Optimización Del Proceso de Flotación para La Recuperación de Minerale Mixtos de Cobre

July 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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SLATC]XAI@I L@HABL@N ICN @NYAWN@LB IC WSLB WSL B D@HSNY@I IC ALFCLAC]Ë@ FCBNØFAH@ Q KCY@NÕ]FAH@ CXHSCN@ W]BDCXABL@N IC ALFCLAC]Ë@ KCY@NÕ]FAH@

BWYAKAU@HAØL ICN W]BHCXB IC DNBY@HAØL W@]@ KCEB]@] N@ ]CHSWC]@HAØL IC KALC]@NCX KAZYBX IC HBM]C CL N@ WN@LY@ HBLHCLY]@IB]@ IC N@ CKW]CX@KALC]@ HACKX@ - SLAI@I CN HBD]C - W@]@YË@ - WSLB YCXAX W]CXCLY@I@ WB]5

M`hj. NSAX KAE@CN HJ@KMA JS@LH@ W@]@ BWY@] CN YËYSNB W]BDCXABL@N IC5

ALFCLAC]B KCY@NS]FAXY@ WSLB - WC]Õ =7=7

ICIAH@YB]A@ @ kas pìrcs V`ntcr @mr`j`k y Tank` Wùn` quaclcs hbl su `kbr, p`haclha` y csducrzb kc j`l pcrkataib nncf`r ` hukpnar jby ul sucðb k`s, fr`ha`s pbr alhunh`r cl ka cn ceckpnb ic csducrzb y v`ncltë`, ic lb tckcr t ckcr n`s ìvcrsaiìcs pbr quc Iabs cst` hblkafb sackprc. @ ka jcrk`lb oclyb pbr su h`raðb y `pbyb alhbliahabl`n. @ n` hbkp`ðcr` ic ka vai`, Ià Na, pbr su `pbyb alhbliahabl`n y ` ka jcrkbs` pralhcs`, Cv`lfcnë Dcrl`li`, pbr sc ka kbtavb hblst`ltc ic alspar`haøl p`r` scfuar ìcn`ltc cl tbibs kas sucðbs y kct`s. Nuas Kae`cn Hj`kma.

@F]@ICHAKACLYBX -

Puacrb cxprcs`r ka fr`tatui ` Iabs, quacl hbl su mcliaha l nncl` sackprc ka vai` y ` tbi` ka d`kana` pbr cst`r sackprc prcscltcs.

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Ka `frìchakacltb ` n` D`huntì ic Alfclacrë` Fcbnøfa` c Alfclacrë` Kct`nõrfah`, Cshucn` Wrbdcsabl`n ic Alfclcrë` Kct`nõrfah`, ` nbs ibhcltcs pbr mrali`rkc sus hblbhakacltbs y j`hcr ic ka ul prbdcsabl`n hbl sbnaibs hblbhakacltbs.

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@frìczhb ic k`lcr` cspcha`n cspcha`n @n Alf. I`lacn F`rha` ]`kbs, quacl kc pcrkataø p crkataø i`r kas prakcrbs p`sbs prbdcsabl`ncs quc ` n` vcz sc hblvartacrbl cl ul` m`sc sønai` ic jàmatbs ic tr`mèb hbl nbs hu`ncs `drblt`r cn duturb.

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Ka `frìchakacltb ` kas eurìbs ic tcsas, Ir. I r. Ciwal F`nncfbs W`shb, K.Xh. Dcrl`lib Mcrlcib Hbnh`, K.Xh. I`nkarb Hbrlceb Bn`rtc y Iarchtbr ic Ycsas, Ir. I`ltc @. X`n`s Àvan`. Nuas Kae`cn Hj`kma.

ALIAHC FCLC]@N ICIAH@YB]A@   ICIAH@YB]A@ @F]@ICHAKACLYBX   @F]@ICHAKACLYBX ALIAHC FCLC]@N FCLC]@N ALIAHC IC DAFS]@X DAFS]@X ËLIAHC IC Y@MN@X ËLIAHC IC @H]ØLAKBX @H]ØLAKBX ]CXSKCL ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ..... 0= 0= @MXY]@HY....................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ......................... 08 H@WAYSNB A ALY]BISHHAØL 0.0. WN@LYC@KACLYB ICN W]BMNCK@................................................ ............................................................. ............. 03 0.=. DB]KSN@HAØL ICN W]BMNCK@ ............................................ ................................................................. ..................... 03 0.=.0. Wrbmnck` fclcr`n ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 03 0.=.=. Wrbmnck`s cspchadahb ........................................... .................................................................. ........................................... .................... 03 0.8. BMECYATBX ICN CXYSIAB.......................................................... ............................................................................... ..................... 04 0.8.0. Bmectavb Fclcr`n ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 04 0.8.=. Bmectavbs Cspchëdahbs .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................................... .................... 04 0.9. ESXYADAH@HAØL ICN W]BQCHYB ............................................ ................................................................. ..................... 04 0.3. JAWBYCXAX IC N@ ALTCXYAF@HAØL ...................... ............................................ ....................................... ................. 06 0.3.0. Japbtcsas fclcr`n ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 06 06 0.3.=. Japbtcsas cspchadahb cspchadahb....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .................... 06 H@WAYSNB AA ]CTAXAØL IC NAYC]@YS]@ =.0. @LYCHCICLYCX IC N@ ALTCXYAF@HAØL ...................... ............................................. ............................ ..... 0: =.=. ]CDC]CLHA@X YCØ]AH@X ............................................ ................................................................... ................................... ............ 01 =.8. Dnbt`haøl ....................................................... .............................................................................. .............................................. ................................... ............ 01 =.9. Kalcr`ncs Jairbdanahbs .......................... ................................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... =0 =.3. Kalcr`ncs Jairbdbmahbs .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... =0 =.4. Yapbs ic dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... == == =.4.0. Dnbt`haøl ic Cspuk`s .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................................... .................... == =.4.=. Dnbt`haøl pbr pcnëhun`s ............................................ ................................................................... ....................................... ................ ==

=.4.8. Dnbt`haøl pbr `hcatcs ............................................ ................................................................... ........................................... .................... =8 =.6. Yapbs ic dnbt`haøl d nbt`haøl ic cspuk`s ....................................... ............................................................. ....................................... ................. =8 =.6.0. Dnbt`haøl iarcht` .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... =8 =8 =.6.=. Dnbt`haøl alvcrs` ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... =8 =.6.8. Dnbt`haøl Hbnchtav` b Muno ................... .......................................... .............................................. ................................... ............ =8 =.6.9. Dnbt`haøl iadcrclha`n b scnchtav` ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ......................... ==88 =.:. D`scs ic ddnbt`habl nbt`habl .... .......................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... =9 =.:.0. D`sc sønai` ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................... ............. =9 =.:.=. D`sc nëquai` ..... ........................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... =3 =.:.8. D`sc f`scbs` ....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... =3 =.1. Ycrkbial`kah` cl n` altcrd`sc .............................. ..................................................... .............................................. ......................... =4 =.1.0. Yclsaøl supcrhaha`n.................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... =4 =.1.=. Yclsaøl supcrdaha` supcrdaha`nn cl hblt`htb cltrc n`s trcs d`scs ................... ........................................ ..................... =: =.07. Dclbkclbs ic ìsbrhaøl .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................................... .................... =1 =.07.0. @isbrhaøl dësah` ... ......................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................... =1 =.07.=. @isbrhaøl quëkah` .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... =1 =.00. Wbtclha`n zct` .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 87 =.0=. Ycbra` ic n` h`p` cnáhtrah` ibmnc ............................................ ................................................................... ............................ ..... 80 =.08. Cdchtb ic n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah` .............. ..................................... ............................................. ................................... ............. 8= =.09. Àlfunb ic hblt`htb y chu`haøl ic Qbulf ................... ......................................... ....................................... ................. 88 88 =.03. Halctah` ic n` dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .................... 89 =.03.0. Tcnbhaiì ic dnbt`haøl ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ....................................... ................ 83 =.03.=. Kbicnb ic 0 bricl ................... ......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 84 =.03.8. Kbicnb icn = bricl ........... .................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ..... 86 =.04. Dnbt`haøl ic sundurbs ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................... 86 86 =.06. T`ra`mncs cl cn prbhcsb ic ddnbt`haøl nbt`haøl .................... ........................................... .............................................. ......................... 88:: =.06.0. D`htbr fr`lunbkctrë` .............................................................. ..................................................................................... ......................... 8: =.06.=. D`htbr tackpb ic rcsaiclha`...................... ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... 97 =.06.8. Ibsadah`habl ic rc`htavbs ............................ ................................................... .............................................. ............................ ..... 98 =.0:. ]c`htavbs icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl .......................... ................................................ ........................................... ..................... 98 =.01. Yapbs ic rc`htavbs ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 99 99 =.01.0. Cspuk`ltcs.......... ................................ ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 99 =.01.=. Hbnchtbrcs........................... ................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 94 =.01.8. Kbiadahìbrcs......... ................................ ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 91

H@WAYSNB AAA K@YC]A@NCX Q KÁYBIBX 8.0. ÀKMAYB IC CXYSIAB ............................................ ................................................................... ........................................... .................... 37 37 8.=. Smah`haøl y `hhcsb ........................ ............................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 37 8.8. Fcbfr`da` ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 37 8.8.0. ]cnacvc.................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 37 37 8.8.=. Jairbfr`da` c Jairbnbfa` .................... ........................................... .............................................. ................................... ............ 30 8.8.8. Hnak` y Tcfct`habl ............................................. .................................................................... ........................................... .................... 30 8.9. Kalcr`naz`haøl.................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 3= 3= 8.3. BWC]@HABLCX SLAY@]A@X CL N@ WN@LY@ HBLHCLY]@IB]@ ........ 38 8.3.0. ]chcphaøl ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ........................................ ................. 38 8.3.=. @nk`hcl`kac @nk`hcl`kacltb ltb.................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 38 8.3.8. Xchhaøl Hj`lh` Hj`lhìb ib .......... ................................. ............................................. ............................................ ................................... ............. 39 8.3.9. Ybnv` ic Frucsbs................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 39 8.3.3. Fryzzny Tamr`tbrab ic 8¹x9¹ ........................................... .................................................................. ................................ ......... 39 8.3.4. Hj`lhìbr` ic Puaeì`s 04‛x=9‛ .................... .......................................... ............................................. ......................... 33 8.3.6. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·0 ic == k x =7‛ ............................................ ........................................................ ............ 33 8.3.:. U`r`li` Tamr`tbra` 9¹x:¹ ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ................................... ............ 33 8.3.1. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·= ic 06 k x =7‛ ............................................ ........................................................ ............ 33 8.3.07. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·8 ic 07.=3 k x =7‛ .......................................... ................................................... ......... 33 8.3.00. Hj`lhìbr` Xchuli`ra` XQKBLX ic 8¹XYI........................................... ................................................ ..... 33 8.3.0=. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·9 ic 1.=3 ks x =7‛ .................................................... ................................................... 34 8.3.08. Ybnv` ic Dalbs ........ ............................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 34 8.3.09. XCHHABL KBNACLI@ ‘  HN@XADAH@HABL 8.3.09. HN@XADAH@HABL .......................................... ......................................... 34 8.3.03. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·3 ic 84.13 k x =7‛ .......................................... ................................................... ......... 34 8.3.04. Kbnalb Wrak`rab ic M`rr`s Hbkcs` ic 9¹x:¹......................... 9¹x:¹................................................ ......................... 34 8.3.06. Hn`sadahìbr Jcnahbai`n Hbkcs` ic 84‛x ==.37¹ ............................................ ........................................... 36 8.3.0:. Kbnalb Xchuli`rab ic Mbn`s Hbkcs` ic 4¹x4¹ ..................................... .............................................. ......... 36 8.3.01. U`r`li` ic @nt` Drchuclha` (U@D) .............................................................. .................................................................. 36 8.3.=7. Kbnalb ic Mbn`s J`rialfc 3¹x84‛ L·0 .......................................................... ......................................................... 36 8.3.=0. Jairbhahnbl I-0= L·0 .......................... ................................................. .............................................. ................................... ............ 36 8.3.==. Kbnalb ic Mbn`s ICLTC] 9¹x9¹ ................... ......................................... ............................................ .......................... 3: 8.3.=8. Kbnalb ic Mbn`s J@]IALFC 3¹x84‛ L·= .................................................... ................................................... 3:

8.3.=9.  XCHHABL DNBY@HABL 8.3.=9. DNBY@HABL ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... 3: 8.3.=3. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s Wnuskct`n 34‛x34‛. ............................................... ......................................................... .......... 3: 8.3.=4. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr A ............................................ ......................................................... ............. 3: 8.3.=6. Hcni` V.X. :¹x:¹ ]bufjcr AA ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... 31 8.3.=:. Hcni` V.X. 4¹x4¹ ]bufjcr AAA ..................................... ........................................................... ................................... ............. 31 8.3.=1. M`lhb ic 79 Hcni`s 34‛x34‛ Xh`vclfcr A ............................................ ..................................................... ......... 31 8.3.87. M`lhb ic 7= Hcni`s 34‛x34‛ Xh`vclfcr AA ........................................... .................................................... ......... 31 8.3.80. Harhuatb ic Nakpacz` Hbmrc Xundurìb ................... ......................................... ....................................... ................. 31 31 8.3.8=. @hbliahablìbr Harhun`r 4¹x:¹ ............................................................ ...................................................................... .......... 47 8.3.88. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr A ............................................ ......................................................... ............. 47 8.3.89. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr AA. ........................................... ....................................................... ............ 47 8.3.83. Hcni` V.X.:¹x:¹ ]bufjcr AAA ......................................... ............................................................... ................................ .......... 47 8.3.84. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ ]bufjcr AT ........................................ ........................................ 47 8.3.86. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr A ........................................ ........................................ 40 8.3.8:. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr AA ....................................... ....................................... 40 33‛x33‛ Xh`vclfcr AAA .......................... 40 8.3.81. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s WNSXKCY@N 33‛x33‛ 8.3.97. Harhuatb ic Nakpacz` Hbmrc Bxaiìb ........................................... ............................................................ ................. 40 40 8.3.90.  XCHHABL DANY]@IB...................... 8.3.90. DANY]@IB............................................. .............................................. ................................... ............ 4= 8.3.9=. Dantrb ic iashbs Ibbr Bnavcr 4'x4I. ............. ................................... ............................................ ............................ ...... 4= 8.3.98. Dantrb ic iashbs ]`n-iy 4¹x9I .......... ................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 4= 8.3.99. Xchhabl icsp`hjb ic hblhcltrìb hblhcltrìbss ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ..................... 4= 8.3.93. Hblsukb ic `fu` p`r` cn prbhcsb kct`nõrfahb ...................... ............................................. ......................... 48 8.3.94. Xukalastrb ic n` clcrfa` cnchtrah` ............................................................ .................................................................. ...... 48 8.4. K@YC]A@NCX Q CPSAWBX IC N@MB]@YB]AB ..................... .......................................... ..................... 48 8.4.0. K`tcra`ncs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ........................................ ................. 48 8.4.=. Cquapbs ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 49 8.4.8. ]c`htavbs .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 49 8.4.9. Cquapbs ic Wrbtchhaøl ............................................. .................................................................... ....................................... ................ 49 8.6. Wrbhciakacltb p`r` n`s prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl ............................................. ...................................................... ......... 43 43 8.6.0. Kucstrcb cl h`lhj` h`lhj` ic kalcr`n kalcr`n ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 43 8.6.=. Hj`lhìb y U`r`licb .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................................... .................... 43 8.:. Jbkbfclaz`haøl y p`rtahaøl ic kucstr`s ........................................... ............................................................ ................. 44 44 8.:.0. Kucstrcb pbr pp`ncb `ncb dr`hhabl`rab ... ......................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 44 8.1. Ictcrkal`haøl ic n`s hurv`s ic halctah` ic kbnacli` ................................... ........................................ ..... 46

8.07. H`rf` ic mbn`s y vcnbhaiì ic bpcr`haøl icn kbnalb ic n`mbr`tbrab .............. 4: 8.07.0. H`rf` ic mbn`s ........................... .................................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................... 4: 8.07.=. Tbnukcl icn kbnalb ... ......................... ............................................. .............................................. ....................................... ................ 4: 8.07.8. Tcnbhaiì hratah` icn kbnalb ........................... .................................................. .............................................. ......................... 41 8.07.9. Tcnbhaiì ic bpcr`haøl icn kbnalb ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ..................... 41 8.00. W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL ................... .......................................... .............................................. ................................... ............ 67 8.0=. KCYBIBNBFA@ ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 6= 8.08. @lànasas cstìëstahb ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 6= 8.08.0. Iascðb d`htbra`n =o ................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ................................ .......... 6= 8.08.=. Cv`nu`haøl ic n`s v`ra`mncs pbr iascðb cxpcrakclt`n .................... ..................................... ................. 6= 8.08.8. T`ra`mncs icn prbhcsb ........................... .................................................. .............................................. ................................... ............ 68 H@WËYSNB AT ]CXSNY@IBX Q IAXHSXAØL 9.0. ]CXSNY@IBX IC N@X W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL @ LATCN N@MB]@YB]AB Q CT@NS@HAØL IC N@X T@]A@MNCX. ........................... ........................... 63 9.=. ]CXSNY@IBX CXY@IËXYAHB IC N@X W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL ........ 6: 9.=.0. Cdchtbs cstakìbs p`r` cn pbrhcltèc ic rchup rchupcr`haøl cr`haøl ...................... ................................... ............. 6: 9.=.=. @lànasas ic v` v`ra`lz` ra`lz` p`r` pbrh pbrhcltèc cltèc ic rchupcr`haøl rchupcr`haøl .............. ................................... ..................... 61 9.=.8. Hbcdahacltc ic rcfrcsaøl p`r` pbrhc pbrhcltèc ltèc ic rchupcr`haøl ............................. ............................. :7 9.=.4. ]csuntìbs cstakì cstakìbs bs p`r` pbrhcltèc ic rch rchupcr`haøl upcr`haøl ....................... ................................. .......... :8 9.=.6. H`kalb ic kàxakb `shclsb p`r` pbrhc pbrhcltèc ltèc ic rchupcr`haøl ....................... ....................... :3 9.=.:. Bptakaz`r rcspucst` ............................................. .................................................................... ........................................... .................... :4 T. HBLHNSXABLCX..... ........................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... :: TA. ]CHBKCLI@HABLCX ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .................... :1 TAA. ]CDC]CLHA@X MAMNABF]ÀDAH@X........................................... ................................................................ ..................... 17 @LCZBX ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... 1=

Àrc` 55 Kct`nõrfa` Kct`nõrfa` cxtr`htav` Yck` 5 Dnbt`haøl 5 Dnbt`haøl DCHJ@ IC XSXYCLY@HAØL5 06 ic Clcrb icn =7=7.

ALIAHC IC DAFS]@X Dafur` L· 05 ]cprcsclt`haøl csquckàtah` icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ..................... ............................... .......... =0 =0 Dafur` L· =5 Wrbpaciìcs jairbdømah`s c jairbdënah`s ic nbs kalcr`ncs .......................... .......................... == == Dafur` L· 85 Wr Wrbhcsb bhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic cspuk`s ...... ............................ ............................................ ................................... ............. =9 =9 Dafur` L· 95 D`scs icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl pbr cspuk`s ....... ............................. ....................................... ................. =4 =4 Dafur` L· 35 Yclsaøl supcrdaha`n ic ul` murmue` cl ul naquaib ...................................... ...................................... =: =: Dafur` L· 45 ]cprcsclt`haøl ic hblt`htb cltrc n`s trcs d`scs (s-n-f) ............................ ................................ =: =: Dafur` L· L · 65 Wbtclha`n Uct` U ct` ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 87 87 Dafur` L· :5 ]cprcsclt`haøl icn pbtclha`n ic supcrdahac y pbtclha` U ..................... .......................... ..... 80 80 Dafur` L· L · 15 H`p` Cnáhtrah` ibmnc ......... ............................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... 80 80 Dafur` L· 075 Ibmnc h`p` Cnáhtrah` cl ul` supcrdahac kalcr`n cl `fu` ....................... ......................... 8= 8= Dafur` L· 005 Csquck` icn àlfunb ic hblt`htb................... ......................................... ........................................... ..................... 88 88 Dafur` L· 0=5 Fr`dah` ic n` halátah` ic dn dnbt`haøl bt`haøl ................ ...................................... ........................................... ..................... 83 83 Dafur` L· 085 ]chupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs cl dulhaøl ` su t`k`ðb fr`lun`r .................. 97 97 Dafur` L· 095 Dnbt`haøl ic nbs kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc scfõl cn t`k`ðb fr`lunbkctrahb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s ................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... 90 90 Dafur` L· 035 Dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc cn hblhcltrìb prak`rab ic `hucrib pbr cn t`k`ðb fr`lun`r ic nn`s `s p`rtahun`s ............................................ ........................................................ ............ 9= 9= Dafur` L· 045 Aldnuclha` ic n` bxai`haøl sbmrc n` dnbt`manaiì ic sundurbs ic hbmrc ..... 98 98 Dafur` L· 065 Csquck` ic ìsbrhaøl icn cspuk`ltc cl ul` murmue` ic àrc ................. 94 94 Dafur` L· 0:5 @isbrhaøl icn hbnchtbr sbmrc ul` supcrdahac kalcr`n............................... 96 96 Dafur` L· 015 Csquck` cstruhtur`n ic ul hbnchtbr ............................. ................................................... ............................ ...... 9: 9: Dafur` L· L · =75 Csquck` ic prcp`r`haøl ....................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... 44 44 Dafur` L· =05 Bmtclhaøl ic hõkunbs kcia`ltc p`ncb dr`hhabl`rab ................................ ................................ 46 46 Dafur` L· ==5 Kbnalb ic n`mbr`tbrab cxpcrakclt`n ..................... ............................................ ................................... ............ 46 46 Dafur` L· =85 % ic k`nn` # -=77 Ts tatackpb ckpb ........................... ................................................. ....................................... ................. 67

ËLIAHC IC Y@MN@X Y`mn` L· 05 H`r`htcrastah`s ic n` ìsbrhaøl quëkah` y dasah` ......................................... ......................................... =1 =1 Y`mn` L· =5 Yackpb ic dnbt`habl prbpucst` pbr kun`r ....................... .............................................. ............................ ..... 90 90 Y`mn` L·8 5 T`ra`mncs cxpcrakclt`ncs ....... ............................. ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 68 68 Y`mn` L·9 5 T`ra`mncs cl csh`n` hbiadahì` ............................................... .................................................................... ..................... 68 68 Y`mn` L·3 5 T`ra`mncs cl csh`n` l`tur`n ........................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................ ..... 69 69 Y`mn` L· 45 Wrucm` Wr ucm` L· 0 ic dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................ ......... 63 63 Y`mn` L· 65 Wrucm` Wr ucm` L· = ic dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................ ......... 63 63 Y`mn` L· :5 Wrucm` Wr ucm` L· 8 ic dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................ ......... 64 64 Y`mn` L· 15 Wrucm` Wr ucm` L· 9 ic dnbt`haøl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................ ......... 64 64 Y`mn` L· 075 Wrucm` L· 3 ic dnbt`haøl ...... ............................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 64 64 Y`mn` L· 005 Wrucm` L· 4 ic dnbt`haøl ...... ............................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 66 66 Y`mn` L· 0=5 Wrucm` L· 6 ic dnbt`haøl ...... ............................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 66 66 Y`mn` L· 085 Wrucm` L· : ic dnbt`haøl ...... ............................ ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 66 66 Y`mn` L· 095 Cdchtb cstakìb .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ .......................... 6: 6: Y`mn` L· 035 @lànasas ic v`ra`lz` ................. ....................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 61 61 Y`mn` L· 045 Hbcdahacltc ic rcfrcsaøl............................................ ................................................................... ................................ ......... :7 :7 Y`mn` L· 065 Frìb ic hblda`lz` ............................. ................................................... ............................................. ................................ ......... := := Y`mn` L· 0:5 Hbrrcn`haøl ic cdchtbs ............................................ ................................................................... ................................... ............ := := Y`mn` L· 015 ]csuntìbs us`lib cn kbicnb k`tck`tahb .................................... ................................................ ............ :8 :8 Y`mn` L· =75 Kàxakb `shclsb....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .................... :3 :3 Y`mn` L· =05 ]`lfb ic T`nbrcs .......... ................................ ............................................ ............................................. ................................ ......... :4 :4

ËLIAHC IC @H]ØLAKBX K-00 5 Hbnchtbr ic bxaibs Hu 5 Hbmrc % 5 Wbrhcltèc ³k 5 Kahr` f/n 5 Fr`kb 5 Fr`kb pb natrb fr 5 Fr`kbs f/Yl 5 Fr`kbs 5 Fr`kbs pbr tblcnì` Of/YK 5 Oanb fr`kb pbr tblcnì` kátrah` f/YKX 5 Fr`kbs pbr tblcnì` kátrah` sch` f/nt 5 Fr`kbs pbr natrb Of 5 Oanbfr`kb hh 5 Hcltrakctrb humahb pJ 5 Wbtclha`n ic jairbfclb YKX 5 Yblcnì` kátrah` sch` kn 5 Kananatrb -=77 5 W`s`ltc k`nn` =77 =77 f/hk¸  5 Fr`kb pbr hcltrakctrb hõmahb f/hk¸

]CXSKCL Cn prcscltc tr`mèb ic alvcstaf`haøl taclc hbkb bmectavb pralhap`n ic bptakaz`r cn prbhcsb ic dnbt` dnbt`haøl haøl iicc kalcr` kalcr`ncs ncs kaxtbs ic hhbmrc bmrc ic n` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` ic n` kalcr` HACKX@ ulaiì Cn Hbdrc iastratb ic p`r`të` cl n` rcfaøl ic Wulb. N`s Wrucm`s ducrbl rc`nazì`s cl cn n`mbr`tbrab ic n` Ckprcs` HACKX@ S.K. Cn Hbdrc, safuaclib prbtbhbnbs cl prucm`s ic dnbt`habl sc nncfø ` ictcrkal`r cn hbkpbrt`kacltb y cn cdchtb icn hbnchtbr K-00 cs ic 7.744 f/Yl hbl ul` fr`lunbkctrë` 41.8: % k`nn` -=77 y hbl ul tackpb ic dnbt`haøl 47 kalutbs cl n`s iadcrcltcs ct`p`s, ct`p`s, bmtclaclib :8.:0 % iicc rchupcr`haøl ic Hbmrc hbl h`naiì clhak` ic 87%. N` kctbibnbfë` usì` cs ic tapb cxpcrakclt`n p`r` bptakaz`r n`s v`ra`mncs quc altcrvaclcl cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl. Nbs i`tbs quc sc `pnah`rbl duc cn iascðb cxpcrakclt`n ic trcs v`ra`mncs =¸ kcia`ltc n` utanaz`haøl icn sbdtw`rc cstìëstahb XY@YF]@WJAHX. Wbr nb t`ltb sc bptakazb y kcebrø cn % ic rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic Hbmrc. W`n`mr`s Hn`vc5 Dnbt`haøl, Hn`vc5 Dnbt`haøl, Fr`lunbkctra`, Bptakaz`haøl, ]c`htavb.

0=

@MXY]@HY Yjc prcsclt rcsc`rhj wbro j`s `s kàl bmechtavc bd bptakazalf tjc dnbt`tabl prbhcss bd kaxci hbppcr brcs bd tjc hblhcltr`tbr pn`lt bd tjc HACKX@ HA CKX@ kalalf ulat Cn Hbdrc p`r`tjyst iastraht al tjc Wulb rcfabl. Yjc Ycsts wcrc h`rraci al tjc n`mbr`tbry bd tjc Hbkp`ly HACKX@ S.K. Yjc Hjcst dbnnbwalf prbtbhbns al dnbt`tabl tcsts. Fcttalf tb ictcrkalc tjc mcj`vabr `li cddcht bd tjc K-00 hbnnchtbr as 7.74= fr/Yl watj ` fr`lunbkctry 41.8:% kcsj -=77 `li watj ` dnbt`tabl takc 96 kalutcs al tjc iaddcrclt st`fcs, bmtàlalf :8.:0% bd Hu al tjc st`fc bd ]bufjcr `t tjc n`mbr`tbry ncvcn `li `t tjc hblhcltr`tbr pn`lt ncvcn, ` rchbvcry bd :4% w`s bmtàlci watj qu`naty `mbvc 87%. Yjc cxpcrakclt`n rcsc`rhj kctjbi w`s usci tb cv`nu`tc `li bptakazc tjc v`ra`mncs tj`t aldnuclhc tjc dnbt`tabl prbhcss. Yjc i`t` tj`t w`s `ppnaci w`s tjc cxpcrakclt`n icsafl bd tjrcc v`ra`mncs =¸ tjrbufj tjc usc bd tjc t jc XY@YF]@WJAHX st`tastah`n sbdtw`rc. Yjcrcdbrc, tjc % bd rchbvcry bd hbppcr kaxci kalcr`ns. Ocywbris5 Dnbt`tabl, Ocywbris5 Dnbt`tabl, Fr`lunbkctry, Bptakaz``tabl , ]c`fclt.

