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ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION By VIRGILIO A. BERINGA, JR. Ph.D. Crim. (In-pror!""# ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION (PRC# 1. Concepts, Concepts, nature, nature, and attributes attributes of organized organized crime; crime; 2. Kinds, Kinds, origin origin,, and modes modes of of operati operations ons OC; OC; 3. Trans Transnat nationa ionall or borde borderles rless s crimes; crimes; 4. Kidnap Kidnappin ping g and and terro terroris rism; m; 5. Cber!T Cber!Te ec"nolog c"nolog crimes; crimes; #. Organ Organiz ized ed snd sndica icates tes;; $. %nternational %nternational and and national national la&s, la&s, decrees, decrees, treaties treaties and and statutes. statutes. Con$!p% o& Or'ni!) Crim! - Organized Crime poses a direct t"reat to national and international securit and stabilit stabilit,, and continu continues es a frontal frontal attac' attac' on politic political al and legislat legislati(e i(e aut"ori aut"orit t.. Organized Organized crimes disrupt and compromise social and economic institutions, institutions, t"us causing a loss of fait" in democratic process. *+AT IS ORGANIZED CRIME structured group of t"ree or more - )n organized criminal group s"all mean a structured persons, e*isting for a period of time and acting in concert &it" t"e aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences in order to obtain, directl or indirectl, a financial or ot"er material benefit - +-, )/0O %T)/, 2 sndicates operati(es - )ll illegal acti(ities engaged in b members of criminal sndicates t"roug"out t"e nited 6tates and all illegal acti(ities engaged in b 'no&n associates and confederates of suc" members. +.6 7epartment of 8ustice - 9roup acti(ities of t"ree or more persons, &it" "ierarc"ical lin's or personal relations"ips, &"ic" permits t"eir leaders to earn profits or control territories or mar' mar'et ets, s, inte intern rnal al or fore foreig ign, n, b mean means s of (iol (iolen ence ce,, inti intimi mida dati tion on or corru corrupti ption, on, bot" bot" in furt" furt"era erance nce of crimi crimina nall acti( acti(it it and and to infilt infiltrat rate e t"e legitimate econom. - an enterprise or group of persons engaged in a continuing illegal acti(it &"ic" "as as its primar purpose purpose t"e generation generation of profits and continuance continuance of t"e enterprise regardless of national borders. (INTERPOL, according to P.J. Ryan and G.E. Rush) - an group "a(ing some manner of formalized structure and &"ose primar ob:ecti(e ob:ecti(e is to obtain obtain mone mone t"roug" t"roug" illegal acti(ities acti(ities (FBI, according to H. !addins"y) - lanned commission of criminal offenses, determined b t"e pursuit of profit and po&er, in(ol(ing more t"an t&o persons o(er a prolonged or indefinite period of time, using a commercial or business license sc"eme, (iolence, and!or intimidation. (B#, G$r%any&B'NE#RI*INL*T)
