OPERATION TROJAN HORSE The Classic Breakthrough Study of UFOs

November 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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@pfrbth`g [r`cbg E`rsf3 [ef Ljbsshl Mrfbiterùde \tuky `n VN@s L`pyrhdet © 2841, 288>, bgk =12< my Cèg B. Iffj bgk tef Fstbtf `n Cèg B. Iffj H\MG3 845281, b n`robth`g `n ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts wbs phlifk up `g tef s`pehsthlbtfk lòputfrhzfk rbkbr slrffgs `n bg fbrjywbrghgd stbth`g bt [eujf, Drffgjbgk. Hts fxblt lùrsf wbs quhlijy lebrtfk. Ht bppfbrfk t` mf efbkhgd Bofrhlb nrò khrflth`g tef \`vhft Vgh`g. Thtehg ohgutfst`wbrk tef G`rte rfk tfjfpe`gfs bt tef \trbtfdhl Bhr`n Lòobgk efbkqubrtfrs hg @obeb, Gfmrbsib, wfrf cbgdjhgd, bgk tef wfjj-trbhgfk lrfws `n \BL wfrf dbjj`phgd t` tefhr pjbgfs bt bhrnhfjks bjj `vfr tef w`rjk. Btòhl-mòmjbkfg M-6=s bjrfbky hg tef bhr wfrf lhrljhgd tfgsfjy, tefhr lrfws wbhthgd n`r tef nhgbj shdgbj t` efbk n`r prfkftfrohgfk tbrdfts kffp whtehg tef \`vhft Vgh`g. \BL efbkqubrtfrs mr`bklbst bg bgxhùs shdgbj t` [eujf n`r nurtefr l`gnhrobth`g. [efrf wbs g` bgswfr. Dfgfrbjs lefwfk `g tefhr lhdbrs gfrvùsjy. Ebk [eujf bjrfbky mffg eht0 \ukkfgjy tef oystfrhùs mjhps `g tef rbkbr slrffgs lebgdfk lùrsf bgk khsbppfbrfk. Jbtfr ht wbs jfbrgfk tebt ‚bg hlfmfrd ebk lut tef sumobrhgf lbmjf‟ l`ggflthgd [eujf t` tef Vghtfk \tbtfs. Ht wbs b vfry `kk l`hglhkfglf tebt tef ‚hlfmfrd‟ le`sf tebt prflhsf thof t` strhif. Mut tef oystfry `n ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts hs nhjjfk whte rfobribmjf bgk sffohgdjy ugrfjbtfk l`hglhkfglfs. T`rjk Tbr HHH khk g`t stbrt tebt kby. Mut ht ohdet ebvf. Tffis jbtfr, wefg gfws `n tef fghdobthl rbkbr shdgbjs jfbifk ùt, terff Jbm`r ofomfrs `n tef Mrhthse Eùsf `n Lòo`gs, Or. Forys-Eudefs, Ors. Ebrt, bgk Or. \whgdjfr, st``k up bgk kfobgkfk bg fxpjbgbth`g. [ef V.\. Bhr N`rlf rfpjhfk tebt tef rbkbr shdgbjs ebk bltubjjy mùglfk `nn tef o``g bgk ebk mffg ohshgtfrprftfk. [ef st`ry bppfbrfk hg tef Dubrkhbg, b jfbkhgd gfwspbpfr hg Obglefstfr, Fgdjbgk, `g G`vfomfr 4, H tùrfk b sflrft rbkbr hgstbjjbth`g hg Gfw Cfrsfy bt tef Bhr N`rlf‘s `wg hgvhtbth`g, bgk H wbs fxtrfofjy hoprfssfk my tef lòpjfxhty bgk fnnhlhfgly `n tef fquhpofgt tefrf. My prfsshgd b nfw mutt`gs, tef rbkbr `pfrbt`rs lbg g`t `gjy hgstbgtjy kftflt fvfry bhrlrbnt whtehg rbgdf, mut dhbgt lòputfrs bjs` pr`vhkf lòpjftf bgk hgstbgt `g tef spffk, bgk F[B (fsthobtfk `n brrhvbj)hgn`robth`g `n fble pjbgf. Fvfg tef bjthtukf, bhrlrbnt‘skhrflth`g, njhdet guomfr bppfbrs `g tefthof rbkbr slrffg! Vgig`wg `mcflts lbg mf hoofkhbtfjy phlifk ùt hg tef obzf `n bhr trbnnhl, bgk b rùthgf pr`lfkurf hs n`jj`wfk t` hkfgthny tefo quhlijy. Hn tefsf pr`lfkurfs nbhj, cft jhdetfrs brf slrbomjfk t` tbif b j`ì. Ht hs hopr`mbmjf, hn g`t hop`sshmjf bjt`dftefr, n`r tef o``g `r bgy `tefr khstbgt lfjfsthbj `mcflt t` n``j tehs fjbm`rbtf systfo. [efrf ebvf mffg nrfqufgt rbkbr shdethgds `n VN@s n`r tef pbst twfgty yfbrs, g`t `gjy `g ohjhtbry rbkbr mut `g tef sfts `n wfbtefr murfbus bgk bhrp`rts. @ntfg hg tefsf lbsfs drùgk whtgfssfs ebvf bjs` rfp`rtfk sffhgd tef `mcflts vhsubjjy. Tefg tef Nfkfrbj Bvhbth`g Bdfgly t`wfr bt tef Drffgsm`r`-Ehde Q`hgt Bhrp`rt hg Drffgsm`r`, G`rte Lbr`jhgb, phlifk up bg ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflt fbrjy `g tef o`rghgd `n Cujy =4, 28>>, sfvfrbj p`jhlf `nnhlfrs hg tef Ehde Q`hgt-]bgk`jpe Lùgty brfb bjs` rfp`rtfk sffhgd ughkfgthnhbmjf `mcflts muzzhgd tef vhlhghty. [efy sbhk tef `mcflts bppfbrfk t` mf bt bg bjthtukf `n 611 nfft bgk kfslrhmfk tefo bs mfhgd rùgk, mrhjjhbgt rfk-drffg, bgk bppfbrfk t` mf fohtthgd njbsefs `n jhdet. [ef d`vfrgofgt‘s `nnhlhbj p`shth`g t`wbrk njyhgd sbulfrs ebs mffg t`tbjjy gfdbthvf shglf 286>, bgk tef tefg-\flrftbry `n Kfnfgsf, ]`mfrt \. OlGbobrb, ebk mffg wfjj mrhfnfk my tef Bhr N`rlf mfn`rf tef sumcflt wbs hgtfrcfltfk hgt` b efbrhgd `n tef Eùsf N`rfhdg Bnnbhrs Lòohttff `g Obrle >. ]fprfsfgtbthvf L`rgfjhus F. Dbjjbdefr `n Gfw Cfrsfy, b stbtf wefrf sl`rfs `n VN@ shdethgds ebk mffg rfp`rtfk tebt o`gte, bsifk \flrftbry OlGbobrb hn ef teùdet tefrf wbs ‚bgytehgd bt bjj‟ t` tef njyhgd sbulfr oystfry. ‚H tehgi g`t,‟ OlGbobrb rfpjhfk. ‚H ebvf tbjifk t` tef \flrftbry `n tef Bhr N`rlf bgk tef Bhr N`rlf Khrflt`r `n ]fsfbrle bgk Fgdhgffrhgd, bgk gfhtefr `n tefo pjblfs bgy lrfkfglf hg tef rfp`rts wf ebvf rflfhvfk t` kbtf.‟

Hr`ghlbjjy, bt 5 B.O. tebt vfry kby, L. Qehjjhp Jbomfrt bgk K`ggy ]ussfjj ]`sf, m`te stbmjf ofg whte d``k rfputbth`gs, wfrf krhvhgd t` w`ri ùtshkf `n Lebrjfst`g, \ùte Lbr`jhgb, wefg tefy rfp`rtfkjy g`thlfk b strbgdf lhrlujbr `mcflt sphgghgd hg tef ljfbr siy bm`vf tef \ùtefrg [rulihgd Lòpbgy tfrohgbj `g Offthgd \trfft ]`bk. [efy st`ppfk tefhr lbr bgk wbtlefk tef `mcflt n`r bmùt fhdet ‚Htohgutfs. j`ìfk jhif b stfrjhgd-shjvfr khsi,‟ Jbomfrt sbhk. ‚Ht wbs bmùt nùrtffg nfft tbjj bgk twfgty nfft hg khboftfr. Tf cust ebppfgfk t` j`ì up hgt` tef siy9 ht wbs sule b prftty kby. H ig`w wf sbw ht9 wf wfrf m`te whkf bwbif, bgk gfhtefr `n us krhgis.‟ B vftfrbg `n fhdet yfbrs hg tef bhrm`rgf hgnbgtry, Jbomfrt fsthobtfk tebt tef `mcflt wbs 511 `r 811 nfft bm`vf tef drùgk wefg tefy nhrst sbw ht. Ht bppfbrfk t` mf sphgghgd rbphkjy bgk wbs l`gstbgtjy sehnthgd nrò `gf p`shth`g t` bg`tefr. [ehs wbs webt un`j`dhsts lbjj b [ypf H shdethgd‛b j`w-jfvfj `mcflt `msfrvfk bgk rfp`rtfk my rfjhbmjf whtgfssfs. Obrle >, wbs b njbp kbtf, bgk j`lbj gfwspbpfrs nrò l`bst t` l`bst lbrrhfk k`zfgs `n `tefr [ypf H shdethgds tebt kby. Obgy `n tefo hgv`jvfk p`jhlf `nnhlfrs, phj`ts, bgk `tefr bm`vf-bvfrbdf whtgfssfs. Tffis jbtfr, wefg bjj `n tef ljhpphgds bgk rfp`rts n`r tebt kby ebk mffg l`jjfltfk my tef bute`r, wf nùgk tebt fxtfgshvf shdethgds ebk bjs` mffg rfp`rtfk hg tef n`jj`whgd stbtfs3 Ohlehdbg, Gfw X`ri (J`gd Hsjbgk), @eh`, Gfw Cfrsfy, Thsl`gshg, H`wb, bgk `tefr sflth`gs `n \ùte Lbr`jhgb. [ehs wbs b typhlbj ohg`r njbp, bgk jhif o`st njbps, ht rflfhvfk g` gbth`gbj pumjhlhty, bgk g`gf `n tef shdethgds wbs pumjhsefk ùtshkf `n hts pjblf `n `rhdhg. Tehjf bjj `n tehs wbs d`hgd `g, \flrftbry OlGbobrb wbs mjhtefjy rfpfbthgd tef j`gd-fstbmjhsefk Bhr N`rlf jhgf mfehgk tef lj`sfk k``rs bt tef Eùsf efbrhgd. ‚Qf`pjf brf mfdhgghgd t` bttble shdghnhlbglf t` tehs obttfr,‟ ]fprfsfgtbthvf Dbjjbdefr t`jk tef \flrftbry tebt kby. ‚[efrf hs g` hgkhlbth`g tebt tefy brf bgytehgd `tefr tebg hjjush`gs,‟ OlGbobrb rfsp`gkfk mjbgkjy. E`w k` yù supp`sf te`sf tw` ofg hg \ùte Lbr`jhgb rfsp`gkfk wefg tefy rfbk tebt stbtfofgt0 N`r yfbrs g`w teùsbgks `n whtgfssfs ebvf mffg rfblthgd whte bgdfr bgk mfwhjkfrofgt t` tef `nnhlhbj pr`gùglfofgts bgk fxpjbgbth`gs. [ef d`vfrgofgtbj btthtukf ebs sullffkfk hg obhgtbhghgd sifpthlhso bo`gd te`sf we` ebvf gfvfr sffg b VN@ bgk ebs efjpfk n`stfr tef dfgfrbj khshgtfrfst `n tef prfss hg tef sumcflt. Bs b rfsujt, o`st `n tef rfp`rtfk VN@ blthvhty ebs d`gf ugg`thlfk, bgk tef bjbrohgd sl`pf `n tef pefgòfg`g hs ugig`wg fxlfpt t` tef rfjbthvfjy sobjj ebgknuj `n `rdbghzbth`gs bgk hgkhvhkubjs we` ebvf trhfk t` iffp

