  ls uikfkrlaakbinm , , yn qul mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn, Lstl tkpb fl ab`uikanakñi ls ib l`ktl ikioói tkpb fl slþnm dnakn lm sntëmktl.

Ab`uikanakñi vàn sntëmktl. Lm okrb fl mbs sntëmktls li mn Ñrhktn fl Amnrjl , Amnrjl , qul ls pnrnmlmn nm Launfbr fl mn Vklrrn, sl rlnmkzn fl ebr`n qul su pbskakñi ls plr`nilitl rlsplatb n aunmquklr puitb fl mn Vklrrn (oblstnakbinrkn), plr`ktklifb nsà qul mns nitlins rlalptbrns tlioni rlalptbrns  tlioni uin brklitnakñi y pbskakñi ekcn.

Akiturñi fl Amnrjl.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 1 fl 1?

\i sntëmktl pulfl sntëmktl  pulfl auhrkr mn tlralrn pnrtl flm ombhb tlrrlstrl. Wbr tnitb, mbs sntëmktls lstîi fkstrkhukfbs, sloói mn \ikñi Kitlrinakbinm fl Vlmlab`uikanakbils , , li trls rlokbils fkelrlitls3   

Xlokñi K3 Lurbpn. Xlokñi KK3 N`ërkan. Xlokñi KKK3 Nskn.

Nuiqul sbi `uadbs lstbs sntëmktls, sñmb uibs aunitbs pbfl`bs utkmkznrmbs sntksenatbrkn`litl, puls su ernicn fl krrnfknakñi ib sl fkrkoli n iulstrb pnàs, b ls `uy fëhkm su slþnm. Li prkiakpkb flhl`bs alitrnribs li lm Nstrn, Dbthkrf, Kitlmsnt, y rlaklitl`litl li lm Dkspnsnt.    

Nstrn n >;,8  L. Dbthkrf n >1  L. Kitlmsnt n >,7  _. Dkspnsnt n 17  _.

Mbs sntëmktls lstîi brklitnfbs dnakn lm Qur , yn qul lstn`bs li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 6 fl 1?

Hnifns fl erlauliakn li mns qul trnhncni mbs sntëmktls Mns erlauliakns qul sl utkmkzni li mn rnfkbfkeuskñi vàn sntëmktl  lstîi li mn zbin fl mns `karbbifns  flitrb flm lsplatrb lmlatrb`noiëtkab. Mn vlitncn fl utkmkznr uin hnifn fl erlauliakns tni lmlvnfn, ls qul sl pulfl livknr kiebr`nakñi `uadb `îs rîpkfb qul n erlauliakns `îs hncns. Mns erlauliakns y hnifns nskoinfns pnrn mn trnis`kskñi y ab`uikanakñi fl mns slþnmls fl k`noli y nufkb l`pmlnfns li rltrnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñi sntëmktl sbi3 

Hnifn FHQ (Fkrlat Hrbnfanst Qntlmmktl) Qntlmmktl) , auyns erlauliakns sl liaulitrni ab`prlifkfns litrl >>,? ODz y >8,< ODz.



Hnifn EQQ (Ekxlf Qlrvkal Qntlmmktl) , Qntlmmktl) , qul sl suhfkvkfl li fbs fbs hnifns3 Ql`khnifn nmtn (EQQ Hnifn suplrkbr) fl >8,< n >8,?< ODz. Ql`khnifn hncn (EQQ Hnifn kielrkbr) fl >7,? n >>,? ODz. b b

FHQ   usni mn  pbmnrkznakñi akraumnr , y mbs Mbs sntëmktls flib`kinfbs FHQ  nhrlvkn`bs fl mn skouklitl `nilrn MDAW (Mlet MDAW (Mlet Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi) b Wbmnrkzntkbi). XDAW (Xkodt XDAW (Xkodt Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi). EQQ  usni  pbmnrkznakbils mkilnmls tnitb vlrtkanm Mbs sntëmktls flib`kinfbs EQQ usni (U) ab`b dbrkzbitnm (D). dbrkzbitnm  (D). Li FHQ

Wbmnrkznakñi akraumnr

Li EQQ

Wbmnrkznakñi mkilnm

Flrladns Kzquklrfns Ulrtkanm Dbrkzbitnm

Wbmnrkznakbils utkmkznfns li mbs limnals fl sntëmktl.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin < fl 1?