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%s an crime committed b a person occuping, in a establis"ed di(ision of labor, a position designed for t"e commission of crimes pro(iding t"at suc" di(ision of labor includes at least one position for corrupter, one position for corruptee, and one position for an enforcer+s&eet tal's? into a relations"ip &it" public officials, la& enforcement officer, or anone &"o &ould be of "elp in obtaining obtaining securit and immunit immunit from possible arrest, arrest, prosecution prosecution and punis"ments. A CORR3PTEE = a public officials, la& enforcement officers or anbod &"o not a member of t"e organization &"o can "elps t"e organization S$'0! o& Or'ni!) Crimin'0 C+ARACTERISTICS O ORGANIZED CRIMES = %t is a con consp spir irac ac act acti( i(it it in( in(ol ol(i (in ng co coordi ordina nati tion on of memb member ers. s. = 0conomic gain is t"e primar goal. = 0con conomic mic go goal is ac ac"ie( ie(ed t"r t"rou oug g" ililleg legal mea means. = 0mpl 0mplo os s pre preda dato tor r tact tactic ics s suc suc" " as as int intim imid idat atio ion, n, (iol (iolen ence ce and and cor corru rupt ptio ion. n. = 0ffe 0ffect cti( i(e e contr ontrol ol o(er o(er memb member ers, s, asso assoc ciate iates s and and (icti ictims ms.. = Orga Organi nize zed d cri crime mes s do do not not incl includ ude e ter terro rori rist sts s ded dedic icat ated ed to poli politi tica call c"a c"ang nge. e. ATTRIB3TES ATTRIB3TES O ORGANIZED CRIMES 1. @as @as no no poli politic tical al goal goal 2. %s "ier "ierar arc" c"ic ical al 3. @as a limited limited or e*clus e*clusi(e i(e members" members"ip ip 4. Constit Constitute ute a uniAue uniAue subcult subculture ure 5. erp erpet etua uate tes s itsel itself f #. 0*"ibits a &illingness &illingness to use use illegal illegal (iolence (iolence and briber briber $. 7emonstr 7emonstrates ates specia specializa lization tion!! di(ision di(ision of labor labor B. %s mono monopo poli list stic ic . %s go(erns go(erns b e*plici e*plicitt rules rules and regu regulati lations ons
4. +'" no Po0i%i$'0 Go'0" 2
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%s an crime committed b a person occuping, in a establis"ed di(ision of labor, a position designed for t"e commission of crimes pro(iding t"at suc" di(ision of labor includes at least one position for corrupter, one position for corruptee, and one position for an enforcer+s&eet tal's? into a relations"ip &it" public officials, la& enforcement officer, or anone &"o &ould be of "elp in obtaining obtaining securit and immunit immunit from possible arrest, arrest, prosecution prosecution and punis"ments. A CORR3PTEE = a public officials, la& enforcement officers or anbod &"o not a member of t"e organization &"o can "elps t"e organization S$'0! o& Or'ni!) Crimin'0 C+ARACTERISTICS O ORGANIZED CRIMES = %t is a con consp spir irac ac act acti( i(it it in( in(ol ol(i (in ng co coordi ordina nati tion on of memb member ers. s. = 0conomic gain is t"e primar goal. = 0con conomic mic go goal is ac ac"ie( ie(ed t"r t"rou oug g" ililleg legal mea means. = 0mpl 0mplo os s pre preda dato tor r tact tactic ics s suc suc" " as as int intim imid idat atio ion, n, (iol (iolen ence ce and and cor corru rupt ptio ion. n. = 0ffe 0ffect cti( i(e e contr ontrol ol o(er o(er memb member ers, s, asso assoc ciate iates s and and (icti ictims ms.. = Orga Organi nize zed d cri crime mes s do do not not incl includ ude e ter terro rori rist sts s ded dedic icat ated ed to poli politi tica call c"a c"ang nge. e. ATTRIB3TES ATTRIB3TES O ORGANIZED CRIMES 1. @as @as no no poli politic tical al goal goal 2. %s "ier "ierar arc" c"ic ical al 3. @as a limited limited or e*clus e*clusi(e i(e members" members"ip ip 4. Constit Constitute ute a uniAue uniAue subcult subculture ure 5. erp erpet etua uate tes s itsel itself f #. 0*"ibits a &illingness &illingness to use use illegal illegal (iolence (iolence and briber briber $. 7emonstr 7emonstrates ates specia specializa lization tion!! di(ision di(ision of labor labor B. %s mono monopo poli list stic ic . %s go(erns go(erns b e*plici e*plicitt rules rules and regu regulati lations ons