tbms `g tef shdethgds. Tefg H nhrst kflhkfk t` j`ì hgt` tefsf obttfrs hg Obrle 28>>, H sumslrhmfk t` sfvfrbj gfwspbpfr ljhpphgd sfrvhlfs, bgk H wbs stuggfk my tef rfsujts. H `ntfg rflfhvfk bs obgy bs 261 ljhpphgds n`r b shgdjf kby! Oy hoofkhbtf rfblth`g, `n lùrsf, wbs `gf `n khsmfjhfn. H teùdet tebt bjj `n tef gfwspbpfrs hg tef lùgtry ebk ter`wg `mcflthvhty ùt hop`sshmjf tef whgk`wtebt bgks` wfrf pbrthlhpbthgd hg sòf ihgk `n dhdbgthl put-`g. Ht sffofk obgy ughkfgthnhbmjf tehgds wfrf njyhgd brùgk ùr sblrfk sihfs whteùt mfhgd sfrhùsjy g`thlfk my m`te tef ohjhtbry bgk tef slhfgthnhl lòoughty. ]fjhbmhjhty `n ]fp`rts Oy nhrst tbsi, tefrfn`rf, wbs t` kftfrohgf cust e`w rfjhbmjf bjj `n tefsf rfp`rts wfrf. H mfdbg my pjblhgd nrfqufgt j`gd-khstbglf lbjjs t` tef rfp`rtfrs bgk fkht`rs `n sòf `n tef gfwspbpfrs tebt sffofk t` mf lbrryhgd VN@ st`rhfs wffi bntfr wffi. G`t `gjy khk tefy sùgk jhif rfbs`gbmjf pf`pjf, mut tefy bjj bssurfk of tebt tefy wfrf `gjy pumjhsehgd tef o`rf hgtfrfsthgd `r mfst-vbjhkbtfk st`rhfs tebt wfrf mfhgd rfp`rtfk t` tefo. Obgy wfrf l`glfgtrbthgd `gjy `g te`sf shdethgds rfp`rtfk my p`jhlf `nnhlfrs bgk j`lbj `nnhlhbjs. Ht quhlijy mflbof ljfbr tebt jhtfrbjjy teùsbgks `n shdethgds wfrf mfhgd rfp`rtfk my `rkhgbry lhthzfgs mut wfrf d`hgd lòpjftfjy ugpumjhsefk. [ef pumjhsefk shdethgds rfprfsfgtfk `gjy b nrblth`g `n tef we`jf! H bjs` lbjjfk obgy `n tef whtgfssfs hg tef pumjhsefk bllùgts bgk jfbrgfk, t` oy nurtefr khsoby, tebt tef gfwspbpfr st`rhfs ebk `gjy ùtjhgfk b pbrt `n tefhr t`tbj fxpfrhfglfs. \òf `n tefo ljbhofk tef `mcflts ebk pursufk tefhr lbrs, ebk jbgkfk mrhfnjy mfshkf tef r`bk gfbr tefo, `r ebk fvfg rfbppfbrfk jbtfr `vfr tefhr eòfs. Hgguofrbmjf whtgfssfs lòpjbhgfk tebt tefhr fyfs ebk mflòf rfk bgk sw`jjfg bntfr tefhr shdethgd bgk ebk rfobhgfk tebt wby n`r kbys bntfrwbrk. @tefrs sbhk tefy ebk fxpfrhfglfk pflujhbr thgdjhgd sfgsbth`gs `r wbvfs `n efbt bs tef `mcflts pbssfk `vfr. H oust bkoht tebt H fxpfrhfglfk bg fo`th`gbj rfblth`g t` bjj `n tehs bt nhrst, tryhgd t` l`gvhglf oysfjn tebt tef pefgòfg`g wbs o`rf eystfrhlbj hg gbturf tebg peyshlbj, mut tef o`rf H efbrk tef o`rf H wbs n`rlfk t` rfbjhzf tebt bjj `n tefsf pf`pjf wfrf lòhgd up whte tef sbof hglrfkhmjf kftbhjs. Ht mflbof bppbrfgt tebt tef `gjy wby t` pr`pfrjy hgvfsthdbtf tehs shtubth`g wbs t` trbvfj t` tef vbrhùs njbp brfbs pfrs`gbjjy bgk hgtfrvhfw tef whtgfssfs hg kfpte, bppjyhgd tef stbgkbrk cùrgbjhsthl tfleghqufs tebt H ebk jfbrgfk nrò mfhgd b rfp`rtfr bgk wrhtfr n`r tw` j`gd kflbkfs. \` hg tef sprhgd `n 28>> H mfdbg b

j`gd sfrhfs `n trfis tebt fvfgtubjjy t`ì of terùde twfgty stbtfs, wefrf H hgtfrvhfwfk teùsbgks `n pf`pjf, eugkrfks `n tefo hg kfpte. @llbsh`gbjjy H fglùgtfrfk b pumjhlhty sffifr `r bg ùtrhdet jhbr, mut sule pf`pjf wfrf fbsy t` sp`t. [ef obc`rhty `n tef pf`pjf H oft wfrf `rkhgbry, e`gfst euobg mfhgds. Obgy wfrf rfjultbgt t` khsluss tefhr fxpfrhfglfs whte of bt bjj ugthj H ebk w`g tefhr tefo tebt wbs g`t d`hgd t` rhkhlujf sjbgkfr tefo.l`gnhkfglf \òf ebk bgk ebk bssurfk sule ugusubj bgk Hugmfjhfvbmjf shdethgds tebt `r tefy wfrf bnrbhk t` rflùgt tefo ugthj tefy wfrf lfrtbhg tebt H wùjk dhvf tefo b shglfrf efbrhgd. Hg oy typhlbj rfp`rtfr nbseh`g H `gjy fxtrbltfk hgn`robth`g bgk dbvf jhttjf `r g`gf hg rfturg. H sfjkò jft tef whtgfssfs ig`w tebt `tefr pf`pjf hg `tefr sflth`gs `n tef lùgtry ebk t`jk of hkfgthlbj st`rhfs wehle sffofk t` l`rr`m`rbtf tefhr `wg fxpfrhfglfs. [ef kftbhjs `n obgy `n tefsf st`rhfs wfrf ugpumjhsefk bgk ugig`wg t` fvfg ebrkl`rf VN@ munns. My obhgtbhghgd tehs sflrfly, H wbs bmjf t` obif ughquf l`rrfjbth`gs tebt ohdet g`t `tefrwhsf ebvf mffg p`sshmjf. Bs H trbvfjfk, H gbturbjjy vhshtfk j`lbj gfwspbpfrs bgk spfgt thof whte tef fkht`rs bgk rfp`rtfrs we` ebk mffg ebgkjhgd tef VN@ rfp`rts hg tefhr brfbs. [efy wfrf bjj lòpftfgt gfwsofg, obgy whte yfbrs `n fxpfrhfglf mfehgk tefo, bgk wefg H oft tef whtgfssfs we`sf st`rhfs tefy ebk wrhttfg bgk pumjhsefk, H rfbjhzfk webt b sihjjnuj bgk `mcflthvf c`m tefy ebk k`gf. \` H kfvfj`pfk b gfw rfspflt n`r tef ljhpphgds tebt wfrf pùrhgd hgt` oy obhjm`x. O`st gfwspbpfr st`rhfs wfrf rfjhbmjf sùrlfs n`r mbshl hgn`robth`g. Jhifwhsf, H nùgk tebt o`st `n tef obtfrhbj mfhgd pumjhsefk my tef vbrhùs lhvhjhbg VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs ebk mffg lbrfnujjy shntfk bgk hgvfsthdbtfk t` tef mfst `n tefhr bmhjhty, fvfg teùde sòf `n tefsf `rdbghzbth`gs khk tfgk t` `vfr hgtfrprft tefhr obtfrhbj, `vfr spflujbtf, bgk bkk tef l`j`rhgd `n tefhr `wg mfjhfns. [efy bjs` ebk bg fxbspfrbthgd tfgkfgly t` kfjftf rfp`rtfk kftbhjs tebt tefy nfjt wfrf `mcflth`gbmjf `r kftrbltfk nrò tefhr ‚lbusf.‟ \bkjy, tehs hs fvfg o`rf truf t`kby tebg ht wbs hg tef 28>1s. [ef nfw rfobhghgd VN@ drùps ebvf mflòf lujts whte str`gd rfjhdhùs `vfrt`gfs, nbr o`rf l`glfrgfk whte tefhr pftty nfuks bgk vfgkfttbs tebg whte tef VN@s tefosfjvfs. E`wfvfr, tef whtgfssfs, H l`gljukfk, ebvf mffg dhvhgd e`gfst kfslrhpth`gs `n webt tefy ebvf sffg, bgk tefhr j`lbj gfwspbpfrs ebvf mffg dhvhgd `mcflthvf bllùgts `n webt tefy rfp`rtfk. [ef gbturf bgk tef ofbghgd `n webt tefy sbw hs bg`tefr obttfr. Bgk tef bgswfr lùjk g`t mf nùgk hg gfwspbpfr ljhpphgds. E`wfvfr, ht wbs p`sshmjf tebt te`sf ljhpphgds lùjk suppjy sòf mr`bk kbtb bmùt tef `vfrbjj pefgòfg`g. G`gf `n tef VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs ebk obkf bgy fnn`rt bt bjj t` fxtrblt sule kbtb. [ef V.\. Bhr N`rlf ebk trhfk hg tef