08

H@WAYSNB A ALY]BISHHAØL Hu`lib n` ncy cs ick`saì` mè`, hbkb hblschuclha` icn `fbt`kacltb ic n`s rcscrv`s kalcr`ncs cl nbs y`hakacltbs, nbs alfclacrbs ic prbhcs`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs sc vcl cldrcltìbs hbl iavcrsbs tapbs ic prbmnck`s táhlahb ‘   chbløkahbs? t`ncs hbkb alhrckcltb ic akpurcz`s cl cn prbhcsb y iaskaluhaøl ic ncycs ic sust`lha`s v`nabs`s, quc ick`li` bpcr`hablcs hbl k`ybr tblcnèc p`r` quc cn prbhcsb sc` rclt`mnc. Wbr hblsafuacltc, n` tcliclha` kulia`n cl n` aliustra` ic prbhcs`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs, hbkb cl btr`s aliustra`s, cs bptakaz`r tbibs nbs prbhcsbs alvbnuhrì alvbnuhrìbs. bs. Cn sastck` ic dnbt`haøl d nbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs sc hbkpblc màsah`kcltc icn cquapb, nbs rc`htavbs r c`htavbs quëkahbs y bpcr`hablcs. Wbr nb t`ltb, cl hì` ul` ic cnn`s sc icmc nncv`r ` h`mb n`s bptakaz`hablcs ckpnc`lib kctbibnbfë`s y táhlah`s `prbpaì`s. N` bptakaz`haøl ic dnbt`haøl hblsastc cl hu`ltadah`r cn rcliakacltb icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl kcia`ltc cn ckpncb ic ul kbicnb ìchuìb quc rcn`hablc n` rchupcr`haøl y/b ncy ic n` cspchac kalcr`n v`nabs` hbl n`s v`ra`mncs hbltrbn`mncs icn prbhcsb (@y`n` y W`rib, 0113). Cs pbr tbibs hblbhaib quc nbs kalcr`ncs bxaiìbs ic hbmrc sbl kàs iadëhancs ic dnbt`r quc sus hbrrcspbliacltcs sundurbs, cst` iadahuntì cstà ëltak`kcltc `sbhaì` ` n` fr`l jair`t`haøl ic h`rmbl`tbs, sund`tbs y sanah`tbs, nb quc ` su vcz sc icmc ` n` altcr`hhaøl ic n`s kbnáhun`s ic `fu` hbl nbs satabs pbn`rcs quc sc hrc`l cl n`s supcrdahacs ic cstbs. (Tanh`, =701) N` prcsclha` prcsclha` ic `ntb hbltclaib ic hb hbmrc mrc bxaiìb cl cn cn kalcr`n quc alfrcs` ` dnbt`haøl, jazb n` lchcsaiì ic cxpnbr`r lucv`s `ntcrl`tav`s ic tr`t`kacltb, icmaib ` ul` iaskaluhaøl safladah`tav` cl n` rchupcr`haøl ic hbmrc, kclbrcs ` :7%. Cl cn prcscltc tr`mèb ic alvcstaf`haøl taclc hbkb dal`naiì bmtclcr n` rchupcr`haøl øptak` cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtb ic hbmrc cl nn`` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` ic n` ckprcs` kalcr` HACKX@ Slaiì - Cn Hbdrc. Cl cn icp`rt`kcltb ic Wulb, Wrbvalha` ic N`kp`, Iastratb ic W`r`të` cl cn p`rèc hjbqucs`y`lc p`r` cstc tr`mèb cxpcrakclt`n sc ictcrkal` nbs p`ràkctrbs y v`ra`mncs p`r` su bptakaz`haøl.

0.0. WN@LYC@KACLYB ICN W]BMNCK@ Cl n` dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs, n` rchupcr`haøl rcprcsclt` ul` ic n`s pralhap`ncs v`ra`mncs, suect` ` hblst`ltcs v`ra`hablcs icmaib ` kuhjbs d`htbrcs y` sc` hbltrbn`mnc, lb hbltrbn`mnc quc altcrvaclcl cl cstc prbhcsb? n`s hu`ncs icmcrë`l scr aicltadahì`s y øptakazì`s cl nb pbsamnc p`r` kalakaz`r nbs hbstbs y/b k`xakaz`r nbs mclcdahabs. Nbs prbmnck`s quc prcsclt` n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr` ic n` Ckprcs` Kalcr` HACKX@ Slaiì - Cn Hbdrc W`r`të` ‘  N`kp`. N`kp`. Xbl mè`s rchupcr`hablcs ic hblhcltrìb ic Hbmrc. 0.=. DB]KSN@HAØL ICN W]BMNCK@ 0.=.0. Wrbmnck` fclcr`n ²Høkb øptakaz`rckbs cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl p`r` kcebr`r n` rchupcr`haøl r chupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic Hbmrc cl n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr` ic n` Ckprcs` Kalcr` HACKX@ Slaiì ‘  Cn hbdrc W`r`të` ‘  Wulb2 Wulb2 0.=.=. Wrbmnck`s cspchadahb ²Høkb sc ictcrkal`rà n` ibsadah`haøl icn hbnchtbr K-00 cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl p`r` alhrckclt`r cn pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc2 ²Høkb sc ictcrkal`rà n` fr`lunbkctrë` kàs øptak` p`r` ul k`ybr pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`habl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc2 ²Høkb cst`mnchcrckbs cst`mnchcrckbs cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl kàs øptakb p`r` n` rrchupcr`haøl chupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtb ic hbmrc2

03

0.8. BMECYATBX ICN CXYSIAB 0.8.0. Bmectavb Fclcr`n Bptakaz`r n` rchupcr`haøl ic nbs kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic Hbmrc cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl cl n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr` ic n` ckprcs` HACKX@ Slaiì - Cn Hbdrc W`r`ta` ‘  Wulb. Wulb. 0.8.=. Bmectavbs Cspchëdahbs - Ictcrkal`r n` ibsadah`haøl icn hbnchtbr K-00 cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl p`r`

alhrckclt`r cn pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc. - Ictcrkal`r n` fr`lunbkctrë` kàs øptak` p`r` ul k`ybr pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl

cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`habl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc. - Cst`mnchcr cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl kàs øptakb p`r` n` n ` rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtb

ic hbmrc. 0.9. ESXYADAH@HAØL ICN W]BQCHYB Cl nbs õntakbs `ðbs n` hbkpctatavaiì ic n` aliustra`s cl cn schtbr kalcrb kct`nõrfahb sc j` alhrckcltìb pbr clic sc j`l vastb bmnafì`s ` alhrckclt`r su cdahaclha`, ` tr`vás ic cv`nu`hablcs cl sus iastaltbs prbhcsbs ic cxtr`haøl, `sa hbkb cn ics`rrbnnb ic lucv`s `ntcrl`tav`s p`r` n` bmtclhaøl ic prbiuhtbs ic h`naiì, nb hu`n fclcr`ràl k`ybr rclt`manaiì cl n`s ckprcs`s y hbkb lucstrb tr`mèø cstà bracltìb ` cnnb cltblhcs su icrr`nnb quci` pncl`kcltc eustadahìb. N` øptakaz`haøl icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl cl tbi` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` ic kalcr`ncs icmc tclcr ul` cstr`tcfa` ìchuì` p`r` bmtclcr hbliahablcs øptak`s p`r` kcebr`r nbs rcsuntìbs kct`nõrfahbs.

04

0.3. JAWBYCXAX IC N@ ALTCXYAF@HAØL 0.3.0. Japbtcsas fclcr`n Kcia`ltc n` bptakaz`haøl icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl sc nbfr`rà ul` cdahacltc rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc cl n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr` ic n` ckprcs` kalcr`n HACKX@ Slaiì ‘  Cn Cn Hbdrc W`r`të` ‘  Wulb. Wulb. 0.3.=. Japbtcsas cspchadahb - Aldnuyc n` ibsadah`haøl icn hbnchtbr K-00 p`r` alhrckclt`r cn pbrhcltèc ic

rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc. - Aldnuyc n` fr`lunbkctrë` p`r` ul k`ybr pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl cl cn prbhcsb ic

dnbt`habl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc. - Aldnuyc cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl p`r` n` rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtb ic hbmrc.

06

H@WAYSNB AA ]CTAXAØL IC NAYC]@YS]@ =.0. @LYCHCICLYCX IC N@ ALTCXYAF@HAØL J`nmcrt Jclrry Tanh` H`s`zucn` (=701), (=701), Cv`nõb hbnchtbrcs y kbiadahìbrcs ic supcrdahac, bmtclaálibsc hbkb kcebr rcsuntìb, cn alhrckcltb ` 83 f/t icn hbnchtbr prak`rab H908=, quc pcrkataø alhrckclt`r n` rchupcr`haøl ic hbmrc cl 0.0% y n` ic kbnamiclb cl 00.3%. N` scfuli` `ntcrl`tav` duc rciuhar n` kbnacli` y nbs sønaibs, n` kcebr bphaøl duc ` rciuhar n` kbnacli` ` W:7 ic 083 kahr`s y nbs sønaibs ` =7%, nb quc pcrkataø alhrckclt`r n` rchupcr`haøl rchupcr`haøl ic hbmrc cl 8.8% y n` ic kbnamiclb cl 6.:%. N` tcrhcr` `ntcrl`tav` duc n`v`r prcva`kcltc cn kalcr`n hbl àhaib J=XB9 p`r` su dnbt`haøl, cl cst` p`rtc lb jumb rcsuntìbs s`tasd`htbrabs, sc icskcebrb n` h`naiì icn hblhcltrìb y n` iaskaluhaøl ic n` rchupcr`haøl ic kbnamiclb cl -01.3%. N` hu`rt` `ntcrl`tav` duc prbm`r hbl rc`htavbs Hytch n`s hu`ncs iacrbl muclbs rcsuntìbs c alhrckcltb n` rchupcr`haøl ic kbnamiclb cl 8.0 %. @ickàs sc cdchtu`rbl prucm`s ic rcbnbfë` ` iadcrcltcs pJ, sønaibs y kbnacli`, iblic sbnb nbs sønaibs `dcht`l safladah`tav`kcltc ` n` vashbsaiì ialàkah` y `n ycani strcss. X`ltbs Hè`ju`lh`, Jbk`r Wbnk`rtj`l (=70:), (=70:), cv`nõb n` rchupcr`haøl ic hbmrc, p`r` i`r ul v`nbr hbkcrha`n ` nbs kalcr`ncs icn y`hakacltb H`bnël, y `së pbicr tr`t`r n`s ibshaclt`s kan tblcnì`s ic kalcr`n ic hbmrc, y hbl cnnb lbs i`ràl alfrcsbs chbløkahbs p`r` n` ckprcs` y n` sbhaciì. Nbs kalcr`ncs sundurìbs y bxaiìbs pbnakctànahbs pralhap`nkcltc ic hbmrc, pnbkb y zalh sbl kuy `muli`ltcs y cl cspcha`n cl lucstr`s rcfablcs hcrh`l`s, ic `nnë n` fr`l akpbrt`lha` quc taclc cstuia`r su hbkpbrt`kacltb drcltc ` n` dnbt`haøl iadcrclha`n, cxastcl kalcr`ncs kuy iøhancs ` n` dnbt`haøl y t`kmaál btrbs kalcr`ncs hbkpncebs quc prcsclt`l ul` dnbt`haøl kuy hbkpnahì`. Luðcz Hblibra, Hcncstalb (=703), (=703), Cv`nõb n` ibsadah`haøl ic rc`htavb KMY, Fr`lunbkctrë` y cn tackpb ic Dnbt`haøl cl n` pn`lt` ic tr`t`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs hbrpbr`haøl `frbkalcrb s`l jan`raøl X@H. - L`zh`. Hbl nb quc sc ictcrkalø cn hbkpbrt`kacltb y cn cdchtb icn (hbnchtbr KMY) cs ic (7.== f/Yl) hbl ul` fr`lunbkctrë` 0:

(69% k`nn` -=77) y ul tackpb `prbxakìb `n lavcn kàxakb quc cs ic 98 kalutbs cl sus iadcrcltcs ct`p`s, bmtclaclib ul 19 % ic Hu - @u cl n` ct`p` ic ]bufjcr y ` lavcn ic pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` hblhcltrìbr` sc bmtuvb uull hblhcltrì hblhcltrìbb ic kcebr h`naiì huy` ncy cs 14 14%. %. Eunab Hcs`r K`k`la K`k`la (=708), (=708), Cv`nõb cn rc`htavb @-979 (`htavìbr) cl n` Wn`lt` Hcltùrb ‘   L`zh`. Bmtclacltb hbkb rcsuntìb cl prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl ic n`mbr`tbrab j`st` cn 63% ic rchupcrhàbl ic kalcr`ncs bxaiìbs. @ynnøl Kcrcsa & I`lacn Clraquc (=708), ]c`nazø prucm`s v`ra`lib cn t`k`ðb ic p`rtëhun` y sc bmtuvb quc n` fr`lunbkctrë` øptak` cs ` 63 63% % -=77k (63kahrblcs), t`kmaál sc cv`nuø n` aldnuclha` ic nbs rc`htavbs, p`r` cstb sc rc`nazø ul iascðb cxpcrakclt`n (scnchhaøl ic v`ra`mnc). Hbl cst`s prucm`s sc ickbstrø quc cn Z`lt`tb Asbmutënahb ic Xbiab (U-09) y cn @crbpjalc 890:, taclcl fr`l safladah`lha` cl n` rchupcr`haøl ic pn`t` y ást` ùkclt` hu`lib sc tr`mè` hbl nbs ibs cl sakuntàlcb, ástbs ducrbl nbs prakcrbs p`sbs quc sc iacrbl p`r` kcebr`r lucstrb prbhcsb. @n hblbhcr n` akpbrt`lha` ic ástbs ibs hbnchtbrcs puiakbs tbk`r i`t` ic v`rabs kcscs ic tr`mèb, y rc`naz`r ul` hurv` p`r` vcr cn cdchtb ic cst`s v`ra`mncs vcrsus n` rchupcr`haøl, pbr kciab ic cst` fràdah` sc h`nhunø cn v`nbr icn p`ràkctrb øptakb quc lbs pcrkatc nbfr`r ul` rchupcr`haøl icltrb ic nbs r`lfbs cst`mnchaibs, cl cn h`sb icn @crbpjalc 890: cn r`lfb duc 89 ` 84f/tbl y cl cn h`sb icn Z`lt`tb duc ic =9 ` =4f/tbl, y cn õntakb p`sb duc iavaiar cn dnueb icn hblhcltrìb ic ul m`lhb cl ibs p`rtcs y nncv`rnbs ` m`lhbs iadcrcltcs, nb quc lbs pcrkataø kalakaz`r n` rcharhun`haøl ic dnuebs. Hbl tbibs cstbs tr`mèbs sc nbfrø ùkclt`r n` rchupcr`haøl ic pn`t` cl trcs pultbs pbrhcltu`ncs (8%), nb quc hblstatuyø ul akpbrt`ltc alhrckcltb cl n`s n `s utanaiìcs ic n` Ckprcs`. =.=. ]CDC]CLHA@X YCØ]AH@X =.8. Dnbt`haøl N` dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs sc j` scð`nìb quc icpclic ic `qucnn`s prbpaciìc prbpaciìcss ic nbs kalcr`ncs quc ncs pcrkatc ìjcrarsc ` murmue`s ic àrc y scr nncvì`s ` n` supcrdahac ic n` punp`. Nbs rc`htavbs quc sc `frcf`l ` n` suspclsaøl icn kalcr`n y `fu` hbl cn prbpøsatb pr bpøsatb ic hrc`r ul`s supcrdahacs jairbdømah`s, sc iclbkal`l hbnchtbrcs. W`r` d`hanat`r n` ìjcsaøl 01

icn hbnchtbr `n kalcr`n õtan y p`r` akpciar cst` ìjcsaøl `n kalcr`n lb v`nabsb sc `frcf`l btrbs rc`htavbs iclbkalìbs `htavìbrcs y icprcsbrcs, cstbs hbkpucstbs nncv`l cn lbkmrc fclárahb ic kbiadahìbrcs b kbiunìbrcs ic n` hbnchhaøl. Nbs `v`lhcs quc sc j`l nbfrìb, j`l nncvìb ` n` hblhcphaøl `htu`n quc n` altcr`hhaøl cltrc cn hbnchtbr y n` supcrdahac icn kalcr`n cs ic l`tur`ncz` cnchtrbquëkah` (Tcl`lhab, (Tcl`lhab, 0111). N` dnbt`haøl cs ul prbhcsb dasahbquëkahb usìb p`r` n` scp`r`haøl ic sønaibs dal`kcltc iavaiaibs. N` scp`r`haøl ic cstbs sønaibs (lb sakan`rcs), cs cdchtuì` pbr n` ìjcrclha` scnchtav` ic n` supcrdahac ic n` p`rtëhun` ` ul` murmue` ic àrc b ` ul nënëquaib, quaib, hu`nquacr` quc sc` cn h`sb. N` ìjcrclha` ic n` p`rtëhun` ` n` d`sc f`scbs` b ` n` naquai` cs, cl n` k`ybrë` ic nbs h`sbs, `yuiì` fr`lickcltc pbr ul` kbiadah`haøl ic n` supcrdahac ic n` p`rtëhun`, jchj` pbr rc`htavbs quëkahbs `htavbs sbmrc n` supcrdahac (surd`ht`ltcs) (Hja`, 01:1). 01:1).

W`r` cltclicr hn`r`kcltc n` tcbrë` y kchàlah` ic n` dnbt`haøl, cs lchcs`rab cstuia`r cl prbduliaiì n`s prbpaciìcs quëkah`s y dësah`s ic n`s supcrdahacs, `së hbkb cst`mnchcr cn cdchtb ic nbs h`kmabs cl hbkpbsahaøl ic n`s d`scs, taclcl sbmrc n` l`tur`ncz` ic n`s trcs altcrd`hcs? sønaib-f`s, sønaib-nëquaib y nëquaib-f`s. Hbl csh`s`s cxhcphablcs, cxhcphablcs, nbs sønaibs albrfàlahbs sbl h`sa hbkpnct`kcltc kbeìbs pbr ul` d`sc d `sc `hubs`. Ic `hucrib ` cstb, hbl cn bmectavb quc n` dnbt`haøl sc cdchtuá, n` altcrd`hc sønaib-nëquaib icmc scr p`rha`nkcltc rcckpn`zì` pbr ul` altcrd`hc sønaib-f`s. Cn rcckpn`z`kacltb icn dnuaib pbr f`s, cs cdchtuìb pbr n` ìahaøl ic rc`htavbs `prbpaìbs p`r` n` d`sc `hubs`? n` rc`hhaøl supcrdaha`n rcsunt`ltc, ice` n` supcrdahac sønai` hbl ul` pcnëhun` jairbdømah` (rcpcncltc `n `fu`). Csclha`nkcltc n` quëkah` ic n` dnbt`haøl sc m`s` cl rc`hhablcs cl n`s altcrd`hcs, n`s hu`ncs brafal`l quc cn `fu` sc` icspn`zì` ` d`vbr icn àrc, cn hu`n n` p`rtëhun` pucic pcrk`lchcr ìjcrai`, sackprc y hu`lib cnn` hblt`htc hbl murmue`s køvancs (Hja`, 01:1).

=7

Dafur` L· 05 ]cprcsclt`haøl csquckàtah` csquckàtah` icn prbhcsb ic dn`haøl dn`haøl   Ducltc5 TA@LL@ (=779) (=779) =.9. Kalcr`ncs Jairbdënahbs Xbl kbe`mncs pbr cn `fu`, hblstatuaibs pbr5 øxaibs, sund`tbs, sanah`tbs, h`rmbl`tbs y btrbs, quc fclcr`nkcltc rcprcsclt`l n` k`ybrë` ic nbs kalcr`ncs cstárancs b f`lf`. J`haclib =1 quc sc kbecl, pcrk`lczh`l cl suspclsaøl cl n` punp` p`r` dal`nkcltc juliarsc (Puarbz, 011:). =.3. Kalcr`ncs Jairbdbmahbs Xbl `qucnnbs kalcr`ncs quc lb sbl kbe`mncs b sbl pbhb kbe`mncs pbr cn `fu`, icltrb ic cnnbs tclckbs5 Nbs kct`ncs l`tavbs, sundurbs ic kct`ncs b cspchacs t`ncs hbkb5 fr`datb, h`rmøl matukalbsb, t`nhb y btrbs, j`haclib ic quc cvatc cn kbeìb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s kalcr`ncs, quc pucicl ìjcrarsc ` n`s murmue`s ic àrc y `shclicr @ickàs sc pucic bmscrv`r, quc nbs kalcr`ncs jairbdømahbs sbl `crbdënahbs (Puarbz, 011:).

=0

Dafur` L· =5 Wrbpaciìcs jairbdømah`s jairbdømah`s c jairbdënah`s ic nbs kalcr`ncs Ducltc5 @nh`n` (=771) (=771) =.4. Yapbs ic dnbt`haøl Nbs tapbs ic dnbt`haøl sbl5 =.4.0. Dnbt`haøl ic Cspuk`s Nbs kalcr`ncs jairbdënahbs c jairbdømahbs ic ul` punp` `hubs` sc pucicl scp`r`r cltrc së, icspuás ic scr dal`kcltc kbnaibs y `hbliahabl` `hbliahablìb ib hbl nbs rc`htavbs quëkahbs quc j`hcl kàs prblulhaì`s n`s prbpaciìcs jairbdënah`s c jairbdømah`s, j`haclib p`s`r murmue`s ic àrc ` tr`vás ic ic n` punp`. N`s p`rtëhun`s jairbdënah`s sc vv`l `l ` kbe`r y h`cr h`cr `n dblib ic n` hcni` ic dnbt`haøl (Puarbz, 011:). =.4.=. Dnbt`haøl pbr pcnëhun`s Cl cst` táhlah`, cn kalcr`n dal`kcltc kbnalb cr` csp`rhaib huaiìbs`kcltc sbmrc n` supcrdahac namrc icn `fu`, ic kbib quc n`s p`rtëhun`s ic sundurb, quc sc h`r`htcraz`l pbr tclcr prbpaciìcs jairødbm`s, sbmrclì`m`l cl n` supcrdahac icn `fu`, dbrk`lib ul` icnfì` pcnëhun` quc cr` rckbvai` pbr kciab ic `nfõl kch`laskb? cl h`kmab n` f`lf` sc kbe`m` y sciakclt`m` cl cn dblib icn rchapacltc ic `fu`. N`s ibs táhlah`s `lbtì`s `lbtì`s `ltcrabrkcltc lb tuvacrbl áxatb cl su `pnah`haøl cl n` aliustra` pbr nb quc cl n` `htu`naiì y` lb sc n`s us`.

==

=.4.8. Dnbt`haøl pbr `hcatcs Cst` táhlah` duc ics`rrbnnì` cl 0:47, hblsastë` cl kczhn`r n` kcl` kbnai` hbl `hcatc y pbstcrabrkcltc hbl `fu`, ic t`n k`lcr` quc n`s p`rtëhun`s icn kalcr`n sundurbsb, pbr sus prbpaciìcs supcrdaha`ncs jairødbm`s, quci`m`l rctclai`s cl n` d`sc `hcatbs` y `qucnn`s p`rtëhun`s quc sc kbe`m`l cl cn `fu` sc quci`m`l cl n` d`sc `hubs`, ic kbib quc `n dal`n icn prbhcsb, dnbt`m` ul` h`p` ic `hcatc sbmrc n` punp`, n` hu`n hbltclë` n`s p`rtëhun`s ic kalcr`n sundurbsb quc cr`l scp`rìbs pbr ich`lt`haøl y sc scp`r`m` icn `hcatc pbr dantr`haøl (@nh`n` Hruz, C., Dnbrcs Hbrr`ncs, @., & Mcntr`l, @. =771). =.6. Yapbs ic dnbt`haøl ic cspuk`s =.6.0. Dnbt`haøl iarcht` N` dnbt`haøl iarcht` cs `qucnn` cl n` quc cn kalcr`n v`nabsb s`nc cl n` cspuk` y n` f`lf` sc quci` cl cn lbl-dnb`t (@nh`n` =771). =.6.=. Dnbt`haøl alvcrs` Cl cstc tapb ic dnbt`haøl cn kalcr`n v`nabsb sc quci` hbkb lbl-dnb`t y n` f`lf` cs n` quc dnbt` (@nh`n` =771).

=.6.8. Dnbt`haøl Hbnchtav` b Muno Xc iahc dnbt`haøl hbnchtav` cl cn h`sb ic quc tbib nbs kalcr`ncs v`nabsbs y ic ul sbnb tapb kalcr`nøfahb (pbr ceckpnb5 sundurbs) s`ncl cl n` cspuk` (@nh`n` =771). =.6.9. Dnbt`haøl iadcrclha`n b scnchtav` Hbkb su lbkmrc aliah` n` dnbt`haøl cs scnchtav`, sc dnbt` ul sbnb kalcr`n ` n` vcz cl hì` ct`p`. Cn t`k`ðb kàxakb ic p`rtëhun`s ` dnbt`r icpclic ic n` l`tur`ncz` ic n` p`rtëhun` y su pcsb cspchëdahb. cspchëdahb. Ic kbib quc ccll n` pràhtah` cn t`k`ðb nëkatc supcrabr ic n`s p`rtëhun`s p`r` cn h`sb ic sundurbs cst` cltrc 7,03 ‘  7,=3 kk, p`r` h`rmøl. (@nh`n` =771). =8

Dafur` L· 85 Wrbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic cspuk`s Ducltc5 L`t`lacn Ducltc5 L`t`lacn (=704) (=704) =.:. D`scs ic dnbt`haøl =.:.0. D`sc sønai` Cst` rcprcscltì` pbr nbs sønaibs ` scp`r`r (kalcr`ncs) quc taclcl fclcr`nkcltc ul` cstruhtur` hrast`nal`. Cst` cstruhtur` cs ul` hblschuclha` ic n` hbkp`r`haøl quëkah` ic n`s kbnáhun`s, ablcs y àtbkbs hbkpblcltcs quc sbl hì` ulb, ul hucrpb hbkpnctb. Nbs d`htbrcs ic akpbrt`lha` sbl nbs safuacltcs5 `) H`ràhtcr ic n` supcrdahac àrcì` cl n` ruptur` icn sønaib (Yapb ic supcrdahac, ducrz`s rcsaiu`ncs ic cln`hcs). m) Akpcrdchhablcs cl n` rci hrast`nal`. h) Hblt`kal`ltcs prbvclacltcs prbvclacltcs ic nbs sønaibs, nëquaibs y f`scs (@stuhura, 0111).

=9

=.:.=. D`sc nëquai` Cn `fu` cs cn cnckcltb cl cn hu`n sc cdchtõ` n` dnbt`haøl, pbr su `muli`lha` y pbr su mèb prchab.