Wnrn mn trnis`kskñi fl slþnmls vàn sntëmktl lxkstli fkelrlitls hnifns (A, Ju, Jn, lta.), plrb li mn natunmkfnf mn `îs utkmkznfn pnrn mn rnfkbfkeuskñi ls mn flib`kinfn hnifn Ju , auyb rniob fl erlauliakns ls3 li rlalpakñi  (limnal flsaliflitl) flsfl >>,? dnstn >8,? ODz, y li trnis`kskñi (limnal nsaliflitl) flsfl >6,7 dnstn >?,4 ODz. Erlauliakn flsaliflitl (ODz) FB_IMKIJ >>,? ‑ >8,?

Hnifn

Ju

Erlauliakn nsaliflitl (ODz) \WMKIJ >6,7 ‑ >?,4

FHQ , fl >>,? n >8,< ODz, Flitrb fl mn hnifn Ju, lm rniob flib`kinfb FHQ , ls lm utkmkznfb pnrn l`ktkr fkrlatn`litl n mbs usunrkbs fb`ëstkabs slþnmls fl VU vàn sntëmktl. Fkadb skstl`n plr`ktl utkmkznr nitlins fl tn`nþb `uy rlfuakfb pnrn mn rlalpakñi fl lstl tkpb fl slþnmls. Wnrn fkstrkhukr abi enakmkfnf pbr mn kistnmnakñi anhmlnfn flm usunrkb , sl tklili qul abivlrtkr mns slþnmls fl `uy nmtn erlauliakn (`karbbifns) fl mn hnifn Ju, rlakhkfns flsfl lm sntëmktl, li Erlauliakns Kitlr`lfkns (EK). Lstb mb dnal lm MIH (Mbw Ibksl Hmbaj, qul skoikekan Hmbqul fl Hncb Xukfb) b   MIA (Mbw Ibksl Abivlrsbr, qul skoikekan Abivlrsbr fl Hncb Xukfb). Mn hnifn fl EK  EK  lmlokfn pnrn lm rlpnrtb lstî ab`prlifkfn litrl fbs erlauliakns3 ;6,>4 U plr`ktl su`kikstrnr tliskñi nm MIH y abi`utnr mn pbmnrkfnf flslnfn pbr fkelrlitls vnmbrls fl tliskñi `lfknitl mn rlelrliakn fl tbib fl erlauliakn. jDz   plr`ktl abi`utnr litrl fbs MIH y litrl mns fbs Lm tbib fl 7 n 88 jDz  hnifns EQQ y FHQ . FkslqA  prbfual ui tkpb fl `bfumnakñi qul skrvl pnrn Lm skstl`n FkslqA  trnis`ktkr fntbs fl abitrbm n mbs fkspbsktkvbs plrkeërkabs `lfknitl lm anhml abnxknm , , sklifb lstbs plrkeërkabs, pbr lcl`pmb, fntbs fl pbskakbin`klitb nm rbtbr fl mbs sntëmktls, an`hkb fl pnrnhñmkan, an`hkb fl hnifn, lta.

Fntbs fl abitrbm FkslqA. Lxkstli vnrkbs tkpbs fl FkslqA3  



FkslqA >.73 ls >.73 ls lm hîskab y abi`utn rlalptbrls li uin sbmn fkrlaakñi. FkslqA 8.73 kounm 8.73 kounm qul lm nitlrkbr, plrb abi ab`uikanakñi hkfkrlaakbinm. Kiamuyl `îs plrkeërkabs. FkslqA 1.73  1.73  plisnfb pnrn skstl`ns abmlatkvbs. Ls hkfkrlaakbinm y abi abitrbm fl tuilr.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin ? fl 1?

Npuitn`klitb fl mn pnrîhbmn dnakn lm sntëmktl tlrrlstrls , pnrn brklitnr mns nitlins Li mbs skstl`ns fl nitlins tlrrlstrls , rlalptbrns hnstnrî abi brklitnr mn nitlin dnakn lm muonr li lm qul sl uhkan lm l`ksbr, ncustnifb mn pbskakñi dnstn abisloukr mn `lcbr slþnm abi lm `lfkfbr fl an`pb . Lstb ls sliakmmb, pbrqul lstns nitlins tklili ui dnz auyn nplrturn sulml lstnr litrl 87 fl 1?