fbrjy 2861s mut ebk bppbrfgtjy dhvfg up hg kfspbhr. \` oy gfxt c`m wbs t` trbgsjbtf tef sffohgdjy rbgkò ljhpphgds bgk rfp`rts `n hgvfsthdbtfk lbsfs hgt` sòf n`ro `n stbthsthlbj hgn`robth`g. Qbttfrgs tef21,111 Qefgòfg`g O`rf hg tebg ljhpphgds bgk rfp`rts rfblefk of hg 28>> (hg l`gtrbst whte tef 2,1>1 rfp`rts bjjfdfkjy rflfhvfk my tef Bhr N`rlf kurhgd tebt sbof pfrh`k). H ebk leflifk ùt obgy `n tefsf lbsfs pfrs`gbjjy bgk ebk mflòf l`gvhglfk `n tefhr vbjhkhty. [erùdeùt 28>4, H kfv`tfk oy spbrf thof t` s`rthgd tehs drfbt obss `n obtfrhbj, lbtfd`rhzhgd ht, bgk m`hjhgd ht k`wg hgt` vbjhk stbthsthlbj n`ro. Ht wbs bg fg`roùs c`m, bgk H ebk t` k` ht bj`gf. H terfw ùt o`st `n tef ‚jhdets hg tef siy‟ typfs `n rfp`rts bgk l`glfgtrbtfk `g tef [ypf H lbsfs. H `mtbhgfk bstr`gòhlbj kbtb `g oftf`rs, ftl., n`r tef yfbr, bgk nrò tef Gbth`gbj Bfr`gbuthls bgk \pblf Bkohghstrbth`g H `mtbhgfk hgn`robth`g `g bjj `n tef yfbr‘s r`lift jbuglefs. My leflihgd tef VN@ rfp`rts bdbhgst tehs kbtb, H wbs bmjf t` shnt ùt tef p`sshmjf `r pr`mbmjf ohshgtfrprftbth`gs tebt wfrf mùgk t` `llur. Oy nhrst hgtfrfst wbs t` ugl`vfr webtfvfr pbttfrgs `r lyljfs tebt ohdet fxhst hg tef njbp kbtfs. H fgkfk up whte tw` nhjfs3 `gf l`gtbhghgd tef [ypf H shdethgds (411 rfp`rts hg tef sfl`gk drùp. [eus H wbs w`rihgd whte , 28>>, b [ufskby ghdet, hg wehle teùsbgks `n pf`pjf hg nhvf stbtfs whtgfssfk ugusubj bfrhbj pefgòfgb. My lbrfnujjy stukyhgd tef df`drbpehlbj j`lbth`gs `n tef rfp`rtfk shdethgds kurhgd tefsf njbps, wf lbof up`g bg`tefr puzzjhgd nblt`r. [ef rfp`rts sffofk t` ljustfr whtehg tef mùgkbrhfs `n spflhnhl stbtfs. N`r fxbopjf, kurhgd tef njbp `n Budust 2> tefrf wfrf eugkrfks `n shdethgds hg Bribgsbs. [efsf sffofk t` mf l`glfgtrbtfk hgt` tw` mfjts wehle rbg tef jfgdte `n tef stbtf nrò g`rte t` sùte. Xft wf khk g`t rflfhvf b shgdjf rfp`rt nrò tef gfhdem`rhgd stbtfs `n @ijbeòb, Ohsshsshpph, [fggfssff, `r Jùhshbgb tebt ghdet. Ohggfs`tb bgk Thsl`gshg, m`te nbr t` tef g`rte `n Bribgsbs, pbrthlhpbtfk hg tebt sbof njbp. Mut tef obc`rhty `n tef shdethgds sffofk t` mf l`glfgtrbtfk hg Ohggfs`tb, bgk tef VN@s sffofk t` l`gnhgf tefhr blthvhthfs whtehg tef p`jhthlbj mùgkbrhfs `n tebt stbtf, t``. ]bgkò shdethgds wfrf bjs` rfp`rtfk hg khstbgt Gfw Cfrsfy tebt ghdet, bgk b nfw shdethgds wfrf rfp`rtfk hg \ùte Kbi`tb, rhdet `g tef m`rkfr whte Ohggfs`tb. Lfrtbhgjy hn tef VN@s wfrf oftf`rs `r `tefr gbturbj pefgòfgb, tefy wùjk bjs` mf rfp`rtfk hg bkc`hghgd stbtfs. Lr`ss-stbtf shdethgds brf g`t bs lòo`g bs tef sifpthls wùjk jhif t` mfjhfvf. Hg bkkhth`g, tef `mcflts `ntfg jhgdfr n`r eùrs hg `gf brfb. Bt N`rt \ohte, Bribgsbs, gfwsobg Cèg Dbrgfr t`ì ehs IN\B ohlr`pe`gf hgt` tef strffts bgk mr`bklbst b kfslrhpth`g `n tef strbgdf oujthl`j`rfk jhdets tebt lbv`rtfk `vfr tef lhty n`r eùrs bs drfbt lr`wks `n pf`pjf wbtlefk. Bg`tefr gfwsobg, Ifg M`li `n IK]\, Qbrbdùjk, Bribgsbs, khk tef sbof tebt ghdet.

Hg oy stukhfs `n sfvfrbj `tefr njbps H ebvf khsl`vfrfk tehs sbof mbnnjhgd df`drbpehlbj nblt`r. Hn tef VN@s brf bltubjjy oblehgfs `n sòf s`rt, tefhr phj`ts sffo t` mf nbohjhbr g`t `gjy whte ùr lbjfgkbr mut bjs` whte tef p`jhthlbj mùgkbrhfs `n ùr stbtfs. [efy g`t `gjy l`glfgtrbtf tefhr blthvhthfs `g Tfkgfskby ghdets, tefy bjs` lbrfnujjy fxpj`rf ùr stbtfs ofte`khlbjjy nrò m`rkfr t` tehs m`rkfr. K`fs sùgk jhif tef w`ri `n Obrthbgs `r fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj strbgdfrs0 @r k`fs ht sùgk jhif tef w`ri `n sòf`gf we` hs ushgd ùr obps bgk ùr lbjfgkbrs bgk oby, tefrfn`rf, ig`w b drfbt kfbj bmùt us, fvfg teùde wf ig`w jhttjf bmùt ‚tefo‟0 [ef sifpthls try t` fxpjbhg bwby tef pumjhsefk VN@ st`rhfs my sbyhgd tebt b obss eystfrhb muhjks up hg njbp brfbs bgk tebt fvfry`gf stbrts sffhgd tef tehgds `glf b nfw rfp`rts ebvf mffg pumjhsefk. [ehs hs pbtfgtjy ugtruf. Gfbrjy bjj tef pumjhsefk rfp`rts `n njbp kbtfs bppfbr `g tef sbof kby. [efrf hs g` thof jbd, g` muhjkhgd up `n rfp`rts. ]bgkò hgkhvhkubjs hg whkfjy sfpbrbtfk brfbs bjj bppbrfgtjy sff ughkfgthnhbmjf `mcflts `g tef sbof ghdet bgk kuthnujjy rfp`rt tefhr `msfrvbth`gs t` tefhr j`lbj p`jhlf `r gfwspbpfrs, sfjkò rfbjhzhgd tebt bgy`gf fjsf ebs sffg sòftehgd tebt ghdet. [ef gfxt kby tef gfwspbpfrs hg sfvfrbj brfbs, `r fvfg sfvfrbj khnnfrfgt stbtfs, lbrry tef rfp`rts. [ef njbp ebs lòf bgk d`gf hg b shgdjf kby. Fvfg tefg, pf`pjf rfbkhgd tef Bribgsbs Dbzfttf gfvfr jfbrg tebt `tefr pbpfrs hg `tefr stbtfs ebvf mffg nhjjfk whte VN@ bllùgts `g tebt sbof kby. O`st VN@ munns, we` kfpfgk up`g `gf bg`tefr bgk bss`rtfk nrhfgks n`r ljhpphgds, brf gfvfr bwbrf `n tef nujj fxtfgt `n tef njbp. Thte tef fxlfpth`g `n tef G`rte Bofrhlbg Gfwspbpfr Bjjhbglf, g` gfws sfrvhlf bsshdgs ofg t` iffp trbli `n tefsf tehgds bgk tbmujbtf tefo. \` wehjf bg `llbsh`gbj shdethgd oby mf sfgt ùt my b whrf sfrvhlf, kbtb `g tef `vfrbjj shtubth`g brf shopjy g`t bvbhjbmjf. Bgbtòy `n b Njbp Hg Obrle-Bprhj 28>4, tef pumjhsefk VN@ shdethgds ùtstrhppfk bjj prfvhùs yfbrs. H rflfhvfk o`rf tebg =,111 ljhpphgds bgk rfp`rts hg Obrle bj`gf bgk wbs bmjf t` hgvfsthdbtf obgy `n tefo nhrstebgk. Xft tef obc`r gfws ofkhb hdg`rfk tehs njbp, pfrebps mflbusf g`gf `n tef fkht`rs rfbjhzfk ht wbs ebppfghgd. Hgstfbk `n tef oytehlbj lfgs`rsehp s` j`vhgdjy fxpùgkfk hg sòf lujthst lhrljfs, wf ebvf b jbli `n lòoughlbth`g bgk b lòpjftf jbli `n rfsfbrle. [ef hgkhnnfrfglf s` j`gd n`stfrfk my tef `nnhlhbj d`vfrgofgt p`shth`g ebs rfsujtfk hg b dfgfrbj hgkhnnfrfglf.

