BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
Faculty of Business & Management May 2015
BBGO4103 Organisation Behaviour
MATRICULATION NO:
900626055454001
IDENTITY CARD NO.
:
900626-05-5454
TELEPHONE NO.
:
012-3494019
E-MAIL
:
[email protected]
LEARNING CENTRE
:
Negeri Sembilan Learning Centre
1
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
Introduction Students of Bachelor of Human Resources Management are required to analyses current challenges faced by managers in organization and provide recommendations from the organizational behavior perspective on how managers can better handle these challenges. The purpose of this assignment is to develop learners’ ability to analyses organizational challenges and suggest managerial improvements from an organizational behavior perspective.
Organizational behavior is concerned with people's thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in setting up a work. It studies of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. It is a field of study that specifically focuses on the impact that people have on organizational effectiveness and efficiency. It does this by taking a system approach it interprets people organization relationships in terms of the four levels , the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Understanding an individual behavior is in itself a challenge, but understanding group behavior in an organizational environment is a monumental managerial task.
"Understanding one individual's behavior is challenging in and of itself; understanding a group that is made up of different individuals and comprehending the many relationships among those individuals is even more complex. Ultimately, the organization’s work gets done through people, individually or collectively, on their, own or in collaboration with technology. Therefore, the management of organizational behavior is central to the management task—a task that involves the capacity to "understand" the behavior patterns of individuals, groups and organizations, to ''predict'" what behavioral responses will be elicited by various managerial actions and finally to use this understanding and these predictions to achieve "control" - Nadler and Tushman .
2
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
Organizational behavior is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors’ of employees in isolation; the characteristics and processes that are part of the organization itself; and the characteristics and behaviors directly resulting from people with their individual needs and motivations working within the structure of the organization. One cannot understand an individual’s behavior completely without learning something about that individual's organization. Similarly, he cannot understand how the organization operates without; studying the people who make it up. Thus, the organization influences and is influenced by individuals. Organizational behavior offers several ideas to management as to how human factor should be properly emphasized to achieve organizational objectives.
Barnard has observed that an organization is a conscious interaction of two or more people. This suggests that since an organization is the interaction of persons, they should be given adequate importance in managing the organization. Organizational behavior provides opportunity to management to analyze human behavior and prescribe means for shaping it to a particular direction.
“ Organization behavior is resistant to change due to
human cognitive processes and defensive routines. People make sense of past behavior by forming beliefs that rationalize them and by escalating commitment to them. They also avoid embarrassment and threat to self and others. These human characteristics prevent managers from leaving that their actual behavior their theory in action is inconsistent with their stated asporation their espoused theory. These human characteristics cause organizational policies and practices to perset in the face of new realities unless skills and normal of inquiry are developed ’’ -Argyus and Schon, 1996.
3
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
For this assignment, The organization that I choose is Air Asia Berhad ( now on it will be known as Air Asia). It is Asia's largest low-fare, no-frills airline and a pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia. air asia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to over 400 destinations spanning 25 countries. Its main hub is the Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Tan Sri Anthony Francis Fernandes (also known as Tony Fernandes) is a Malaysian Indian entrepreneur. He is the founder of Tune Air Sdn. Bhd., who introduced the first budget no-frills airline, AirAsia, to Malaysians with the tagline "Now everyone can fly". AirAsia has sparked a revolution in air travel with more and more people around the region choosing AirAsia as their preferred choice of transport. He has since founded the Tune Group of companies. Fernandes to prominence by turning AirAsia, a failing government-linked commercial airline, into a highly successful budget airline public-listed company. AirAsia Values Vision
To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion people who are currently underserved with poor connectivity and high fares.
Mission
• To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family • Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand • To attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly with AirAsia Their main activities are to provide air transportation services worldwide. The primary
undertakings of subsidiaries are supplying inflight repasts, trip functioning enterprise, supplying airplane leasing amenities, newspapers proprietor with announcing division. Their secondary activity is tune budget hotels for their flyers they can book hotel and tour packages along the ticket with AirAsia Go. they provide sponsor ships to various event held at their destination country but most in Malaysia, they also organize big events and customers can buy ticket from their website along flight tickets. The primary undertakings of subsidiaries are supplying inflight repasts, trip functioning enterprise, supplying airplace leasing amenities, newspapers proprietor with announcing division. Other than that, AirAsia creates values through the following vision and mission : 4
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
Disciplines That Contribute Towards Organisational Behaviour According to Henry Mintzberg, a manager has three main roles: a) Interpersonal Role This refers to the need to communicate with the subordinates and/or colleagues. There are three types of interpersonal roles: i) As a figurehead in an organization who has a key responsibility during official functions of an organization such as officiating and closing functions, and visiting hospitalized employees. ii) As a leader who needs to motivate, train and take disciplinary action against an employees. iii) As a liaison who needs to interact with other parties and form mutually beneficial work relationships as well as networking. b)
Role of Providing Information A manager is almost and always responsible in obtaining and disseminating information from within an organization and externally. This information is gathered and monitored whilst suitable and related information will ne disseminated to staff and other parties in the organization. In addition, a manager also acts as a representative or spokesperson for the organization when dealing with external parties.
b) The Role of Decision Making In this role, a manager may contribute ideas to a particular project whilst displaying his role as an entrepreneur, handling employees in related problems and making appropriate decisions. A manager is also responsible in allocating resources and being a negotiator in all business related transactions.