4. +'" no Po0i%i$'0 Go'0" 2
Organiz Organized ed crime is basicall basicall moti(ated moti(ated b mone and and po&er. po&er. %t is not social social doctrin doctrine e neit"er neit"er politic political al belief belief nor ideolog ideological ical concerns concerns t"at t"at moti(at moti(ated ed leaders and members members of t"e organized crime groups. groups. olitical olitical in(ol(ement ma be part of its acti(ities for t"e purpose of gaining protection for its illegal acti(ities. 5. +i!r'r$hi$'0 )n organized organized crime "as a (ertical po&er structure structure &it" at least t"ree +3 ran's. T"e aut"orit is in"erent in t"e position and does not depend on &"o "appens to be occuping it at an gi(en time. 6. Limi%!) or E7$0"i8! M!m9!r"hip T"e criteria suc" as et"nic bac'ground, race, 'ins"ip, criminal record and ot"er similar consideration seems to be t"e basis for members"ip in an organized crime group. 6ponsor 6ponsors"ip s"ip b a ran'ing ran'ing members members and be"a(io be"a(iorr c"aract c"aracteris eristics tics also plas plas importa important nt factors factors for recruitm recruitment ent suc" as but not limited limited toD &illing &illingnes ness s to commit commit criminal act, follo& t"e rules and regulations and secrec in t"e organization. :. Con"%i%%! ' ni;! "9$0%r! embers of t"e organized crime group considered t"emsel(es distinct from t"e con(entional con(entional societ. societ. T"e loo' at t"e societ as >&ea' and stupid? and treat t"em &it" derisions if not contempt, and t"erefore not sub:ect to its rules. T"is is sometimes referred to as >t"e under&orld?. industr?, legitimate or illegitimate, or a combination of bot". ) monopol, of course, restrains >free trade? and increases profits. )n organized crime monopol is maintained b (iolence, b t"e t"reat of (iolence, or b corrupt relations"ips &it" la& enforcement officials. ) combination of bot" met"ods, (iolence and corruption, ma be emploed. . GOVERNS B EPLICIT R3LES AND REG3LATION )n organized crime group, li'e a legitimate organization, "as a set of rules and regulations t"at members are e*pected to follo&. %n an organized crime group, "o&e(er, a rule=(iolating member is not fired but, more li'el, fired upon STR3CT3RE O ORGANIZED CRIME GRO3PS - T"e bureaucratic ! Corporate model - atrimonial! atron Client Th! Br!'$r'%i$? Corpor'%! Mo)!0 T"e corporation, t"e police, and t"e militar are e*amples of bureaucracies, t"at mode of organization essential for efficientl carring out large scale tas's. P'%rimoni'0? P'%ron C0i!n% %t is a c"aracteristic of traditional societies t"at centers on families, patrons and t"eir clients, and ot"er personalities net&or's. GENERIC TPE O ORGANIZED CRIMES 4. Po0i%i$'0 Gr'&% = committed b political criminals for purposes of gaining profit t"oug" (iolence or force for t"e attainment of political goals or ambitions suc" as used of pri(ate armies, buing of (otes or t"reatening (oters. 5. In-Grop Ori!n%!) Or'ni!) Crim! manned b semi=organized indi(idual &it" t"e end (ie& of attaining psc"ological gratification suc" as adolescent gangs.
3. M!r$!n'ry?Pr!)'%ory or'ni!) $rim! perpetuated for t"e attainment of direct personal gain but pre upon un&illing (ictims. 4. Syn)i$'%!) Crim!" comes &it" a structure organization t"at participates in illicit acti(it in societ using force, or intimidation.