[ef mhddfst njbp hg Obrle 28>4 `llurrfk `g Tfkgfskby, Obrle 5. Jft‘s rfvhfw mrhfnjy sòf `n tef shdethgds rfp`rtfk `g tebt kby3 2 Ohggfs`tb3 ‚B strbgdf `mcflt hg tef siy e`vfrhgd brùgk bm`vf ùr eòfs efrf hs dhvhgd sòf `n us n`jis tef sehvfrs. Ht‘s mflòhgd sule b oystfrhùs jhdet `r njyhgd sbulfr tebt wf lbg bjo`st w`ri ùr hobdhgbth`gs hgt` sffhgd ht jbgk sòf ofgwhte nrò ùtfr spblf hgt`sòfthofs ùr mbliybrk. tehgdbgk o`vfs whte b djhkhgddrffg o`th`g mrhjjhbgt jhdet bgk cust [ef e`vfrhgd sòfthofs o`vhgd whte uto`st spffk. Ht bppfbrs fble ghdet bt 5 `‘lj`li bgk stbys n`r bmùt `gf eùr mfn`rf ht nbkfs bwby.‟ (Nj``kw``k, Ohggfs`tb, ]urbj N`ruo, Obrle 8, 28>4.) =. Ohlehdbg3 ‚Q`jhlf sbhk tefy rflfhvfk fhdet rfp`rts tebt b VN@ e`vfrfk `vfr Jhddftt \le``j bmùt 5 Q.O. Tfkgfskby.‟ [ef Bhr N`rlf bgk Dr`ssf Q`hgtf T``ks p`jhlf wfrf hgvfsthdbthgd rfp`rts `n b ‚murghgd `rbgdf `vbj‟ tebt ebk mffg pe`t`drbpefk my tw` pfrs`gs tebt wffi. ‚[efrf wbs kfnhghtfjy sòftehgd ùt tefrf,‟ sbhk Obc`r ]byo`gk Gyjs, \fjnrhkdf Bhr N`rlf Mbsf `pfrbth`gs `nnhlfr. ‚[`` obgy pf`pjf sbw ht.‟ (Kftr`ht, Ohlehdbg, Nrff Qrfss, Obrle 22, 28>4.) 4.) ;. Bribgsbs3 Ors. Gfk Tbrg`li `n Mrhgijfy, Bribgsbs, vhfwfk bg `mcflt nrò efr ihtlefg whgk`w tebt ghdet. ‚Ht wbs b rfkkhse `rbgdf,‟ sef sbhk. ‚Bgk ht lebgdfk t` b shjvfr-wehtf l`j`r cust mfn`rf ht t`ì `nn. Ht wbs rùgk bgk prftty jbrdf. Ht wbs rfbj j`w mut dbhgfk efhdet bgk spffk bs ht t`ì `nn. Ht wbs o`vhgd t`` nbst n`r b stbr.‟ \ef bjfrtfk efr gfhdem`rs, Or. bgk Ors. C.E. N`jifrts, bgk tefy bjs` sbw tef `mcflt. (Ljbrfgk`g, Bribgsbs, [ef  O`gr`f O`gr`f Lùgty \ug, Obrle 2>, 28>4.) 6. Obryjbgk3 [w` rfshkfgts bgk b p`jhlf `nnhlfr `msfrvfk bg `mcflt tebt bppfbrfk lhrlujbr, whte ‚b sehgy d`jk m`ttò.‟ Tefg ht e`vfrfk, tef t`p dj`wfk rfk. Ht njfw bg `vbj-sebpfk pbte, d`hgd mbli bgk n`rte nrò N`rt Ofbkf t` Jburfj terff thofs mfn`rf tbihgd `nn. (Jburfj, Obryjbgk, Qrhglf Df`rdf‘s Lùgty Gfws, Obrle 2>, 28>4.) >. O`gtbgb3 Or. ]hlebrk Ebbdjbgk `n \tfvfgsvhjjf, O`gtbgb, rfp`rtfk t` tef Ohssùjb Lùgty sefrhnn‘s `nnhlf tebt ef ebk sffg b lhrlujbr njyhgd `mcflt wehle ‚kr`ppfk terff mbjjs `n nhrf mfn`rf khsbppfbrhgd bt 53=1 Q.O. Tfkgfskby ghdet.‟ (Ohssùjb, O`gtbgb, Ohssùjhbg-\fgthgfj, Obrle 8, 28>4.) 4.

O`gtbgb3 ‚Obgy pf`pjf ebvf sffg ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts hg tef Fibjbib, Jbof C`gfs, bgk Thjjbrk brfbs. [ef rfp`rt hs tebt tefy sffo t` e`vfr bmùt b ohjf nrò tef drùgk, ―njy‘ up bgk k`wg, `r hg bgy khrflth`g tebt sffos t` pjfbsurf tefo. [efy brf jht up whte rfk bgk drffg jhdets bgk brf bpt t` mf sffg hg tef fbrjy ghdet. ‚[efIftleuo rfp`rt t` ebs tef [hofs `nnhlfbtmy Ors. EbrrytÈbgs`g `n Thjjbrk tebt \tbgjfy sffg tefo webt sffos mf b lj`sfr rbgdf rfjbtfs tebg o`st, bgk bgy bttfopt bt tryhgd t` dft lj`sf t` tefo obifs tefo jhtfrbjjy khsbppfbr hgt` tehg bhr.‟ (Mbifr, O`gtbgb, Nbjj`g Lùgty [hofs, Obrle 8, 28>4.) 5. Ohssùrh3 Or. C. \j`bg Ouhr `n Lbjfk`ghb, Ohssùrh, `msfrvfk b njbsehgd jhdet nrò ehs ihtlefg whgk`w bt 4326 Q.O. jbst Tfkgfskby bgk lbjjfk ehs whnf. [efy sbhk ht wbs ‚b sehgy, oftbj, `mj`gd dj`mf, sebpfk sòftehgd jhif b wbtfrofj`g. Brùgk tef pfrhoftfr wfrf obgy mfbuthnuj oujthl`j`rfk jhdets-drffg bgk rfk o`stjy, mut bjs` wehtf, mjuf, bgk yfjj`w, rugghgd hgt` `rbgdf.‟ [efy fsthobtfk tebt ht wbs bmùt , 28>4.) 8. Ohssùrh3 ‚Hg tef pbst tw`-bgk-`gf-ebjn wffis 46 t` 211 pfrs`gs ebvf rfp`rtfk shdethgds hg tef @sbdf Mfble bgk Jhgg Lrffi brfbs.‟ (^frsbhjjfs, Ohssùrh, ^frsbhjjfs Jfbkfr-\tbtfsobg, Obrle 2>, 28>4.) 21. Ohssùrh3 Ors. Qeyjjhs ]`wjfs `n Muglft`g, Ohssùrh, rfp`rtfk sffhgd b oujthl`j`rfk `mcflt bt 5 Q.O., Tfkgfskby. \ef kfslrhmfk ht bs ebvhgd njbsehgd mjuf, drffg bgk wehtf jhdets. Ht e`vfrfk n`r tw` eùrs, o`vhgd hg bg up-bgk-k`wg o`th`g. Obgy `tefrs hg tef brfb ebk shohjbr shdethgds, hgljukhgd Jf` Lbsf, b gfwsobg n`r stbth`g I]O\. (M``gvhjjf, Ohssùrh, Kbhjy Gfws, Obrle 8, 28>4.) 22. Hjjhg`hs3 Or. bgk Ors. J`gghf Kbvhs wfrf krhvhgd `g ]ùtf 4.) 2=. Hjjhg`hs3 \fvfrbj whtgfssfs hg Q`gthbl, Hjjhg`hs, rfp`rtfk shdethgds t` tef stbtf p`jhlf `g Tfkgfskby. [efy sbhk b wehtf jhdet njbsefk `llbsh`gbjjy whte b

jfss nrfqufgt rfk jhdet bgk b pfrh`khl drffg jhdet. [ef `mcflt bppfbrfk mftwffg 21 Q.O. bgk ohkghdet bgk o`vfk up bgk k`wg sj`wjy. ‚O`rf tebg b k`zfg pf`pjf ebvf sffg tef `mcflt tehs wffi.‟ (Q`gthbl, Hjjhg`hs, Jfbkfr, Obrle 21, 28>4.) 24.) 2;. Hjjhg`hs3 \tbtf p`jhlf bgk sl`rfs `n `tefrs wbtlefk VN@s gfbr Njbgbdbg, Hjjhg`hs, `g Tfkgfskby ghdet. B stbtf tr``pfr gbofk Ifggfky sbhk ef ebk n`jj`wfk t` V.\. 62 wefrfOhg`gi ef oftnrò tw` T``kn`rk Lùgty we` ebk tef mffg`mcflt wbtlehgd ht bppr`ble tef fbst. [ef `mcfltkfputhfs wbs b mrhjjhbgt mjuhse-wehtf bgk rfk. (Mj`òhgdt`g, Hjjhg`hs, Qbgtbdrbpe, Obrle 21, 28>4.) 26. Hjjhg`hs3 ‚Njyhgd sbulfr rfp`rts, `gf `n tefo nrò b vftfrbg p`jhlfobg bgk phj`t, nj``kfk tef Ig`x Lùgty sefrhnn‘s `nnhlf hg Dbjfsmurd [eurskby. K`zfgs `n shohjbr rfp`rts pùrfk hgt` p`jhlf kfpbrtofgts hg O`jhgf, Hjjhg`hs.‟ (Lehlbd`, Hjjhg`hs, Gfws, Obrle 8, 28>4.) 2>. H`wb3 ‚@g Tfkgfskby, [eurskby, bgk Nrhkby ghdets `n jbst wffi ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts wfrf rfp`rtfk my sfvfrbj pfrs`gs… hgljukhgd Kr. bgk Ors. T.D. [hftz, L`gghf Kbdht bgk efr yùgdfr mr`tefr, Cbli Lebkwhli, bgk Cèg Ihwbjb. [ef VN@s wfst `n Fjk`rb wfrf bjj rfp`rtfk bt bppr`xhobtfjy tef sbof thof ghdetjy, bt bmùt 534.) 24. H`wb3 B ‚sbulfr-sebpfk mjuf jhdet‟ wbs `msfrvfk Tfkgfskby ghdet e`vfrhgd bm`vf Kbo 25 g`rte `n Murjhgdt`g, H`wb. Kfputy \efrhnn Eòfr Khlis`g sbhk ef teùdet ht ohdet ebvf mffg b ‚rfnjflth`g `n b sp`tjhdet `g tef hlf.‟ ‚Tfkgfskby‘s shdethgd wbs tef jbtfst `n sfvfrbj rfp`rtfk hg tef Murjhgdt`g brfb tef pbst tw` wffis.‟ (Murjhgdt`g, H`wb, gfwspbpfr. Gbof `mjhtfrbtfk. Obrle 8, 28>4.) 25. H`wb3 Ors. J. F. I`ppfgebvfr rfp`rtfk sffhgd ‚b mhd rfk mbjj‟ sbhjhgd `vfr efr eùsf bt 83;6 Q.O., Tfkgfskby. ‚Xù ig`w e`w tef sftthgd sug dfts b rfk dj`w `g ht0‟ sef sbhk. ‚Tfjj, tebt wbs webt tehs tehgd j`ìfk jhif. @gjy tehs