J`y quc sumr`y`r n` akpbrt`lha` quc taclcl n` akpurcz` y hblt`kal`haøl ic n`s `fu`s l`tur`ncs c aliustra`ncs. N` iurcz` icn `fu` pbr ceckpnb hùsì` pbr s`ncs ic h`nhab, k`flcsab y sbiab. Cst`s s`ncs pucicl h`kma`r n` l`tur`ncz` ic n` dnbt`manaiì y sbl h`sa sackprc hùs` ic hblsukb hblsaicr`mnc ic rc`htavbs, dbrk`lib s`ncs alsbnumncs. @p`rchc quc `prbxakì`kcltc cn 94% ic nbs cln`hcs cs hbv`ncltc y 39% cs aølahb Dal`nkcltc j`y quc sumr`y`r n` akpbrt`lha` ic n`s akpurcz`s y hblt`kal`hablcs quc taclc tbi` `fu` l`tur`n b aliustra`n (@stuhura, 0111). =.:.8. D`sc f`scbs` Cs cn àrc quc sc alycht` cl n` punp` lcukàtah` b kchàlah`kcltc p`r` pbicr dbrk`r n`s murmue`s quc sbl nbs hcltrbs sbmrc nbs hu`ncs sc ìjacrcl n`s p`rtëhun`s sønai`s, n` dulhaøl icn àrc cl n` dnbt`haøl taclc iastaltbs `spchtbs ic nbs hu`ncs nbs pralhap`ncs sbl5 sbl5 ✘ Cn àrc aldnuyc quëkah`kcltc cl cn ✘ Cs

prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl

cn kciab ic tr`lspbrtc ic n`s p`rtëhun`s ic kalcr`n j`st` n` supcrdahac ic n`

punp` ✘ Cn

àrc cs ul` kczhn` ic latrøfclb (6:,07%) y bxafclb (=7,14%) hbl pcqucð`s

h`ltaiìcs ic iaøxaib ic h`rmblb (7,79%) y f`scs alcrtcs hbkb `rføl y btrbs (@stuhura, 0111).

=3

Dafur` L· 95 D`scs icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl pbr cspuk`s Ducltc5 O`ral` @rmurb (=776) (=776) =.1. Ycrkbial`kah` cl n` altcrd`sc N` akpbrt`lha` ic n` tcrkbialàkah` ic n` altcrd`sc cs quc ianuhai` nbs kch`laskbs kcia`ltc nbs hu`ncs sc prbiuhcl dcløkclbs t`ncs hbkb n` ìsbrhaøl c aliah` nbs brëfclcs ic ducrz`s t`ncs hbkb n` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n. J`y ibs `spchtbs akpbrt`ltcs ` icst`h`r5 ✘ N`

tcrkbialàkah` ic ìsbrhaøl cl n` supcrdahac icn kalcr`n y cl n` altcrd`sc f`s ‘

nëquaib. ✘ N`

tcrkbialàkah` quc hbltrbn` n` ulaøl ic n`s p`rtëhun`s ic kalcr`n ` n`s murmue`s

ic àrc. Cl hu`nquacr altcrd`sc sc fclcr` ul` ducrz` ic tclsaøl cl cn pn`lb ic n` altcrd`sc quc cs h`r`htcrëstah` ic cs` altcrd`sc. Cst` ducrz` ic tclsal sc iclbkal` „Yclsaøl Altcrd`sa`n‛ b „Yclsal Xupcrdaha`n‛ y pucic scr hblsaicrì` afu`n ` n` clcrfë` namrc ic

supcrdahac (Nbuas, =776). =.1.0. Yclsaøl supcrhaha`n N` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n cs icdalai` tcrkbialàkah`kcltc hbkb cn tr`mèb rcvcrsamnc (V) quc icmc rc`naz`rsc cl bricl ` alhrckclt`r cn àrc` ic n` altcrd`sc cl 0 hk=. N` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n cltblhcs cs lukárah`kcltc afu`n ` n` clcrfë` namrc ic Famms pbr ulaiì ic àrc` y sc pucic pucic cxprcs`r hbkb hbkb safuc5 =4

∍ θ  F  ∍@ Y,,l

(0)

Iblic5

 ; Yclsaøl supcrdaha`n (ial`s/hk). FX ; Clcrfë` namrc supcrdaha`n (crfs/hk=). @ ; Àrc` altcrd`ha`n ( hk=). l ; Lõkcrb ic kbncs lchcs`rabs cl cn sastck`. (kbn) W ; Wrcsaøl `msbnut`. (W`) Y ; Yckpcr`tur` `msbnut`. (µO) W`r` ùkclt`r cn àrc` ic n` pcnëhun` ic nëquaib cl i@, icmc rc`naz`rsc ul` h`ltaiì prbpbrhabl`n ic tr`mèb. N` clcrfë` ic Famms ic n` pcnëhun` ùkclt` cl i@. Cn ùkcltb cl n` clcrfë` ic Famms akpnah` quc `n kbvakacltb icn `n`kmrc køvan sc bpblc ul` ducrz` D. Xa cn `n`kmrc sc kucvc ul` iast`lha` ix, cn tr`mèb rc`nazìb cs D ix. Cstbs ibs ùkcltbs ic clcrfë` sbl afu`ncs, pbr nb quc5

 ; 

(=)

Xa „N‛ cs n` nblfatui ic n` p`rtc kvan, cn ùkcltb cl àrc`, hbkb n` pcnëhun` taclc

ibs nìbs, cs = (N ix). Wbr nb t`ltb n` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n icn nëquaib pucic cxprcs`rsc hbkb5

θ  

(8)

N` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n `htõ` hbkb ul` ducrz` quc sc bpblc `n ùkcltb cl àrc` icn nëquaib. N`s ulaiìcs sbl5 L/k, ial`s/hk, Ebuncs/k =. Cl n` dafur` 8 sc kucstr` n` anustr`haøl icn hblhcptb ic tclsaøl supcrdaha`n ic ul nëquaib.

=6

Cl ul` murmue` alkcrs` cl ul nëquaib, hì` àtbkb b kbnáhun` cl cn altcrabr ic ul` d`sc taclc ulablcs sckce`ltcs hbl sus vchalbs. Cl n` altcrd`sc d`nt`l `prbxakì`kcltc n` katì ic n`s ulablcs, nb quc fclcr` ul` ducrz` rcsunt`ltc iarafai` j`ha` cn altcrabr icn f`s y ul` h`ltaiì ic clcrfë` namrc huy` k`flatui sc kaic pbr n` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n (Nbuas, =776).

Dafur` L· 35 Yclsaøl supcrdaha`n ic ul` murmue` cl ul naquaib naquaib   Ducltc5 O`ral` @rmurb (=776) (=776) =.1.=. Yclsaøl supcrdaha`n cl hblt`htb cltrc n`s trcs d`scs (Xønaib ‘  Nëquaib Nëquaib - F`s) Cl n` dnbt`haøl ic ul` p`rtëhun` sønai` utanaz`lib ul` murmue` ic àrc hbkb kciab ic tr`lspbrtc, n` ulaøl cltrc cstbs ibs cnckcltbs sc cdchtõ` ` tr`vás icn hblt`htb tradàsahb (sønaib ‘  nëquaib nëquaib - f`s) (Nbuas, =776).

Dafur` L· 45 ]cprcsclt`haøl ic hblt`htb cltrc n`s trcs d`scs (s-n-f) (s-n-f) Ducltc5 O`ral` @rmurb (=776) (=776)

=:

=.07. Dclbkclbs ic ìsbrhaøl =.07.0. @isbrhaøl dësah` N` ìsbrhaøl dësah` hblsastc cl ul cln`hc iáman brafalìb pbr n`s ducrz`s ic T`l icr V``ns, h`r`htcrazàlibsc pbr ul mèb h`nbr ic altcr`hhaøl, lalful` b h`sa lalful` `hhaøl ic scnchhaøl cltrc cn ìsbrmcltc y cn ìsbrmaib, saclib pbsamnc n` dbrk`haøl ic kuntah`p`s. Tcr t`mn` L· 70 =.07.=. @isbrhaøl quëkah` N` ìsbrhaøl quëkah` sc icmc altcr`hhablcs quëkah`s prak`ra`s (pbr ceckpnb5 hbv`ncltcs), cltrc cn ìsbrmcltc y cn ìsbrmaib. Cxastc scnchtavaiì, dbrkàlibsc hbkpucstbs ic supcrdahac. Tcr t`mn` L·70 Y`mn` L· 05 H`r`htcrastah`s ic n` ìsbrhaøl quëkah` y dasah` dasah`

Ducltc5 Futacrrcz, K. N. (=707)

=1

=.00. Wbtclha`n zct` Hu`lib cxastc ul kbvakacltb rcn`tavb cltrc cn sønaib y cn nëquaib, nbs ablcs quc dbrk`l n` h`p` Xtcrl quci`l darkckcltc `sbhaìbs hbl n` supcrdahac icn sønaib, kacltr`s quc nbs ablcs ic n` h`p` iadus` quci`l b sc kucvcl hbl cn nëquaib. Cstb fclcr` ul pn`lb ic hbrtc cltrc `km`s h`p`s, fclcr`lib ul pbtclha`n cnáhtrahb cltrc n`s ibs supcrdahacs, iclbkalìb pbtclha`n cnchtrbhalátahb b pbtclha`n zct`, „μ‛.

Dafur` L· 65 Wbtclha`n Uct` Uct` Ducltc5 Duli`kcltbs Ducltc5 Duli`kcltbs ic dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs Cn pJ `n hu`n cn pbtclha`n supcrdaha`n cs hcrb sc iclbkal` pultb hcrb ic h`rf` (WHH). @qucn `n hu`n cn pbtclha`n zct` cs afu`n ` hcrb, sc iclbkal` pultb asbcnáhtrahb (ACW). Cl nbs øxaibs y sanah`tbs cstbs pultbs sbl afu`ncs.

87

Dafur` L· :5 ]cprcsclt`haøl icn pbtclha`n ic supcrdahac y pbtclha` U U Ducltc5 Duli`kcltbs Ducltc5 Duli`kcltbs ic dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs

=.0=. Ycbra` ic n` h`p` cnáhtrah` ibmnc Nbs dcløkclbs ic ìsbrhaøl cl n` altcrd`hc kalcr`n/`fu` sbl hbltrbnìbs cl n` k`ybrë` ic nbs h`sbs pbr n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah`.

Dafur` L· 15 H`p` Cnáhtrah` ibmnc Ducltc5 Futacrrcz Ducltc5 Futacrrcz (=707)

80

N` h`rf` cnáhtrah` ic nbs sønaibs prcscltcs cl ul` punp` `hubs` `tr`c ul` „`tksdcr` „ic ablcs ic h`rf` hbltr`ra`, p`rtc ic n` `tksdcr` cs iadus`. N` h`rf` ic

supcrdahac, cl hbleultb hbl n` h`p` iadus`, hblstatuyc n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah`. Cl n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah` sc iastalfucl (vcr dafur` da fur` L·07) n`s safuacltcs zbl`s5 n` h`rf` supcrdaha`n, n` h`p` ic Xtcrl (hblstatuai` ( hblstatuai` pbr nbs ablcs cl n` d`sc `hubs` prøxak` ` n` supcrdahac) y n` d`sc nëquai`. =.08. Cdchtb ic n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah`

Dafur` L· 075 Ibmnc h`p` Cnáhtrah` cl ul` supcrdahac kalcr`n cl `fu` `fu` Ducltc5 Futacrrcz Ducltc5 Futacrrcz (=707)

8=

N` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah` pucic `dcht`r `n prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic iadcrcltcs dbrk`s5(vcr dafur` L·07) Cn saflb y n`s k`flatuics ic n` h`rf` supcrdaha`n hbltrbn`l n` ìsbrhaøl ic nbs `fcltcs ic dnbt`haøl ìsbrmaibs dësah`kcltc. Sl` `nt` h`rf` supcrdaha`n pucic aljamar n` quakasbrhabl ic hbnchtbrcs quc sc ìsbrmcl quëkah`kcltc. Cn cdchtb ic n`s n`k`s "snakchb`talf‛ cs ictcrkalìb pbr n` altcr`hhal ic n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah`. N`

dnbhun`haøl, hb`fun`haøl y iaspcrsaøl ic suspclsablcs kalcr`ncs cs hbltrbnì` pbr n` ibmnc h`p` cnáhtrah`. =.09. Àlfunb ic hblt`htb y chu`haøl ic Qbulf Cs ic suk` akpbrt`lha` pbrquc rcn`habl` cl dbrk` hu`ltat`tav` n`s prbpaciìcs jairbdømah`s ic ul kalcr`n hbl su dnbt`manaiì. Xa cn sønaib cs jairbdømahb, y` sc` cl dbrk` l`tur`n b pbr n` ìsbrhaøl ic ul hbnchtbr cl su supcrdahac, n` pcnëhun` ic nëquaib rctrbhcic j`st` ul` pbsahaøl cl n` quc n`s trcs tclsablcs supcrdaha`ncs sc clhucltrcl cl cquanamrab. Cn àlfunb quc sc fclcr` cltrc n`s tclsablcs altcrd`sa`ncs NF y XN, sc nn`k` àlfunb ic hblt`htb. @ k`ybr àlfunb ic hblt`htb, k`ybr cs n` v`ra`haøl ic n` clcrfë` namrc y, pbr nb t`ltb, cn prbhcsb ic ìjcsaøl p`rtëhun` ‘  murmue` murmue` cs kàs cspbltàlcb. Hu`lib lb j`y hblt`htb cltrc n`s trcs d`scs, κ cs hcrb y, pbr cn hbltr`rab, hu`lib cs kàxak` n` `dalaiì, κ cs 0:7µ. @ hbltalu`haøl sc taclc ta clc n` rcprcsclt`haøl icn àlfunb ic hblt`htb ic `dalaiì lun` y kàxak` `dalaiì, vcr dafur` 00 (Nbuas, =776).

Dafur` L· 005 Csquck` icn àlfunb ic hblt`htb Ducltc5 L`t`lacn (=704) 88

Iblic5

Hbs nf Hbs  nf       7 Hbss   nf   Hb    

Cl cquanamrab.

quc rcprcsclt` n` chu`haøl Qbulf? iblic cn prbiuhtb Hbs  nv sc iclbkal` Yclsaøl ic ìjcsaøl n` hu`n pucic scr hblsaicrì` hbkb ul` kciai` ic n` ducrz` rcqucrai` p`r` n` jairbdbmaz`haøl icn sønaib. Cl hblschuclha`, n` chu`haøl ic Qbulf cst`mnchc n` hbliahaøl tcrkbialàkah` ic cquanamrab cltrc n`s trcs d`scs c altrbiuhc cn hblhcptb jairbdbmahaiì quc cs ulb ic nbs d`htbrcs altcrvalacltcs akpbrt`ltcs cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic ul kalcr`n. Cn àlfunb ic hblt`htb  pucic icdalarsc hbkb cn àlfunb dbrkìb pbr cn pn`lb t`lfcltc ` n` altcrd`sc nëquaib-f`s y cn pn`lb dbrkìb pbr cn sønaib cl ul hblt`htb tradàsahb sønaib-nëquaib-f`s, quc lbs i` ul` lbhaøl ic kbe`manaiì c aliah` nbs p`ràkctrbs supcrdaha`ncs quc sc lchcsat`l kciar? ic kbib quc, hu`lib ul nëquaib kbe` hbkpnct`kcltc ` ul sønaib, cn àlfunb ic hblt`htb  scrà afu`n ` hcrb y ul v`nbr ic  < 7· aliah` kbe`manaiì p`rha`n y kacltr`s k`ybr sc` cn àlfunb ic hblt`htb, kclbr scrà n` kbe`manaiì, cl hblschuclha`, k`ybr cn frìb ic jairbdbmahaiì. Xal ckm`rfb, cl cst` chu`haøl sønb sc pucic kciar cxpcrakclt`nkcltc n` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n icn nëquaib, k`s lb `së sf y sn. =.03. Halctah` ic n` dnbt`haøl Xc rcdacrc ` n` vcnbhaiì ic altcr`hhaøl cltrc p`rtëhun`s y murmue`s nb quc sc aliuhc cl tárkalbs k`hrbshøpahbs, cl n` vcnbhaiì cl quc dnbt`l n`s p`rtëhun`s quc nncf`l `n hblhcltrìb, cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl cs ul` v`ra`mnc duli`kclt`n ic iascðb y hbrrcspblic `n tackpb kàxakb quc j`y quc i`rnc ` n`s p`rtëhun`s kàs nclt`s, p`r` quc puci`l scr cxtr`ëibs ic n` punp`. Cn tackpb ic rcsaiclha`(r), cstà valhunìb `n dnueb ic àrc, ic kbib t`n quc sa cstc õntakb ducsc pcqucðb, (t) icmcrë` ic scr `nt` p`r` hbncht`r tbi`s n`s p`rtëhun`s, j`y ul` rcn`haøl iarcht` cltrc t, y n` prbm`manaiì ic dnbt`haøl, pbr nb quc sa cst` cs `nt` y sa cn dnueb ic àrc cs ìchuìb, n` rchupcr`haøl scra` cst`mnc (@z`ðcrb, 0111). 89

Dafur` L· 0=5 Fr`dah` ic n` halátah` ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl Ducltc5 Halátah` Ducltc5 Halátah` ic prbhcsbs kct`nõrfahbs

=.03.0. Tcnbhaiì ic dnbt`haøl Cl fclcr`n n` vcnbhaiì ic dnbt`haøl pucic kbicn`rsc ` tr`vás ic ul` rc`hhaøl ic prakcr bricl

    

(9)

Iblic5  ;b. ∝

(3)

       v`ra`haøl ic n` hblhcltr`haøl hbl rcspchtb `n tackpb iblic5 

(4)

H ; Cs n` hblhcltr`haøl ic k`tcra`n dnbt`mnc. @n tackpb „t‛ l ; Cs cn bricl ic n` rc`hhaøl. O ; Cs n` hblst`ltc ic vcnbhaiì ic n` chu`haøl. H₝; hblhcltr`haøl ic k`tcra`n dnbt`mnc N`s hblhcltr`hablcs lb sbl usu`ncs cl dnbt`haøl, kàs macl sc us`l rchupcr`hablcs. rchupcr`hablc s. Cl n` pràhtah`, pr àhtah`, lb cs pbsamnc nncf`r ` ul` rchupcr`haøl ic 077%, pbr nb quc sc altrbiuhc cn hblhcptb ic rchupcr`haøl kàxak`,]k`xak`, y` quc lb tbib cn k`tcra`n cs dnbt`mnc, pbr nb quc n` chu`haøl cs k`s prchas` cxprcsì` hbkb. 83

∜  ∝ 

(6)

Nucfb n` chu`haøl quci`5

  (   (  ∜)

(:)

W`r` „l‛;0

∝∜(0∝ ∝ )

(1)

Iblic5

 ; ]chupcr`hal `hukun`tav` cl tackpb „t‛. ∜ ; ]chupcr`hal k`xak` pbsamnc quc cs `salttah` (nëlc` (n ëlc` rcht` quc sc `hcrh` `hcr h` alicdalai`kcltc ` ul` hurv`), hu`lib „t‛ taclic `n aldalatb.

O ; Hblst`ltc ic vcnbhaiì, quc icpclic ic nbs rc`htavbs y ic btr`s v`ra`mncs. t ; Yackpb `hukun`tavb ic dnbt`haøl (kalutbs) (@z`ðcrb, 0111).

=.03.=. Kbicnb ic  bricl Cs ulb ic nbs prakcrbs tr`mèbs sbmrc halátah` ic dnbt`haøl- sckam`hj cn hu`n pcrkatc èust`r n` fr`l fr`l k`ybrë` ic nbs rcsuntìbs cxpcrakclt`ncs y h`nhun`r n` hblst`ltc hblst`ltc ic vcnbhaiì ic dnbt`haøl.

 ?  ∜(0 ∜(0   ∝ )   ∝ ∝  

(07)

  0   ∝ 

(00)

∝ ∝   

(0=)

∜ y o sc bmtaclc icn èustc ic p`ràkctrbs icn kbicnb (o); ∝(@z`ðcrb, 0111). 84

=.03.8. Kbicnb icn  bricl H`mc icst`h`r cn kbicnb prbpucstb pbr onakpcn, ona kpcn, cspcha`nkcltc pbr cn áld`sas quc pblc cstc ùtbr cl n` utanaiì iicn cn hhànhunb ànhunb ic O p`r` n` cv`nu`haøl y sscnchhaøl cnchhaøl ic rc`htavbs ic dnbt`haøl, cn kbicnb prbpucstb cs cn safuacltc.

;  0   (0∝ )

(08)

 ;  +  

(09)

  ]chupcr`hal `hukun`tav` cl tackpb „t‛.   ]chupcr`haøl k`xak` pbsamnc quc quc cs `saltøtah` O ; Hblst`ltc ic vcnbhaiì, quc icpclic ic nbs rc`htavbs y ic btr`s v`ra`mncs. t ; Yackpb `hukun`tavb ic dnbt`haøl (kalutbs) (@z`ðcrb, 0111).

Cstc cs cn kbicnb ic = bricl. bricl.   Fclcr`nkcltc m`st` us`r nbs kbicnbs nbs n bs kbicnbs halátahbs ic 0cr bricl, iblic sc hblsaicr` quc tbi`s n`s p`rtëhun`s taclcl n` kask` prbm`manaiì ic dnbt`r. @së sc hblsaicr` quc j`y iastramuhaøl rcht`lfun`r ic vcnbhaiìcs, `p`rchc cn kbicnb ic onakpcn, iblic sc bmtaclc k`ybr prchasaøl. Cn bmectavb ic ul` cv`nu`haøl halátah` cs ictcrkal`r cn tackpb øptakb ic dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl y ic nbs p`ràkctrbs icn kbicnb, vcr quc rchupcr`haøl sc pucic bmtclcr cl ul ictcrkalìb tackpb ic dnbt`haøl (@z`ðcrb, 0111). =.04. Dnbt`haøl ic sundurbs Nbs sundurbs sbl ducrtckcltc jairødbmbs, nb hu`n pcrkatc quc tclf`l ul` mucl` dnbt`manaiì. Xal ckm`rfb, cstc hbkpbrt`kacltb sc vc `dchtìb lcf`tav`kcltc hu`lib cxastc ul` bxai`haøl supcrdaha`n b j`y prcsclha` ic n`k`s. 86

W`r` quc n` dnbt`haøl ic sundurbs sc` cdchtav`, cs lchcs`ra` n` prcsclha` p rcsclha` ic bxëfclb hbl hbnchtbrcs sundjëirahbs, y `së bhurr` n` ìsbrhaøl ic cstc rc`htavb r c`htavb cl cn kalcr`n. Cstc dcløkclb pucic scr cxpnahìb pbr tcbrë`s quc sc icshramc (Oalf 01:=) =.06. T`ra`mncs cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl N` dnbt`haøl cs ul prbhcsb ic kõntapncs v`ra`mncs, huy` icdalahaøl y icshraphaøl hu`ltat`tav` rcquacrc tbi`vë` kuhjbs cstuiabs y n` `hn`r`haøl ic iastaltbs ict`nncs. Wcsc ` quc cl n` ápbh` prcscltc y` tclckbs ul hblsaicr`mnc ibkalab pr`htahb ic cstc h`kpb, lb j`y tbi`vë` ul ibkalab hbkpnctb t`ltb tcørahb hbkb pr`htahb quc hbltckpnc. @ hbltalu`haøl, tr`t`rckbs ic `l`naz`r n`s v`ra`mncs scfõl su bricl hrblbnøfahb c akpbrt`lha` quc sc ncs `tramuyc (Xutunbv, @. 0148 & Crrbn F., O.0117). =.06.0. D`htbr fr`lunbkctrë` Ybib kalcr`n p`r` scr dnbtìb taclc quc scr rciuhaib cl su t`k`ðb j`st` t`n pultb quc hì` p`rtëhun` rcprcsclt` ul` sbn` cspchac kalcr`nøfah` (namcr`haøl)? ìckàs su t`k`ðb taclc quc scr `prbpaì` p`r` quc n`s murmue`s ic àrc nbs puci`l nncv`r j`st` n` supcrdahac ic n`s hcni`s ic dnbt`haøl cl btr`s p`n`mr`s, cxastcl ul t`k`ðb kàxakb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s quc sc puci`l dnbt`r. Cstc t`k`ðb kàxakb, l`tur`nkcltc, icpclic ic n` l`tur`ncz` icn kalcr`n kaskb y ic su pcsb cspchëdahb. Cl n` dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kctànahbs n`s p`rtëhun`s sbl kàs pcqucð`s quc cl n` ic kalcr`ncs lb kctànahbs. Xal ckm`rfb, cn t`k`ðb kàxakb hblvclacltc p`r` n` dnbt`haøl sc hblsaicr` `nrcicibr ic 7.8 kk. @prbxakì`kcltc ic iaàkctrb y supcrabr ic 3 kk. @p`rtc icn t`k`ðb kàxakb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s ` dnbt`r, ictcrkalìb pbr su pcsb y iaàkctrb rcn`tavb, cs ic fr`l akpbrt`lha` cn t`k`ðb aliahìb hbkb su pultb ic namcr`haøl. Cstb safladah` quc sa cn kalcr`n quc v` ` dnbt`r lb cs kbnaib j`st` cn pultb ic namcr`haøl ic sus v`nbrcs kalcr`nøfahbs, n`s rchupcr`hablcs v`l ` iaskaluar hblsaicr`mnckcltc. 8:

Cl dbrk` `prbxakì` sc pucic `dark`r quc cn frìb ic p`savaz`habl ic ul` supcrdahac cs prbpbrhabl`n ` n` supcrdahac ic n` alhnusaøl. Ic cstc kbib lb sbnb sc iaskaluyc n` pbsamanaiì ic hblt`htb hbl n` murmue` (pucs sa n` p`rtëhun` pcf` ` n` murmue` hbl su nìb p`savb, p`savb, lb sc v` ` prbiuh prbiuhar ar n` ulaøl) salb quc t`kmaál n` ducrz` ic cln`hc sc icmanat` hblsaicr`mnckcltc y n` p`rtëhun` taclc fr`l prbm`manaiì ic icspcf`rsc hu`lib cstà `tr`vcs`lib n` punp` ìjcrai` ` ul` murmue` p`r` nncf`r nn cf`r ` n` supcrdahac. Cn prbmnck` ic n` namcr`haøl ic n`s p`rtëhun`s kalcr`ncs p`r` su dnbt`haøl s`tasd`htbra`kcltc hrc` btrb prbmnck` scrab quc cs n` ic sbmrc kbnacli`. N`s cspchacs kalcr`nøfah`s icltrb ic ul` kcl` lb sbl ic n` kask` iurcz`. Cstb safladah` quc cl cn prbhcsb ic rciuhhaøl ic t`k`ðb, n`s cspchacs kàs mn`li`s sc icsaltcfr`l cl k`ybr prbpbrhaøl quc n`s iur`s. Xa, pbr ceckpnb, nbs sundurbs cstàl `hbkp`ðìbs pbr hu`rzb, hbkb cstc cs kàs iurb quc `qucnnbs, n`s p`rtëhun`s ic hu`rzb, icspuás ic n` kbnacli`, scràl ic k`ybr t`k`ðb quc n`s p`rtëhun`s ic sundurbs. Wcrb sa nbs kaskbs sundurbs cstàl `hbkp`ðìbs pbr ul` f`lf` icshbkpucst` hbkb sbl nbs sanah`tbs schuli`rabs y n` hcrchat`, cltblhcs su namcr`haøl sc prbiuhc eultb hbl ul` fr`l h`ltaiì ic n`k`s quc pbstcrabrkcltc pcreuiah`l n` dnbt`haøl. Cs cvaicltc quc cstc h`sb j`y quc cncfar n`s hbliahablcs øptak`s ic kbnacli` quc i`l n`s kcebrcs rchupcr`hablcs. N` dafur` L· 08? lbs kucstr` n` icpcliclha` ic n` dnbt`manaiì dn bt`manaiì ic ul kalcr`n ic hbmrc icn t`k`ðb fr`lun`r ic sus p`rtëhun`s. Hbkb sc pucic vcr, cl cstc h`sb n` namcr`haøl cs ic `prbxakì`kcltc 47 kahrblcs y n`s p`rtëhun`s supcrabrcs ` :7 kahrblcs `hus`l mè`s ic rchupcr`haøl pbr d`nt` ic namcr`haøl. N`s rchupcr`haøl ic p`rtëhun`s ic t`k`ðb =37 kahrblcs cs ic sbnb 97% pucs ul :7 ‘  17% 17% ic su vbnukcl cs f`lf`.