Mns trnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñi vàn sntëmktl  utkmkzni sk`umtîiln`litl mns pbmnrkznakbils vlrtkanm y dbrkzbitnm . Lstb plr`ktl trnis`ktkr ui lmlvnfb ió`lrb fl aninmls li ui lstrladb `nroli fl erlauliakns. Fl lstn `nilrn, mns erlauliakns fl mbs fkelrlitls aninmls lstîi sbmnpnfns y ib lxkstli kitlr`bfumnakbils litrl lmmbs nm plrtlilalr n pbmnrkznakbils pbmnrkznakbils fkstkitns. Li mn skouklitl ekourn sl pulfl bhslrvnr lstl lelatb li mn fkstrkhuakñi fl aninmls flm sntëmktl Nstrn.

Fkstrkhuakñi fl aninmls y pbmnrkznakbils flm sntëmktl Nstrn. Qk sktun`bs lm plqulþb fkpbmb lxkstlitl li lm kitlrkbr flm abivlrtkfbr li pbskakñi vlrtkanm rlsplatb nm sulmb, sñmb pbfrl`bs vlr mns l`ksbrns qul trnis`ktli abi pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), ski mbornr vlr ikiouin fl mns qul trnis`ktli abi pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm (vënsl dbrkzbitnm  (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h).

n) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi vlrtkanm.

h) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm.

Li mn nitlin pnrnhñmkan tlifrl`bs qul  okrnr lm abivlrtkfbr , abi lm eki fl sktunr lm fkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm b vlrtkanm , vlrtkanm , li euiakñi fl mn slþnm qul qulrn`bs rlakhkr. Lstb sl pulfl rlnmkznr nutb`îtkan`litl `lfknitl ui pbmnrrbtbr (vënsl pbmnrrbtbr (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), mmn`nfb tn`hkëi pbmnrkznfbr , pbmnrkznfbr , qul ib ls `îs qul ui fkspbsktkvb lmlatrb`laîikab qul sl lianron fl okrnr mn  pbmnrkznakñi fl mn slþnm anptnfn. Fl lstn ebr`n, abi ui sbmb abivlrtkfbr, pbfrl`bs rlakhkr tnitb mns slþnmls fl pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm ab`b vlrtkanm.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >> fl 1?

Mn mk`ktnakñi qul tklil lstl skstl`n ls mn  eknhkmkfnf fl mns pnrtls `ñvkmls sb`ltkfns n mn naakñi fl mbs nolitls nt`bseërkabs y mn  prlakskñi li lm  pbskakbin`klitb. Btrn sbmuakñi abiskstl li mn utkmkznakñi flm mmn`nfb skstl`n brtb`bfb , brtb`bfb , qul abiskstl li uin fbhml ouàn fl bifns qul slpnrn mns fbs pbmnrkznakbils , dbrkzbitnm y vlrtkanm, li fbs fkelrlitls snmkfns qul npmkani mns slþnmls n fbs fkelrlitls abivlrtkfbrls. Lm kmu`kinfbr (vënsl kmu`kinfbr  (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h) tklil mn `kskñi fl rlabolr tbfns mns slþnmls qul sl rlemlcni li lm fksab pnrnhñmkab y livknrmns nm fkpbmb n trnvës flm pbmnrkznfbr.

n) Wbmnrrbtbr.

h) Kmu`kinfbr.

a) Abivlrtkfbr.

Lcl`pmb3 Abmbanakñi flm abicuitb MIH pnrn vnrkbs sntëmktls.

Wbmnrkznakñi y sus vbmtncls Vnitb mns slþnmls akraumnrls ab`b mns mkilnmls tklili ui vnmbr li vbmtncl qul mns kflitkekan y mn fkelrliakn mn uin fl mn btrn. Wbr mb qul pbfl`bs flakr qul olilrnm`litl lstbs fbs tkpbs fl slþnmls sbi usnfbs abi ui tkpb fl nitlin fbifl sl trnfual fl mn skouklitl `nilrn3

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >8 fl 1?



>1 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Ulrtkanm  (U) li mkilnm b Wbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nib flrladn (XDAW).



>4 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Dbrkzbitnm  (D) li mkilnm b Wbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nib kzquklrfn (MDAW).