`mcflt wbs vfry o`mhjf, o`vhgd bjo`st ùt `n shdet, tef mrhdet dj`w khohghsehgd t` b sobjj jhdet. H‘vf sffg sbtfjjhtfs mfn`rf, mut tehs wbs g`tehgd jhif tefo. Ht o`vfk s` nbst bgk obgfuvfrfk s` quhlijy.‟ Efr nbtefr, Tbjtfr Fgdstrò, sbhk ef bjs` sbw tef sbof `mcflt. (M``gf, H`wb, Gfws-]fpumjhlbg, Obrle 21, 28>4.) 28. Ibgsbs3 Or. Cbif Cbgs`ghus `n Qrbhrhf ^hfw, Ibgsbs, wbs krhvhgd eòf bmùt 21 Q.O. Tfkgfskby ‚wefg tef siyht,jht b mrhdet `n sòf ihgk bppfbrfk.‟ Tehjfghdet ef wbs wbtlehgd ht up se`tbgk strbhdet up mjuf hg tef`mcflt bhr, bgk ebjn `n ht turgfk nhfry rfk bs ‚terff mjbzhgd tbhjs rfblefk t`wbrk tef drùgk.‟ Ht o`vfk t` tef wfst bgk tefg kr`ppfk k`wg, ùt `n ehs jhgf `n vhsh`g. Ef kr`vf b se`rt khstbglf wefg ‚tef siy jht up p``n hg `gf mhd njbse, bgk hoofkhbtfjy befbk `n of tef sbulfr-sebpfk `mcflt mfdbg t` sprfbk bpbrt-`gf ebjn sthjj mjuf, tef `tefr nhfry rfk. Bs tef khstbglf whkfgfk mftwffg tef tw` pbrts, b l`ggflthgd mbgk wehle bppfbrfk t` mf bmùt `gf bgk b ebjn nfft tehli n`rofk, bgk wehjf H wbtlefk, tef `mcflt mrìf up bgk khsbppfbrfk hg b njbse.‟ (Qehjjhpsmurd, Ibgsbs, ]fvhfw, Obrle 2>, 28>4.) =1. Ibgsbs3 p`jhlf `nnhlfrs hg Obrh`g, Ibgsbs, wbtlefk bg ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd\fvfrbj `mcflt Tfkgfskby ghdet mftwffg 5311 bgk 534.) =2. Ibgsbs3 ‚Brùgk 8311 Tfkgfskby ghdet, sfvfrbj [`wbgkb yùtes wfrf pbrifk bj`gd tef r`bk g`rtewfst `n t`wg wefg tefy `msfrvfk rfv`jvhgd rfk, wehtf bgk mjuf jhdets njbsehgd hg tef siy bm`vf tef Thjs`g nhfjk hg tef vhlhghty `n b lhty wbtfr wfjj.‟ [ef m`ys nftlefk Lhty Obrsebj ^hrdhj @sm`rgf, bgk ef wfgt whte tefo t` tef brfb bgk vhfwfk tef jhdets ehosfjn. @sm`rgf sbhk, ‚[ef trffs bj`gd tef rhvfr wfrf jhdetfk up nrò tef rfnjflth`g bs tef oystfrhùs `mcflt o`vfk `vfr tefo.‟ B jhgf `n lbrs jfk my @sm`rgf n`jj`wfk tef `mcflt bs ht l`gthgufk hts lùrsf whteùt lebgdhgd khrflth`g `r bjthtukf ugthj ht wbs ùt `n shdet. (Tehtfwbtfr, Ibgsbs, Hgkfpfgkfgt, Obrle 8, 28>4.) ==. Ibgsbs3 \efrhnn D. J. \ujjhvbg bgk Q`jhlf Lehfn Bj Ihsgfr wbtlefk b e`vfrhgd `mcflt n`r o`rf tebg bg eùr `g Tfkgfskby fvfghgd gfbr D``kjbgk, Ibgsbs. [efy sbhk tef tehgd rfsfomjfk b spefrf nrò 2= t` 2; nfft j`gd whte bg `mcflt bttblefk t` tef m`ttò wehle bppfbrfk t` mf bmùt 2= nfft hg khboftfr. [efrf wfrf terff jhdets `g ht‛ rfk, drffg bgk bomfr. B D``kjbgk p`jhlfobg, ]`g Tffeugt, rfp`rtfk sffhgd bg `vbj-sebpfk, kòfk `mcflt bmùt nhnty nfft j`gd tebt sbof fvfghgd. Ef sbhk ht njfw `vfr tef

lhty bt o`kfrbtf spffk bgk bppfbrfk bt bg bjthtukf `n 2,111 t` 2,611 nfft. (G`rt`g, Ibgsbs, [fjfdrbo, Obrle 2;, 28>4.) [efsf twfgty-tw` rfp`rts brf b ofrf sbopjhgd, mut tefy pr`vhkf bg hkfb `n webt ebppfgfk `g b shgdjf Tfkgfskby ghdet hg Obrle 28>4. [ehs wbs g`t bg fxlfpth`gbj njbp. Ht wbs, hg nblt, b rbtefr `rkhgbry `gf, bgk g`gf `n tefsf hglhkfgts hs `n spflhbj hgtfrfst. [efrf wfrf njbp kbtfs hg 28>>, obgy `n tefo oule jbrdfr tebg tebt `n Obrle 5, sfvfgty-nùr 28>4. [ef njbp `n Obrle 5 sffofk t` mf jbrdfjy l`glfgtrbtfk hg tef stbtfs `n Ibgsbs bgk Hjjhg`hs. Hg nblt, oule `n tef VN@ blthvhty hg rflfgt yfbrs ebs mffg n`lusfk `g tef Ohkwfstfrg stbtfs. Vgthj tef nbjj `n 28>4, b shopjf pbttfrg sffos t` ebvf fofrdfk3 jfss kfgsfjy p`pujbtfk brfbs ebk b ehdefr rbth` `n shdethgds tebg efbvhjy p`pujbtfk sflth`gs. [ef Bhr N`rlf khsl`vfrfk tehs `kk nblt mbli hg tef jbtf 28;1s. Hn tehs wfrf b purfjy psyle`j`dhlbj pefgòfg`g, tefg tefrf seùjk mf o`rf rfp`rts hg tef o`rf kfgsfjy p`pujbtfk brfbs. Hgstfbk, tef rfvfrsf ebs mffg truf. [ef `mcflts sthjj bppbrfgtjy prfnfr rfo`tf sflt`rs sule bs ehjj wefrf lbsfs tef rhsi `n mfhgd lùgtry, kfsfrts, brfbs, bgk pjblfs `msfrvfk hs tef n`rfstfk jfbst . Bs yùswbopjbgks, whjj g`tf nrò tef sbopjf ofgth`gfk prfvhùsjy, tef obc`rhty `n tef shdethgds wfrf obkf mftwffg 434, qu`tfk Kr. C. Bjjfg Eygfi bs khsohsshgd b guomfr `n tef Obrle 5 shdethgds bs mfhgd tef pjbgft ^fgus. Mut H w`rry bmùt tef rfp`rt `n tw` Frhf, Qfggsyjvbghb, p`jhlfofg, Thjjhbo ]utjfkdf bgk K`gbjk Qfli, we` sbhk tefy wbtlefk b strbgdf jhdet `vfr Jbif Frhf n`r tw` eùrs `g Tfkgfskby, Budust >. Ht bppfbrfk bs b mrhdet jhdet wefg tefy nhrst g`thlfk ht bt ;3;6 B.O. Ht o`vfk fbst, tefy sbhk, st`ppfk, turgfk rfk, bgk khsbppfbrfk. B oòfgt jbtfr ht rfbppfbrfk bgk wbs g`w b mjuhse wehtf. [efy wbtlefk ht ugthj >366 B.O. BsHttef sug lbof up bgkshjvfry kbwg nj``kfk tef siy, tef `mcfltbgk lfbsfk t` mf b ofrf jhdet. mflbof b kfnhghtf `mcflt, p`sshmjy oftbjjhl, nhgbjjy ht efbkfk g`rte t`wbrk Lbgbkb bgk khsbppfbrfk. Lùjk bjj `n tefsf `tefr strbgdf jhdets hg tef siy bjs` mf shjvfr oftbjjhl `mcflts wefg vhfwfk hg kbyjhdet0 Hn s`, tefg wf lbg n`rdft bmùt bjj `n tef tef`rhfs `n swbop dbs, oftf`rs, pjbsob, bgk gbturbj pefgòfgb tebt ebvf mffg mbgkhfk bmùt my tef sifpthls n`r s` obgy yfbrs.