81

Dafur` L· 085 ]chupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs cl dulhaøl ` su t`k`ðb fr`lun`r   Ducltc5 Xutunbv, Ducltc5 Xutunbv, @.(0148) =.06.=. D`htbr tackpb ic rcsaiclha`

Cn tackpb ic rcsaiclha` icpclicrà ic n` halátah` ic dnbt`haøl ic nbs kalcr`ncs, ic n` halátah` ic `hhaøl ic rc`htavbs, icn vbnukcl ic n`s hcni`s, icn pbrhcltèc ic sbnaibs ic n` punp` cl n`s hcni`s y ic n`s h`rf`s harhun`ltcs. @ickàs n` ìsbrhaøl ic nbs rc`htavbs icpclic ic su hbkpbsahaøl, sbnumanaiì, iasbha`haøl, hblhcltr`haøl hblhcltr`haøl y ic n` n ` tckpcr`tur` ic n` punp`. Hu`lib sbl pbhb sbnumncs y rc`hhabl`l nclt`kcltc hbl n`s supcrdahacs ic nbs kalcr`ncs, su `nakclt`haøl sc cdchtõ` cl nbs harhuatbs ic kbnacli` y hn`sadah`haøl, hbl nb quc sc pucic f`l`r icsic 3 ` 87 kalutbs ic `hbliahabl`kacltb. @n lb pbicr `frcf`rnbs pbr hu`nquacr r`zøl cl nbs harhuatbs ic kbnacli`, sc us`l `hbliahablìbrcs cspcha`ncs huy` õlah` dulhaøl cs n` ic prcp`r`r n` punp` hbl nbs rc`htavbs p`r` nn`` dnbt`haøl. Nbs rc`htavbs, r c`htavbs, sc `frcf`l cl n`s iavcrs`s ct`p`s icn prbhcsb, scfõl n`s n `s lchcsaiìcs. Cl ul` punp` macl `fatì` y ìchuì`kcltc àrcì` lb j`y prbmnck` p`r` quc n`s p`rtëhun`s rchumacrt`s hbl ul hbnchtbr `prbpaìb sc pcfucl ` n`s murmue`s cl dbrk` alst`ltàlc`, sackprc quc cstál hbkpnct`kcltc namcrì`s y sc`l ic ul t`k`ðb fr`lunbkátrahb ìchuìb. Cl prakcr` alst`lha` v`l ` dnbt`r n`s p`rtëhun`s quc sbl5 0) kàs jairbdbmah`s =) kcebr namcrì`s y 8) ic ul t`k`ðb ìchuìb. ìchuìb. Sl` vcz quc cst`s dnbt`l, ckpacz`l ` dnbt`r n`s kclbs jairbdbmah`s, kclbs namcrì`s y ic k`ybr t`k`ðb. t `k`ðb. 97

Cl n` dafur` L· 09. Xc scð`n` n` rcn`haøl quc cxastc cltrc n` rchupcr`haøl ic kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc y su t`k`ðb t `k`ðb fr`lunbkátrahb cl dulhaøl icn tackpb. Cl n` dafur` L· 03. N`s `mshas`s rcprcsclt`l cn pbrhcltèc quc hbrrcspblic ` hì` k`nn` y n`s briclì`s cn pbrhcltèc ic hì` ul` ic cst`s k`nn`s quc dnbt` cl nbs tackpbs quc sc aliah`l. Dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc scfõl cn t`k`ðb fr`lunbkátrahb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s scfõl Kun`r (vcr t`mn` L· =), cn d`htbr ic scfuraiì, p`r` cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl, cs pbr nb kclbs = p`r` kalcr`ncs pbnakctànahbs y j`st` 3 p`r` kalcr`ncs ic Brb-pn`t`. Cl cn safuacltc huìrb sc kucstr`l btr`s `ntcrl`tav`s ic tackpb ic dnbt`haøl prbpucstbs pbr pbr Kun`r. Y`mn` L· =5 Yackpb ic dnbt`habl prbpucst` pbr kun`r

Ducltc5 @stbhura, T. (0196)

Dafur` L· 095 Dnbt`haøl ic nbs kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc scfõl cn t`k`ðb fr`lunbkctrahb ic n`s p`rtëhun`s Ducltc5 Xutunbv, @.(0148) 90

| Dafur` L· 035 Dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs ic hbmrc cn hblhcltrìb prak`rab ic `hucrib pbr cn t`k`ðb fr`lun`r ic n`s p`rtahun`s p`rtahun`s Ducltc5 Xutunbv, Ducltc5 Xutunbv, @.(0148) Cl cn kalcr`n ic hbmrc, n` namcr`haøl sc bmtaclc cltrc =77 y =:7 k`nn`s. Ic k`ybr dnbt`manaiì sbl n`s p`rtëhun`s cltrc =77 y =:7 k`nn`s quc dnbt`l hbl prcdcrclha` cl nbs prakcrbs kalutbs. N`s p`rtëhun`s kcia`s (69 ` =77 k`nn`s) pbhb namcrì`s taclcl ul `tr`sb, `së hbkb n`s p`rtëhun`s ic 0077 k`nn`s y kàs pcqucð`s icmaib `n cdchtb ic n`s n`k`s. Xc pucic vcr hn`r`kcltc quc n`s n`k`s ic kclbs 0477 k`nn`s dnbt`l k`n, afu`n quc nbs prbiuhtbs pbhb namcrìbs. namcrìbs. Wbr csb nbs rcn`vcs hbltaclcl k`ybrkcltc prbiuhtbs lb namcrìbs y n`kbsbs. n `kbsbs. Cn tackpb lchcs`rab p`r` ics`rrbnn`r n` dnbt`haøl v`ra` lbrk`nkcltc cltrc 3 y 87 kalutbs, saclib : ` 07 kalutbs cn tackpb prbkciab. Cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl icpclic t`kmaál ic n` l`tur`ncz` icn kalcr`n. Nbs kalcr`ncs bxaiìbs sc rchupcr`l kuhjb kàs nclt`kcltc quc nbs sundurbs y nbs kct`ncs l`tavbs dnbt`l kàs ràpai`kcltc quc cstbs. N` dafur` L· 04 kucstr` hbkb iaskaluyc n` dnbt`manaiì ic ul kalcr`n ic hbmrc cl rcn`haøl hbl su bxai`haøl prbfrcsav`.

9=

Dafur` L· 045 Aldnuclha` ic n` bxai`haøl sbmrc n` dnbt`manaiì d nbt`manaiì ic sundurbs ic hbmrc (h`nhbparat`, h`nhbsat` y mbrlat`) mbrlat`) Ducltc5 Xutunbv, @.(0148) Ducltc5 Xutunbv, =.06.8. Ibsadah`habl ic rc`htavbs N` h`ltaiì ic rc`htavbs rcqucrai` cl cn prbhcsb icpclicrà ic n`s prucm`s kct`nõrfah`s prcnakal`rcs y ic n` cv`nu`haøl ic hblsukb. =.0:. ]c`htavbs icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl Cl ul sastck` ic dnbt`haøl nbs rc`htavbs sc iavaicl ic `hucrib ` n` dulhaøl cspchëdah` quc icsckpcð`l cl5 hbnchtbrcs, cspuk`ltcs y kbiadahìbrcs. Nbs hbnchtbrcs y cspuk`ltcs sbl sust`lha`s brfàlah`s ckpncì`s fclcr`nkcltc cl ibsadah`hablcs hbkprcliai`s cltrc 0 ` 0777 f/tbl ic `nakclt`haøl. Puëkah`kcltc, sbl hn`sadahìbs hbkb surd`ht`ltcs („surd`ht`lt‛), cs ichar, kbnáhun` ic h`ràhtcr ibmnc, quc hblsastc ic ul

frupb pbn`r y ul frupb lb-pbn`r. Cn frupb pbn`r pbscc ul kbkcltb ic iapbnb pcrk`lcltc y rcprcsclt` n` p`rtc jairbdënah` ic n` kbnáhun`. Cn frupb lb-pbn`r lb pbscc ul iapbnb pcrk`lcltc y rcprcsclt` rcprcsclt` n` p`rtc jairbdømah` ic n` kbnáhun`. kbnáhun`. Nbs surd`ht`ltcs hukpncl ibs p`pcncs duli`kclt`ncs cl n` dnbt`haøl. Wrakcrb, sc ìsbrmcl cl n` altcrd`hc sønaib/nëquaib y `htõ`l hbkb hbnchtbrcs tbrl`lib jairbdømah` n` supcrdahac ic hacrtbs kalcr`ncs. Xcfulib, aldnuycl cl n` halátah` ic n` ìjcsaøl murmue`/kalcr`n, `htu`lib hbkb cspuk`ltcs. Ic cst` dbrk` cn cspuk`ltc `htõ`

98

pralhap`nkcltc cl n` altcrd`hc nëquaib/àrc, prbkbvaclib n` dbrk`haøl ic n` cspuk` ` tr`vás ic n` iaskaluhaøl ic n` tclsaøl supcrdaha`n. Nbs kbiadahìbrcs sbl sust`lha`s albrfàlah`s u brfàlah`s ckpncì`s cl h`ltaiìcs quc fclcr`nkcltc v`rë`l cltrc =7 ` 0777 f/tbl (@stuhura, 0111). =.01. YAWBX IC ]C@HYATBX Nbs rc`htavbs b `fcltcs ic dnbt`haøl sc iavaicl cl5 • Cspuk`ltc.

Yaclcl hbkb prbpøsatb n` hrc`haøl ic ul` cspuk` h`p`z ic

k`ltclcr n`s murmue`s h`rfì`s ic kalcr`n j`st` su cxtr`hhaøl ic n` kàqual` ic dnbt`haøl (hcni`s) • Hbnchtbr.

Cs cn rc`htavb duli`kclt`n icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl pucstb quc

prbiuhc n` pcnëhun` pcnëhun` jairbdømah` sbmrc sbmrc n` p`rtëhun` icn kalcr` kalcr`nn • Kbiadahìbrcs.

@htõ`l hbkb icprcsbrcs, `htavìbrcs, rcfunìbrcs ic pJ,

iaspcrsbrcs, cth. D`hanat`lib n` `hhaøl icn hbnchtbr p`r` dnbt`r cn kalcr`n ic v`nbr, cvat`lib su `hhaøl ` tbibs nbs btrbs kalcr`ncs hbkb cs n` f`lf` (@stuhura, 0111). =.01.0. Cspuk`ltcs Nbs cspuk`ltcs fclcr`nkcltc sbl rc`htavbs brfàlahbs ic supcrdahac `htav` jctcrbpbn`r, h`p`hcs ic scr ìsbrmaibs cl n` altcrd`sc àrc-`fu`. Hu`lib n`s kbnáhun`s ic n` supcrdahac `htav` rc`hhabl`l hbl cn `fu`, nbs iapbnbs ic `fu` sc hbkmal`l ràpai`kcltc hbl nbs frupbs pbn`rcs jair`tàlibnbs, pcrb pràhtah`kcltc lb j`y rc`hhaøl hbl cn frupb ic jairbh`rmurb lb pbn`r, pucs n` tcliclha` cs dbrz`r `n õntakb j`ha` cn altcrabr ic n` d`sc àrc. Ic cstc kbib n` cstruhtur` jctcrbpbn`r ic n` kbnáhun` icn cspuk`ltc nncv` ` su ìsbrhaøl, cs ichar, n`s kbnáhun`s sc hblhcltr`l cl n` supcrdahac hbl nbs frupbs lb pbn`rcs bracltìbs j`ha` cn àrc y nbs frupbs pbn`rcs j`ha` cn `fu` (Vanns.01:6).

99

Hn`sadah`habl ic nbs cspuk`ltcs Cl icpcliclha` ic n` cdah`ha` ic `hhaøl ic nbs cspuk`ltcs hbl iavcrsbs v`nbrcs icn pJ ic n` punp`, ástbs sc iavaicl cl5 `. màsahbs5 Nbs quc pbsccl ul` prbpaciì cspukëfcl` kàxak` cl punp`s `nh`nal`s. @ nbs quc cspuk`ltcs pralhap`ncs pcrtclchcl n`s m`scs ic paraial` pcsì`s, quc pbsccl ul` cncvì` prbpaciì cspukëfcl` cl kciabs kuy `nh`nalbs. m. àhaibs5 Nbs quc iaskaluycl sus prbpaciìcs cspukëfcl`s ` kciai` ic quc sc alhrckclt` n` `nh`nalaiì ic n` punp`. @ nbs cspuk`ltcs àhaibs pcrtclchcl nbs rc`htavbs dclønahbs (hrcsbn, xanclbn, `hcatcs ic kìcr` quc hbltaclcl dclbn y btrbs) nbs `nquan`ransundbl`tbs (ictcrfcltcs y `zbn`tbs) Wucstb quc n` dnbt`haøl ic nbs n bs kalcr`ncs sc cdchtõ` fclcr`nkcltc cl punp` `nh`nal`, cl n` pràhtah` ic clraquchakacltb nbs `fcltcs cspuk`ltcs àhaibs sc hblbhcl hblbhcl hbkb iámancs, pcrb cl su k`ybrë` sbl rc`htavbs m`st`ltc scnchtavbs (@stuhura,0111). Cl n` `htu`naiì tbibs nbs cspuk`ltcs dclønahbs (hrcsbncs, xanclbncs y btrbs) cstàl cxhnuaibs ic n` pràhtah` ic dnbt`haøl ic n`s kcl`s ic nbs kct`ncs lb dcrrbsbs, icmaib ` su `nt` tbxahaiì. h. lcutrb. Huyb ckpncb cl n` dnbt`haøl lb icpclic pràhtah`kcltc icn pJ ic n` punp`. Cs cn frupb kàs hblsaicr`mnc ic `fcltcs cspuk`ltcs pbr su h`ltaiì c akpbrt`lha` Cs r`habl`n sumiavaiarnbs cl trcs frupbs5 h.0 Nbs rc`htavbs quc hblstatuycl `nhbjbncs `rbkàtahbs y `nahëhnahbs5 hbrrcspblicl n`s sust`lha`s quc hbltaclcl tcrpalcbn, n`s quc sc j`nn`l cl iavcrsbs `hcatcs ic kìcr` (@hcatc ic palb) y `nfulbs cspuk`ltcs saltátahbs icn tapb hahnbjcx`lbn, iakctandclanh`rmalbn, tcrpalcbnsaltctahb (`hcatc ic tcrpalbnclb) y btrbs. h.=. ]c`htavbs quc hbltaclcl `nhbjbncs `nadàtahbs5 `nadàtahbs 5 quc sbl sust`lha`s aliavaiu`ncs b kczhn`s ic `nhbjbncs, quc sc bmtaclc hbkb prbiuhtbs schuli`rabs iur`ltc cn prbhcs`kacltb prbhcs`kacl tb ic iavcrsbs hbk hbkpucstbs pucstbs quëkahbs b ic ul` prb prbiuhhaøl iuhhaøl cspch cspcha`n. a`n. 93

h.8. ]c`htavbs quc hbltaclcl sust`lha`s hbl cln`hcs átcrcs5 nc hbrrcspblicl nbs kblbátcrcs ic pbnaprbpanclfnahbncs, pbna`nhbxa`nh`lcs y ia`nquadt`n`tbs, n` hbkmal`haøl ic nbs rc`htavbs i` ulbs cxhcncltcs rcsuntìbs, sbmrc tbib hu`lib ulb ic nbs rc`htavbs ùkclt` n` sbnumanaiì icn btrb, n` dulhaøl kàs akpbrt`ltc a kpbrt`ltc icn cspuk`ltc cs ic k`ltclcr ul` cspuk` cst`mnc quc pcrkatc rckbvcr cn hblhcltrìb ic n`s hcni`s ic dnbt`haøl? t`kmaál taclcl v`nabsbs cdchtbs cl nbs harhuatbs ic dnbt`haøl t`ncs hbkb5 N` dbrk`haøl ic murmue`s dal`s quc kcebr` n` iaspcrsaøl ic n`s murmue`s ic àrc cl n` hcni` ic dnbt`haøl, prcvaclc n` hb`ncshclha`? dusaøl b ulaøl ic n`s murmue`s ic àrc scp`rì`s, iaskaluyc n` vcnbhaiì ic n` murmue` j`ha` n` supcrdahac ic n` n ` punp` (@stuhura, 0111).

Dafur` L· 065 Csquck` ic ìsbrhaøl icn cspuk`ltc cl ul` murmue` ic àrc Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774) Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774) =.01.=. Hbnchtbrcs Xbl hbkpucstbs quëkahbs brfàlahbs, huy`s kbnáhun`s hbltaclcl ul frupb pbn`r y ulb lb- pbn`r. Cn `laøl b h`taøl icn frupb pbn`r pcrkatcl `n aøl icn hbnchtbr quci`r ìsbrmaib ` n` supcrdahac t`kmaál pbn`r, icn kalcr`n. Wbr cn hbltr`rab, cn frupb lb-pbn`r b jairbh`rmurb quci` bracltìb j`ha` n` d`sc `hubs` jairbduf`lib cn kalcr`n, y` quc t`n braclt`haøl rcsunt` cl n` dbrk`haøl ic ul` pcnëhun` ic jairbh`rmurb jairbdømahb cl n` supcrdahac icn kalcr`n Wbr hblsafuacltc, n`s p`rtëhun`s ic kalcr`n jairbdbmì`s pbr ul` 94

pcnëhun` ic hbnchtbr sc ìjacrcl ` n`s murmue`s ic àrc quc v`l sumaclib, `rr`str`lib hblsafb cn kalcr`n ` n` supcrdahac ic n` punp` Cstbs rc`htavbs sc `sbha`l kàs ` nbs sundurbs y `n àrc, pcrb kuy pbhb ` n` f`lf` (@stuhura,0111).

Dafur` L· 0:5 @isbrhaøl icn hbnchtbr sbmrc ul` supcrdahac kalcr`n kalcr`n Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774) Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774) `. pbicr hbnchtbr y scnchtavaiì. scnchtavaiì. Cn pbicr hbnchtbr ic hu`nquacr `fcltc ic dnbt`haøl cs kciaib pbr n` ibsas y nb hbkpnce` quc rcsunt` n` dnbt`haøl icn kalcr`n, pbr ul` ulaiì ic hbnchtbr ckpncìb. Hbl nbs x`lt`tbs, cst` prbpaciì j` saib hblsaicrì`, icsic j`hc kuhjb tackpb, hbkb ul` dulhaøl icn lõkcrb ic àtbkbs ic h`rmblb, k`ybr scrà cn pbicr hbnchtbr. Xal ckm`rfb, cst` rcfn` sudrc `nful`s nakat`hablcs Wbr ceckpnb, pucstb quc iadcrcltcs kalcr`ncs sundurìbs rcspblicl cl dbrk` iastalt` ` n` ìsbrhaøl ic hbnchtbrcs, nbs pbicrcs hbnchtbrcs rcn`tavbs ic nbs iadcrcltcs tapbs ic x`lt`tbs icmcl v`ra`r ic ul kalcr`n ` btrb (@stuhura,0111). m. x`lt`tbs. Nbs x`lt`tbs b x`ltbfcl`tbs sbl s`ncs ic àhaib x`ltbfálahb, y sc clhucltr`l cltrc nbs prakcrbs hbnchtbrcs brfàlahbs sbnumncs cl `fu` y ic `quë quc su ìbphaøl ducr` alkcia`t` y `kpna`, nbs x`lt`tbs pucicl bxai`rsc, bxai`rsc, hblvartaálibsc cl cstc h`sb cl ia`nquanx`ltbfclb. N`s sbnuhablcs `hubs`s ic nbs x`lt`tbs sc jairbnaz`l dbrk`lib nbs àhaibs x`ltbfálahbs. N` jairønasas ic nbs x`lt`tbs ùkclt` hbl n` rciuhhaøl icn pJ icn kciab? kacltr`s quc n`s sbnuhablcs `hubs`s ic x`lt`tbs cl kciabs `nh`nalbs sbl m`st`ltc cst`mncs y ìckàs nbs x`lt`tbs sbl tøxahbs (@stuhura, 0111). m.0 x`lt`tb `kënahb ic pbt`sab (z - 4). Cstc x`lt`tb cs kuy ducrtc pbr nb quc sc ckpnc` fclcr`nkcltc cl `qucnn`s bpcr`hablcs ic dnbt`haøl quc rcquacrcl cn k`s `ntb frìb ic pbicr hbnchtbr Cs ul hbnchtbr kuy `prbpaìb p`r` dnbt`haøl ic sundurbs k`lhjìbs u bxaiìbs ic hbmrc, kalcr`ncs ic pnbkb (hbl L`=X). @sakaskb, sc nc ckpnc` cl cn tr`t`kacltb ic n` `rsclbparat`, parrbtat`, sundurbs ic hbm`ntb, lëqucn y sundurbs ic jacrrb hbltclaclib brb. 96

Y`kmaál sc us` hbkb prbkbtbr schuli`rab cl n` dnbt`haøl `fbt`tav` quc safuc ` ul` dnbt`hal „muno‛, iblic sc utanaz` ul prbkbtbr kàs scnchtavb Hu`lib sc ckp nc`

cl

n`s ibsas ìchuì`s, cn U-4 pucic scr kàs scnchtavb p`r` hacrt`s scp`r`hablcs scp`r`hablcs (@stuhura, 0111). m.= x`lt`tb asbprbpanahb ic sbiab (z - 00). Cstc x`lt`tb j` nncfìb ` scr cn kàs `kpna`kcltc usìb ic tbibs nbs x`lt`tbs icmaib ` su mèb hbstb y cncvìb pbicr hbnchtbr. Fclcr`nkcltc cs ul pbhb kàs ncltb quc nbs x`lt`tbs ic ctënahb y ` kcluib pucic sustatuarnbs hbl ul` icdalai` rciuhhaøl cl n` h`ltaiì y hbstb ic hbnchtbr rcqucraib. Xc j`l bmtclaib `pnah`hablcs kuy cxatbs`s cl n` dnbt`haøl ic pràhtah`kcltc tbibs nbs kalcr`ncs sundurìbs Xc ckpnc` cl fr`l csh`n` cl n` dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl ic hbmrc, pnbkb y zalh? kalcr`ncs hbkpncebs ic pnbkb-zalh y hbmrc-jacrrb (@stuhura, 0111).

Dafur` L· 015 Csquck` cstruhtur`n ic ul hbnchtbr Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774) Ducltc5 L`t`lacn.(=774)

9:

=.01.8. Kbiadahìbrcs N` dulhaøl cspchëdah` ic nbs rc`htavbs kbiadahìbrcs cs prchas`kcltc prcp`r`r n`s supcrdahacs ic nbs kalcr`ncs p`r` n` ìsbrhaøl b icsbrhaøl ic ul hacrtb rc`htavb sbmrc cnn`s y hrc`r cl fclcr`n cl n` punp` hbliahablcs prbpaha`s p`r` quc sc puci` cdchtu`r ul` dnbt`haøl s`tasd`htbra`. Øsc` h`kma` b kbiadah` n` supcrdahac ic nbs sundurbs b ic n` f`lf`, p`r` d`vbrchcr b akpciar quc nbs rc`htavbs hbnchtbrcs `htõcl sbmrc cnnbs, cvat`lib ic cst` k`lcr` quc dnbtcl, y` jckbs vastb ibs hn`scs ic rc`htavbs5 N` nast` ic kbiadahìbrcs b `fcltcs rcfunìbrcs usìbs cl dnbt`haøl cs v`raì`? y cl fclcr`n, cn tárkalb rcfunìbr, cs `pnahìb ` tbibs `qucnnbs rc`htavbs, nbs hu`ncs lb taclcl t`rc`s cspchëdah`s ic hbnchhaøl b cspuk`haøl. Cstbs sc hn`sadah`l pbr su dulhaøl hbkb safuc5 Icprcsbrcs (L`HL, UlXB9, L`JXB8) ]c`htavìbrcs b `htavìbrcs (HuXB9) ]cfunìbrcs ic pJ (H`B) - Iaspcrs`ltcs - Dnbhun`ltcs - Xundaiaz`ltcs (@stuhura, 0111). @. icprcsbrcs. N` icprcsaøl sc us` p`r` alhrckclt`r n` scnchtavaiì ic n` dnbt`haøl vbnvaclib jairbdënahbs (àvaibs ic `fu`) ` hacrtbs kalcr`ncs y cvat`lib `së su dnbt`haøl. Cxastcl kuhjbs tapbs ic icprcsbrcs huy`s `hhablcs sbl hbkpnahì`s y v`raì`s, y quc cl n` k`ybrë` ic nbs h`sbs sc hblbhcl pbhb, nb quc iadahunt` hbltrbn`r n` icprcsaøl kàs quc sa sc `pnah`r`l btrbs tapbs ic rc`htavbs. Cn rchumrakacltb ic n`k` cs ul ceckpnb ic ul` dbrk` ic icprcsaøl quc sc prcsclt` l`tur`nkcltc. Cl ul` kcl` traturì` y kbnai` n`s n`k`s iadahunt`l n` dnbt`haøl, y` quc rchumrcl ` n`s p`rtëhun`s icn kalcr`n, rct`ri`lib n` ìsbrhaøl icn hbnchtbr (Vanns, 01:6). M. `htavìbrcs b rc`htavìbrcs. Cstbs ùkclt`l n` dnbt`manaiì ic hacrtbs kalcr`ncs, kcebr`lib b `yui`lib ` n` ìsbrhaøl ic ul hbnchtbr. Nbs rc`htavbs rc`htavìbrcs, rcst`mnchc n` dnbt`manaiì ic ul kalcr`n bxaiìb b quc j` saib icprakaib. N` dulhaøl `htav`ltc cs hbltr`ra` ` n` dulhaøl icprcsbr` y nbs rc`htavbs ic cstc tapb sarvcl p`r` ùkclt`r n` ìsbrhaøl ic nbs hbnchtbrcs sbmrc n` supcrdahac ic nbs kalcr`ncs b p`r` dbrt`nchcr cn cln`hc cltrc n` supcrdahac y cn hbnchtbr (@stuhura, 0111). 91

H@WAYSNB AAA K@YC]A@NCX Q KÁYBIBX 8.0. ÀKMAYB IC CXYSIAB Cn cstuiab sc rc`nazø cl5 ✘ Nuf`r 5 N`mbr`tbrab Puëkahb y Kct`nõrfahb (HACKX@ (H ACKX@ „S.K. CN HBD]C‛) ✘ Iastratb

5 W`r`të`

✘ Wrbvalha` 5 N`kp`. ✘ Icp`rt`kcltb 5 Wulb.

Xu `ntatui prbkciab cs ic 9377 k.s.l.k. 8.=. Smah`haøl y `hhcsb N` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr` ic n` ckprcs` HACKX@ X.@. S.K. Cn Hbdrc, sc clhucltr` umahìb cl cn icp`rt`kcltb ic Wulb, iastratb ia stratb ic W`r`të` p`rèc hjbqucs`y` hjbqucs`y`lc. lc. Xu `hhcsb ic Euna`h` ` X`lt` Nuha` cs pbr h`rrctcr` `sd`ntì` (49 Ok) cl ul tackpb ta ckpb ic 0 jbr`, ic X`lt` Nuha` ` W`r`të` pbr h`rrctcr` `sd`ntì` y `darkì` (99 Ok) cl ul tackpb `prbxakìb ic 0.3 jbr`s. 8.8. Fcbfr`da` 8.8.0. ]cnacvc Cn nuf`r hblstatuyc ul` zbl` ic hbrianncr`s (Hbrianncr` Bhhaiclt`n), iblic iashurrc cn rëb W`r`të` ic `fu`s pcrk`lcltcs y pcqucðbs tramut`rabs ? j`ha` sus dn`lhbs? prcibkal` ul` tbpbfr`dë` csh`rpì`, hbl `ntatui quc nncf` j`st` nbs 9677 k.s.l.k. n`s fcbdbrk`s k`s s`nt`ltcs nb hblstatuycl5 Cn hcrrb @k`y`lc, cn hcrrb Q`l`h`h` hbl `ntatuics ic 9403 k.s.l.k. , 9677 k.s.l.k. rcspchtav`kcltc rcspchtav`kcltc ? cltrc btrbs.