TPICAL ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITIES 1. T+ET 'n) RA3D 4
Vi$%imiin 9"in!""2 @i:ac'ing of cargo truc's obber one /aundering? is called &"at it is because t"e term perfectl describes &"at ta'es place, illegal or dirt mone is put t"roug" a ccle of transactions, or >&as"ed?, or >laundered?, so t"at it comes out t"e ot"er end as legal, or clean mone. 28
%n ot"er &ords, t"e source of illegall obtained funds is obscured t"roug" a succession of transfers and deals in order t"at t"ose funds can e(entuall be made to appear legitimate income. +o1 "!rio" i" %h! pro90!m
= one laundering allo&s criminals to preser(e and en:o t"e proceeds of t"eir crimes, pro(iding t"em &it" t"e incenti(e and means to perpetrate suc" acti(ities and at t"e same time e*pand and consolidate t"eir forces. = Corrupts financial institutions, control sizeable sectors of t"e econom t"roug" in(estments and e(en bribe and infiltrate go(ernments. %n e*treme cases, it ma lead to t"e (irtual ta'e=o(er of a legitimate go(ernment. = 7estros t"e integrit of go(ernments. Mit" t"e increasing a&areness of t"e ill= effects of mone laundering and t"e gro&ing interdependence among global communities, countries t"at are 'no&n to be used b mone launderers could be placed in a bad lig"t, ad(ersel affecting t"eir financial institutions and relations &it"in regional and global economies.
Th! %hr!! $ommon &'$%or" i)!n%i&i!) in 0'n)!rin op!r'%ion" 'r!2 T"e need to conceal t"e origin and true o&ners"ip of t"e proceeds; a. T"e need to maintain control of t"e proceeds; !. T"e need to c"ange t"e form of t"e proceeds in order to s"rin' t"e "uge c. (olumes of cas" generated b t"e initial criminal acti(it, t"e so=called >predicate offense? or >unla&ful acti(it?. IMP3NIT = &it"out fear of prosecution = &it"out fear of confiscation Mon!y 0'n)!rin i" no% ' "in0! '$% 9% i" in &'$% ' pro$!"" %h'% i" '$$omp0i"h!) in %hr!! 9'"i$ "%!p" or "%'!"2 a. lacement !. /aering c. %ntegration
= = =
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T"e p"sical disposal of cas" proceeds deri(ed from t"e unla&ful acti(it. T"e aim is to remo(e cas" from t"e location of acAuisition to a(oid detection. 6eparating illicit proceeds from t"eir source b creating comple* laers of financial transactions designed to disguise t"e source of mone, sub(ert t"e audit trail and pro(ide anonmit. T"e purpose is to disassociate t"e illicit proceeds from t"e unla&ful acti(it b creating intentionall a comple* &eb of financial transactions aimed at concealing an audit trail as &ell as t"e source and o&ners"ip of funds.
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T"e final stage in t"e process at &"ic" t"e mone is integrated into legitimate economic and financial sstems and is assimilated &it" all t"e ot"er assets in t"e sstem. %ntegration of laundered mone into t"e econom is accomplis"ed b ma'ing it appear to "a(e been legall earned. T"us, e*ceedingl difficult to distinguis" bet&een legal and illegal &ealt".
L'n)!rin o& Pro$!!)" = i* dirt mone &it" legitimate funds = se dirt mone for legitimate purposes = %n(est dirt mone in legitimate business!es Th! Vi!nn' Con8!n%ion o& 4@@ F T"e nited -ations Con(ention )gainst %llicit Traffic in -arcotic 7rugs and sc"otropic 6ubstances = >To depri(e persons engaged in illicit traffic of t"e proceeds of t"eir criminal acti(ities and t"ereb eliminate t"eir main incenti(e for doing.? = Ta'ing profit a&a from t"e crimeH = ig"ting mone laundering pre(ents t"e criminal from en:oing "is ill=gotten gains and "e &ill also be unable to infuse t"e same bac' to "is criminal acti(it or organization. = T"e inancial )ction Tas' orce +)T is t"e international bod formed b t"e leading industrial countries in t"e &orld, collecti(el 'no&n as t"e 9roup of 6e(en +>9$?, during t"e aris 9$ 6ummit of 1B. = T"e ort ecommendations = /ist of measures t"at t"e )T encourages all nations to adopt in order to institute and implement an effecti(e anti=mone laundering program. T"e constitute t"e international standards of anti=mone laundering measures &it" respect to t"e criminal :ustice sstem, la& enforcement procedures and t"e regulation of t"e financial sstem.