= [` Efjj whte tef Bgswfr! Tebt‘s tef Rufsth`g0 Bt 5 Q.O. `g Tfkgfskby, @lt`mfr ;, 28>4, H wbs krhvhgd b rfgtfk lbr bj`gd tef J`gd Hsjbgk Fxprfsswby bmùt twfgty ohjfs ùtshkf `n Gfw X`ri Lhty wefg H g`thlfk b jbrdf mrhjjhbgt spefrf `n jhdet mùglhgd terùde tef siy `g b lùrsf pbrbjjfj t` oy Ht lbudet tw` oy fyf mflbusf ebksòftehgd sffg obgy sule bgk jhdets hg obgy pjblfs n`r`wg. tef prflfkhgd yfbrs. [efrf Hwbs spflhbj vfry nbohjhbr bmùt tef lrystbj-jhif purhty `n hts wehtfgfss, bgk ht wbs mrhdetfr tebg bgy stbr hg tef siy. @g t`p `n ht H lùjk obif ùt b sfl`gk jhdet, b sobjjfr nhfrlfjy rfk dj`w tebt njhlifrfk sjhdetjy hg l`gtrbst whte tef stfbkhgfss `n tef jbrdfr spefrf mfgfbte ht. Bjteùde Ifggfky Bhrp`rt wbs gfbrmy, H igfw tebt tehs wbs g`t tef mrhdet str`mf jbgkhgd jhdet `n bg bhrpjbgf. H‘vf sffg obgy `n te`sf, t``, hg oy trbvfjs. Tefg H rfblefk Eugthgdt`g, J`gd Hsjbgk, tebt ghdet, H nùgk lbrs pbrifk bj`gd tef r`bks bgk sl`rfs `n pf`pjf, hgljukhgd sfvfrbj p`jhlf `nnhlfrs, stbgkhgd hg tef nhfjksofstbrhgd bt tef nùr siy hg w`gkfr. [ef fghdobthl tebt ebk ‚n`jj`wfk‟ wbs c`hghgd `tefrs `vfrefbk. Bjj wfrf jhdet j`w, e`vfrhgd shjfgtjy, sj`wjy m`mmhgd bgk wfbvhgd jhif hjjuohgbtfk y`-y`s tftefrfk t` hgvhshmjf strhgds. ‚Tebt k` yù tehgi tefy brf0‟ `gf fjkfrjy dfgtjfobg bsifk of. ‚H‘vf gfvfr sffg bgytehgd jhif ht mfn`rf,‟ tef obg outtfrfk, obrvfjhgd tebt sule tehgds lùjk mf. ‚H bjwbys teùdet tefy wfrf cust s` oule g`gsfgsf.‟ H g`kkfk bgk d`t mbli hgt` oy lbr. H ebk b j`gd wby t` d` tebt ghdet bgk obgy pr`mjfos `g oy ohgk. H sffo t` ebvf ebk g`tehgd mut pr`mjfos shglf H d`t hgt` tef njyhgd sbulfr mushgfss. B nfw ohjfs sùte `n Eugthgdt`g, hg tef thgy ebojft `n Ofjvhjjf, bg`tefr obg ebk pr`mjfos. [ef ghdet mfn`rf, `g @lt`mfr 4, Qehjjhp Muriebrkt, bg

bfr`spblf lòputfr systfos fgdhgffr we` e`jks b mblefj`r `n slhfglf kfdrff hg obtefobthls bgk b obstfrs hg pehj`s`pey, wbs bjfrtfk my tw` tffgbdfrs, \ebwg Ifbrgs, tehrtffg, bgk K`gbjk Muriebrkt, nùrtffg, ehs s`g. [efy lbjjfk eho ùtshkf ehs eòf `g ]ùgktrff Krhvf t` j`ì bt bg `kk oblehgf e`vfrhgd cust bm`vf tef trffs b nfw ybrks bwby. ‚Ht wbs khsi-sebpfk,‟ Muriebrkt sbhk jbtfr. ‚Ht wbs shjvfry `r oftbjjhl wehtf hg l`j`r bgk sffofk t` mf hjjuohgbtfk my jhdets‛b sft `n rfltbgdujbr-sebpfk jhdets tebt mjhgifk `g bgk `nn bgk sffofk t` mf rfv`jvhgd blr`ss tef j`wfr p`rth`g `n tef `mcflt, nrò jfnt t` rhdet. Bg`tefr jhdet fobgbtfk nrò tef t`p mut wbs g`t mjhgihgd. [efrf wbs g` g`hsf sule bs bg fgdhgf wùjk obif.‟ [ef `mcflt kr`ppfk k`wg mfehgk tef lrfst `n b rhkdf, bgk Muriebrkt rfturgfk t` ehs eùsf t` dft b pbhr `n mhg`lujbrs. [efg ef bgk sfvfrbj `tefrs sft ùt t` nhgk tef tehgd bdbhg. [efy kr`vf t` b gfbrmy r`bk, sp`ttfk ht, bgk wbtlefk ht bs ht njfw ùt `n shdet. Muriebrkt trhfk t` kftfrohgf hn tef `mcflt wbs rugghgd tef jfdbjjy rfquhrfk rfk bgk drffg jhdets tebt fvfg fxpfrhofgtbj lrbnt oust khspjby. Hn ht khk, ef lùjkg‘t sff tefo. Bntfr pe`ghgd tef \unn`ji Bhr N`rlf Mbsf hg Tfstebopt`g Mfble, J`gd Hsjbgk, bgk bgswfrhgd qufsth`gs n`r ebjn bg eùr, tef slhfgthst bgk tef tw` m`ys rfturgfk t` tef brfb `n tef shdethgd bgk fxbohgfk tef drùgk whte njbsejhdets. ‚Tf kftfltfk b pflujhbr `k`r,‟ Or. Muriebrkt g`tfk. ‚Ht wbs lòpbrbmjf t` murghgd lefohlbjs `r fjfltrhlbj whrhgd bgk l`gnhgfk t` tef hoofkhbtf brfb… b sbgk bgk drbvfj-l`vfrfk ljfbrhgd.‟ Mflbusf tehs shdethgd wbs g`t obkf pumjhl ugthj b o`gte jbtfr, nfw pf`pjf ùtshkf `n tef hoofkhbtf vhlhghty igfw `n ht. Mut whtehg kbys bntfr tef hglhkfgt, Ors. Muriebrkt t`jk of, tefy mfdbg t` rflfhvf b sfrhfs `n pflujhbr pe`gf lbjjs. [ef pe`gf wùjk rhgd, mut tefrf wùjk mf g` `gf `g tef `tefr fgk. \òfthofs tef pe`gf wùjk l`gthguf t` rhgd fvfg bntfr tef rflfhvfr wbs phlifk up. Bjs`, tef Muriebrkt pe`gf mhjj mfdbg t` se`w b puzzjhgd hglrfbsf `vfr tef prfvhùs o`gtejy bvfrbdf. Ofjvhjjf, wf ohdet g`tf, ebk nrfqufgt bgk hgfxpjhlbmjf p`wfr nbhjurfs terùdeùt 28>4, bs khk Eugthgdt`g. N`r Qehjjhp Muriebrkt, ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts brf g` j`gdfr b l`gtr`vfrshbj sumcflt `r b obttfr `n mfjhfn `r khsmfjhfn. Ef ig`ws tefy fxhst. E`w J`gd Ebs [ehs Mffg D`hgd @g0 Ehst`ry prfnfrs nbgtbsy t` nblt. Jfdfgk fgkurfs wehjf trute lùdes up mj``k,

wehle krhfs bgk nbkfs. Tf prfnfr t` tfble ùr lehjkrfg tebt Lerhst`pefr L`juomus wbs b efr` bgk ebvf murhfk ehs djbrhgd nbujts. Tf le``sf t` pbss `g tef g`gsfgsf tebt tef Drfbt Lehlbd` Nhrf `n @lt`mfr 5, 2542, wbs hdghtfk wefg Ors. @‘Jfbry‘s khsl`gtfgtfk l`w ihlifk `vfr b jbgtfrg, bgk wf n`rdft tebt tebt nhrf wbs bltubjjy lbusfk my b dhdbgthl, sthjj-ugfxpjbhgfk nhrfmbjj tebt swfpt j`w blr`ss tef sihfs `n sfvfrbj stbtfs, kfstr`yhgd k`zfgs `n lòoughthfs bgk lrfbthgd b ihgk `n kfbte bgk ebv`l wehle wùjk g`t mf sffg bdbhg ugthj tef drfbt nhrf rbhks `n T`rjk Tbr jj.Y2_ jj.Y2_ B teùsbgk yfbrs nrò g`w Ehtjfr oby mf rfofomfrfk bs b sòfwebt fllfgtrhl obgunblturfr `n s`bp. Bgk obg‘s ljuosy, sthnn-jfddfk bttfopt t` jfbp hgt` spblf oby ofrfjy suppjfofgt tef `jkfr tbjf `n Hlbrus njyhgd t`` lj`sf t` tef sug `g whgds `n wbx. Tf brf o`rf fgterbjjfk whte ùr hgtfrprftbth`gs `n drfbt fvfgts tebg whte tef fvfgts tefosfjvfs, bgk wf dhgdfrjy bjtfr tef nblts dfgfrbth`g bntfr dfgfrbth`g ugthj ehst`ry rfbks tef wby wf tehgi ht seùjk rfbk. Hn yùtefhr wbgt t` mfjhfvf tef nbgly-rhkkfg ebvf pbhgstbihgdjy rfl`rkfk vfrsh`gs `n obg‘s j`gd ehst`ry, slrhmfs yù obywe` mf rfbky t` bllfpt tef nblt tebt ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts ebvf bjwbys mffg up tefrf. Lfrtbhgjy tef ehst`rhfs bgk jfdfgks `n fvfry lùgtry bgk fvfry rblf, hgljukhgd tef hs`jbtfk Fsiho`s, brf nhjjfk whte st`rhfs `n hgfxpjhlbmjf bfrhbj ebppfghgds. E`w vbjhk hs ùr ehst`ry, bgk wefrf hs tef p`hgt tebt ehst`ry bgk oyte hgtfrohgdjf bgk mflòf `gf0 \fvfrbj drfbt rfjhdh`gs ebvf mffg nùgkfk `g tef l`gtfgts `n tef E`jy Mhmjf. Ohjjh`gs `n pf`pjf ebvf bllfptfk ht bs trute‛bs tef D`spfj‛n`r tef pbst =,111 yfbrs. Xft tef Mhmjf dhvfs us sfvfrbj khnnfrfgt bgk l`gtrbkhlt`ry vfrsh`gs `n tef sbof fvfgts, hgljukhgd tef jhnf bgk kfbte `n Lerhst, bjj purp`rtfkjy wrhttfg my fyfwhtgfssfs bgk bjj `n tefo khnnfrfgt hg obgy shdghnhlbgt kftbhjs. Tehle hs tef truf bllùgt0 [ef kfvùt bllfpt tefo bjj. Nfw mfjhfvfrs wùjk rfcflt tef fxhstfglf `n Lerhst mflbusf `n tefsf khnnfrfglfs. Vgjhif o`st VN@ rfsfbrlefrs, H ebvf rfbk tef Mhmjf lbrfnujjy sfvfrbj thofs. Hg vhfw `n webt wf g`w ig`w‛`r suspflt‛bmùt njyhgd sbulfrs, obgy `n tef Mhmjhlbj bllùgts `n tehgds hg tef siy tbif `g b gfw ofbghgd bgk fvfg l`rr`m`rbtf sòf `n tef tehgds ebppfghgd t`kby. [efy wfrf dhvfg b rfjhdhùs hgtfrprftbth`g hg te`sf bglhfgt kbys wefg bjj gbturbj pefgòfgb bgk bjj lbtbstr`pefs wfrf mjbofk `g b \upfrh`r Mfhgd. [`kby wf igffj mfn`rf tef bjtbr `n slhfglf, bgk ùr slhfgthnhl hdg`rbglf rflfhvfs tef mjbof n`r webt wf k` g`t ig`w `r lbgg`t ugkfrstbgk. [ef dbof‘s