U pulfl slr nþnfkfb flm rlakhkfbr n aunmquklrn fl mbs vbmtncls Nfl`îs, > U pulfl nrrkhn `liakbinfbs pnrn ab`plisnr mn anàfn fl vbmtncl n anusn flm mnrob flm anhml abnxknm usnfb li lm skstl`n. Lstbs vbmtncls ib tklifli n slr tni lsplaàekabs ab`b mb `liakbinfb nrrkhn, pbr mb qul lstbs pulfli bsakmnr fl mn skouklitl `nilrn3  

Li >1 U  flsfl >>,< U  n  n >6 U . U flsfl Li >4 U  flsfl > U . U flsfl

Mn pbmnrkznakñi `niunm fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sl rlnmkzn  okrnifb lm abivlrsbr MIH ui îioumb fltlr`kinfb. Mn abi`utnakñi pnrn pbmnrkznr fl ebr`n nutb`îtkan sl rlnmkzn livknifb vlrtkanm , b fl >4 uin slþnm fl abrrklitl abitkiun (FA) fl >1 U  pnrn   pnrn mn pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm , U  pnrn  pnrn mn dbrkzbitnm: dbrkzbitnm : n`hns abi uin erlauliakn fl 88 jDz. Abiekournakñi Abiekournakñi flm MIH uikvlrsnm Dny MIH qul pulfli tlilr fkelrlitls tkpbs fl bsakmnfbr mbanm   (B.M., Mbanm Bsakmmntbr), ab`b mbs uikvlrsnmls qul su rniob fl B.M. ls fl ;,?< ‑ >7,5 ODz, abi auhklrtn fl erlauliakns flsfl >7,?  ‑   >8,?< ODz . Lstbs sbi usnfbs li Lurbpn  Lurbpn  `nybr`litl, yn qul pulfli mmlonr n erlauliakns `îs hncns fbifl Ibrtln`ërkan  sl usni mbs mkilnmls lxkstli sntëmktls qul trnis`ktli li ëstns. Li Ibrtln`ërkan sl  >8,8 ODz. abi ui B.M. fl >7.?>,? ‑  >8,8

MIH uikvlrsnm.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >1 fl 1?

Lm MIH uikvlrsnm plr`ktl uikvlrsnm plr`ktl nprbvladnr tbfn mn anpnakfnf fl trnis`kskñi fl mbs sntëmktls pbr pnrtl fl ui usunrkb. Abi`utn mn fksark`kinakñi fl  pbmnrkfnf (D y U) abi lm an`hkb fl mn tliskñi fl nmk`litnakñi (>1 U y >4 D) y slmlaakbin mns fbs hnifns fl sntëmktl , mn hnifn hncn y mn hnifn nmtn, abi mn suplrpbskakñi b ib flm tbib fl 88 jDz li mn nmk`litnakñi. Fkspbil fl uin sbmn snmkfn.

ninmñokan   fl >7,? n >>,? ODz y mn Lm MIH uikvlrsnm  prbalsn mn hnifn ninmñokan  hnifn fkoktnm fl fkoktnm fl >>,? n >8,?< ODz fl mn skouklitl ebr`n3 Vliskñi fl Abi`utnakñi (U)

Wbmnrkfnf (D ñ U)

>1 >4 >1 >4

U D U D

Vbib (jDz)

Hnifn

 Erlauliakn (ODz)

7

Hncn

>7,? ‑ >>,?

88

Nmtn

>>,? ‑ >8,?<

Bsakmnfbr Mbanm (ODz)

;,?< ;,?< ;,?< ;,?<

Flamkinakñi `noiëtkan Lm Wbmb Ibrtl `noiëtkab ib abkiakfl abi lm Wbmb Ibrtl olborîekab, pbr lstn rnzñi, sl dn fl tlilr li aulitn pnrn lm aîmaumb flm îioumb fl nak`ut.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >6 fl 1?

`noiëtkan  ls mn fkelrliakn litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab y lm Ibrtl Mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan ls `noiëtkab. Ls flakr, ls mn kiamkinakñi flm ombhb tlrrlstrl, yn qul mn Vklrrn lstî kiamkinfn. Lstn fkelrliakn ls fkstkitn pnrn anfn muonr.

Vliklifb li aulitn lm lrrbr qul lxkstl litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab, 7  y lm Ibrtl `noiëtkab, flhlrl`bs su`nrml nm nak`ut, litrl 6  y 4 , sloói lm muonr li qul ibs liabitrl`bs li Lspnþn. Wbr lcl`pmb3 Añrfbhn tklil uin flamkinakñi `noiëtkan fl 6,< .

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >< fl 1?

Aîmaumb fl îioumbs fl brklitnakñi Mbs îioumbs sl pulfli fltlr`kinr fl trls ebr`ns3 

Wbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab.  `ntl`îtkab.   Lstl skstl`n anmaumn aunmquklr puitb pnrn aunmquklr sntëmktl abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm muonr y flm sntëmktl lmlokfb.