5
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
The discipline of organizational behavior is concerned with identifying and managing the attitudes and actions of individuals and groups, looking particularly at how people can be motivated to join and remain in the organization, how to get people to practice effective teamwork, how people can accomplish their jobs more efficiently, and how employees can be encouraged to be more flexible and innovative. Attention is brought to these attitudes and actions in order to help managers identify problems, determine how to correct them, and change behavior so that individual performance and ultimately organization effectiveness increase. Organizational behaviour is an applied behavioural science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioural disciplines. They are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and political science. The history of Organizational Behavior (OB) can be traced back to the Scientific Management approaches from the Industrial Revolution as early as the late 1800’s with the work of Frederic Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) (Wertheim). It is in this case, behavioral disciplines that have shaped Organizational Behavior into a distinguishable discipline. Within each major category there exist individual contribution dimensions that carry with it a unit of analysis affecting the individual, group, and organizational system.
Each of following dimensions has
been assigned to an individual behavioral science (Robbins, Judge, 2007), as follows: i) Psychology It is the science or study of behavior and includes human as well as animal behavior. Intrapersonal aspects of organizational behavior such as motivation, personality, perception attitude learning, training and development, work stress, emotions, conflict management owe their study to psychology. Various psychological tests are conducted in organizations for selection of employees, measuring personality attributes and ability. Contribution of psychology has enriched the field of organizational behavior greatly.
6
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
ii) Sociology It is the study of group behavior. Sociology has enriched organizational behavior in the field of leadership, group dynamics, communication, formal and informal organizations, group process and decision making. iii)
Social Psychology This subject is a blend of the concepts from psychology and sociology. It focuses on the influence of people on one another and tries to achieve better human behavior in the organization. One of the key areas which it has helped to manage is ‘Change’ –how to implement it successfully and reduce the resistance to it.
iv) Anthropology It is the study of human race and its culture. Organizations have their own culture. Culture influences human behavior. An employee’s perception about things and his functioning is influenced by the culture of his organization. Anthropology is more relevant to organizational behavior today due to globalization, mergers and acquisitions of various industries. Today the people have to work in organizations having work force diversity. v)
Political Science Organizations are political entities and it is political science which helps in understanding behaviors of individuals within a political environment. Government rules and regulations play a decisive role in growth of the organizations.
7
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
HOW TO HANDLE CHALLENGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Managers initiate and design change. They allocate resources and negotiate on behalf of the organization. Here managers deal with various affairs such as, overseeing new projects, taking corrective measure in an unforeseen event and discuss issues and bargain with other units to gain advantages for their own unit. These roles demand a deep understanding of human behavior in both individual and group forms, and so OB provides us with the means of tackling these issues with confidence. Understanding OB has never been more important for managers than it is today. In today’s world, the people of earth are much closer than before and managers need to deal with a vast array of diversities, such as, •
Culture
•
Demography
•
Religion
•
Higher demand of customer satisfaction
•
Coping with rapid changes in technology
•
Balancing Stress related lifestyle of the workers
•
Ethical behavior
As a manager, the teachings of Organization Behavior can significantly increase one’s personal sensibilities and outlook on these attributes;
1.
Working with people from different cultures:
What might seem motivating to a manager might not appeal to his workforce at all. Or a manager’s style of communication may be straightforward, but the workforce may find it threatening and uncomfortable. As a manager one must learn how to adapt his managerial style to their cultural, geographic and religious disparities. 8
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
2.
Workforce diversity:
Organizations are increasingly becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people in terms of gender, race, age, ethnicity and sexual orientation. No longer can these disparities and clichés be ignored, these people are in the real world educated and ready to work. So mangers must recognize the fact that they don’t leave their lifestyles, cultural values and perception at home, so we as managers must learn to accommodate this diverse group of people by addressing their different lifestyles, family needs and work styles. 3.
Customer Service:
Many an organization has failed because its employees failed to please its customers. Management needs to create a customer-responsive culture. OB can provide considerable guidance in guidance in helping managers create such cultures- cultures in which employees are friendlier and courteous, accessible, knowledgeable and prompt in responding to customer needs, in order to please the patron. 4.
Ethics:
Today’s manager needs to create an ethically healthy climate for his employees, where they can work productively and confront a minimal level of uncertainty regarding what constitutes right and wrong behavior. Organizational behavior is the path to understanding how elements of the work place fall into place. As a nascent manager one can develop the self with the help of these learning’s and partake in managerial roles confidently.