tef sbof, `gjy tef rujfs ebvf lebgdfk sjhdetjy. Tf g` j`gdfr rug t` tef tfopjf wefg wf sff b strbgdf, ugfbrtejy `mcflt hg tef siy. Tf rug t` tef Bhr N`rlf `r t` tef jfbrgfk bstr`gòfrs. Hg bglhfgt thofs tef prhfsts wùjk tfjj us tebt wf ebk shggfk, bgk tefrfn`rf D`k wbs se`whgd us shdgs hg tef siy. [`kby ùr jfbrgfk jfbkfrs shopjy tfjj us tebt wf brf ohstbifg‛ `r lrbzy‛`r m`te. [ef gfxt thof wf sff sòftehgd hg tef siy, wf iffp ht t` ùrsfjvfs. Mut tef kbogbmjf tehgds iffp lòhgd mbli bgywby. Obymf tefy gfvfr wfgt bwby. [ef nhrst pe`t`drbpe `n bg ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflt wbs tbifg mbli hg 255< my b Ofxhlbg bstr`gòfr gbofk C`sf M`ghjjb. Ef ebk mffg `msfrvhgd tef sug nrò ehs `msfrvbt`ry bt Sblbtflbs `g Budust 2= `n tebt yfbr wefg ef wbs tbifg bmbli my tef sukkfg bppfbrbglf `n b j`gd pbrbkf `n lhrlujbr `mcflts tebt sj`wjy njhttfk blr`ss tef s`jbr khsi. Bjt`dftefr ef lùgtfk 2;< `n tef tehgds, bgk mflbusf ehs tfjfsl`pf wbs fquhppfk whte b gfwnbgdjfk dbkdft lbjjfk b lbofrb, ef se`t sòf phlturfs `n`mcflts tefo. wehle Tefg kfvfj`pfk, tef nhjo b sfrhfs `n lhdbr-bgk sphgkjf-sebpfk wfrf `mvhùsjy s`jhkse`wfk bgk g`glfjfsthbj. Qr`nfss`r M`ghjjb kuthnujjy wr`tf up b sle`jbrjy rfp`rt `n tef fvfgt nhjjfk whte obtefobthlbj lbjlujbth`gs (ef fsthobtfk tebt tef `mcflts ebk bltubjjy pbssfk `vfr tef fbrte bt bg bjthtukf `n bmùt =11,111 ohjfs), bttblefk l`phfs `n ehs phlturfs bgk sfgt tef we`jf tehgd `nn t` tef Nrfgle cùrgbj J‘Bstr`gòhf. Ehs l`jjfbdufs g` kùmt rfbk ht whte lebdrhg, bgk mflbusf tefy lùjk g`t fxpjbhg webt ef ebk sffg, tefy n`rd`t bmùt tef we`jf mushgfss bgk turgfk t` o`rf nruhtnuj pursuhts‛ sule bs lùgthgd tef rhgds `n \bturg. Nhvf yfbrs mfn`rf Qr`nfss`r M`ghjjb‘s fombrrbsshgd `msfrvbth`g, b nbrofr hg [fxbs rfp`rtfk sffhgd b jbrdf lhrlujbr `mcflt pbss `vfrefbk bt ehde spffk. Ehs gbof wbs Cèg Obrthg, bgk wefg ef t`jk b rfp`rtfr nrò tef Kfgghs`g, [fxbs, Kbhjy  Gfws Gfws bmùt ht, ef obkf ehst`ry `n s`rts my kfslrhmhgd ht bs b ‚sbulfr.‟ [ef kbtf `n ehs shdethgd wbs [eurskby, Cbgubry =;, 2545. Ehs gfhdem`rs pr`mbmjy lbjjfk eho Lrbzy Cèg bntfr tebt, gfvfr rfbjhzhgd tebt ef wbs g`t tef nhrst, bgk lfrtbhgjy wùjk g`t mf tef jbst, t` sff webt ebk mffg up tefrf bjj bj`gd. Hg Bprhj 2584, teùsbgks `n pf`pjf terùdeùt tef Vghtfk \tbtfs wfrf sffhgd eudf ‚bhrsehps‟ `vfr tefhr t`wgs bgk nbros. \l`rfs `n whtgfssfs fvfg ljbhofk t` ebvf oft bgk tbjifk whte tef phj`ts. Bll`rkhgd t` tef Gfw X`ri Efrbjk, O`gkby, Bprhj 2=, 2584, b gfws kfbjfr hg ]`dfrs Qbri, Hjjhg`hs, t`ì tw` pe`t`drbpes `n b lhdbr-sebpfk lrbnt. ‚H ebk rfbk n`r sòf kbys bmùt tef bhrsehp,‟ tef gfws kfbjfr, Tbjtfr OlLbgg, wbs qu`tfk bs sbyhgd. ‚Mut H teùdet

ht oust mf b nbif.‟ Mflbusf s` obgy pf`pjf wfrf lòhgd up whte bhrsehp st`rhfs, bgk obgy `n tefo wfrf fvfg shdghgd bnnhkbvhts swfbrhgd t` tef trute `n webt tefy ebk sffg, gfwspbpfrofg gbturbjjy turgfk t` tef drfbtfst slhfgthnhl bute`rhty `n tef thof, [eòbs Bjvb Fkhs`g. ‚Xù lbg tbif ht nrò of tebt ht hs b purf nbif,‟ Fkhs`g kfljbrfk `g Bprhj ==, 2584. ‚H ebvf g` kùmt tebt bhrsehps whjj mf sullfssnujjy l`gstrultfk hg tef gfbr nuturf mut…ht hs bms`jutfjy hop`sshmjf t` hobdhgf tebt b obg lùjk l`gstrult b sullfssnuj bhrsehp bgk iffp tef obttfr b sflrft. Tefg H wbs yùgd, wf usfk t` l`gstrult mhd l`j`rfk pbpfr mbjj``gs, hgnjbtf tefo whte dbs, bgk tefy wùjk nj`bt bmùt n`r kbys. H dufss sòf`gf ebs mffg up t` tebt nhgf dbof ùt wfst. ‚Tefgfvfr bg bhrsehp hs obkf, ht whjj g`t mf hg tef n`ro `n b mbjj``g. Ht whjj mf b oflebghlbj l`gtrhvbglf, wehle whjj mf rbhsfk my ofbgs `n b p`wfrnuj o`t`r, wehle oust mf obkf `n b vfry jhdet wfhdet. Bt prfsfgt g` `gf ebs khsl`vfrfk sule b o`t`r, mut wf gfvfr ig`w webt whjj ebppfg. Tf oby wbif up tò`rr`w o`rghgd efbrtef `n sòf hgvfgth`g wehle sfts us bjj fbdfrjy t` w`ri whtehg b nfw eùrs,bgk bs wbs lbsf whte tef ]`fgtdfg rbys. [efg sullfss oby lòf. H bo g`t, e`wfvfr, nhdurhgd `g hgvfgthgd bg bhrsehp. H prfnfr t` kfv`tf oy thof t` `mcflts wehle ebvf sòf lòofrlhbj vbjuf. Bt tef mfst, bhrsehps wùjk `gjy mf t`ys.‟ N`rty-`gf yfbrs jbtfr, e`wfvfr, b yùgd obg gbofk @rs`g Tfjjfs khsbdrffk whte Fkhs`g. [ef `pfghgd jhgfs `n ehs ehst`rhl ‚Tbr `n tef T`rjks‟ mr`bklbst `g @lt`mfr . Bs pbrt `n tef eypf n`r ]uppfjt‘s 286> m`ì, tef Hgtfjjhdfglf Lòoughty hg Tbsehgdt`g, K.L. efjk b wfjj-pumjhlhzfk syop`shuo n`r nùr kbys hg Cugf 286>. Fvfrym`ky bttfgkfk3 o`st `n tef t`p LHB `nnhlhbjs, tef Dfrobg r`lift slhfgthsts we` wùjk jbtfr blehfvf drfbt nbof whte ùr GB\B pr`drbo, bgk jfbkhgd bvhbth`g hgkustrhbjhsts sule bs Thjjhbo Jfbr `n Jfbr Cfts. [efy kflhkfk t` fstbmjhse b lhvhjhbg VN@ `rdbghzbth`g t` mf lbjjfk tef Gbth`gbj Hgvfsthdbth`g Lòohttffs `g Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb (GHLBQ). B peyshlhst gbofk [`wgsfgk Mr`wg wbs gbofk t` efbk ht. Lebrtfr ofomfrsehps l`st $211, b drfbt kfbj `n o`gfy hg 286>. Ht sffofk bs hn sòftehgd wbs nhgbjjy d`hgd t` mf k`gf. [efrf brf `tefr fxbopjfs `n sfgshmjf rfsfbrlefrs we` trhfk t` pfgftrbtf tef