37

8.8.=. Jairbfr`da` c Jairbnbfa` Cn v`nnc dbrkìb pbr cn rëb W`r`të` sc alaha` cl n`s qucmrì`s `nt`s icn hcrrb Hjaphè`h`, dbrk`lib ul v`nnc `lfbstb cl n` p`rtc `nt` sbmrc 9437 k.s.l.k. Cn àrc` iblic sc umah` cn pucmnb ic W`r`të` hblstatuyc cn nchjb icn v`nnc, dbrk`lib ul` p`kp` ic pcliacltc pcliacltc prbkciab ic 8µ ` 4µ cl iarchhaøl iarchhaøl LB pbr iblic cn rëb iashurrc nc nclt`kcltc lt`kcltc pbr n` iaskaluhaøl ic n` frìacltc, pbsamanat`lib n` `nakclt`haøl ic n` zbl` drcàtah` safuaclib n`s bliun`hablcs ic n` tbpbfr`dë` ic n` zbl`. @ p`rtar icn pucmnb, pucmnb, cn rëb W`r`të` iashurrc j`ha` ccnn XB y ` kciai` quc quc cstc rchursb l`tur`n `v`lz`, su hùi`n sc v` alhrckcltìb pbr nbs ra`hjucnbs quc sbl `dnucltcs ic `km`s kàrfclcs, dal`nkcltc icsckmbh`lib cl cn rëb Tcric , hcrh` icn hcrrb Puaks`hj`t`, ` 0: Ok. Ic W`r`të`. Wbr n` prcsclha` ic n`s nnuva`s y lcvì`s cl cst` rcfaøl, cl nbs kcscs ic Iahackmrc ` K`rzb sc dbrk`l n`fbs y btrbs icsh`rf`l su hursb hbleult`kcltc hbl btrbs rëbs cl cn n`fb Yatah`h`. Cltrc nbs rëbs k`s akpbrt`ltcs tclckbs5 W`hèc, E`r`kp`l`, Hjan` W`r`të` y Yutbr`. Cn `fu` hbl quc sc `nakclt` n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr`, cltrc nbs kcscs ic Clcrb ` K`rzb cs h`ptì` ic nbs ]a`hjucnbs, K`l`lta`ncs y dantr`hablcs ic n` p`rtc `nt`, nìb Lbr-Cstc pbr ul h`l`n h`l`n ` ul` iast`lha` ic 0.3 Ok.? y cl nbs nbs kcscs ic @mran ` Iahackmrc Iahackmrc icmaib ` n` ápbh` ic cstaèc cn `fu` cs h`ptì` icn rëb Ju`ymannb, cn kaskb quc iashurrc ic Cstc ` Bcstc ` ul` iast`lha` ic 0.7 Ok. Ic I c n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr`, quc cs icsvaìb pbr ul h`l`n hbl ul` pcliacltc ic =3µ cn kaskb quc cs icpbsatìb cl ul` pbz`? y pbr ul` Mbkm` Jairbst`n 9" Z 9" quc mbkmc` j`st` cn t`lquc ic `nk`hclèc ic `fu` umahìb cl n` p`rtc supcrabr ic n` Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr`. 8.8.8. Hnak` y Tcfct`habl Cn hnak` ic n` rcfaøl hbrrcspblic `n tapb ic hnak` drëfaib, hblbhaib hbkb cn „Hnak` ic Wul`‛. N` tckpcr`tur` v`ra` ic

-3 µH ` 09 µH ic ic `hucrib `hucrib ` n` `ntatui quc sc

clhucltr` sbmrc cn lavcn icn k`r. N` vcfct`haøl prbpa` ic n` zbl` sc clhucltr` n`s 30

f`rkalc`s (ahju), `rmustbs (hjannaju`, tbn`)? icmaib ` n`s tckpcr`tur`s mè`s lb j`y prcsclha` ic huntavbs `lialbs. 8.9. Kalcr`naz`haøl Cn icpøsatb icn Wrbychtb Kalcrb Kct`nõrfahb Y`h`z`, cs ul y`hakacltb hbl kalcr`ncs ic sundurbs ic hbmrc (H`nhbsal`, H`nhbparat`) y øxaibs (Mrbhj`ltat`, Hj`nh`ltat`, hrasbhbn`, `zurat`, k`n`quat`), prbiuhtb ic n`s sbnuhablcs jairbtcrk`ncs, huy` cstruhtur` tapb k`ltb (cstr`tbnafìb), sc clhucltr` jbspciìb cl n`v`s `licsëtah`s icn frupb Y`h`z`. Nbs kalcr`ncs v`nabsbs cxtr`ëibs prbiuhtb ic n`s `htavaiìcs ic cxpnbr`haøl, ics`rrbnnb, prcp`r`haøl y cxpnbt`haøl ` rc`naz`rsc icltrb ic n`s àrc`s ic n` hblhcsaøl kalcr`s X`l X`nvìbr =6 y kal`s `nci`ð`s p`rtahun`rcs, scràl prbhcsì`s cl n` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` ic kalcr`ncs, kcia`ltc cn prbhcsb ic hblhcltr`haøl pbr Dnbt`haøl, utanaz`lib cquapbs y k`qual`ra`s ìchuìbs y rcqucraibs, p`r` cn prbhcs`kacltb cdahacltc ic nbs kalcr`ncs. N` cstruhtur` kalcr`nazì` icn y`hakacltb Y`h`z`, cs ul hucrpb sum jbrazblt`n (K`ltb), cstr`tbnafìb, jbspciìb cl schuclha` vbnhàlah` icn frupb Y`h`z` (n`v`s `licsatat`s y `fnbkcrìbs vbnhàlahbs), vbnhàlahbs), taclc ul rukmb L-X y ul muz`kacltb v`ra`mnc ic 03 ` =7µ Bcstc, cl ul` nblfatui ic 177 kctrbs, `lhjb ic =37 kctrbs y ul` pbtclha` quc v`rë` ic 07 ` =3 kctrbs. Cn k`tcra`n prcsclt` ul` kalcr`naz`haøl pbna kctànah`, pralhap`nkcltc ic hbmrc (Hu), pnbkb (Wm), pn`t` (@f) y zalh (Ul), iblic sus ncycs prbkciabs `hus`ràl v`nbrcs ic 0.77 ‘  0.37 0.37 % ic hbmrc, 7.37 ‘  =.3 =.3 % ic pnbkb, 7.87 ‘  7.:7 7.:7 Bz ic pn`t` pbr tblcnì` y 7.7= ‘  7.73 7.73 % ic zalh, ` su vcz nbs pcsbs cspchëdahbs sc cstak`l cl =.:3 p`r` cn kalcr`n y =.67 p`r` cn k`tcra`n cstáran b f`lf` (rbh` clhèbl`ltc).

3=

8.3. BWC]@HABLCX SLAY@]A@X CL N@ WN@LY@ HBLHCLY]@IB]@ N` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` mclcdaha` kalcr`ncs ulakctànahbs ic Hbmrc ic su kalcr`n pralhap`n H`nhbsal`, pbr pbr cn kátbib ic n` dnbt`haøl, hbl kalcr`ncs kalcr`ncs prbhcicltcs ic n` kal` Y`h`z`. Hbl ul` h`p`haiì alst`nì` ic 377 YKXI, cl n` `htu`naiì sc vaclc p`s`lib 937 YKXI. 8.3.0. ]chcphaøl Cn tr`lspbrtc ic nbs kalcr`ncs, prbvclacltc ic n` kal` Y`h`z`, cxtr`hhaøl ` tèb `macrtb, j`ha` n` hblhcltrìbr`, sc rc`naz` pbr kciab ic vbnquctcs ic =7 Yblcnì`s ic h`p`haiì, iur`ltc iur`ltc nbs ibs turlbs ic tr`mèb cst`mnchaib hì` ulb ic 0= jbr`s `n ië`, n` iast`lha` ic rchbrraib ic n` kal` „Y`h`z`‛ ` Wn`lt` „N` Alk`hunì`‛ cs ic `prbx. 8=

Ok. 8.3.=. @nk`hcl`kacltb Wrcvab pcsèc cl ul` m`n`lz` kchàlah` ic 97 tblcnì`s ic h`p`haiì, cn kalcr`n sc `nakclt` ` n` tbnv` ic frucsbs, prbvas prbvast` t` ic ul` p`rrann` ic racncs iicc 17 Nms. x 6 k. x 6‛ ic `mcrtur`, hbl ul` ul` h`p`haiì ic :7 YKJ, b `nk`hcl`lib cl n` h`lhj` ic frucsbs

(stbho panc) ic `hucrib ` h`naiìcs ic nbs kalcr`ncs, icmai`kcltc hn`sadahìbs. N` `nakclt`haøl ` n` tbnv` ic frucsbs sc cdchtõ` kcia`ltc cn usb ic ul h`rfìbr drblt`n H@YC]WANN@] ic 3.77 YKX ic h`p`haiì, cdchtu`lib ul mnclialf b kczhn` ic `hucrib ` n`s h`naiìcs ic nbs kalcr`ncs. Cn harhuatb ic n` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` hblst` ic n`s safuacltcs schhablcs5 Hj`lhìb, Kbnacli`-Hn`sadah`haøl, Kbnacli`-Hn`sadah`haøl, Dnbt`haøl, Dantrìb, Icsp`hjb ic nbs hblhcltrìbs y rcn`vcs.

38

8.3.8. Xchhaøl Hj`lhìb Cn kalcr`n quc sc sukalastr` ` n` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` taclc n` h`p`haiì ic =7.:8 YKX/jr y prcsclt` ibs pralhap`ncs h`r`htcrëstah`s quc iadahunt`l n`s bpcr`hablcs ic tratur`haøl, cnn`s sbl5 Xc `prcha` n` `nt` iurcz` icn kalcr`n prbhcicltc ic n` kal` ic nbs lavcncs aldcrabrcs, r`zøl pbr n` quc sc bmscrv` ul k`ybr tackpb ic kbnacli` quc btrbs kalcr`ncs. N` btr` h`r`htcrëstah` quc iadahunt` n` bpcr`haøl ic tratur`haøl, cs cn kalcr`n ic ul` zbl` ic n` kal` hbl k`ybr jukciì y k`tcra`n ic `spchtb `rhannbsb, huy` h`r`htcrëstah` brafal` bmstruhhablcs bmstruhhablcs y `pcnk`z`kacltb ic kalcr`n dalb sbmrc n`s k`nn`s ic n` z`r`li` vamr`tbra`, cl nbs hjutcs y pralhap`nkcltc cl cn altcrabr ic n` hj`lhìbr` schuli`ra`, iadahunt`lib cn dnueb lbrk`n icn kalcr`n hbl p`rì`s suhcsav`s y hbkb hblschuclha` hblschuc lha` n` iaskaluhaøl ic h`p`haiì ic tratur`haøl. Icmaib ` cst`s iadahuntìcs cn harhuatb ic tratur`haøl trat ur`haøl sc tr`mè` ic =7 jbr`s ` ==.3 jbr`s pbr ië`. 8.3.9. Ybnv` ic Frucsbs N` rchcphaøl icn kalcr`n ic kal` lbrk`nkcltc sc rc`naz` sbmrc n` p`rrann` ic n` tbnv` ic frucsbs ic :7 YKJ ic h`p`haiì, sa n` tbnv` t bnv` cl kclhaøl sc clhucltr` nncl`, cn kalcr`n cs icpbsatìb cl n` h`lhj` ic frucsbs y hu`lib cs rcqucraib cs tr`snììb ` n` tbnv` ic frucsbs hbl cn `pbyb icn h`rfìbr u btrb cquapb sakan`r. N` p`rrann` ic n` tbnv` ic frucsbs pbscc `mcrtur`s cltrc racncs ic 6‛ hbl cn dal ic hn`sadah`r cn kalcr`n ic k`ybr t`k`ðb, p`r` quc sbn`kcltc cn kalcr`n - 6‛ p`sc icltrb ic tbnv`. 8.3.3. Fryzzny Tamr`tbrab ic 8¹x9¹ Cn kalcr`n icpbsatìb icltrb ic n` tbnv` ic frucsbs sc cxtr`c kcia`ltc ul Xjut ic icsh`rf` icsh`rf` `nakclt`lib `n frazz frazzny ny vamr`tbrab, vamr`tbrab, cn prbiuhtb dalb ‘   0 »‛ ic t`k`ðb h`c 39

iarcht`kcltc ` n` dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` Lµ 0 y cn prbiuhtb frucsb + 0 0/=‛ ic t`k`ðb

alfrcs` ` n` hj`lhìbr` prak`ra` ic Puaeì`s 04‛x=9‛. 8.3.4. Hj`lhìbr` ic Puaeì`s 04‛x=9‛ Cstc rchamc cn prbiuhtb frucsb frucsb icn fryzzny vamr`tbrab i icc + 0 » „, y `nakclt` ` n`

dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` L·0. 8.3.6. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·0 ic == k x =7‛ Xc clh`rf` ic tr`snì`r cn prbiuhtb traturìb y cn dalb icn frazzny j`st` n` z`r`li` vamr`tbra` ` ul` vcnbhaiì ic 0.7=9 ks/scf.. 8.3.:. U`r`li` Tamr`tbra` 9¹x:¹ Xc clh`rf` ic hn`sadah`r dalbs y frucsbs, hbl ul` `mcrtur` ic k`nn` ic 0/=‛ ‘   00/:‛ cn prbiuhtb frucsb cs tr`lspbrtìb pbr  n` n` dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` Lµ 7= y

cn prbiuhtb

dalb h`c iarcht`kcltc ` n` tbnv` ic dalbs. 8.3.1. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·= ic 06 k x =7‛ Yr`snì` cn prbiuhtb frucsb ic n` z`r`li` vamr`tbra` j`ha` n` dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` L·8 ` ul` vcnbhaiì ic 0.879 0.879 ks/scf. 8.3.07. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·8 ic 07.=3 k x =7‛ Icsh`rf` cn kalcr`n ` n` traturìbr` ic hblb far`tbrab XQKBLX ic 8¹XYI ` ul` vcnbhaiì ic 0.=79 ks/scf. 8.3.00. Hj`lhìbr` Xchuli`ra` XQKBLX ic 8¹XYI Yratur` cn prbiuhtb frucsb ic n` z`r`li` vamr`tbra` (:7% -0/=‛) y icsh`rf` cl n` dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` Lµ9. 33

8.3.0=. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·9 ic 1.=3 ks x =7‛ Cst` dè` `nakclt` ` su vcz ` n` Dè` Lµ 70 ` ul` vcnbhaiì ic 0.77: ks/scf hcrr`lib ic cst` k`lcr` cn harhuatb ic hj`lhìb. 8.3.08. Ybnv` ic Dalbs Cn prbiuhtb dal`n ic tratur`haøl quci` icpbsatìb cl ul` tbnv` ic dalbs da lbs kctànahb ic :7 YKJ ic h`p`haiì. 8.3.09. XCHHABL KBNACLI@ ‘  HN@XADAH@HABL HN@XADAH@HABL N` namcr`haøl ic nbs cnckcltbs v`nabsbs icn kalcr`n, sc rc`naz`l cl ibs ct`p`s5 Kbnacli` prak`ra` y Kbnacli` schuli`ra` b rckbnacli`. 8.3.03. Dè` Yr`lspbrtìbr` L·3 ic 84.13 k x =7‛ Cn kalcr`n `nk`hclìb cl n` tbnv` ic dalbs ic :7 YK ic h`p`haiì, sc cxtr`c kcia`ltc ul Xjut ic icsh`rf`, hbl hbkpucrt` frìuì` y n` dè` tr`lspbrtìbr` tr `lspbrtìbr` Lµ 3 sc clh`rf` ic `nakclt`r `n kbnalb prak`rab ic m`rr`s Hbkcs` ic 9gx :g, ` r`zøl ic 0:.0=3 YK/jr. cn hbltrbn icn tblcnèc sc rc`naz` kcia`ltc kcia`ltc hbrtcs ic 0dt ic nblfatui nb hu`n hu`n sbl pcsìbs cl ul` ul` m`n`lz` kchàlah` kchàlah` y ic cs` k`lc k`lcr` r` tclckbs cn tblcnèc `p `prbxakìb rbxakìb quc sc cstà p`s`lib? cn t`k`ðb prbkciab ic `nakclt`hal ` cstc harhuatb scrà ic 0/=‛ ( D:7

; 01737 ‘  09=:: kahrblcs) y cn t`k`ðb prbkciab icn prbiuhtb scrà ic 073 kahrblcs (47 % k`nn` -=77). 8.3.04. Kbnalb Wrak`rab ic M`rr`s Hbkcs` ic 9¹x:¹ Cstc sc clh`rf` ic kbncr cn kalcr`n `nakcltìb pbr n` dè` L·3, n` icsh`rf` icn kbnalb prak`rab `nakclt` ` ul hn`sadahìbr jcnahbai`n Hbkcs`. N` vcnbhaiì ic tr`mèb cs ic =1 ]WK.

34

8.3.06. Hn`sadahìbr Jcnahbai`n Hbkcs` ic 84‛x ==.37¹ Cstc hn`sadah` cn prbiuhtb icn kbnalb ic m`rr`s, cn rcmbsc (Dalbs) hbl ul` iclsaiì ic punp` ic 0.=77 - 0,=37 fr`kbs pbr natrb, sc clvë` ` ul m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s Wnuskct`n 34‛x34‛ y n`s `rcl`s ( Frucsbs), hbl ul` iclsaiì ic punp` ic =,777 fr`kbs

pbr natrb, sc `nakclt` `n Kbnalb Xchuli`rab ic mbn`s Hbkcs` ic 4gx 4‑. 8.3.0:. Kbnalb Xchuli`rab ic Mbn`s Hbkcs` ic 4¹x4¹ Kucnc nbs frucsbs icn hn`sadahìbr jcnahbai`n y frucsbs ic n` U@D, n` icsh`rf` v` j`ha` cn hn`sadahìbr jcnahbai`n, ic cs` dbrk` sc prbiuhc cn harhuatb hcrrìb ic kbnacli`. N` vcnbhaiì ic tr`mèb cs ic == ]WK. 8.3.01. U`r`li` ic @nt` Drchuclha` (U@D) ]chamc n` hbn` ic n` hcni` ulat`ra`, quc scrà mbkmcì` pbr n`s 7= Mbkm`s Hbkcs` 3‛x9‛ (70 mbkm` cl st`li my). N` U@D huclt` hbl 73 lavcncs ic hn`sadah`hal,

hì` lavcn tr`mè` hbl ul` k`nn` ic 877 kahrblcs. Nbs dalbs `nakclt` `n prakcr m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s 34‛x34‛, nbs frucsbs v`l `n kbnalb J@]IALFC L·0

8.3.=7. Kbnalb ic Mbn`s J`rialfc 3¹x84‛ L·0 Cs `nakcltìb pbr nbs frucsbs ic n` U@D y n` icsh`rf` v` j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s 34‛x34‛. Tcnbhaiì ic tr`mèb =4 ]WK.

8.3.=0. Jairbhahnbl I-0= L·0 N` hbn` icn m`lhb ic 9 hcni`s ic 34‛x 34‛ `nakclt` ` ul` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛x 8‛ p`r` rc`naz`r ul` tcrhcr` hn`sadah`hal? cl cn hahnl Lµ 0 I ‘   0=,

nbs dalbs

rcprcsclt` cn prbiuhtb dal`n ic kbnacli`, nbs frucsbs sbl `nakcltìbs `n kbnalb J@]LIALFC ic 3‑x 84‛ 84‛ Lµ = y `n kbnalb Iclvcr 9‛x9‛ ic mbn`s. mbn`s. H`mc scð`n`r quc sc huclt` hbl ul` mbkm` HBKCX@ 3‛x9‛ y ul hahnbl I -0=

cst` alst`n`haøl n` tclckbs cl Xt`l-My, p`r` h`sbs ic ckcrfclha`. 36

L· 7=,

8.3.==. Kbnalb ic ic Mbn`s ICLTC] 9¹x9¹ ]chamc nbs frucsbs icn jairbhahnbl L·0, y n` icsh`rf` v` j`ha` cn hèøl ic n` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛ x 8‛. 8‛. Tcnbhaiì ic tr`mèb =: ]WK.

8.3.=8. Kbnalb ic Mbn`s J@]IALFC 3¹x84‛ L·= ]chamc nbs frucsbs icn jairbhahnbl L·0, y n` icsh`rf` v` j`ha` cn hèøl ic n` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛ x 8‛. 8‛. Tcnbhaiì ic tr`mèb =4 ]WK. Wbr nb t`ltb n`s icsh`rf`s icsh`rf`s ic nbs kbnalbs J@]IALFC J@]IALFC 3¹x84‛ L·= y ICLTC] 9¹x9¹

nncf`l ` ul sbnb hèøl cl iblic sc mbkmc` mbkmc` n` h`rf` `n hahnbl L· 0 I-0= p`r` hn`sadah`r, ic iblic nbs dalbs v`l ` n` n ` schhaøl cl së ic dnbt`haøl y nbs frucsbs rcfrcs`l ` nbs kbnalbs v`nc ichar harhuatb hcrrìb. 8.3.=9. XCHHABL DNBY@HABL Cst` schhaøl hblst` ic ibs harhuatbs ic dnbt`haøl5 ✘ Harhuatb ic dnbt`haøl Hbmrc Xundurìb ✘ Harhuatb ic dnbt`haøl Hbmrc Bxaiìb

DNBY@HABL IC HBM]C XSNDS]@IB 8.3.=3. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s Wnuskct`n 34‛x34‛ @htõ` hbkb hcni` ulat`ra` (dnbt`haøl Hbmrc Xundurìb), rchamc hbkb h`rf` nbs dalbs icn hn`sadahìbr jcnahbai`n y prbiuhc hblhcltrìb dal`n. 8.3.=4. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr A ]chamc hbkb `nakclt`haøl nbs dalbs ic n` U@D y sus cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc v`l ` n` mbkm` CXWA@X@ 9‛x8‛, quc pbstcrabrkcltc sc ar` `n harhuatb ic nakpacz`, kacltr`s quc su rcn`vc v`l `n hèl ic n` mbkm` V@]K@L L· 70 9‛x8‛.

3:

8.3.=6. Hcni` V.X. :¹x:¹ ]bufjcr AA Cn 077 % icn bvcr dnbw dn bw icn hahnøl I-0= Lµ 0, hbl ul` iclsaiì ic punp` ic 0,=37 Frs/ Nt. y ul` fr`lunbkctrë` icn bricl icn 43 % k`nn` - =77, `nakclt` ` n` hcni` V.X. :¹x:¹, tr`mè` hbkb hcni` rbufjcr, prbiuhaclib prchblhcltrìb cl ul` sbn` ct`p` ic dnbt`haøl. 8.3.=:. Hcni` V.X. 4¹x4¹ ]bufjcr AAA ]chamc n` hbn` ic n` hcni` V.X. :¹x:¹, cst` hcni` prbiuhc prchblh prchblhcltrìb cltrìb cl ul` sbn` ct`p` ic dnbt`haøl. 8.3.=1. M`lhb ic 79 Hcni`s 34‛x34‛ Xh`vclfcr A ]chamc hbkb h`rf` n` hbn` ic n` scfuli` hcni` harhun`r, y n`s cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc iarafc j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s ICLTC] XW-0: Hnc`lcr XHT A 8.3.87. M`lhb ic 7= Hcni`s 34‛x34‛ Xh`vclfcr AA ]chamc hbkb h`rf` n` hbn` icn Xh`vclfcr A, n`s cspuk`s sc iarafcl j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s ICLTC] XW-0: Hnc`lcr XHT AA. N` hbn` ic cst` hcni` XHT AA rcprcsclt` cn rcn`vc icn harhuatb Hbmrc Xundurìb b h`mcz` ic dnbt`haøl icn harhuatb ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb. 8.3.80. Harhuatb ic Nakpacz` Hbmrc Xundurìb Cstc harhuatb cstà hbkpucstb hbkpucstb pbr 7799 m`lhbs ic 79 hcni`s ICLTC] hh/u /u XW-0:, y 70 m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s ICLTC] XW-0: , iaspucstbs hblvclacltckcltc p`r` rc`naz`r 9 ct`p`s ic nakpacz`, pucstb quc n`s cspuk`s ic nbs m`lhbs ]bufjcr y Xh`vclfcr scràl `nakcltìbs j`ha` nbs = m`lhbs ic 79 hcni`s XW-0: cl iadcrcltcs iadcrcltcs pultbs ic `hucrib ` sus h`naiìcs, t`kmaál cstc harhuatb hblst` ic ul` mbkm` CXWA@X@ ic 9‛x8‛ quc `nakclt` n`s cspuk`s (prchblhcltrìbs) `n `hbliahablìbr 9‑x9‑, p`r` n` safuacltc ct`p` ic nakpacz`, hbl cn `pbyb ic 70 mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛x 8‛ cv`hu` ` su rcspchtavb dantrb dant rb

31

cn hblhcltrìb dal`n prbiuhaib pbr cn m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s Wnuskct`n 34‛x34‛ umahì` cl cn harhuatb ic kbnacli` kbnacli` y cn m`lh m`lhbb ic 79 hcni` hcni`ss ICLTC] XW-0:. DNBY@HABL IC HBM]C BZAI@IB 8.3.8=. @hbliahablìbr Harhun`r 4¹x:¹ Cn rcn`vc icn harhuatb ic dnbt`haøl ic Hbmrc Xundurìb, p`s` `n harhuatb safuacltc ic dnbt`haøl ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb, cl n` hu`n sc iaspblc prakcr`kcltc ic ul `hbliahablìbr harhun`r 4‑x :‑, icn hu`n n` punp` p`s` ` n` mbkm` hcltraduf` CXWA@X@ 3‛x9‛ quc `nakclt` ` 70m`lhb 70m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr A n` hbn` p`s` ` 70 m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr AA.

8.3.88. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr A N`s cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc iarafcl j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s ICLTC] XW0: Hnc`lcr y n` hbn` j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ quc vclirë` ` scr n` rbufjcr AA. 8.3.89. M`lhb ic 7= hcni`s 34‛x34‛ ]bufjcr AA . N`s cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc iarafcl j`ha` n` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛x8‛ L·= y n`

hbn` j`ha` n` hcni` V.X. :¹x:¹quc vclirë` ` scr n` rbufjcr AAA. 8.3.83. Hcni` V.X.:¹x:¹ ]bufjcr AAA N`s cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc iarafcl j`ha` n` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛x8‛ L·= y n`

hbn` j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛. 8.3.84. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ ]bufjcr AT N`s cspuk`s ic cst` hcni` sc iarafcl j`ha` n` mbkm` V@]K@L 9‛x8‛ L·= y n` hbn` j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr A.

47

8.3.86. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr A N`s cspuk`s sc iarafcl j`ha` n` mbkm` Hbkcs` 8‛x=‛ y n` hbn` j`ha` n`

Xh`vclfcrr AA. Xh`vclfc 8.3.8:. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr AA N`s cspuk`s sc iarafcl j`ha` cn harhuatb ic nakpacz` y n` hbn` j`ha` n` Xh`vclfcr AAA. 8.3.81. M`lhb ic 79 hcni`s WNSXKCY@N WNSXKCY@N 33‛x33‛

Xh`vclfcr AAA

N`s cspuk`s sc iarafcl j`ha` n` Xh`vclfcr Xh`vclfcr A y n` hbn` vclirë` ` scr cn rcn`vc dal`n. 8.3.97. Harhuatb ic Nakpacz` Hbmrc Bxaiìb Cstc harhuatb cstà hbkpucstb hbkpucstb pbr 7= m`lhb ic 7799 hcni`s ICLTC] ICLTC] h/u XW-0: y 70 m`lhb ic 74 hcni`s ICLTC] h/u XW-0:, XW -0:, iaspucstbs hblvclacltckcltc hblvclacltckcltc p`r` rc`naz`r 3 ct`p`s ic nakpacz`, pucstb quc n`s cspuk`s ic nbs m`lhbs ]bufjcr y Xh`vclfcr cs `nakcltìbs j`ha` j`ha` nbs ibs m`lhbs ic 79 hhcni`s cni`s XW-0: cl iadcrcltcs pultbs pultbs ic `hucrib ` sus h`naiìcs, t`kmaál cstc harhuatb hblst` hblst` ic ul` mbkm mbkm`` V@]K@L ic 9‛x8‛ quc

`nakclt` n`s cspuk`s (prchblhcltrìbs) (prchblhcltrìbs) ` n` safuacltc ct`p` ic nakpacz`, hbl n` mbkm` V@]K@L = 0/=‛x =‛, sc `nakclt` nbs kciabs ic Ualh (rcn`vc (rcn `vc nakpacz`) ` n` h`mcz` ic dnbt`hal m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s 98‛x98‛ Xh`vclfcr A, n` mbkm` hcltraduf` Hbkcs` 8‛x=‛

tr`snì` n`s cspuk`s icn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Xh`vclfcr A, j`ha` cn m`lhb ic 79 hcni`s Hbkcs` 98‛x98‛ ]bufjcr AT.