By understanding organizational behavior concepts, managers can better understand and appreciate the behavior of those around them. For example, most managers in an organization are directly responsible for the work related behaviors of a set of other
9
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
people their immediate subordinates. Typical managerial activities in this area include motivating employees to work harder, ensuring that their jobs are properly designed, resolving conflicts, evaluating their performance, and helping them set goals to achieve rewards. The field of organizational behavior abounds with theory and research regarding each of these functions. i)
Managing Globalisation Company must learn about many different kinds of factors when they operate globally. There are problems related to understanding organizational behavior in different global settings. Organizational behavior becomes especially complex at a global level because the attitudes, aspirations, and values of the work force different from country to country. Problems of coordinating the activities of an organization to match its environment become much more complex as an organization’s activities expand across the globe. In many cases, global organizations locate in a particular country abroad because this allows them to operate more effectively, but in doing so, also has major effects on their home operations. Global learning is the process of acquiring and learning the skills, knowledge, and organizational behaviors and procedures that have helped companies abroad become major global competitors. To respond to the global challenge, more and more companies are rotating their employees to their overseas operations so they can learn firsthand the problems and opportunities that lie abroad. Expatriate employees are those who live and work for companies located abroad. These employees assist their organizations by learning about the sources of low cost inputs and the best places to assemble their products throughout the world. Expatriate managers in functions such as research and development, manufacturing, and sales can take advantage of their presence in a foreign country to learn the skills and techniques those companies have to offer.
10
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
ii)
Work Force Diversity Diversity is important to companies because with a diverse environment people can benefit and learn from others’ ideas. Other reasons for the importance of diversity to many organizations are the recognition of differences as prerequisites for high performance and continuous improvement, enhancing the effectiveness and creativity of the organization, and valuing conflicts as opportunities for more effective decision making and problem solving (Outtz, James L, 2004). Diversity has a major impact on our behaviors in the work place. Diversity refers to differences in age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, and capabilities/disabilities. The numbers of minorities and women being hired by organizations is increasing. Diversity is an important issue because the demographic composition of employees has changed drastically as more minorities and female employees enter the workforce. To be successful, organizations need diverse employees as a resource to improve performance. Experience has shown that the quality of decision making in terms of diverse employees is richer and broader. Work, promotions, and rewards must be allocated in a fair and equitable manner. Managers must interact with employees who differ widely on a number of characteristics, while avoiding conflict and mistrust among the team members. Workforce diversity is a necessity for clarity and efficiency of all organizations. In order to make this work, strategies must be put into place to make the each organization become a multicultural, diverse workplace. This process begins with managers but must include assistance from employees within the corporation.
CONCLUSION 11
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
In working with these individuals, understanding 14 basic issues associated with leadership, power and political behavior, decision making, organization structure and design, and organization culture can also be extremely beneficial. Again, the field of organizational behavior provides numerous valuable insights into these processes. Managers can also use their knowledge from the field of organizational behavior to better understand their own behaviors and feelings. For example, understanding personal needs and motives, how to improve decision making capabilities, how to respond to and control stress, how to better communicate with others, and the way in which career dynamics unfold can all be of enormous benefit to individual managers. Organizational behavior once again provides useful insights into these concepts and processes. Managers must also interact with a variety of colleagues, peers, and coworkers inside the organization. Understanding attitudinal processes, individual differences, group dynamics, intergroup dynamics, organization culture, and power and political behavior can help managers handle such interactions more effectively. Many useful ideas from the field of organizational behavior have provided a variety of practical insights into these processes. Finally, managers also interact with various individuals from outside the organization, including suppliers, customers, competitors, and government officials, representatives of citizens’ groups, union officials, and potential joint venture partners. Virtually all of the behavioral processes already noted can be relevant. In addition, special understanding of the environment, technology, and, increasingly, international issues is also of value. Here again, the field of organizational behavior offers managers many different insights into how and why things happen.
Reality reflects what is going on in all types of organizations public and private, large and small, product and service oriented. It also reflects the themes of globalization, diversity, technology, and ethics. Challenges provide opportunities for us to grow and develop both as individuals and organizations. Challenge and opportunity are watchwords in organizations during these challenging times. Managers and employees alike are challenged 12
BBGO4103 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
to positively and optimistically meet change in how work gets done, change in psychological and legal interactions between individuals and organizations, change in personnel, and change in the basis for organization. As organizational behavior deals with understanding and managing people in the workplace, it is important to note that a successful organization makes use of the various kinds of expertise it possesses in order to enhance performance and pursues goals in a changing environment by adapting its behavior according to its knowledge about itself and the world it operates in. Moreover, it is skilled at creating, acquiring, organizing, and sharing knowledge, and at applying this knowledge to create its workplace culture. Human behavior influences key areas of management and is a means to an end for an organization to achieve its goals. The challenge of organizational behavior is to establish a mechanism for broadscale performance improvement (quantity, quality, customer satisfaction, and systems analysis) and organizational change so that the employees will be more productive and happy, and as a result organizations will be more effective and efficient in achieving their goals by producing significant and measurable outcomes.
REFERENCES 1.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_behavior 2.) http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/airasia.php 3.) http://www.academia.edu/4315152/management_airasia 4.) http://www.academia.edu/6792185/A_Study_on_LowCost_Leadership_Strategy_The_Ca se _of_AirAsia 5.) http://www.thinkingwellconsulting.com/CHALLENGES_MANAGERS_FACE_TODAY. pdf
13