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Criminalization of mone laundering 0stablis"ment of a sstem of suspicious transaction reporting Creation of a centralized financial intelligence unit or >%? emo(al or rela*ation of ban' secrec la&s %nstitution of a sstem allo&ing mutual assistance and cooperation bet&een countries to appre"end and prosecute suspected mone launderers
Th! AT $r'$/" )o1n on %!rrori"% &in'n$in 1i%h %h! &o00o1in nin! "p!$i'0 r!$omm!n)'%ion" 2 5. ro(ide t"e &idest possible range of assistance to ot"er countriesI la& enforcement and regulator aut"orities for terrorist financing in(estigations. #. %mpose anti=mone laundering reAuirements on alternati(e remittance sstems. $. 6trengt"en customer identification reAuirements in international and domestic &ire transfers. B. 0nsure t"at entities, in particular non=profit organizations cannot be used to finance terrorism. 30
= T"e pro(isions of t"e )nti=one /aundering )ct of 21 +)/) or .). -o.1#, as amended, las do&n t"e "ilippine policies and principles to pre(ent ban's, insurance companies and t"e securities and capital mar'ets and industries from being utilized b mone launderers to 1'"hF t"eir so=called )ir%y mon!yF. Th! %1o-&o0) po0i$y o& %h! AMLA 'r! 2 1. To pro%!$% 'n) pr!"!r8! %h! in%!ri%y 'n) $on&i)!n%i'0i%y o& 9'n/ '$$on%"K 2. %o !n"r! %h'% %h! Phi0ippin!" i" no% "!) '" ' mon!y 0'n)!rin "i%! o& %h! pro$!!)" o& n0'1&0 '$%i8i%i!". Th", i% i" %h! Phi0ippin!" po0i$y no% on0y %o pro%!$% )!po"i%or" 'n) in8!"%or" 9% o& !;'0 impor%'n$! i" %h! in8!"%i'%ion, 'ppr!h!n"ion 'n) pro"!$%ion o& ""p!$%!) mon!y 0'n)!r!r". = nder t"e )/), mone laundering is > a crime &"ereb t"e proceeds of an unla&ful acti(it are transacted, t"ereb ma'ing t"em appear to "a(e originated from legitimate sources.? = one /aundering as a crime is committed in t"ree +3 different &as under t"e )/) = >)n person 'no&ing t"at an monetar instrument or propert represents, in(ol(es, or relates to, t"e proceeds of an unla&ful acti(it, transacts or attempts to transact said monetar instrument or propert.? = %mprisonment of $ to 14 ears and a fine of not less t"an 3 illion but not more t"an t&ice t"e (alue of t"e monetar instrument or propert in(ol(ed in t"e transaction. = >)n person 'no&ing t"at an monetar instrument or propert in(ol(es t"e proceeds of an unla&ful acti(it, performs or fails to perform an act as a result of &"ic" "e facilitates t"e offense of mone laundering referred to in paragrap" +a abo(e.? = %mprisonment of 4 to $ ears and a fine of not less t"an 1 illion but not more t"an 3 illion. = >)n person 'no&ing t"at an monetar instrument or propert is reAuired under t"is )ct to be disclosed and filed &it" t"e )nti=one /aundering Council +)/C, fails to do so.? O%h!r p!n'0%i!" in$0)!2 = orfeiture of t"e monetar instruments or propert in(ol(ed in t"e mone laundering offense in fa(or of t"e "ilippine go(ernment. = erpetual or temporar absolute disAualification from public office, as t"e case ma be, if t"e offender be a public official or emploee. = %f t"e offender is a corporation, partners"ip, association or an :uridical person, t"e penalt s"all be imposed on t"e responsible officer &"o participated in or allo&ed b gross negligence t"e commission of t"e crime. 3n0'1&0 A$%i8i%yF refers to an act or omission or series or combination t"ereof in(ol(ing or "a(ing 7%0CT relation to an of t"e follo&ingD = irac on t"e "ig" seas = ualified T"eft 31