Cn hblhcltrìb dal`n ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb cs cv`huìb ` su rcspchtavb dantrb kcia`ltc n` Mbkm` V@]K@L 8‛x=‛.

40

8.3.90. XCHHABL DANY]@IB Cl cst` schhaøl sc taclc = dantrbs ic iashbs5 8.3.9=. Dantrb ic iashbs Ibbr Bnavcr 4'x4I. Xc clhucltr` cl cn harhuatb ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb, hblst` ic 74 iashbs, iblic cn hblhcltrìb ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb iaskaluyc cn pbrhcltèc ic jukciì. W`r` tr`snì`r cn hblhcltrìb ic Hbmrc Bxaiìb `n dantrb sc ul` mbkm` V@]K@L ic 8‛x=‛. Cn rcmbsc ic dalbs ic nbs dantrbs pbr d`nt` ic h`p`haiì, sbl icpbsatìbs cl hbhj`s ic rchupcr`haøl ic 9k x 8k x 0.:k, p`r` su sciakclt`haøl, cls`hìb y icsp`hjb dal`n j`ha` cn pucrtb ic ckm`rquc. 8.3.98. Dantrb ic iashbs ]`n-iy 4¹x9I Xc clhucltr` cl cn harhuatb ic Hbmrc Xundurìb, hblst` ic 79 iashbs, iblic cn hblhcltrìb ic Hbmrc Xundurìb iaskaluyc su jukciì. W`r` tr`snì`r cn hblhcltrìb ic pnbkb `n dantrb sc us` ul` mbkm` V@]K@L ic 9‛x8‛. Cn rcmbsc

ic dalbs ic nbs

dantrbs pbr d`nt` ic h`p`haiì, sbl icpbsatìbs cl hbhj`s ic rchupcr`haøl ic 9k x 8k x 0.:k, p`r` su sciakclt`haøl, cls`hìb y icsp`hjb dal`n j`ha` cn pucrtb ic ckm`rquc. 8.3.99. Xchhabl icsp`hjb ic hblhcltrìbs Nbs hblhcltrìbs dantrìbs y `nk`hclìbs cl sus rcspchtavbs icpøsatbs, sbl icsp`hjìbs b h`rfìbs kcia`ltc kcia`ltc dè`s tr`lspbrtìbr`s ic 0:‛ x 0= k., `hhablìbs `hhablìbs pbr

kbtbrcs cnáhtrahbs ic 9 JW, j`ha` nbs h`kablcs kct`ncrbs ic 87 tblcnì`s ic h`p`haiì, N` umah`haøl ic n`s dè`s tr`lspbrtìbr`s, cs icmèb ic ul tbnvël b icpøsatb ic nbs hblhcltrìbs. Nbs h`kablcs kct`ncrbs sbl pcsìbs v`hëbs y hbl h`rf`, cl ul` m`n`lz` cnchtrølah` ic :7 tblcnì`s ic h`p`haiì, nucfb sbl prbtcfaibs hbl tbnicr`s y sc scnn`l hbl prchaltbs ic scfuraiì, huy` lukcr`haøl v` `lbtì` cl n` rcspchtav` fuë` ic rckasaøl, eult`kcltc hbl n` lukcr`haøl icn Nbtc y ickàs i`tbs icn tr`lspbrtast`. 4=

8.3.93. Hblsukb ic `fu` p`r` cn prbhcsb kct`nõrfahb Cn hùi`n tbt`n ic `fu` mbkmcì` ` nbs t`lqucs p`r` cn prbhcsb kct`nõrfahb cs ic 0=.8: Nt/scf. (=.33 k8/YK), k8/YK), Icn hu`n cn hblsukb ic `fu` drcsh` dnuhtõ` cltrc =.04 n/s y 9.14 n/s y n` iadcrclha` cs `fu` rcharhunì`. rcharhunì`.   8.3.94. Xukalastrb ic n` clcrfa` cnchtrah` Cs sukalastrìb pbr n` ckprcs` Cnchtrb Wulb. Cst` clcrfë` cs rcp`rtai` p`r` n`s iadcrcltcs schhablcs ic pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr` hbl ul hblsukb prbkciab ic 39.97 OwJr/YK. 8.4. K@YC]A@NCX Q CPSAWBX IC N@MB]@YB]AB 8.4.0. K`tcra`ncs ❔

X`hbs ic Wbnactanclb

❔

K`lt` ic Hu`rtcb

❔

Mbns`s ic pnàstahbs

❔

M`nics ic pnàstahb (9)

❔

W`n` kctànah`

❔

Wnukblcs alicncmncs, nàpahcs y n`pahcrbs

❔

Wrbmct` ic 0 natrb

Wazct` ic 377 kn ❔ Mrbhj` ❔

❔

Wcraøiahb

❔

Ecralf` ic 07 kn (07)

❔

M`fuct`s ic vairab (07)

❔

T`sb prchapat`bi ic 07 kn (07)

❔

W`pcn dantrb

❔

Wapct`s 07 kN

❔

]biannb

M`lice`s (07) ❔ Cspàtun` ❔

48

❔

Nul` rcnbe (vairab)

8.4.=. Cquapbs ❔

M`n`lz` ic Of

M`n`lz` ic prchasaøl ❔ Wbtclhabkctrb ❔

❔

Kudn`

❔

Hj`lhìbr` ic quaeì`s =0/9 x 80/=

❔

K`nn`s Yyncr -07

❔

Kbnalb ic mbn`s

❔

Hcni` ic dnbt`haøl iclvcr

❔

Cquapb ic ]b-Y`p

❔

Hrbløkctrb

8.4.8. ]c`htavbs ❔

H`B (purb)

❔

Z`lt`tb U-4 `n 0%

❔

K-00 `n 0 %

❔

Xundurb ic sbiab `n 07%

❔

IW-047 `n 07%

❔

Iashbn =77 `n 07%

@hcatc ic Walb (purb) ❔ Dnbhun`ltc ❔

8.4.9. Cquapbs ic Wrbtchhaøl ❔

K`kcnuhb

❔

Y`pøl ic bëibs

❔

K`sh`rann` ic sanahbl`

❔

Fu`ltcs ic ecmc

F`d`s ic scfuraiì ❔ H`nzìb ic scfuraiì ❔

49

8.6. Wrbhciakacltb p`r` n`s prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl N` prucm` dnbt`haøl ` lavcn ic n`mbr`tbrab nncvb ` h`mb ckpnc`lib kucstr`s ic kalcr`n quc sc`l rcprcsclt`tav`s icn k`tcra`n ic tr`mèb y/b ` tr`t`rsc cl n` pn`lt` hblhcltrìbr`55 p`r` cnnb sc icmc scfuar nbs prbhciakacltbs kctbibnøfahbs ìchuìb hblhcltrìbr` ìchuìbss p`r` bmtclcr nbs rcsuntìbs quc sc`l r`zbl`mnckcltc hcrh`lbs `n hbkpbrt`kacltb kct`nõrfahb ic n` pn`lt` cstc prbhciakacltb pr bhciakacltb hblsastc cl nb icshratb ` hbltalu`haøl. 8.6.0. Kucstrcb cl h` h`lhj` lhj` ic kalcr`n W`r` `scfur`r n` rcprcsclt`tavaiì ic n` kucstr` cs lchcs`rab `scfur`r quc cn fcønbfb b kct`nurfast` tclf` ul` pcrhcphaøl hn`r` ic akpnah`lha`s kct`nõrfah`s ic n`s iadcrcltcs h`r`htcrëstah`s icn kalcr`n cst`s h`r`htcrëstah`s alhnuycl, cspchacs kalcr`ncs y `sbha`hablcs, frìb ic iasckal`haøl, frìb ic ckp`ð`kacltb u bxai`haøl, ncy. Cn bmectavb cs bmtclcr ul` kucstr` rcprcsclt`tav` ic n` kcl` kcia`ltc cn kucstrcb cl iadcrcltcs pultbs p`r` tclcr ul` kucstr` rcprcsclt`tav` sudahacltc p`r` rc`naz`r n`s prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic hbmrc y sc rc`nazà ic n` safuacltc dbrk`5 ✘

Yr`z`r cl dbrk` huìrì` n` supcrdahac ic kalcr`n

✘

Cxtr`cr pcqucð`s pcqucð`s kucstr`s ic kalcr`n quc duc tr`zìb

✘

Sl` vcz cxtr`ëib n` h`ltaiì ic kucstr` icscì`, ctaquct`r y ckmbns`r n`s kucstr`s cl s`hbs ic pbnactanclb

8.6.=. Hj`lhìb y U`r`licb Cn kalcr`n kucstrcìb cl n` h`lhj` ic kalcr`n cs sbkctai` ` ct`p`s ic hj`lhìb y z`r`licb us`lib ul t`kaz ic k`nn` Yyncr 07 ³ j`st` rciuhar cn t`k`ðb j`st` 077% k`nn` 07. Kcia`ltc ct`p`s suhcsav`s ic hj`lhìb y z`r`licb (hn`sadah`haøl) hbl ul t`kaz ic nn`k` Yyncr 07 (0.4: kk ic `mcrtur`) sc rciueb cn t`k`ðb icn kalcr`n prbhcicltc ic n` kal` icsic 9‛ ic t`k`ðb j`st` 077%.

43

Xc ckpncø ul` hj`lhìbr`5 ul` ic quaeì` hbl `mcrtur` ic icsh`rf` „sct‛ ic ¾‛cn

prbiuhtb ic n` hj`lhìbr` cs sbkctai` ` t`kazèc hbl ul` z`r`li` ic k`nn` 07

Yyncr ic 87 hk x 87 hk. Nbs dalbs ic n` hj`lhìbr` ic quaeì` ducrbl p`rtc icn prbiuhtb dal`n? kacltr`s quc nbs frucsbs fr ucsbs ducrbl `nakcltìbs ` n` kask` hj`lhìbr`. Cn csquck` ic prcp`r`haøl ic lucstr`s sc `prcha` cl n` dafur`.L·=7

Dafur` L· =75 Csquck` ic prcp`r`haøl prcp`r`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` 8.:. Jbkbfclaz`haøl y p`rtahaøl ic kucstr`s Sl` vcz rciuhai` ic t`k`ðb, nbs 67 Of ic n` kucstr` tbt`n ducrbl sbkctai`s ` jbkbfclaz`haøl jbkbfclaz`h aøl kcia`ltc p`ncb k`lu`n? nucfb sc bmtuvb 4 hõkunbs ic afu`n vbnukcl cl dbrk` rìa`n kcia`ltc p`ncb dr`hhablìb vcriìcrb y pbstcrabrkcltc hì` ulb ic cstbs hõkunbs ducrbl sbkctaibs ` ul` p`rtahaøl kchàlah` kcia`ltc iavasbrcs schtbra`ncs p`r` bmtclcr sum - kucstr`s ic 0777 fr`kbs `prbxakì`kcltc hì` ul`. 8.:.0. Kucstrcb pbr p`ncb dr`hhabl`rab Hblsastc cl cxtr`cr pbrhablcs icn tbt`n ic n` kucstr` kcia`ltc ul` p`n` y icpbsat`r cl n` p`rtc supcrabr ic nbs hõkunbs (umahìbs ` su `nrcicibr) cl cn prcscltc tr`mèb sc cnafaø 4 hõkunbs. 44

Hu`lib duc iastramuaib cn tbt`n ic n` kucstr` sc bmtuvb 4 hõkunbs ic afu`n vbnukcl t`n hbkb sc kucstr` cl n` dafur` L· =0, n`s dr`hhablcs bmtclai`s pbr cn p`ncb dr`hhablìb.

Dafur` L· =05 Bmtclhaøl ic hõkunbs kcia`ltc p`ncb dr`hhabl`rab Ducltc5 Nbpcz Ducltc5 Nbpcz Wralhapc, W. & Ap`l`quc Laz`k`, B. X.(=77:) 8.1. Ictcrkal`haøl ic n`s hurv`s ic halctah` ic kbnacli` N`s prucm`s ic kbnacli` sc us`rbl p`r` n` ictcrkal`haøl ic n`s hurv`s ic halctah` ic kbnacli`manaiì, sc rc`naz`rbl iavcrs`s prucm`s ic kbnacli`. Kcia`ltc n` ictcrkal`haøl ic hurv`s ic kbnacli` sc puib cstak`r nbs tackpbs ` nbs quc icmcl sbkctcrsc n`s p`rtahun`s icltrb icn kbnalb p`r` `nh`lz`r n` fr`lunbkctrë` rcqucrai` p`r` n` rc`naz`haøl ic n`s prucm`s sc ckpncø ul kbnalb cstàli`r ic n`mbr`tbrab cxpcrakclt`n ic == hk ú x =6 hk

Dafur` L· ==5 Kbnalb ic n`mbr`tbrab cxpcrakclt`n cxpcrakclt`n   Ducltc5 Nbpcz Ducltc5 Nbpcz Wralhapc, W. & Ap`l`quc Laz`k`, B. X.(=77:)

46

8.07. H`rf` ic mbn`s y vcnbhaiì ic bpcr`haøl icn kbnalb ic n`mbr`tbrab H`r`htcrastah`s icn kbnalb ic mbn`s Iakclsablcs 5 7.6 ú x 7.1 pacs Ia`kctrb ; =7 hk ; 7.44 pacs N`rfb ; =4 hk ; 7.:3 pacs 8.07.0. H`rf` ic mbn`s H`nhun`lib n` h`rf` ic mbn`s kcia`ltc n` safuacltc cxprcsaøl k`tckàtah`, p`r` n` iastramuhaøl ic t`k`ðbs ic mbn`s us`kbs cn kátbib ic Y`ff`rt5

  :7 Ö  Ö 

(03)

]cckpn`z`lib ]cckpn`z`l ib nbs i`tbs ic nn`s `s iakclsablcs icn kbnalb cl n` chu`haøl 03 sc bmtaclc cn safuacltc rcsuntìb5

  :7 Ö _7.43404: 7.43404:[[½Ö7.:3870:   =1.8:061=    08.89  Ia`kctrb % pcsb Of mbn` (hk)ic Iastramuhaøl 8.:0 =.39 0.10

91 8: 08 077

6 3 = 08

pcsb ic h/mbn`

L· ic mbn`s

7.804 7.=37 7.0::

=0 =7 1 37

8.07.=. Tbnukcl icn kbnalb

        

(04)

4:

]cckpn`z`lib ]cckpn`z`l ib nbs i`tbs cl n` chu`haøl 04 sc bmtaclc cn safuacltc rcsuntìb5

   (07)=3   :04:.089 ¸ 8.07.8. Tcnbhaiì hratah` icn kbnalb

  . ∕ 

(06)

]cckpn`z`lib ]cckpn`z`l ib nbs i`tbs cl n` chu`haøl 06 sc bmtaclc cn safuacltc rcsuntìb5

  64.: ∕ =7 =7   19.:0  8.07.9. Tcnbhaiì ic bpcr`haøl icn kbnalb

₝  7.7.: ∖ 

(0:)

]cckpn`z`lib ]cckpn`z`l ib nbs i`tbs cl n` chu`haøl 0: sc bmtaclc cn safuacltc rcsuntìb5

₝  7.:7 x 19.:0 19.:0 ₝  63.:3 ]WK ]WK Wrbhciakacltb ➭ Wcs`r 0

Of ic kalcr`n p`r` hì` prucm` ` rc`naz`r, ul tbt`n ic : prucm`s.

➭ T`hc`r

cn kalcr`n pcsìb nucfb vcrtar 637 kn ic `fu`, ìahabl`r nbs rc`htavbs

lchcs`rabs y t`p`r cn kbnalb.

41

➭ ]c`naz`r

n` kbnacli` ` iadcrcltcs tackpbs5 4 kalutbs, 6 kalutbs, : kalutbs y 07

kalutbs. ➭ Wcs`r

077 fr ic kalcr`n kbnaib y t`kaz`r cl n` k`nn` # - =77 p`r` hì` tackpb ic

kbnacli`. ➭ Fr`dah`r k`nn`

# -=77 k`nn` vcrsus tackpb ic kbnacli` p`r` n`s : prucm`s. Yackpb ic

% K`nn` -

Kbnacli`

=7 =77 7

(kal)

Yyncr

4.3

30

6

39

6.3

36

:

47

:.3

48

1

44

1.3

41

07

6=

W]SCM@ IC KBNACLI@MANAI@I 17

:7

   ]    C    N    Q    Y 67    7    7    =   - 47    @    N    N    @37    K    % 97

87 4

4.3

6

6.3

:

:.3

1

1.3

07

0 7.3 07

YACKWB (kal)

Dafur` L· =85 % ic k`nn` # -=77 Ts tackpb t ackpb Ducltc5 cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` 8.00. W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL Hbl cn bmectb ic lb alhurrar cl crrbr ic cv`nu`haøl y i`r ` tbibs nbs rc`htavbs cl prucm` n` kask` bpbrtulaiì ic ickbstr`r sus prbpaciìcs prbpaciìcs,, n`s prucm`s taclcl quc scr cdchtuì`s cl hbliahablcs cx`ht`kcltc afu`ncs ` n` prucm` cstàli`r, cs ichar, 67

fr`lunbkctrë`, ianuhaøl, ibsadah`haøl ic rc`htavbs, tackpb ic `hbliahabl`kacltb y dnbt`haøl, lavcn ic punp`, ]WK, rckbhaøl ic cspuk`s cth. Cl cn kbkcltb ic n` dnbt`haøl cs ic suk` akpbrt`lha` quc n` táhlah` ckpncì` iur`ltc n` dnbt`haøl cstàli`r sc` n` kask` p`r` n`s ickàs prucm`s. Cstb cs nb rcdcrcltc `5 alhnal`haøl, prbduliaiì, kbi`naiì y drchuclha` ic rckbhaøl ic cspuk`s, drchuclha` ic n`vìb cth. tr`t`lib ic cnakal`r cl nb n b pbsamnc cn crrbr cxpcrakclt`n, quc pbirë` bh`sabl`r hblhnusablcs crrølc`s. Sl kátbib ic hblbhcr cn frìb ic crrbr quc ulb cs h`p`z ic hbkctcr iur`ltc ul` prucm` ic dnbt`haøl cs rc`naz`r n` prucm` cstàli`r pbr trapnahìb. Xa n` prucm` cstà macl tr`mèì`, nbs rcsuntìbs kct`nõrfahbs alhnuyclib nbs pcsbs ic nbs prbiuhtbs icmcl scr sakan`rcs cltrc së, cstb safladah` quc n` prcp`r`haøl ic n` kucstr` `ltcs y icspuás ic n`s prucm`s sc j` cdchtuìb huai huaiìbs`kcltc ìbs`kcltc (Tanh`, =701). Nb prakcrb quc sc icmc j`hcr cs rbtun`r n`s ecralf`s, cstb p`r` cvat`r quc pbr crrbr sc kczhncl nbs rc`htavbs y sc k`nbfrc n` prucm`. Cstbs sc rbtun`l p`r` quc lb j`y` hbldusaøl ` n` jbr` ic n` prcp`r`haøl. W`r` n` prcp`r`haøl ic cstbs rc`htavbs icmckbs us`r nbs pbkbs ic pnàstahbs, p`r` kczhn`r chj`kbs nbs rc`htavbs cl ul pbkb iadcrcltc hì` ulb cxhcptb cn hbkpnceb. Cl cn h`sb ic nbs rc`htavbs nëquaibs nb prakcrb quc sc icmc j`hcr cs j`nn`r cn pcsb ic ul` fbt` ic h/u ic cnnbs h`namràlibnb hbl n` ecralf` ` us`r. W`r` nbs `crbdnb`ts sc icmc us`r n`s ecralf`s ic 0 kn y` quc cst`s sbl n`s quc lbs i`l fbt`s kàs pcqucð`s, p`r` cn KAMH sc us`r` n` ecralf` ic 3kn. (Nuquc, =779) Wrbhciakacltb ➭ T`hc`r n` punp` (kalcr`n+`fu`) ` n` ➭ Clrr`z`r

hcni` ic dnbt`haøl. dnbt`haøl.

n` h`ltaiì ic `fu` `fu` lchcs`ra` hb hbll ul` prbmct` ic 0777 hk¸ hk¸ ` n` hcni` ic

dnbt`haøl.   dnbt`haøl. ➭ @iahabl`r nbs rc`htavbs scfõl n` ibsadah`haøl ` n` ➭ ]c`naz`r

hcni` ic dnbt`haøl. dnbt`haøl.

ul tackpb ic `hbliahabl`kacltb `hbliahabl`kacltb ic 3 kalutbs p`r` ccnn hbnchtbr cspuk`ltc y kbiadahìbrcs.   kbiadahìbrcs. 60

➭ Xc alycht` àrc k`lu`n ` n` hcni` ic dnbt`haøl p`rha`nkcltc p`r` bxafcr `

punp` y nucfb

pbr hbkpnctb p`r` quc sc dbrkc murmue`s y sc prbhcs` n` dnbt`haøl icn kalcr`n pbr ul tackpbr cst`mnchaib. cst`mnchaib. ➭ N`s murmue`s dbrkì`s cl n` p`rtc supcrabr ic n`

hcni` sbl n` p`rtc v`nabs` icn kalcr`n

quc sc prbhcic ` scp`r`r us`lib ul` p`nct` `n kbvakacltb ic =7 p`nct`s pbr kalutb y iaspblcrnb ` ul` m`lice` p`r` nucfb scr schìb t`ltb cn hblhcltrìb hbkb cn rcn`vc, pbr untakb pcs`r `kmbs `kmbs prbiuhtbs y k`li`r `n `là `lànasas nasas quakahb. quakahb. ➭ @hbpa`r

cl m`lice`s cn hblhctrìb y rcn`vc, nucfb sch`r y pcs`r p`r` su rcspchtavb

m`n`lhc kct`nurfahb. kct`nurfahb.   8.0=. KCYBIBNBFA@ 8.08. @lànasas cstìëstahb Cn `lànasas cstìëstahb ic n`s v`ra`mncs icn prbhcsb icn dnbt`haøl ` utanaz`r duc cn `lànasas @LBT@ cl cn prbfr`k` pr bfr`k` XY@YF]@WJAHX 8.08.0. Iascðb d`htbra`n =o Hbl cn iascðb d`htbra`n, =O, sc cstuia` cn cdchtb ic trcs d`htbrcs cl ibs lavcncs hì` ulb, hbl rcspchtb ` n`s rcspucst`s? cs ichar, sc mush` cstuia`r n` rcn`haøl cltrc nbs d`htbrcs y n`s rcspucst`s. Cstc cstuiab hblst` ic =8 tr`t`kacltbs? cs ichar, =*=*= ; :, tr`t`kacltbs iadcrcltcs b pultb ic iascðb =o ; L, iblic5 = ; lavcncs ic prucm`s. O ; d`htbrcs b lõkcrb ic v`ra`mncs (8 v`ra`mncs) L ; lõkcrb ic cxpcrakcltbs. cxpcrakcltbs. (: prucm`s) prucm`s) 8.08.=. Cv`nu`haøl ic n`s v`ra`mncs pbr iascðb cxpcrakclt`n N`s prucm`s cxpcrakclt`ncs cxpcrakclt`ncs ic dnbt`habl sc prbfr`k`rbl prbfr`k`rbl cl m`sc ` ul iasc iascðb ðb d`htbra`n hbl trcs v`ra`mncs =¸;:.

6=

Xaclib cn pn`l ic tr`mèb, sc rc`nazø : prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl iblic n`s v`ra`mncs sc hblsaicr`l cl sus lavcncs këlakbs y kàxakbs saclib nbs rcsuntìbs quc kucstr` n` t`mn` L· 8. 8.08.8. T`ra`mncs icn prbhcsb `) T`ra`mnc icpcliacltc ➭ Wbrhcltèc ic ]chupcr`haøl

m) T`ra`mnc alicpcliacltc ➭ Hbnchtbr K-00 (fr/Ybl) ➭ Fr`lunbkctra` ➭ Yackpb

(³k)

ic dnbt`haøl (kal)

Y`mn` L·8 5 T`ra`mncs cxpcrakclt`ncs

T@]A@MNCX

Lavcncs

(-)

(+)

7.787

7.7:7

M ; Fr`lunbkctra` (% -=77)

4=

6=

H ; tackpb ic dnbt`h aøl (kal)

97

47

@ ; Hbnc Hbnchtbr htbr K-00 (f/Yl) (f/Yl)

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` @n tr`mè`r hbl cstbs v`nbrcs cl cn prbfr`k` Xt`tfr`pjahs lbs i` cn lõkcrb ic prucm`s ` cechut`r cechut`r cl cstc h`sb h`sb : y n`s vv`ra`mncs `ra`mncs ic hì hì`` ul` ic n`s pprucm`s. rucm`s. Y`mn` L·9 5 T`ra`mncs cl csh`n` hbiadahì` hbiadahì` L· IC W]SCM@X

Hb km a l`ha ø l

0

0

=

% ]chupcr`habl

Z0

Z=

Z8

-

-

-

61.:6

`

+

-

-

:7.86

8

m

-

+

-

:7.48

9

`m

+

+

-

:0.=:

3

h

-

-

+

:0.18

4

`h

+

-

+

:=.14

6

mh

-

+

+

:8.:0

:

`mh

+

+

+

:9.:=

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` 68

Y`mn` L·3 5 T`ra`mncs cl csh`n` l`tur`n l`tur`n L· IC Hbnchtbr Fr`lunbkctra` W]SCM@X (f/Yl) (% -=77 - =77))

Yackpb ic dnbt`habl (kal)

% ]chupcr`haøl

0

7.78

4=

97

61.:6

=

7.7:

4=

97

:7.86

8

7.78

6=

97

:7.48

9

7.7:

6=

97

:0.=:

3

7.78

4=

47

:0.18

4

7.7:

4=

47

:=.14

6

7.78

6=

47

:8.:0

:

7.7:

6=

47

:9.:=

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa`

69

H@WËYSNB AT ]CXSNY@IBX Q IAXHSXAØL 9.0. ]CXSNY@IBX IC N@X W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL @ LATCN N@MB]@YB]AB Q CT@NS@HAØL IC N@X T@]A@MNCX ICN W]BHCXB IC DNBY@HAØL. ]c`nazìb n`s iastalt`s prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl cl cn n`mbr`tbrab Kct`nõrfahb ic n` ckprcs` kalcr` HACKX@ ulaiì ‘  Cn Cn Hbdrc W`r`të` ‘  Wulb. Wulb. Xc bmtuvacrbl nbs safuacltcs rcsuntìbs icshratbs cl n`s safuacltcs prucm`s ic dnbt`haøl. Y`mn` L· 45 Wrucm` L· 0 ic dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl   DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K

0777 1. :7 :7 60.17

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 kal Wurb -

]C@HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0%

-

0%

=

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

-

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

Wurb

-

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC] t; 3 k a l 1 8 7.3 = 0 0.7

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l

-

-

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL @HBLIAH. XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC] BZAIBX t; 3 k a l t; 9 ka l t; 9 k a l = = 7.3 = = 7.3 0 0 7.3 0.7

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX t; 3 k a l

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , h h , f b t` s Of /YK X 7.771 1 hh 7.767 6 hh 7.787 8 hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

N CQCX

WCXB fr`kbs

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

% H uY uY % H u Bx . % H u X un un d.d.

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.04

7.=6

7.:1

00.477

=.677

:.177

077.77

=6.060

89.07

0.:1

8=.=0

1.=43

7.309

:.63=

61.:6

16=.:=1

7.=9

7.=0

7.78

=.883

=.798

7.=1=

0777

0.04

7.=4

7.17

00.477

=.334

1.799

@HBLIAH. BZAIBX

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX

t; 9 ka l

t; 3 ka l

-

-

-

=

-

-

0.3

-

-

=

-

-

7.3

-

-

0

-

-

7.3

-

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=7.71

14.66

=7.08

61.10

8.=8

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

84.:7

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` Y`mn` L· 65 Wrucm` L· = ic dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl   DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K

0777 1. :7 :7 60.=7

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 kal Wurb -

]C@HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0%

0%

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

-

Wurb

0

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC]

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC]

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC]

t; 3 ka l

t ; 9 ka l

t; 3 ka l

t ; 9 ka l

1 8 0 = 0 0.7

-

= = 0 0.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , h h, f b t`s Of/YKX 7.771 1 hh 7.767 6 hh 7.783 8.3 hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

WCXB fr`kbs

N CQCX

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

IAXY]AM SHABL

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC

0777

0.09

7.=:

7.:4

00.977

=.:77

:.477

077.77

=4.148

88.1:

0.:4

8=.0=

1.04=

7.37=

:.440

:7.86

168.786

7.=8

7.=7

7.78

=.=8:

0.194

7.=1=

H. H`nh.

0777

0.09

7.=9

7.17

00.977

=.99:

:.13=

% H uY uY % H u Bx . % H u X un un d.d.