Wbr îhnab fl mbs fntbs `ntl`îtkabs.   Qbi orîekabs qul fni mbs puitbs  husanfbs abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm flm muonr y flm sntëmktl. sntëmktl.



Wbr Kitlrilt. Li Kitlrilt.  Li pîokins _lh qul ibs fni mbs rlsumtnfbs li euiakñi flm muonr y lm sntëmktl. >lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab

>)  @ëtbfb abi eñr`umns eñr`umns trkobib`ëtrkans3 trkobib`ëtrkans3

fkstniakn , Wnrn anmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi, nak`ut y fkstniakn , ilalsktn`bs abibalr mbs skouklitls fntbs3   

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi (δ). Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl (ζ).

Xlmnakñi litrl lm rnfkb fl mn Vklrrn y lm fl mn ñrhktn flm sntëmktl (W07,>8?). Eñr`umns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3



Lmlvnakñi3  abs     W     sli   

 Lmlvnakñi  nrato 

Qklifb   





nr  abs abs abs abs

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

 



abs abs

 

Wîokin >5 fl 1?



Nak`ut3   to        sli  

 Nak`ut   >47  nrato 

Qk ibs fni mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flm sntëmktl, nm vnmbr fl nak`ut sl ml su`nrî ab`b sl kifkan n abitkiunakñi3   to        flamkinakñ i R `noiëtkan   sli  

 Nak`ut   >47  nrato 



Fkstniakn3  Fks  Fks tni akn tni akn









1  7.6>;;; >  abs abs  

Wbmnrkznakñi3

Mn pbmnrkznakñi (flspmnzn`klitb pbmnrkznakñi  (flspmnzn`klitb flm abivlrsbr, Fa) sl anmaumn tliklifb li aulitn lm tkpb fl nitlin pnrnhñmkan3 b

Ebab prk`nrkb3  Fa

b

 sli    nrato  to   



Beeslt3  Fa  Fa'  Fa  >6

Nuiqul, fl ebr`n nprbxk`nfn3

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin >? fl 1?

Lcl`pmb >3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sktunfn li Añrfbhn y brklitnfn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt. FNVBQ3 

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3 Mbioktuf3 6,4· _. Mntktuf3 1?,;·. b b



Dkspnsnt3 sktunfb li 17· _. Ab`b lm sntëmktl lstî sktunfb nm Blstl, lm skoib ls ilontkvb.

Npmkanifb mns eñr`umns nitlrkbrls3

 6,4   17  8;;; >  abs 66,66

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin fl ebab prk`nrkb3  sli 8, 6;  >6  ; fl 1?

8)  @ëtbfb sliakmmb sliakmmb ski eñr`umns trkobib`ëtrkans3 trkobib`ëtrkans3

nak`ut , ilalsktn`bs abibalr Wnrn anmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi y nak`ut , mbs skouklitls fntbs3   

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi. Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl. Fkstniakn litrl ui puitb olborîekab fl mn Vklrrn y lm sntëmktl. Eñr`umns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3

Lcl`pmb3 Brklitnr uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan fl tkpb beeslt sktunfn li Añrfbhn dnakn mbs sntëmktls Nstrn, DbtHkrf l Dkspnsnt. FNVBQ3 

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3 Mbioktuf3 6,4· _. Mntktuf3 1?,;·. b b

Wbmnrkznakñi3 Ql husan li Kitlrilt lm vnmbr fl mn pbmnrkznakñi qul flhl tlilr uin nitlin sktunfn li Añrfbhn dnakn lm sntëmktl. 

Wbmnrkznakñi (+)3 8;,8  L)3 Wnsbs3 >)  Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑  Qntëmktl3  Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li fkstkitns zbins. ξf 0 >;,8 + 6,4 0 86·

8) Lmlvnakñi3 Ab`b ξf ls 86· y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , , sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr

fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 1;,16·.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 87 fl 1?