= = = = = =
6&indling 6muggling Offenses under t"e 0=Commerce )ct @i:ac'ing, destructi(e arson, murder, Eiolations of t"e 6ecurities and egulation Code elonies or offenses of a similar nature under penal la&s of ot"er countries
Th! An%i-Mon!y L'n)!rin Con$i0 (AMLC# i" %h! &in'n$i'0 in%!00i!n$! ni% o& %h! Phi0ippin!" 'n) i" $ompo"!) o& %h! &o00o1in o&&i$i'0" 2 - T"e 9o(ernor of t"e KC? standards can sub:ect ban's to serious customer and counter +t"ird part ris's, especiallD 1. eputational ris' 2. Operational ris' 3. /egal and concentration ris' R!p%'%ion'0 Ri"/ - t"e potential t"at ad(erse publicit regarding a ban'Is business practices and associations, &"et"er accurate or not, &ill cause a loss of confidence in t"e integrit of t"e institution. Op!r'%ion'0 Ri"/ - t"e ris' of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadeAuate or failed internal processes, people and sstems or from e*ternal e(ents. L!'0 Ri"/ 32
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t"e possibilit t"at la&suits, ad(erse :udgments or contracts t"at turn out to be unenforceable can disrupt or ad(ersel affect t"e operations or condition of a ban'.
RA 4: = appro(ed on arc" $, 23 = )n )ct )mending epublic )ct -o. 1#, ot"er&ise 'no&n as t"e )nti=one /aundering )ct of 21 ARM SM3GGLING Sm0in - also 'no&n as %r'&&i$/in, is t"e clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point &"ere pro"ibited, suc" as out of a building, into a prison, or across an international border, in (iolation of t"e la& or ot"er rules *+AT ARE IREARMS - includes "andguns, re(ol(ers, pistols, rifles, mus'ets, carbines, s"otguns, cannons and all ot"er deadl &eapons from &"ic" a bullet, ball, s"ot, s"all or ot"er missile ma be disc"arged b means of gunpo&der or ot"er e*plosi(es - also includes air rifles and air pistols not classified as tos under t"e pro(isions of 0*ecuti(e Order -o. $12 dated 2B 8ul 1B1. T"e barrel of an firearm s"all be considered a complete firearm.
IREARMS TRAICING - refers to t"e act of an person &"o, t"roug" t"e use of an fraudulent mac"inations, s"all import or bring into, or e*port from, t"e "ilippines, or assist in so doing, an firearm or parts t"ereof, e*plosi(e or ammunition or mac"ine, implements, eAuipments or tools for t"e manufacture of firearms. - s"all li'e&ise refer to t"e act of an person &"o, contrar to la&, s"allD - recei(e, conceal, bu, sell, or in an manner facilitate t"e transportation, concealment or sale of said firearms or parts t"ereof, e*plosi(e or ammunition or mac"ine, implements, eAuipments or tools for t"e manufacture of firearms, ammunition or e*plosi(es after importation, 'no&ing t"e same to "a(e been imported contrar to la&. *hy )o!" %hi" i00i$i% '$%i8i%y &0ori"h - %t is a dangerous but profitable criminal enterprise. - @o&e(er, it t"reatens not onl public safet and national securit but also endangers, and oftentimes, ta'es a&a t"e li(es of innocent persons. - %t is one of t"e transnational organized crimes t"at affect not onl t"e "ilippines and ot"er neig"boring )sian countries but also t"e rest of t"e &orld. - T"e countr lac's anti=firearms smuggling!traffic'ing la&s. 33
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-o region is immune to illicit trade and traffic'ing in small arms and lig"t &eapons Collaborati(e and cooperati(e measures are essential to address t"is transnational t"reat.