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` 63

Hu Y

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=7.91

14.69

01.48

61.30

8.=4

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

86.71

Y`mn` L· :5 Wrucm` L· 8 ic dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl   DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K ]C@ HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0777 1. :7 :7 41.:8

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 ka l Wurb

0%

-

0%

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

0.3

-

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC] t; 3 k a l 1 8 0 =

-

Wurb

-

0 0.7

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC] t; 3 k a l t; 9 k a l = =

-

-

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l -

-

0 0.7

@HBLIAH. BZAIBX t; 9 k a l

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX t; 3 k a l

-

-

=

-

=

-

=

-

-

7.3

-

-

0

-

-

7.3

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , hh, f bt `s O f / Y KX 7.771 1 hh 7.767 6 hh 7.793 3 hh 7.477 4 hh

= hh = hh =.3 fbt`s

7.037

7.=77

7.7:

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

WCXB fr`kbs

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

N CQCX

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

% Hu Hu Y % Hu Hu Bx Bx . % Hu Hu Xu Xu ndnd .

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.03

7.=6

7.::

00.377

=.677

:.:77

077.77

80.318

=1.83

0.:3

=6.37

1.=68

7.3:9

:.4::

:7.48

14:.976

7.=8

7.=7

7.78

=.==6

0.186

7.=10

0777

0.03

7.=3

7.17

00.377

=.3=0

:.161

@HBLIAH. BZAIBX t; 9 k a l

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX t; 3 k a l

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=8.0:

14.64

01.86

64.:=

8.=9

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

80.43

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Y`mn` L· 15 Wrucm` L· 9 ic dnbt`haøl dn bt`haøl   DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL H Hu u % -=77 K ]C@ HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0777 1. :7 :7 4:.61

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 ka l Wurb

0%

-

0%

=

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

-

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

Wurb

-

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC] t; 3 k a l 1 8 7.3 = 0 0.7

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l

-

-

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC] t; 3 k a l t; 9 k a l = = 0 0.7

-

-

=

-

0.3

-

=

-

7.3

-

0

-

7.3

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSK B f , hh, f bt `s Of / YKX 7.771 1 hh 7.767 6 hh 7.797 9.7 hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

N CQCX

WCXB fr`kbs

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

% Hu Hu Y % Hu Hu Bx Bx . % Hu Hu Xu Xu ndnd .

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.09

7.=6

7.:6

00.977

=.677

:.677

077.77

=1.693

80.03

0.:4

=1.=1

1.=43

7.338

:.60=

:0.=:

167.=33

7.==

7.=7

7.7=

=.083

0.190

7.019

0777

0.09

7.=3

7.:1

00.977

=.919

:.174

@HBLIAH. BZ AIBX

DNBY@HABL BZA IBX

t ; 9 ka l

t ; 3 ka l

Hu Bx .

Hu Xu nd

077.77

077.77

==.01

16.:=

0:.6=

66.:0

=.0:

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

88.4=

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` Y`mn` L· 075 Wrucm` L· 3 ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K ]C@ HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0777 1. :7 :7 41.0=

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 kal Wurb

0%

-

0%

=.3

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

-

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

Wurb

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC]

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC]

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC]

t ; 3 ka l

t ; 9 ka l

t ; 3 ka l

t; 9 ka l

1 8 0 = 0 0.7

-

= = 0 0.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

=

-

-

0.3

-

-

=

-

-

7.3

-

-

0

-

-

7.3

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB Of/YKX f , h h, f b t `s 7.771 1f 7.767 6 hh 7.737 3 hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

WCXB fr`kbs

NCQCX

% Hu Hu Y % Hu Hu Bx Bx . % Hu Hu Xu Xu ndnd .

HBLYCLAIB KCY@NAHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

IAXY]AMSHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.08

7.=6

7.:4

00.877

=.677

:.477

077.77

=6.1=0

88.04

0.:9

80.8=

1.=31

7.309

:.693

:0.18

16=.761

7.=0

7.01

7.7=

=.790

0.:96

7.019

0777

0.08

7.=9

7.:1

00.877

=.840

:.181

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa`

Hu B x .

Hu X u n d

077.77

077.77

=0.64

16.:8

0:.76

6:.=9

=.06

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

83.:=

64

Y`mn` L· 005 Wrucm` L· 4 ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K ]C@HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0777 1. :7 :7 49.:7

fr

KBN ACLI@ % XBN SHAØL 1 kal Wurb

0%

-

0%

8

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

-

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC] t; 3 k a l 4 8 7.3 =

-

Wurb

-

0 0.7

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l

-

-

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL @HBLIAH. XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC] BZAIBX t; 3 k a l t; 9 ka l t; 9 k a l = = = = =

0 0.7

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX t; 3 k a l

-

-

7.3

-

-

0

-

-

7.3

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , h h , f b t` s Of /YK X 7.774 4f 7.767 6 hh 7.733 3.3 hh 7.477 4 hh

= hh = hh =.3 fbt`s

7.037

7.=77

7.7:

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

WCXB fr`kbs

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

N CQCX

% H uY uY % H u Bx . % H u X un un d.d.

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.09

7.=4

7.::

00.977

=.477

:.:77

077.77

=:.6:0

8=.:4

0.:4

80.77

1.93:

7.383

:.1==

:=.14

160.=01

7.=7

7.0:

7.7=

0.19=

0.69:

7.019

0777

0.09

7.=8

7.10

00.977

=.=:9

1.004

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=8.99

16.:6

06.79

64.34

=.08

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

89.69

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` Y`mn` L· 0=5 Wrucm` L· 6 ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K ]C@HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

Xun d urb ic sbia b IW- 047 Ia shbn =77

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

0777 1. :7 :7 43.97

fr

@HBLIAH. KBN AC ACLI@ ]BSFJC] % XBN SHAØL 1 kal t; 3 k a l Wurb 6 0% 8 0% 8.3 = 07% = 07% 0 07% Wurb 0.7

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l

-

-

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL @HBLIAH. X H@ H@ TC TCLFC] X H@ H@ TC TCLFC] B ZA ZA IB IB X t; 3 k a l t; 9 ka l t; 9 k a l = = = = = 7.3 0 0 7.3 0.7

DNBY@HABL B ZA ZA IB IB X

t; 3 k a l

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , h h , f b t` s Of /YK X 7.776 6f 7.767 6 hh 7.763 : hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

N CQCX

WCXB fr`kbs

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

% H uY uY % H u Bx . % H u X un un d.d.

HBLYCLAIB KCY@N AHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.09

7.=4

7.::

00.977

=.477

:.:77

077.77

=:.607

88.=:

0.:3

80.98

1.333

7.380

1.7=8

:8.:0

160.=17

7.01

7.06

7.7=

0.:93

0.430

7.019

0777

0.09

7.==

7.1=

00.977

=.0:=

1.=0:

@HBLIAH. BZAIBX t; 9 k a l

DNBY@HABL BZAIBX t; 3 k a l

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=9.89

16.:1

04.01

63.44

=.00

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

89.:8

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa` Y`mn` L· 085 Wrucm` L· : ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl DNBY@HABL CZWC]AKCLY@N WC CX X B IC K SC SCX Y Y] ]@ W J5 J5 D DN NB BY Y @H @HA BL BL Hu Hu % -=77 K ]C@ HYATBX H`B Z`lt`tb U-4 K-00

0777 1. :7 :7 44.=7

fr

% XBN SHAØL Wurb

KBN ACLI@ 1 ka l -

0%

-

0%

9

Xun d urb ic sbia b

07%

-

IW- 047

07%

Ia shbn =77

07%

@hcatc @hcat c ic Walb

Wurb

-

@HBLIAH. ]BSFJC] t; 3 k a l 1 8 = = 0 0.7

DNBY@HABL ]BSFJC] t; 9 k a l

-

-

-

-

-

DNBY@HABL5 HBM]C BZAI@IB @HBLIAH. DNBY@HABL XH@TCLFC] XH@TCLFC] t; 3 k a l t; 9 k a l = = 0 0.7

-

-

=

-

=

-

=

-

7.3

-

0

-

7.3

-

]C@HYATBX YBY@N HBLXSKB f , hh, f bt `s Of / YKX 7.771 1f 7.767 6 hh 7.7:7 : hh 7.477 4 hh 7.037 = hh 7.=77 = hh 7.7: =.3 fbt`s

M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ HBLH. Hu ]CN@TC H. H`nh.

WCXB fr`kbs

N CQCX

% Hu Hu Y % Hu Hu Bx Bx . % Hu Hu Xu Xu ndnd .

HBLYCLAIB KCY@NAHB Y K H S Y K H S BZ . Y K H S X un un d

IAXY]AM SHABL

Hu Y

0777

0.09

7.=4

7.::

00.997

=.477

:.:97

077.77

=1.:36

8=.37

0.67

87.:7

1.678

7.37:

1.014

:9.:=

167.098

7.0:

7.06

7.70

0.686

0.491

7.7:6

0777

0.09

7.==

7.18

00.997

=.036

1.=:8

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Wrbpa`

H u Bx .

H u Xu n d

077.77

077.77

=8.38

11.74

03.0:

64.96

7.19

077.77

077.77

077.77

]@IAB

88.91

66

9.=. ]CXSNY@IBX CXY@IËXYAHB IC N@X W]SCM@X IC DNBY@HAØL Xcfõl cn iascðb cxpcrakclt`n, sc tr`mèb hbl : prucm`s ic dn dnbt`haøl bt`haøl hblsaicr`lib hbkb v`ra`mnc alicpcliacltc alicpcliacltc `n hbnch hbnchtbr tbr K-00, % ic fr`lunbkctrë`, tackpb ic dnbt`haøl y v`ra`mnc icpcliacltc `n % ic rchupcr`haøl rchupcr`haøl.. 9.=.0. Cdchtbs cstakìbs p`r` cn pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl Y`mn` L· 095 Cdchtb cstakìb cstakìb Cdchtb

Crrbr Csti. 7.09094 7.=:=1= 7.=:=1= 7.=:=1=

Cstakìb

prbkciab :0.13:6 @5Hbnchtbr 7.6163 M5Fr`lunbkctra` 0.83=3 H5tackpb ic =.:9=3 dnbt`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

T.A.D.

0.7 0.7 0.7

Cst` t`mn` kucstr` n`s cstak`hablcs p`r` hì` ulb ic nbs cdchtbs cstakìbs y n`s altcr`hhaølcs. Y`kmaál kucstr` cn crrbr cstàli`r ic hì` ulb ic cstbs cdchtbs, cn hu`n kaic su crrbr ic kucstrcb. Lbtc t`kmaál quc cn d`htbr ic aaldn`haøl ldn`haøl ic v`ra`lz` (T.A.D.) kàs fr`lic, cs afu`n ` 0.7. Ia`fr`k` ic W`rctb Cst`li`razì` p`r` ]chupcr`haøl

+ -

H5tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

M5Fr`lunbkctra`

@5Hbnchtbr

7

=

9

4

:

Cdchtb cst`li`razìb

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl

prbpa`

07

0=

6:

Ic `hucrib `n ia`fr`k` ic W`rctb sc pucic hblhnuar quc n`s v`ra`mncs kàs safladah`tav`s sbl cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl, n` fr`lunbkctrë` y cn hbnchtbr K-00, K-0 0, saclib cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl n` v`ra`mnc quc k`s aldnuyc cl n` rchupcr`haøl icn prbhcsb. 9.=.=. @lànasas ic v`ra`lz` p`r` pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl Y`mn` L· 035 @lànasas ic v`ra`lz` Ducltc

Xuk` ic Huìrìbs 0.=6=70 8.43:30 8.43:30 04.0314

@5Hbnchtbr M5Fr`lunbkctra` H5tackpb ic dnbt`haøl Crrbr tbt`n 7.49783 Ybt`n (hbrr.) =0.6873 Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

Fn

0 0 0 9 6

Huìrìb Kciab 0.=6=70 8.43 8.43:30 :30 04.0314

]`zøl-D

T`nbr-W

6.13 ==.:3 077.19

7.7961 7.7961 7.77:: 7.77:: 7.7774 7.7774

7.0477::

16.738= pbrhacltb pbrhacltb ]-huìrì` ; 16.738= ]-huìrì` (èustì` pbr f.n.) ; 19.:980 19.:980 pbrhacltb pbrhacltb Crrbr cstàli`r icn cst. ; 7.977071 Crrbr `msbnutb kciab ; 7.=3:63 Cstìëstahb Iurmal-V`tsbl ; 7.470630 (W;7.77=3 (W;7.77=3)) @utbhbrrcn`haøl rcsaiu`n ic N`f 0 ; 7.943981 N` t`mn` @LBT@ p`rtahabl` n` v`ra`manaiì ic ]chupcr`haøl cl pacz`s scp`rì`s p`r` hì` hì` ulb ic nbs cdchtbs. Cltbl Cltblhcs hcs pruc prucm` m` n` safladah`lha` cstìëstah` cstìëstah` iicc hì` cdchtb hbkp`r`lib su huìrìb kciab hbltr` ul cstakìb icn crrbr cxpcrakclt`n. Cl cstc h`sb, = cdchtbs taclcl ul` v`nbr-W kclbr quc 7,73, aliah`lib quc sbl safladah`tav`kcltc iadcrcltcs ic hcrb hbl ul lavcn ic hblda`lz` icn 13,7%. Cn huìrb cstìëstahb ]-Huìrì` aliah` quc cn kbicnb, `së èustìb, cxpnah` 16,738=% ic n` v`ra`manaiì cl ]chupcr`haøl. Cn huìrb cstìëstahb ]-huìrì` èustì`, quc cs kàs ìchuìb p`r` hbkp`r`r kbicnbs hbl iadcrcltc lõkcrb ic v`ra`mncs alicpcliacltcs, cs 19,:980%. Cn crrbr cstàli`r icn cstakìb kucstr` quc n` icsva`haøl cstàli`r ic nbs rcsaiubs cs 7,977071. Cn crrbr kciab `msbnutb (K@C) ic 7,=3:63 cs cn v`nbr prbkciab ic nbs rcsaiubs. Cn cstìëstahb ic Iurmal-V`tsbl (IV)

61

prucm` nbs rcsaiubs p`r` ictcrkal`r sa j`y` `nful` hbrrcn`haøl safladah`tav` m`sì` cl cn bricl cl quc sc prcsclt`l nbs i`tbs cl cn `rhjavb. Wucstb quc cn v`nbr-W cs k`ybr quc 3,7%, lb j`y aliah`haøl ic ùtb hbrrcn`haøl scra`n cl nbs rcsaiubs hbl ul lavcn ic safladah`lha` icn 3,7%. 9.=.8. Hbcdahacltc ic rcfrcsaøl p`r` pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl Y`mn` L· 045 Hbcdahacltc ic rcfrcsaøl Hbcdahacltc hblst`ltc @5Hbnchtbr M5Fr`lunbkctra` H5tackpb ic dnbt`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

Cstakìb 49.1083 03.13 7.083=3 7.09=0=3

Cst` vclt`l` icspnacf` n` chu`haøl ic rcfrcsaøl quc sc j` èustìb ` nbs i`tbs. N` chu`haøl icn kbicnb èustìb cs5 ]chupcr`haøl ; 49.1083 + 03.13*Hbnchtbr + 7.083=3*Fr`lunbkctra` + 7.09=0=3*tackpb ic dnbt`haøl cl iblic nbs v`nbrcs ic n`s v`ra`mncs cstàl cspchadahìbs cl sus ulaiìcs brafal`ncs. Fràdah` ic Cdchtbs Wralhap`ncs p`r` ]chupcr`haøl :9

   )    %    (   u    H   c    i   l    ø    a   h   `   r   c   p   u   h   c    ]

:8.8: :8

:=

:0

:7.3863 :7

47.7

97.7

tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl

:7

Ic `hucrib ` n` fràdah` ic n` ]chupcr`haøl ic Hu Ts. Yackpb ic dnbt`haøl, sc pucic hblhnuar quc `n ùkclt`r cn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl icn prbhcsb ùkclt` ic afu`n k`lcr` n` rchupcr`haøl icn Hu, saclib cst` n` v`ra`mnc kàs akpbrt`ltc. Fràdah` ic Cdchtbs Wralhap`ncs p`r` ]chupcr`haøl

:=.:

   )    %:=.3    (   u    H   c :=.=    i   l    ø    a :0.1   h   `   r   c :0.4   p   u   h   c :0.8    ]

:=.483

:0.=:=3

:0

6=.7

4=.7

Fr`lunbkctra`

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Ic `hucrib ` n` fràdah` ic n` ]chupcr`haøl ic Hu Ts. N` fr`lunbkctra`, sc pucic hblhnuar quc `n ùkclt`r cn % ic fr`lunbkctrë` alhrckclt` ncvckcltc n` rchupcr`haøl icn Hu. Xaclib n` kbnacli` ìchuì` cl 41 % -=77 Fràdah` ic Cdchtbs Wralhap`ncs p`r` ]chupcr`haøl :=.3

   )    %    (

:=.8363 :=.8

  u    H   c    i   l :=.0    ø    a   h :0.1   `   r   c   p   u   h :0.6   c    ]

:0.34

:0.3

7.7:

7.78

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Ic `hucrib ` n` fràdah` n` ]chupcr`haøl ic Hu Ts. Hbnchtbr, sc pucic hblhnuar quc `n ùkclt`r cn hblsukb icn hbnchtbr K-00 ùkclt` ic afu`n k`lcr` n` rchupcr`haøl.

:0

9.=.9. Frìb ic hblda`lz` Y`mn` L· 065 Frìb ic hblda`lz` hblda`lz` Ducltc

@5Hbnchtbr M5Fr`lunbkctra` H5tackpb ic dnbt`haøl @M @H MH @MH Crrbr tbt`n Ybt`n (hbrr.)

Xuk` ic Huìrìbs 0.=6=70 8.43:30 04.0314

Fn

0 0 0

7.77=00=3 7.71170=3 7.38340= 7.77840=3 7.77840=3 =0.6873

0 0 0 0 0 6

Huìrìb Kciab 0.=6=70 8.43:30 04.0314

7.77=00=3 7.71170=3 7.38340= 7.77840=3 7.77840=3

T`nbr-W ]`zøl-D

7.7881 7.7881   7.7=77 7.7=77 7.7713 7.7713

83=.00 070=.69 9968.=3

7.3:99 7.0=7= 7.73== 7.77

7.3: =6.90 09:.=6 7.1440

Iastramuhaøl Xafladah`tavb D(13%,0,9) 6.60 XA XA 6.60 XA XA 6.60 XA XA

6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60

LB XA XA LB

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Sl lavcn ic hblda`lz` ic 13% pbr nb fclcr`n cs ìchuìb. Cstb aliah` quc 4 ic : kucstr`s (13%) ic n` kask` pbmn`haøl fclcr`ràl altcrv`nbs ic hblda`lz` quc hbltcliràl cn p`ràkctrb ic pbmn`haøl. Nbs v`nbrcs quc sc sucncl utanaz`r p`r` cn lavcn ic hblda`lz` sbl cn 13%, 11% y 11,1%. W`r` cstc prbychtb sc tr`mèø hbl ul frìb ic hblda`lz` icn 13%. 9.=.3. K`traz ic hbrrcn`haøl p`r` nbs cdchtbs cstakìbs Y`mn` L· 0:5 Hbrrcn`haøl ic cdchtbs cdchtbs (0) prbkciab (=) @5Hbnchtbr (8) M5Fr`lunbkctra` (9) H5tackpb ic dnbt`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

(0) 0.7777 7.7777 7.7777 7.7777

(=) 7.7777 0.7777 7.7777 7.7777

(8) 7.7777 7.7777 0.7777 7.7777

(9) 7.7777 7.7777 7.7777 0.7777

N` k`traz ic hbrrcn`haøl hbrrcn`haøl kucstr` cn frìb ic hbldusaøl cltrc nb nbss cdchtbs. Sl iascðb pcrdcht`kcltc brtbfbl`n kbstr`rà ul` k`traz ia`fbl`n hbl 0¹s cl n` ia`fbl`n y 7¹s ducr` ic cnn`. Hu`nquacr tárkalb iastaltb ic hhcrb crb akpnah` quc nbs cstakìbs cstakìbs ic nbs cdchtbs hbrrcspbliacltcs hbrrcspbliacltcs ` cs` dan` y hbnukl` cst`ràl hbrrcn`hablìbs. hbrrcn`hablìbs. Cl cstc h`sb, lb j`y hbrrcn`haøl cltrc lalfulb ic nbs cdchtbs. Cstb safladah` quc sc bmtcliràl cstakìbs ‚nakpabs‑ p`r` tbibs csbs cdchtbs.

:=

9.=.4. ]csuntìbs cstakìbs p`r` pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl Y`mn` L· 015 ]csuntìbs us`lib cn kbicnb k`tck`tahb k`tck`tahb Bmscrvìbs Dan` T`nbrcs

@eustìbs T`nbrcs

0 61.:6 61.94=3 = :7.86 :7.=4 8 :7.48 :7.:03 9 :0.=: :0.40=3 3 :0.18 :=.873 4 :=.14 :8.07=3 6 :8.:0 :8.4363 : :9.:= :9.933 Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

Aldcrabr 13.7% p`r` Kcia`

Xupcrabr 13.7% p`r` Kcia`

6:.466 61.9693 :7.7=13 :7.7=13 :7.:=6 :0.3013 :0.3013 :=.806 :=.:6= :8.4413 :8.4413

:7.=9: :0.7933 :0.4773 :=.81: :8.7173 :8.::: :9.998 :3.=973

Cst` t`mn` hbltaclc aldbrk`haøl `hcrh` ic nbs v`nbrcs ic ]chupcr`haøl fclcrìbs fclcrìbs us`lib cn cn kbicnb èustìb. èustìb. N` t`mn` al alhnuyc5 hnuyc5 (0) nbs v`nbrcs bmscrvìbs ic ]chupcr`haøl (sa `nfulb) (=) cn v`nbr prciahjb pr ciahjb ic ]chupcr`haøl us`lib cn kbicnb èustìb (8) altcrv`nbs ic hblda`lz` icn 13.7% p`r` n` n ` rcspucst` kcia` Hì` atck hbrrcspblic ` nbs v`nbrcs ic nbs d`htbrcs cxpcrakclt`ncs cl ul` dan` cspchadah` ic su `rhjavb ic i` i`tbs. tbs. W`r` fclcr`r prbløstahbs p`r` n`s hbkmal`hablcs hbkmal`hablcs ìahablcs ic nbs d`htbrcs, d`htbrcs, `frcfuc dan`s `n dal`n su `rhjavb ic i` i`tbs. tbs. Cl hì` lucv` dan`, altrbiuzh` v`nbrcs p`r` nbs d`htbrcs cxpcrakclt`ncs pcrb icec v`hë` n` hcni` p`r` n` rcspucst`. Hu`lib rcfrcsc ` cst` vclt`l`, sc j`mràl `frcfìb `frcfìb prbløstahbs ` n` t`mn` p`r` n`s lucv`s dan`s pcrb cn kbicnb lb sc vcrà `dchtìb.

:8

Xupcrdahac ic ]cspucst` Cstakì` tackpb ic dnbt`haøl; dnbt`haøl;37.7 37.7

:9     l       ø       a     h     `     r     c     p     u     h     c       ]

:8 := :0 :7 7.78

7.79

7.73

7.74

7.76

4=

7.7:

4 49 9

44

4 4: :

67

6 6= =

Fr`lunbkctra`

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

Xupcrdahac ic ]cspucst` Cstakì` Fr`lunbkctra`;46.7

:9

    l      ø      a     h     `     r     c     p     u     h     c      ]

:8 := :0 :7 7.78

7.79

7.73

7.74

7.76

7.7:

97

99

9:

3=

34

47

tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Xupcrdahac ic ]cspu ]cspu cst` Cstakì` Hbnchtbr;7.733

:3     l      ø      a     h     `     r     c     p     u     h     c      ]

:9 :8 := :0 :7 61 4=

49

44

4: Fr`lunbkctra`

97

67

6=

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

99

9 9: :

3=

3 34 4

47

tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

:9

9.=.6. H`kalb ic kàxakb `shclsb p`r` pbrhcltèc ic rchupcr`haøl Y`mn` L· =75 Kàxakb `shclsb Hbnchtbr   Fr`lunbkctra`

tackpb ic Wrciahhaøl p`r` dnbt`haøl ]chupcr`haøl

(f/Yl) 46.7 (%) (kal) 7.733 37.7 7.73: 4:.7064 39.=660 7.740 41.7830 3:.339= 7.749 67.73=6 4=.:808 7.746 60.767= 46.07:3 7.76 6=.7:6: 60.8:34 Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

:0.13:6(%) :=.63=0 :8.3933 :9.88:: :3.08== :3.1=33

Cst` vclt`l` icspnacf` icspnacf` cn tr`ychtb ic kàxakb `shclsb `shclsb (b icshclsb). icshclsb). Cstc cs cn tr`ychtb, icsic cn hcltrb ic n` rcfaøl cxpcrakclt`n `htu`n, ` tr`vás icn hu`n n` n ` rcspucst` cstakì` h`kma` kàs ràpai`kcltc hbl ul h`kmab kclbr cl nbs d`htbrcs d `htbrcs cxpcrakclt`ncs. Aliah` mucl`s nbh`hablcs p`r` hbrrcr cxpcrakcltbs ìahabl`ncs sa cn bmectavb cs alhrckclt`r b ichrckclt`r ]c ]chupcr`haøl. hupcr`haøl. @htu`nkcltc, 4 pultbs sc j`l fclcrìb fclcrìb h`kma`lib Hbnchtbr cl alhrckcltb alhrckcltbss ic 7.778 f/Yl. Wucic cspchadah`rsc n` h`ltaiì ic h`kmab cl hu`nquacr` ic nbs d`htbrcs prcsabl`lib cn mbtøl schuli`rab icn r`tøl y scnchhablìb scnchhabl` ib Bphablcs ic Tclt`l`. Tclt`l`. XY@YF]@WJAHX ictcrkal`rà ictcrkal`rà cltblhcs hu`ltb tcliràl quc h`kma`r nbs btrbs d`htbrcs p`r` k`ltclcrsc cl cn tr`ychtb icn kàxakb `shclsb. Cn prbfr`k` t`kmaál h`nhun` n` ]chupcr`haøl ]chupcr`ha øl cstakì` cl hì` ulb ic nbs pultbs icn tr`ychtb, hbl hbl nbs hu`ncs hu`ncs pucicl pucicl hbkp`r`rsc nbs rcsuntìbs sa cs quc sc hbrrcl csbs cls`ybs. Hbltbrlbs ic n` Xupcrdahac ic ]c ]cspucst` spucst` Cstakì` tackpb ic dnbt`haøl;37.7 ]chupcr`haøl :7.7-:7.9 :7.9-:7.: :7.:-:0.= :0.=-:0.4 :0.4-:=.7 :=.7-:=.9 :=.9-:=.: :=.:-:8.= :8.=-:8.4 :8.4-:9.7 :9.7-:9.9

6=

    `      a     r      t     c     k     b      n     u     l     `     r      F

67 4: 44 49 4= 7.78

7.79

7.73

7.74

7.76

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

7.7:

:3

Hbltbrlbs ic n` Xupcrdahac ic ] ]cspucst` cspucst` Cstakì` Fr`lunbkctra`;46.7

]chupcr`haøl :7.7-:7.9 :7.9-:7.: :7.:-:0.= :0.=-:0.4 :0.4-:=.7

47   l    ø    a   h   `    t   b    n    d

34

   i   b   p   k   c    a    t

9:

3=

  c

:=.7-:=.9 :=.9-:=.: :=.:-:8.= :8.=-:8.4 :8.4-:9.7 :9.7-:9.9

99 97 7.78

7.79

7.73

7.74

7.76

7.7:

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Hbltbrlb s ic n` Xupcr dahac ic ]c ]cspucst` spucst` Cstakì` tackpb ic dnbt`haøl;37.7 ]chupcr`haøl :7.7-:7.9

6=

:7.9-:7.: :7.:-:0.= :0.=-:0.4 :0.4-:=.7 :=.7-:=.9 :=.9-:=.: :=.:-:8.= :8.=-:8.4 :8.4-:9.7 :9.7-:9.9

67     `      a     r      t     c     k     b      n     u     l     `     r      F

4: 44 49 4= 7.78

7.79

7.73

7.74

7.76

Hbnchtbr

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa` 9.=.:. Bptakaz`r rcspucst` Kct`5 k`xakaz`r ]chupcr`haøl T`nbr øptakb ; :8.:0 Y`mn` L· =05 ]`lfb ic T`nbrcs T`nbrcs D`htbr   Hbnchtbr Fr`lunbkctra` tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

Mèb 7.78 4=.7 97.7

Ducltc5 Cn`mbr`haøl prbpa`

@ntb 7.7: 6=.7 47.7

Øptakb 7.74= 41.8: 47.7

7.7:

:4

Cst` t`mn` kucstr` n` hbkmal`haøl ic nbs lavcncs ic nbs d`htbrcs, n` hu`n k`xakaz` ]chupcr`haøl ]chupcr`haøl sbmrc n` rcfaøl aliahì`. Ssc cn huìrb ic iaànbfb ic Bphablcs ic Tclt`l` p`r` aliah`r n` rcfaøl sbmrc sbmrc n` hu`n sc nncv`rà ` h`mb n` bptakaz`haøl. Wucic cst`mnchcr cn v`nbr ic ulb b kàs d`htbrcs ` ul` hblst`ltc, cst`mnchaclib nbs nëkatcs `ntb y mèb cl csc v`nbr.