1)  Nak`ut3 Ab`b ξf ls 86·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitb

tlrrlstrl (>;,8·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr flm nak`ut ilontkvb qul ls >66,>1·. Nak`ut (‑) 0 >66,>1· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 1;,16· y Nak`ut ( ‑) 0 >66,>1·. h) DbtHkrf (sktunfb DbtHkrf (sktunfb li >1  L)3 Wnsbs3 >)  Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑  Qntëmktl3  Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li fkstkitns zbins. ξf 0 >1 + 6,4 0 >?,4·

8) Lmlvnakñi3 Ab`b ξf ls >?,4· (≄ >4·) y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , , sl husan li mn tnhmn tnhmn lm

vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 68,>>·. 1)  Nak`ut3 Ab`b ξf ls >4·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitb

tlrrlstrl (>1·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr v nmbr flm nak`ut ilontkvb qul ls >4·. Nak`ut (‑) 0 >4· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 68,>>· y Nak`ut ( ‑) 0 >4·.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 8> fl 1?

a) Dkspnsnt (sktunfb Dkspnsnt  (sktunfb li 17  _)3 Wnsbs3 >)  Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑  Qntëmktl3  Qntëmktl3

Ql rlstni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li mn `ks`n zbin. ξf 0 17 ‑ 6,4 0 86· Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 14,48· y Nak`ut (+) 0 8>?,>6·. 8³ `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr îhnab Lm skouklitl ncustl slrî lm qul mbanmkznrî mn slþnm prbalflitl flm sntëmktl. Lstl `ëtbfb prbpbrakbinrî ui ncustl sbhrl fbs lcls3 lm dbrkzbitnm , , qul mmn`n`bs nak`ut , , y lm vlrtkanm , , flib`kinfb lmlvnakñi. lmlvnakñi. Wnrn abisloukr lstbs fntbs, ibs  hnsnrl`bs li mns abbrflinfns flm puitb fbifl qulrl`bs l`pmnznr mn nitlin (mbioktuf y mntktuf) mntktuf ) y li lm l`pmnzn`klitb flm sntëmktl flitrb fl mn ñrhktn brhktnm . N pnrtkr fl lstbs fntbs, sl  olblstnakbinrkn , ls flakr, su pbskakñi brhktnm. lstnhmlalrî mn fkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf fl mn nitlin rlalptbrn y mn pbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl , sloói mn eñr`umn3 eñr`umn3 F 0 Mbioktuf flm rlalptbr ‑ Wbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl Wnrn lstnhmlalr lstn fkelrliakn, sl tb`nrîi ab`b vnmbrls pbsktkvbs nqulmmbs qul sl liaulitrni dnakn lm Lstl, rlsplatb flm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad ,

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 88 fl 1?

`klitrns qul mbs sktunfbs li mn fkrlaakñi Blstl  sl abiskflrnrîi abi skoib ilontkvb. ilontkvb . pbsktkvn , supbifrî qul lm sntëmktl sl liaulitrn Qk mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn ls pbsktkvn , nitlin , `îs dnakn lm Blstl qul mn pbskakñi flm rlalptbr , pbr mb qul lm nak`ut fl mn nitlin , qul `lfkrl`bs abi uin hrócumn, slrî `nybr fl >47  . Qk, pbr lm abitrnrkb, mn ilontkvn , mn abbrflinfn dbrkzbitnm slrî `libr fl >47· . fkelrliakn ls ilontkvn , Mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn sl mmlvnrî sbhrl lm îhnab qul îhnab qul lstî flhncb, b sbhrl mns tnhmns fl lmlvnakñi y nak`ut , nak`ut , fbifl tn`hkëi husanrl`bs mn ekmn abrrlspbifklitl n mn mntktuf, bhtliklifb nsà lm vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi y lm nak`ut li qul flhlrî npuitnr mn nitlin. Ab`b yn sl dn ab`litnfb, tb`nrl`bs lm nak`ut pbsktkvb b ilontkvb sloói lm skoib bhtlikfb li mn fkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf  y mn pbskakñi brhktnm.

Îhnab pnrn lm aîmaumb fl nak`ut y lmlvnakñi.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 81 fl 1?

Anrnatlràstkans Anrnatlràstkans n tlilr li aulitn3 

  

Li lm îhnab npnrlali mbs lcls lxprlsnfbs li mntktuf y fkelrliakn fl mbioktuf. Lm rlsumtnfb ls lm vnmbr fl mbs îioumbs fl nak`ut y lmlvnakñi. Lm îhnab rlprlslitnfb lstî rlnmkznfb pnrn nitlins li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl. Abi lstl `ëtbfb ib sl pulfl bhtlilr lm îioumb fl pbmnrkznakñi.