*hy "ho0) i% 9! '))r!""!) = %t poses a serious t"reat to national securit and a stumbling bloc' to economic de(elopment. = irearms can be tools of (iolence. /etting t"e control of t"e tools of (iolence get out of "and can be a disaster for an societ. E&&or%" %o $r%'i0 %h! pro90!m = %mpro(ement of t"e tracea(i)ity of firearms; = assage of rele(ant la&s and pro(iding stiffer penalties t"ereto; = 0ncouraging return of loose firearms t"roug" programs suc" as amnest and >bali'=baril? programs; and = ore e*tensi(e la& enforcement. RELEVANT LA*S - T"e emorandum for t"e 6%/9 recommending t"e p"ase=out of t"e use, manufacture or sale of Pati" +"ome=made irearms; and - T"e - Circular on t"e disposition of Captured, Confiscated, 6urrendered and 7eposited irearms, )mmunition and 0*plosi(es.
BASIC IREARMS LA*S, R3LES AND REG3LATIONS2 S!$%ion 4, R!p90i$ A$% No. @5:2 A$%" pni"h'90!D nla&ful M'n&'$%r!, S'0!, A$;i"i%ion, Di"po"i%ion or Po""!""ion of irearms )mmunition or %nstruments sed or %ntended to be sed in t"e anufacture of irearms or )mmunitions. P!n'0%yDPrision corr$cciona in its ma*imum period and a fine of not less t"at ifteen T"ousand pesos+15,. +0o1-po1!r!) &ir!'rm suc" as rim fire "andgun, .3B or .32 and ot"er firearm of similar firepo&er, part of firearm, ammunition or mac"iner, tool or instrument used or intended to be used in t"e manufacture of an firearm or ammunitionD ro(ided t"at no ot"er crime &as committed S!$%ion 4, R!p90i$ A$% No. @5:2 - A$%" pni"h'90!D nla&ful M'n&'$%r!, S'0!, A$;i"i%ion, Di"po"i%ion or Po""!""ion of irearms )mmunition or %nstruments sed or %ntended to be sed in t"e anufacture of irearms or )mmunitions. - P!n'0%yDPrision %ayor in its minimum period and a fine of T"irt T"ousand pesos +3,. - +hih-po1!r!) &ir!'rm &"ic" includes t"ose &it" bores bigger in diameter t"at . 3B caliber and millimeter suc" as caliber 4, 41, 44, 45 and also lesser calibered firearms but considered po&erful suc" as caliber 35$ and caliber .22 34
center fire magnum and ot"er firearms &it" firing capabilit of full automatic and b burst of t&o or t"reeD ro(ided "o&e(er, T"at no ot"er crime &as committed b t"e person arrested
INTELLECT3AL PROPERT T+ET %ntellectual propert t"eft is used interc"angeabl &it" intellectual propert pirac &"ic" is t"e unaut"orized coping of goods, or &or's suc" as soft&are, for resale b &a of profit or trade; t"e production and sale b &a of trade of copies of goods &"ic" "a(e been made &it"out t"e aut"orit of t"e o&ner of t"e intellectual propert; t"e facilitation of t"eir production, and t"e distribution of suc" goods including importation and retailing; counterfeiting or pirating of goods facilitated b use of t"e %nternet or satellite tec"nologies, or pirac or t"eft of information or broadcasts, or unaut"orized p"otocoping of boo's for education purposes, or of unaut"orized end=user pirac of soft&are beond t"e purc"aserIs license, or pirac of domain names or compan names, or counterfeiting of currenc; t"e unaut"orized manufacture and distribution of copies of suc" goods and &or's &"ic" are intended to appear to be so similar to t"e original as to be passed off as genuine e*amples. T"is includes use of famous brands on clot"ing not manufactured b or on be"alf of t"e o&ner of t"e trade mar', and e*act copies of C7s containing an material or soft&are, &"ic" are traded in a form intended to be indistinguis"able to ordinar consumers from t"e genuine product. %ntellectual propert rig"t is >t"e legal o&ners"ip b a person or business of a coprig"t, design, and patent, trade mar' attac"ed to a particular product or process &"ic" protects t"e o&ner against unaut"orized coping or imitation. 