:6

T. HBLHNSXABLCX •

Ictcrkal`kbs quc cn hbnchtbr K-00 cs ul `htavìbr ic øxaibs ic Hbmrc nncf`lib ` k`ybr rchupcr`haøl hbl ul` ibsadah`haøl ic 7.74= fr/tbl p`r` nbfr`r ul` rchupcr`haøl ic :8.:0%.

•

Ictcrkal`kbs quc cl cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs kaxtbs ic Hbmrc cs kuy akpbrt`ltc quc n` fr`lunbkctrë` cstc cl 41% # -=77 p`r` nbfr`r ul` rchupcr`haøl ic :8.:0 %.

•

Cst`mnchckbss quc cn ttackpb Cst`mnchckb ackpb dnbt`haøl ic nbs harhuatbs ]ùfjcr, Xh`vclfjcr Xh`vclfjcr y hnc`lcr sc` 47 kalutbs p`r` nbfr`r ul` rchupcr`haøl r chupcr`haøl ic :8.:0 %.

::

TA. ]CHBKCLI@HABLCX ]CHBKCLI@HABLCX •

Xc rchbkacli` quc n` `nakclt`haøl `n kbnalb prak`rab icmc scr cl dbrk` prchas` ic 3.777 of/pac, hbl nb quc sc bmtclirà cn t`k`ðb øptakb p`r` rc`naz`r ul` mucl` dnbt`haøl.

•

Xc rchbkacli` quc cn Bvcr icn Jairbhahnbl I-0= quc `nakclt` ` n` hcni` ic dnbt`haøl cstc cl cn r`lfb ic 0=77 -0=97 fr/nt ic punp`.

•

Xc rchbkacli` rc`naz`r prucm`s prcnakal`rcs `ltcs ic cltr`r ` ul` ct`p` aliustra`n cl Wn`lt` Hblhcltrìbr`, p`r` tclcr cl huclt` cn hbkpbrt`kacltb icn kalcr`n iur`ltc tbib cn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl hbl n` dal`naiì ic nncf`r ` muclbs rcsuntìbs.

:1

TAA. ]CDC]CLHA@X MAMNABF]ÀDAH@X MAMNABF]ÀDAH@X Nal`rcs Futacrrcz L. (=770). „prbhcs`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs ‛ Y`hl` pcrõ. Nal`rcs Futacrrcz L. (=704), Wrbhcs`kacltb ic Kalcr`ncs ‘  Kalcr`nurfa` Kalcr`nurfa` AA,

@stbhura, T. (0196). Altrbiuhhaøl ` n` dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl ic Kalcr`ncs. Kbshõ5 Lbracf`. @nh`n` Hruz, C., Dnbrcs Hbrr`ncs, @., & Mcntr`l, @. (=771). K`lu`n ic Cltrcl`kacltb ccll Hblhcltr`haøl ic Kalcr`ncs. Xchhaøl AT. Nak`5 XC]FCBYCHKAL . ‘  kct`nurfa` K`lz`lci` Hàm`n`, E. (=707). Wrbhcs`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs  ‘ kct`nurfa` `pnahì`. Nak`.

Xutunbv, @. (01:3). Dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs. X`lta`fb ‘   hjanc5 hjanc5 Slavcrsaiì Slavcrsaiì Hblhcphaøl ic hjanc. Xutunbv, @. (0148). Dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs. Hjanc5 Slavcrsaiì Slavcrsaiì Hblhcphaøl Hblhcphaøl ic hjanc. Brtaz @z`ðcrb, @. (=771). Hblhcltr`haøl y dnbt`haøl ic Kalcr`ncs. Nak` ‘   Wcrõ5 Slavcrsaiì K`ybr ic X`l K`rhbs. W`rcics Cspal`n, C. E. (=700). Bptakaz`haøl ic n` cv`hu`haøl ic cspuk`s cl n` dnbt`haøl ic hbmrc, cl hcni`s kchàlah`s.

Crrbn F., O. (0117). Altrbiuhhabl `n Wrbhcs`kacltb Wrbhcs`kacltb ic Kalcr`ncs. `rfcltal`5 Lbracf`. F`nvcz, @., & Mr`vb, H. (=779). Aldbrkc K`lu`n ic ]cdcrclha` cl Dnbt`habl ic Kalcr`ncs. H`s`p`nh`.

Nbpcz Wralhapc, W., & Ap`l`quc Laz`k`, B. X. (=77:). tcsas H`r`htcraz`habl y Bptakaz`habl ic Dnbt`habl icn Kalcr`n Hbmrc. Nak` - Wcru5 SLKXK.

ZXY]@Y@ HBWWC] =776 „Dnbt`haøl Ic Kalcr`ncs ‘   K`lu`n Ic Wrbhciakacltbs‛ Iavasaøl Zstr`t` ‘  Ycflbnbfy. Ycflbnbfy.

17

H`strb, X., F`rhë`, E.@. (=778) „Duli`kcltbs y @pnah`hablcs ic n` dnbt`haøl‛, Slavcrsaiì ic hblhcphaøl. Xrie`l K. Mun`tbvah. (=776), J`limbbo bd Dnbt`tabl ]c`fclts5 Hjckastry, Yjcbry `li Wr`htahc, H`lì`, Cnscvacr Xhaclhc & Ychjlbnbfy Mbbos.

@m`rh` ]birafucz E.E. (=700) " dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs", H`pëtunb5 ]c`htavbs ic Dnbt`haøl, Nak`.

Hjë`, E. (=70=). Aldnuclha` ic kbnacli` y hn`sadah`haøl cl n` dnbt`haøl ic kalcr`ncs sundurìbs. Nak`5 Slavcrsaiì L`habl`n ic Alfclacrë`.

Hja` E. (01:1). Bpcr`hablcs Slat`ra`s cl Wrbhcs`kacltb ic Kalcr`ncs. Nak`. Tcl`lhab @. (0111). Altrbiuhhaøl ` n` Dnbt`haøl Dnbt`haøl ic Kalcr`nc Kalcr`ncs. s. Nak`. Tanh` H`s`zucn`, J. J. (=701). Cv`nu`haøl ic n` dnbt`haøl ic øxaibs ic hbmrc kcia`ltc prucm`s ic rc`htavbs rc`htavbs cl n`mbr`tbrab. n`mbr`tbrab. Luðcz Hblibra, H. (=704). bptakaz`haøl ic n` dnbt`haøl icn hbmrc - brb utanaz`lib cn hbnchtbr KMY cl n` pn`lt` ic tr`t`kacltb ic kalcr`ncs kalcr `ncs hbrpbr`haøl @frbkalcrb X`l Jan`rabl X`h. - L`zh`. @ynnøl Kcrcsa, I. C. (=708). Bptakaz`haøl icn prbhcsb ic dnbt`haøl Muno Wnbkb-Wn`t`.

10

@LCZBX @LCZB @5 Cv`nu`haøl chblbkah` @LCZB M5 Jbe` aldbrk`tav` icn Hbnchtbr K-00 @LCZB M5 Ictcrkal`habl icn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl

1=

@LCZB @ Cv`nuhaøl chbløkah` M@N@LHC KCY@NS]FAHB YCB]AHB T@ T@NB]AU@ NB]AU@IB5 IB5 HBLHCLY ]@IB]@ CN CN HBD]C

W]BISHYB H@MCU@ @L@NAX@I@ HBLHCLY]@IB HS ]CN@TC H@MCU@ H@NHSN@I@

WCXB YKX

% Hu Y

% Hu Bx

937.777 00. 910 98:.371 937

0.79 89.73 7.0: 7.:0

7. =: 0. :4 7. 04 7. 0:

BYAU@HABL M]SY@ SX $ WB] YK H % ]CHBLBHAKACLYB

N CQ

HBLYCLA IB KCY@N AHB Hu Y Hu Bx Hu Xu n d 9.4:7 8.108 7.646 9.4:7

0.=47 7.=09 7.67= 7.103

8.8:9 8.4=8 7.76= 8.413

IAXY]A MSHABL Hu Yb t ` n Hu Bx Hu Xu n d 077.77 :8.47 04.97 077.77

077. 77 =8.83 64.43 077. 77

077.77 1:.74 0. 19 077.77

3637.3 11.3

T@NB] T@NB ]AU AU@H @HAB ABL L IC ICN HBL HBLHCLY] Y]@I @IB B IC IC HBM BM] ]C S$ IØN IØN@] @] IC ISHHABLCX HBM]C5 (Ncy-0)*Hbtaz`haøl-Ic (Ncy-0)*Hbtaz`haøl-Iciuhhablcs iuhhablcs *]chblbhakacltb/077/077

=06.:=

$0,:01.90

$0,:01.90 T@NB]5 YKX IC HBLHCLY]@IB IC HBM]C T@NB] YBY@N ICN HBLHCLY]@IB IC HBM]C $=7,174.9=0

T@NB] T@NB ] M] M]SYB ICN KAL KALC]@N IC IC H@M H@MC CU@S$ Iøn`r Iøn`r HBM]C HBM]C55 N cy*Hbtaz`ha øl/077 36.39

]@IAB 81.04=

18

@LCZB M Jbe` akdbrk`tav` icn hbnchtbr K-00

DAHJ@ IC I@YBX IC XCFS]AI@I IC K@YC]A@NCX K ‘  00 00 0. Wrbiuhtb quëkahb Lbkmrc icn prbiuhtb5 prbiuhtb5 Hbnchtbr K ‘  00 00 =. Hbkpbsahaøl, aldbrk`haøl sbmrc nbs alfrciacltcs L· [email protected] Lb iaspblamnc iaspblamnc Wurcz`5 47,7% kal Ëliahc Wurcz` Nbs àhaibs fr`sbs namrcs % ≩ Jukciì % ≩ Jacrrb % ≩ Cn pcrabib ic v`naicz Clv`sc

Cspchadah`hablcs 47.7 0:.7 03.7 7.= 0= Hanalirbs pbr ==7 of

8. Aicltadah`haøl ic pcnafrbs Tasaøl fclcr`n ic ckcrfclha`5 ¡@ivcrtclha`! Lbhavb sa sc alfacrc. alfacrc. Wbirë` hùs`r rc`hhaøl `nárfah` cl n` pacn. Wucic hùs`r cdchtbs icn sastck` lcrvabsb hcltr`n Cdchtbs pbtclha`ncs ic s`nui Cdchtbs sbmrc n` s`nui - L / @T 9. Wrakcrbs ùxanabs Bebs5 Cleu`f`r nbs bebs hbl `muli`ltc `fu` iur`ltc `n kclbs 03 kalutbs, ncv`lt`lib bh`sabl`nkcltc bh`sabl`nkcl tc nbs pàrpìbs supcrabr c aldcrabr. Bmtclf` `yui` káiah`. Wacn5 Cleu`fuc n` pacn hbl `muli`ltc `fu` iur`ltc `n kclbs 03 kalutbs kacltr`s sc quat` n` rbp` hblt`kalì` y nbs z`p`tbs. Bmtclf` `yui` káiah`.

19

Alfcstaøl5 Aliuhar cn vøkatb alkcia`t`kcltc scfõl n`s aliah`hablcs icn pcrsbl`n káiahb. Nn`kc `n Hcltrb ic Hbltrbn ic Clvclcl`kacltb Clvclcl`kacltbs. s. LSLH@ I@] L@I@ WB] MBH@ @ SL@ WC]XBL@ ALHBLXHACLYC. Alj`n`haøl5 Cnakal`r ic n` cxpbsahaøl y tr`snì`rsc `n àrc namrc alkcia`t`kcltc. Xa lb rcspar`, ìkalastrc rcspar`haøl `rtadaha`n. Xa n` rcspar`haøl cs iadëhan, prbpbrhablc bxëfclb. Bmtclf` `yui` káiah`. 3. Kciai`s ic nuhj` hbltr` alhcliabs Wultb ic aldn`k`haøl y kátbib5 L / @T Nëkatcs ic aldn`k`manaiì (% pbr vbn. Cl `àrc)5 arc)5 L / @T Kclbr5 L / @T Xupc Xupcrabr5 rabr5 L @T Kciabs ic cxtalhaøl ic alhcliabs5 @rcl` sch` b cspuk` Wrbhciakacltbs ic nuhj` hbltr` alhcliabs5 Cv`huc cn àrc` ic tbib cn pcrsbl`n lchcs`rab. Stanahc ul cquapb ic rcspar`haøl ùtølbkb `prbmìb pbr LABXJ / KXJ@ y btrbs cquapbs y / b prcli`s ic prbtchhaøl icshratbs cl n` Xchhaøl H sa n`s hbliahablcs nb eustadah`l. @p`fuc n` ducltc ic aflahaøl, sa cs pbsamnc. F`scs tøxahbs Wrbiuhtb5 L / @T 4. Kciai`s cl h`sb ic vcrtaib `hhaiclt`n Cl h`sb ic icrr`kc b duf` hbltclf` cn icrr`kc. W`rc n` duf` cl n` ducltc sa cstb sc pucic j`hcr hbl scfuraiì. Tcltan`r cn àrc`. Cn pcrsbl`n lb csclha`n icmc `m`libl`r cn àrc` j`st` quc dal`nahc n` nakpacz`. Mbkmcc nëquaibs cl maiblcs `prbmìbs pbr IBY p`r` su cnakal`haøl. @msbrm` cn nëquaib rcst`ltc sbmrc ul `msbrmcltc alcrtc y hbnøqucnb cl maiblcs `prbmìbs pbr IBY p`r` su cnakal`haøl. N`vc cn àrc` hbl `fu`. K`ltclf` hblhcltrìb y `fu` ic n`vìb ic cltr`r cl `nh`lt`rann`s b hursbs ic `fu`. Hblsuntc ` ul cspcha`nast` cl rcfn`kclt`haøl p`r` ictcrkal`r nbs rcquasatbs ic lbtadah`haøl cst`t`ncs b nbh`ncs `prbpaìbs, p`r` `sastclha` cl n` h`r`htcraz`haøl ic icschjbs icschjbs y / b cnakal`haøl ic icschjbs pcnafrbsbs y btrbs rcquasatbs clukcrìbs cl nbs pcrkasbs `kmaclt`ncs pcrtalcltcs.

13

6. K`lapun`haøl y `nk`hcl`kacltb K`lceb5 Lb prucmc la tr`fuc. Cvat`r cn hblt`htb prbnblfìb b rcpctaib hbl n` pacn. K`ltclf` cn hbltclcibr hcrrìb. Ss`r sbnb hbl vcltan`haøl ìchuì`. Cn rchapacltc v`haìb rctaclc cn v`pbr y nbs rcsaiubs icn prbiuhtb. Bmscrvc tbi`s n`s prbtchhablcs ctaquctì`s j`st` quc cn hbltclcibr sc nakpac, rc`hbliahablc b icstruy`. @nk`hcl`kacltb5 K`ltclf` cn hbltclcibr hcrrìb. @nk`hcl`r cl ul nuf`r drcshb, schb y macl vcltanìb. K`ltclcr `nceìb ic `nakcltbs y mcmai`s. @asn`r ic k`tcra`ncs alhbkp`tamncs (vcr Xchhaøl 07). :. Hbltrbncs ic cxpbsahaøl / prbtchhaøl pcrsbl`n Xastck` ic Tcltan`haøl5 Xc rchbkacli` ul sastck` ic csh`pc nbh`n y / b fclcr`n p`r` k`ltclcr n` cxpbsahaøl ic nbs ckpncìbs pbr icmèb ic nbs Nëkatcs ic Cxpbsahaøl @crbtr`lspbrtìbs. Fclcr`nkcltc sc prcdacrc n` vcltan`haøl pbr cxtr`hhaøl nbh`n pbrquc pucic hbltrbn`r hbltrbn`r n`s ckasablcs icn icn hblt`kal`l hblt`kal`ltc tc cl ssuu ducltc, cvat`lib su su iaspcrsaøl cl cn àrc` ic tr`mèb fclcr`n. Hblsuntc cn ibhukcltb ic @HFAJ, Tcltan`haøl aliustra`n, ul k`lu`n ic pràhtah`s rchbkcliì`s, ciahaøl kàs rchacltc, p`r` kàs ict`nncs. Wrbtchhaøl rcspar`tbra`5 W`r` hblhcltr`hablcs quc cxhci`l cn lavcn rchbkcliìb ic cxpbsahaøl, usc ul rcsparìbr puradahìbr ic àrc `prbmìb pbr LABXJ / KXJ@ (0). Cl h`sb ic icrr`kc b duf` quc rcsuntc cl hblhcltr`hablcs icshblbhai`s, usc ul rcsparìbr ic àrc sukalastrìb `prbmìb pbr LABXJ / KXJ@ (0). Hu`lib cltrc b s`nf` ic hblhcltr`hablcs hblhcltr`hablcs ic cxpbsahaøl icshblbhai`, usc LABXJ / KXJ@ (0) cquapb ic rcspar`haøl ùtølbkb `prbmìb (XHM@). Wrbtchhaøl ic bebs / rbstrb5 Ssc f`d`s ic prbtchhaøl quëkah`. W`r` prbtchhaøl hbltr` s`npahìur`s,, usc ul prbtchtbr d`ha`n hbl f`d`s quëkah`s. s`npahìur`s Wrbtchhaøl ic n` pacn5 Ssc prcli`s prbtchtbr`s p`r` cvat`r ul hblt`htb cxhcsavb hbl n` pacn. Stanahc fu`ltcs akpcrkc`mncs, hbkb latranb b lcbprclb. Btr` prbtchhaøl5 Wrbtchhaøl lchcs`ra` p`r` cn tr`mèb cl cquapbs hblt`kalìbs. Stanahc cquapb ic prbtchhaøl y / b prcli`s ic vcstar sa n`s hbliahablcs ic cxpbsahaøl cxpbsahaøl nb rcquacrcl. Wølf`sc cl hblt`htb hbl cn supcrvasbr alkcia`tb p`r` bmtclcr alstruhhablcs cspchëdah`s `ltcs ic alaha`r cn tr`mèb.

14

1. Wrbpaciìcs dësah`s y quëkah`s Cstìb dësahb5 Nëquaib Hbnbr5 ]beb bshurb Fr`vciì Cspchëdah`5 7.1:3 Wultb ic Cmunnahaøl (Icf H)5 L / @T WJ5 L / @T Iclsaiì ic T`pbr (@arc ; 0)5 L / @T Y`s` ic cv`pbr`haøl5 >0 Wbrhcltèc vbnàtan pbr vbnukcl (%)5 >0 Wrcsaøl ic v`pbr (kk Jf / 67 D)5 L / @T Tashbsaiì5 L / @T Xbnumanaiì cl @fu` (% VV)5 Nafcr`kcltc sbnumnc cl `fu`, sbnumnc cl sbnuhaøl `nh`nal` Wultb ic aldn`k`haøl y kátbib5 L / @T 07. Cst`manaiì y ]c`htavaiì Cst`manaiì5 Cst`mnc. Hbliahablcs ` Cvat`r5 L / @T Alhbkp`tamanaiì (K`tcra`ncs ` cvat`r)5 L / @T. Wrbiuhtbs pcnafrbsbs ic n` icshbkpbsahaøl5 L / @T I`tbs ic rc`htavaiì5 L / @T Wbnakcraz`haøl Wcnafrbs`5 Lb bhurrarà. 00. Aldbrk`haøl Ybxahbnøfah` Lb sust`lha`s tøxah`s 0=. Aldbrk`haøl chbnøfah` Icstalb `kmaclt`n5 Lb sc clhbltrø aldbrk`haøl. Ybxahaiì @kmaclt`n5 Lb sc clhbltrø aldbrk`haøl. 08. Hblsaicr`hablcs sbmrc cnakal`haøl Kátbib ic cnakal`haøl ic rcsaiubs5 N`s ìahablcs quëkah`s, prbhcs`r b ic btr` k`lcr` `ntcr`r cstc k`tcra`n pucicl j`hcr quc n` aldbrk`haøl ic k`lceb ic icschjbs prcscltì` prcscltì` cl cst` KXIX sc` alhbkpnct`, alcx`ht` b alìchuì`. Yclf` cl huclt` quc nbs rcquasatbs cst`t`ncs y nbh`ncs p`r` n` cnakal`haøl ic icschjbs pucicl scr kàs rcstrahtavbs b iadcrcltcs ic n`s ncycs y rcfn`kcltbs dcicr`ncs.

16

Hblsuntc n`s rcfun`hablcs cst`t`ncs y nbh`ncs sbmrc n` cnakal`haøl ìchuì` ic cstc k`tcra`n. K`lapun`haøl y cnakal`haøl ic hbltclcibrcs5 Hu`nquacr hbltclcibr b cquapb utanazìb icmc scr icshblt`kalìb alkcia`t`kcltc icspuás icn usb. 09. Aldbrk`haøl sbmrc cn tr`lspbrtc AKIF5 Lb rcfunìb. H`lìà YIF5 Lb rcfunìb. 03. Aldbrk`haøl ]cfun`tbra` Cstìb icn alvclt`rab IXN ic H`lìà5 L / @T H`lìà VJKAX5 L / @T 04. Aldbrk`haøl ìahabl`n Xc hrcc quc n` aldbrk`haøl `ltcrabr cs cx`ht` y rcprcsclt` n` kcebr aldbrk`haøl `htu`nkcltc iaspblamnc p`r` lbsbtrbs. Xal ckm`rfb, lb j`hckbs lalful` f`r`ltë` ic hbkcrha`manaiì b hu`nquacr btr` f`r`ltë`, cxprcs` b akpnëhat`, hbl rcspchtb ` iahj` aldbrk`haøl, y lb `sukakbs lalful` rcspbls`manaiì icravì` ic su usb. Nbs usu`rabs icmcl j`hcr sus prbpa`s alvcstaf`hablcs p`r` ictcrkal`r n` aiblcaiì ic n` aldbrk`haøl p`r` sus prbpøsatbs p`rtahun`rcs. Ic lalful` k`lcr` n` hbkp`ðë` scrà rcspbls`mnc pbr hu`nquacr rchn`kb, páriai` b i`ðb ic tcrhcrbs b pbr nuhrb hcs`ltc b hu`nquacr i`ðb cspcha`n, aliarchtb, alhaiclt`n, hblschuclha`n b ceckpn`r, hu`nquacr` quc sc` cn brafcl, alhnusb sa n` hbkp`ðë` j` saib aldbrkì` ic n` pbsamanaiì ic iahjbs i`ðbs.

1:

@LCZB H Ictcrkal`haøl icn tackpb ic dnbt`haøl dnbt`haøl ICYC]KAL@HAØL ICN YACKWB IC DNBY@HAØL CL NBX HA]HSAYBX IC DNBY@HAØL IC HBM]C W@]@ SL YBLCN@EC IC Y]@Y@KACLYB IC 937YKXI HA]HSAYB IC DNBY@HAØL IC XSNDS]B5 M@L DNBY@ Y@H HAØ AØL L M@LHBX IC DNB M`lh b iõpncx 34" x 34" ]bufjcr h arh uatb kbnacli` M`lh b h uìrupncx 34"x 34" ]bufjcr h arh uat b kbnacli` M`lh b iupncx 98" x 98" ]bufjcr h arh uatb kbnacli` Hcni` V . Xcrr`lb :'x :'5 Harh uatb Dnbt `haøl Hcni` V . Xcrr`lb 4'x 4'5 Harh uatb Dnbt `haøl M`lh b h uìrupncx 98"x 98" Xh`vclfcr harh uat b dnbt `h aøl M`lh b h uìrupncx 98"x 98" Xh`vclfcr harh uat b dnbt `h aøl YBY@N Yblcnì`s kctrah `s sch `s pbr ië` Fr`vciì cs pchëdah ` icn kalcr`n Icls aiì ic punp` h `mcz ` dnbt`h aøl Wbrh clt èc ic s ønaibs ]cn`haøl nëquaib ` sønaib @fu` cl cn harhuatb ic hbmrc sundurìb F`nblcs pbr kalut b ic n` punp` 5 Wëcs humah bs ic n` punp` pbr kalut b

H@L @LYA YAI I@I

LBK BKAL AL@N @N

YBY@ YB Y@N N

CDC DCH HYA YATB TB

= 9 = 0 0 9 9

077 077 37 97= 067 37 37

=77 977 077 97= 067 =77 =77

037 877 63 870. 3 0=6. 3 037 037 0=39

937 =. 6 0. =77 Of/ Nt =4. 96 =.6: 0=37.777 YK/Ië YK/Ië` ` =31. 1= 89. 63

YACKWB IC DN BY@HAØL ; Tb n u k c l hc n i ` s/H` u i ` n p b r k a l u tb

HA]HSAYB IC DNBY@HAØL IC BZAIB5 M@LHBX IC DNB M@L DNBY@ Y@H HAØ AØL L

84.7: k a l

H@L @LYA YAI I@I

LBK BKAL AL@N @N

YBY@ YB Y@N N

CDC DCH HYA YATB TB

M`lh b iõpncx 34" x 34" ]bufjcr h arh uatb Dnbt `haøl Hcni` V . Xcrr`lb :'x :'5 ]bufjcr M`lh b h uìrupncx 34"x 34" ]bufjcr M`lh b h uìrupncx 98"x 98" Xh`vclfcr harh uat b dnbt `h aøl M`lh b h uìrupncx 98"x 98" Xh`vclfcr harh uat b dnbt `h aøl M`lh b h uìrupncx 98"x 98" Xh`vclfcr harh uat b dnbt `h aøl YBY@N

= 0 9 9 9 9

077 97= 077 37 37 37

=77 97= 977 =77 =77 =77

037 870. 3 877 037 037 037 0=70. 3

Yblcnì`s kctrah `s sch `s pbr ië` Fr`vciì cs pchëdah ` icn kalcr`n Icls aiì ic punp` h `mcz ` dnbt`h aøl Wbrh clt èc ic s ønaibs ]cn`haøl nëquaib ` sønaib @fu` cl cn harhuatb ic hbmrc bxaiìb F`nblcs pbr kalut b ic n` punp` 5 Wëcs humah bs ic n` punp` pbr kalut b

937 =. 6 0. 067 Of/ Nt =8. 7: 8.88 0377.77 YK/Ië YK/Ië` ` 873. 61 97. ::

YACKWB IC DN BY@HAØL ; Tb n u k c l hc n i ` s/H` u i ` n p b r k a l u tb

=1.81 k a l

Optimización Del Proceso de Flotación para La Recuperación de Minerale Mixtos de Cobre

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