Lcl`pmb3 ^ulrl`bs anmaumnr mns abbrflinfns fl nak`ut y lmlvnakñi qul flhlrî tlilr uin nitlin sktunfn li @nfrkf pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flm sntëmktl Nstrn. Li prk`lr muonr, dnhrî qul abibalr mn  pbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl Nstrn (uhkanfb li >;,8· Lstl) y mns abbrflinfns fl mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn. Mn akufnf fl @nfrkf sl liaulitrn n uin mntktuf fl 67,5· Ibrtl, y n 1,· fl mntktuf. Mn fkelrliakn rlsumtnitl ls ilontkvn , ilontkvn , nsà puls, tb`nrl`bs lm vnmbr fl mn abmu`in fl nak`ut ilontkvb , ilontkvb , bhtliklifb lm vnmbr fl >6?,>·. Mn lmlvnakñi abrrlspbifklitl lmlvnakñi  abrrlspbifklitl ls fl 1?,74·.

Nak`ut (‑) 0 >6?,>·

Lmlvnakñi 0 1?,74·

Wbmnrkznakñi (+) 0 86?,>·. Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 86 fl 1?

1lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkans pbr Kitlrilt 

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lm sntëmktl Nstrn sktunfb n >;· L3

Wrbvkiakn ÎMNUN NMHNALVL NMKANIVL NM@LXÀN NQV\XKNQ ÎUKMN HNFNCBS HNXALMBIN H\XOBQ AK\FNF XLNM AÎALXLQ AÎFKS ANQVLMMÑI AÑXFBHN A\LIAN OKXBIN OXNINFN O\NFNMNCNXN O\KWÓSABN D\LMUN D\LQAN CNËI MN ABX\ÞN MN XKBCN MNQ WNM@NQ MLÑI M\OB MMLKFN Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Nak`ut >64 >65 >65 >65 >68 >64 >65 >61 >6> >66 >64 >6< >64 >6> >6< >68 >6; >86 >6< >61 > 68 16 1? 14 1; 15 1; 1? 67 67 67 1; 1; 6> 14 15 1; 14 67 11 15 67 1< 16 14

Wbmnrkznakñi +87 +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +17 +87 +8< +8< +17 +17 +87 +17 +8< +87 +17 +8< +87 +17 +87 +17 +17 +87 +6< +8< +8< +87 Wîokin 8< fl 1?

@NFXKF @ÎMNON @NMMBXAN @\XAKN INUNXXN BXLIQL WNMLIAKN WBIVLULFXN QNMN@NIAN QNIVNIFLX QLOBUKN QLUKMMN QBXKN VNXXNOBIN VLILXKEL VLX\LM VBMLFB UNMLIAKN UNMMNFBMKF UKSAN[N SN@BXN SNXNOBSN 

>6? >66 >6; > >61 >65 >68 >6< >64 >6? >68 >6; >86 >65 > >65 >6; >6< >

14 6> 6> 6> 15 16 1? 16 15 1< 1? 1; 1? 1; 1; 1; 14 67 15 1< 15 14

+8< +17 +87 +8< +87 +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +8< +17 +8< +87 +6< +87 +8< +87 +8< +87 +8< +87

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt sktunfb n 17· _3

Wrbvkiakn ÎMNUN NMHNALVL NMKANIVL NM@LXÀN NQV\XKNQ ÎUKMN HNFNCBS

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Nak`ut 8>? 887 888 88> 8>1 8>5 8>6

Dkspnsnt Lmlvnakñi 11 15 15 14 16 15 1;

Wbmnrkznakñi -8< -17 -17 -17 -8< -8< -8<

Wîokin 85 fl 1?

HNXALMBIN H\XOBQ AK\FNF XLNM AÎALXLQ AÎFKS ANQVLMMÑI AÑXFBHN A\LIAN OKXBIN OXNINFN O\NFNMNCNXN O\KWÓSABN D\LMUN D\LQAN CNËI MN ABX\ÞN MN XKBCN MNQ WNM@NQ MLÑI M\OB MMLKFN @NFXKF @ÎMNON @NMMBXAN @\XAKN INUNXXN BXLIQL WNMLIAKN WBIVLULFXN QNMN@NIAN QNIVNIFLX QLOBUKN QLUKMMN QBXKN VNXXNOBIN Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

886 8>5 8>4 8>6 >66 888 8>4 8>; 886 8>; 8>4 8>4 8>< 887 8>; 8>7 8>4 87; 8>1 8>> 888 8>? 8>; 88< 888 8>; 8>> 8>5 8>7 8>< 8>< 8>5 8>5 8>4 881