6uc" propert rig"ts are an important element of product differentiation and confer temporar monopol ad(antages to suppliers? +ass, /o&es and 7a(ies 13D 2#5. T"e term intellectual propert rig"ts include coprig"t and related rig"ts, trademar's and ser(ice mar's, geograp"ic indications, industrial designs, patents, laout=designs. or $'%!ori!" o& in%!00!$%'0 prop!r%y '$$or)in %o Ni$o0! L!!p!r Pi;!ro - atents - Trademar's - Trade secrets - Coprig"t R!p90i$ A$% No. @56 = appro(ed on 8une #, 1$ = T"is )ct s"all ta'e effect on 1 8anuar 1B. = %ntellectual ropert Code of t"e "ilippines. RA 4@@ = =
'no&n as t"e G)nti=Camcording )ct of 21 )ppro(ed on a 13, 21
DR3G TRAICING Th! Dr Tr')! 35
rom t"e farmers to t"e producers, t"e smugglers, t"e street dealers, and t"e users, t"e drug trade is deepl rooted in t"e global econom. %t is protected and o(erseen b po&erful groups 'no&n as drug cartels t"at ma'e "uge profits from t"is multibillion=dollar industr. *h'% i" )r %r'&&i$/in = anot"er term for dug trade = refers to t"e illegal process t"roug" &"ic" narcotics and ot"er illegal drugs are produced, transported, and sold. = t"e illegal culti(ation, culture, deli(er, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation, e*portation and possession of an dangerous drug and!or controlled precursor and essential c"emical. = generall refers to t"e sale and distribution of illegal drugs
.). #425 F 7angerous 7rug )ct of 1$2 &as repealed b, R.A. 4= irac consist of an of t"e follo&ing actsD a. an illegal acts of (iolence or detention, or an act of depredation, committed for pri(ate ends b t"e cre& or t"e passengers of a pri(ate s"ip or a pri(ate aircraft and directedD a.1 on t"e "ig" seas, against anot"er s"ip or aircraft, or against persons or propert on board of suc" s"ip or aircraft. a.2 against a s"ip, aircraft, person or propert in a place outside t"e :urisdiction of an 6tate. b. )n act of (oluntar participation in t"e operation of a s"ip or an aircraft &it" 'no&ledge of facts ma'ing it a pirate s"ip or aicraft; c. )n act inciting or of intentionall facilitating an act describe in sub=paragrap" +a or +b
SM3GGLING O C3LT3RAL PROPERTIES 6muggling of Cultural ropert refers to t"e act of an person &"o, t"roug" t"e use of an fraudulent mac"inations, s"all import or bring into, or e*port from, transfer from, t"e "ilippines, or assist in so doing, an cultural properties. Cultural properties are old buildings, monuments, s"rines, documents, and ob:ects &"ic" ma be classified as antiAues, relics, or artifacts, landmar's, ant"ropological and "istorical sites, and specimens of natural "istor &"ic" are of cultural, "istorical, ant"ropological or scientific (alue and significance to t"e nation; suc" as p"sical, ant"ropological, arc"aeological and et"nograp"ic materials, meteorites and te'tites; "istorical ob:ects and manuscripts; "ouse"old and agricultural implements; decorati(e articles or personal adornment; &or's of art suc" as paintings, sculptures, car(ings, :e&elr, music, arc"itecture, s'etc"es, dra&ings, or illustrations in part or in &"ole; &or's of industrial and commercial art suc" as furniture, potter, ceramics, &roug"t iron, gold, bronze, sil(er, &ood or ot"er "eraldic items, metals, coins, medals, badges, 37
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