18 16 1? 14 6> 16 1; 15 1> 1; 15 11 67 11 14 15 16 ? 888 8>< 8>? 8>6 887

)  Ncustl flm nak`ut3 nak`ut3

Wnrn rlnmkznr lstn bplrnakñi flhlrl`bs sktunr mn hrócumn mlcbs fl aunmquklr suplrekakl `ltîmkan, y abi lmmn mbanmkznr ui puitb fl rlelrliakn mlcnib qul ibs plr`ktn lstnhmlalr uin màiln rlatn litrl mn pbskakñi fl mn hrócumn y lm bhcltb fl rlelrliakn (tliklifb fkadn màiln lm îioumb nflaunfb): y abmbanrl`bs lm lcl fl mn nitlin fl ebr`n qul lstë abitlikfb li fkadn màiln b pnrnmlmn n lmmn. Fl aunmquklr `bfb, lm npuitn`klitb flm nak`ut  nak`ut   sl ab`pmltnrî li lm pnsb skouklitl, flhkfb n qul mn prlakskñi ilalsnrkn ib pulfl mbornrsl utkmkznifb óikan`litl uin hrócumn.

Ncustl flm nak`ut abi uin hrócumn. 8)  Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi3

lmlvnakñi , prbalflrl`bs n abmbanr lm kiamkiñ`ltrb Wnrn lm ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi , sbhrl mn suplrekakl flm abivlrsbr (fl `bfb qul qulfl pnrnmlmb nm lcl fl mn nitlin), slmlaakbinrl`bs lm îioumb qul flsln`bs bhtlilr y vnrknrl`bs mn lmlvnakñi fl

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 8; fl 1?

mn nitlin dnstn qul mn mlaturn flm npnrntb sln abrrlatn. Lstb sl abiskoul aunifb mns màilns ekcn y `ñvkm abkiakfli. Li lstl `b`litb tlifrl`bs mn nitlin npuitnfn abrrlatn`litl. Mn prlakskñi abisloukfn abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb ls `uadb `nybr qul mn prbpbrakbinfn pbr mn hrócumn, pbr mb qul lm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi prlaksnrî `libs rltbquls fl ncustl ekib qul lm nak`ut. Qk lm abivlrsbr ib tklil mns anrns pnrnmlmns nm lcl fl mn nitlin, sl pulfl ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi abi nyufn fl uin rlomn b ui mkstñi ràokfb, qul abmbanrl`bs vlrtkanm`litl li lm alitrb flm rlemlatbr. Lstl mkstñi slrî mn hnsl fbifl sktunrl`bs lm kiamkiñ`ltrb, abi mn snmvlfnf fl qul flhlrl`bs nþnfkrml ;7· nm vnmbr brkokinm , , yn qul lstn`bs `kfklifb lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb n mn sktunakñi nitlrkbr.

Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi. \hkanakñi flm kiamkiñ`ltrb. 

Ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi fl mn nitlin fl ebab alitrnfb3

Wnrn `lfkr lm îioumb li nitlins fl ebab prk`nrkb, pulfl utkmkznrsl ui kiamkiñ`ltrb , kiamkiñ`ltrb , sktunifb fkadb kistru`litb li mn màiln k`nokinrkn qul uil lm sntëmktl abi lm rlemlatbr. Nm slr lstb fkeàakm, pbfl`bs sktunrmb li lm pmnib qul ebr`n lm hbrfl sbhrl uin rlomn. Li lstl ansb lm vnmbr n `lfkr slrî lm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb flm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi fl pnrtkfn.

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb

Wîokin 17 fl 1?

Qloói lm fntb bhtlikfb li mn eñr`umn, y abi mn nyufn fl ui kiamkiñ`ltrb, sl prbalflrî n okrnr mn nitlin: nuiqul ib sl usnrî fkadb fntb pnrn mn brklitnakñi, skib lm {ioumb rlsumtnitl fl ”liancnr‐ ui trk{ioumb rlat{ioumb

rlsplatb n mn fkrlaakñi fl npuitn`klitb. Fl lstn ebr`n, mn `lfkfn -abi kiamkiñ`ltrb- sl pulfl dnalr ski fkekaumtnf. Qklifb ”L‐ mn lmlvnakñi, lm îioumb  L. rlnm fl `lfkfn slrî `lfkfn slrî ;7· ‑  L Lmlvnakñi 0 ;7· ‑ L Lcl`pmb3 Qupbion`bs qul Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn tklil uin lmlvnakñi ab`pml`litnrkb  slrî ;7 ‑ 15 0