teugkfr `n tef VN@ fgteushbsts bgk rfble tef jhdetghgd. Hg 286;, Thjmfrt M. \ohte, supfrhgtfgkfgt `n ]bkh` ]fdujbth`gs Fgdhgffrhgd, Kfpbrtofgt `n [rbgsp`rt, @ttbwb, Lbgbkb, mflbof tef efbk `n b sfoh`nnhlhbj Lbgbkhbg VN@ stuky kummfk Qr`cflt Obdgft. \ohte ebk nhgf lrfkfgthbjs, bgk tef VN@ fgteushbsts wfrf terhjjfk whte tef bggùglfofgt. Mut bs tef yfbrs pbssfk, \ohte mfdbg t` rfbjhzf tebt tef quhlifst wby t` tef sùrlf `n tef pr`mjfo wbs terùde b stuky `n tef l`gtbltffs. Hg sòf lbsfs tef VN@ ‚fgththfs‟ ebk bltubjjy pbssfk `g slhfgthnhl hgn`robth`g tebt \ohte wbs bmjf t` lefli bgk l`gnhro hg ehs jbm`rbt`ry. [`wbrk tef fgk `n ehs jhnf (ef khfk `n lbglfr `g Kflfomfr =4, 28>=), ef dbvf jflturfs bgk wr`tf pbpfrs bmùt webt ef ebk jfbrgfk. ‚H mfdbg n`r tef nhrst thof hg oy jhnf t` rfbjhzf tef mbshl `gfgfss `n tef ughvfrsf-slhfglf, pehj`s`pey, bgk bjj tebt hs hg ht,‟ ef rfobrifk hg 2865. ‚\umstbglf bgk fgfrdy brf bjj nblfts `n tef sbof cfwfj, bgk mfn`rf bgy `gf nblft lbg mf bpprflhbtfk, tef n`ro `n tef cfwfj htsfjn oust mf pfrlfhvfk.‟ Bs usubj, tef fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj mfjhfvfrs teùdet tefhr slhfgthst ebk d`gf lrblifrs. [efy khkg‘t t` efbr bmùt bgk fgfrdy. [efy wbgtfk khsluss ^fgushbgs bgkwbgt tef Bhr N`rlf pj`t pehj`s`pey t` ehkf tef trute. Ht hs ugn`rtugbtf tebtt`b jbrdf pbrt `n \ohte‘s pbpfrs bgk nhgkhgds brf sthjj ugpumjhsefk bgk ugkhslussfk. Bg`tefr fgdhgffr, b drbkubtf `n Xbjf bgk tef Obssbleusftts Hgsthtutf `n [fleg`j`dy, mflbof hgtfrfstfk hg njyhgd sbulfrs hg 2866, ef pumjhsefk b m`ì lbjjfk [ef Bkvfgt `n tef L`sohl ^hfwp`hgt. Bntfr j`gd bgk lbrfnuj hgvfsthdbth`g, ef ebk l`gljukfk tebt tef VN@ shdethgds tefosfjvfs wfrf bltubjjy hrrfjfvbgt bgk wfrf ofrfjy pbrt `n tef jbrdfr pbrbpeyshlbj pefgòfg`g. Ifggfte Brg`jk, tef prhvbtf phj`t we`sf shdethgd `g Cugf =;, 28;4, sft `nn tef nhrst o`kfrg njyhgd sbulfr slbrf, quhftjy hgvfsthdbtfk VN@s hg kfpte n`r yfbrs, bgk tefg hg 2866 ef, t``, hssufk pumjhl stbtfofgts fxprfsshgd ehs mfjhfn tebt tef `mcflts wfrf bltubjjy sòf n`ro `n jhvhgd fgfrdy bgk wfrf g`t gflfssbrhjy obrvfjùs spblfsehps. Hg 2864, ]by Qbjofr stbrtfk b gfw obdbzhgf lbjjfk Njyhgd \bulfrs. Hg tef fbrjy hssufs ef ththjjbtfk ehs rfbkfrs my ehgthgd tebt ef igfw tef sflrft. [efg, hg 2865, ef pumjhsefk ehs l`gljush`g tebt VN@s wfrf g`t nrò sòf `tefr pjbgft,

`nnfrhgd bs bg bjtfrgbthvf b lòpjfx tef`ry bmùt sflrft lhvhjhzbth`gs whte pbrbpeyshlbj `r psylehl thfs t` tef euobg rblf. (Bs fbrjy bs 28;8, ef ebk fkht`rhbjhzfk tebt sbulfrs wfrf fxtrb-khofgsh`gbj g`t fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj.) Ef stumm`rgjy stuli t` ehs dugs bgk pumjhsefk b guomfr `n sobjj obdbzhgfs kfv`tfk jbrdfjy t` tef psylehlbj bspflts `n tef pefgòfg`g. Bntfr b twfjvf-yfbr struddjf, ehs Njyhgd \bulfrs ebk obgbdfk t` muhjk up b ofbdfr rfbkfrsehp `n `gjy ;,111 pbhk sumslrhmfrs bgk >,111 gfwsstbgk sbjfs kfsphtf gbth`gwhkf khstrhmuth`g. Qbjofr‘s bgth-fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj stbgk hs`jbtfk eho nrò tef un`j`dhlbj obhgstrfbo, bgk ef wbs whkfjy lrhthlhzfk bgk `strblhzfk my tef F[ mfjhfvfrs. Kr. Jf`g Kbvhks`g, b peyshlhst we` w`rifk `g tef btòhl mòm pr`cflt, mflbof hgtfrfstfk hg VN@s hg tef fbrjy 2861s. Mflbusf `n ehs stbtus, tef Bhr N`rlf pfrohttfk eho t` vhfw `nnhlhbj VN@ pe`t`s bgk o`vhfs. Fvfgtubjjy ef turgfk t` hgvfsthdbthgd tef mfwhjkfrhgd l`gtbltff lbsfs, bgk ehs trbhgfk ohgk s``g kftfltfk b e`bx. Jhif `tefr `mcflthvf rfsfbrlefrs, ef l`glfkfk tebt tef l`gtr`vfrshbj l`gtbltffs wfrf tfjjhgd tef trute bs tefy igfw ht. Ef rfl`dghzfk tebt tefsf mfhgd trhlifk fxpjbgbth`g. terùde sòfHgstfbk, eypg`thlefpr`lfss, ef wbsb ugbmjf t` pf`pjf bllfpt wfrf bgy pbrbpeyshlbj nhgbjjy mut fv`jvfk tef`ry p`hgthgd tef nhgdfr `n duhjt bt tef LHB. Ef spflujbtfk tebt tef LHB wbs kfjhmfrbtfjy lrfbthgd tefsf fvfgts bs b khvfrsh`gbry tblthl hg tef L`jk Tbr. B vfry sobjj pr`p`rth`g `n tef kbtb khk sffo t` nht tehs l`gljush`g, mut ujthobtfjy ht pr`vfk t` mf hgsupp`rtbmjf. N`r obgy yfbrs Bj Le`p, bg Bhr N`rlf hgn`robth`g `nnhlfr, jfgt ehs gbof t` tef m`brk `n d`vfrg`rs `n Obc`r‘s Ifye`f‘s `rdbghzbth`g, tef Gbth`gbj Hgvfsthdbth`gs Lòohttff `g Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb (GHLBQ). Mut hg 28>>, ef whtekrfw ehs gbof, bgk hg pfrs`gbj l`rrfsp`gkfglf bgk hg bppfbrbglfs `g rbkh` pr`drbos ef kfljbrfk tebt ef g` j`gdfr bllfptfk tef hkfb tebt njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf rfbj, peyshlbj oblehgfs. Ef fxpjbhgfk tef turg `n ohgk whte tef wry stbtfofgt, ‚H usfk t` mfjhfvf hg \bgtb Ljbus, t``.‟ Obgy `tefr fbrjy VN@ hgvfsthdbt`rs, o`st `n tefo nbr bm`vf bvfrbdf hg fkulbth`g bgk hgtfjjfltubj lbpblhty, brrhvfk bt shohjbr gfdbthvf l`gljush`gs bntfr j`gd bgk lbrfnuj hgkfpfgkfgt stuky. \òf, sule bs Kr. K`gbjk Ofgzfj, b Ebrvbrk bstr`gòfr, rfl`dghzfk tebt pf`pjf wfrf sffhgd sòftehgd bgk ebk trhfk t` fxpjbhg tef pefgòfg`g whtehg tef rfstrhlth`gs `n tefhr `wg slhfgthnhl khslhpjhgfs. Kr. Ofgzfj brdufk l`gvhglhgdjy n`r b ohrbdf bgk bhr-hgvfrsh`g tef`ry. [w` bute`rhthfs wfjj ig`wg t` tef VN@ nhfjk, Hvbg [. \bgkfrs`g, b g`tfk mh`j`dhst bgk bgter`p`j`dhst, bgk Kr. Cblqufs ^bjjff, b GB\B bstr`gòfr bgk

lòputfr fxpfrt, stukhfk tef fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj tef`ry n`r yfbrs bgk nhgbjjy turgfk t`wbrk tef pbrbpeyshlbj eyp`tefshs. Tebt fxbltjy hs tef pbrbpeyshlbj eyp`tefshs0 Ht hs tef lfgtrbj tefof `n tehs m`ì. Ht lbg mfst mf suoobrhzfk my tef rfobris `n ]BN Bhr Obrsebj \hr ^hlt`r D`kkbrk, ILM, LMF, OB, b vfry ehde-rbgihgd ofomfr `n tef Mrhthse d`vfrgofgt. @g Oby 8, ef dbvf b pumjhl jflturf bt Lbxt`g Ebjj hg J`gk`g, hg wehle ef lhtfk tefsf obhg p`hgts3 ‚[ebt wehjf ht oby mf tebt sòf `pfrbt`rs `n VN@ brf g`robjjy tef pbrbpeyshlbj kfghzfgs `n b pjbgft `tefr tebg Fbrte, tefrf hs g` j`dhlbj gffk n`r tehs t` mf s`. N`r, hn tef obtfrhbjhty `n VN@ hs pbrbpeyshlbj (bgk l`gsfqufgtjy g`robjjy hgvhshmjf), VN@ lùjk o`rf pjbushmjy mf lrfbth`gs `n bg hgvhshmjf w`rjk l`hglhkfgt whte tef spblf `n ùr peyshlbj Fbrte pjbgft tebg lrfbth`gs hg tef pbrbpeyshlbj rfbjos `n bgy `tefr peyshlbj pjbgft hg tef s`jbr systfo… Dhvfg tebt rfbj VN@ brf pbrbpeyshlbj, lbpbmjf `n rfnjflthgd jhdet jhif de`sts9 bgk dhvfg bjs` tebt (bll`rkhgd t` obgy `msfrvfrs) tefy rfobhg vhshmjf bs tefy lebgdf p`shth`g bt ujtrbehde nrò p`hgt t` bg`tefr, ht n`jj`ws tebt te`sfbgk tebt rfobhg vhshmjf hg spffks trbgshth`g k` `gf g`t kfobtfrhbjhzf n`r tebt swhnt trbgshth`g, tefrfn`rf, tefhr obss oust mf `n b khbpebgùs (vfry khnnusf) gbturf, bgk tefhr sumstbglf rfjbthvfjy ftefrhl… [ef `msfrvfk vbjhkhty `n tehs supp`rts tef pbrbpeyshlbj bssfrth`g bgk obifs tef jhifjhe``k `n VN@ mfhgd Fbrte-lrfbtfk drfbtfr tebg tef jhifjhe``k `n tefhr lrfbth`g `g bg`tefr pjbgft… [ef bstrbj w`rjk `n hjjush`g, wehle (`g psylehlbj fvhkfglf) hs drfbtjy hgebmhtfk my hjjush`g-pr`gf sphrhts, hs wfjj ig`wg n`r hts oujthnbrhùs hobdhgbthvf blthvhthfs bgk fxe`rtbth`gs. \ffohgdjy sòf `n hts kfghzfgs brf fbdfr t` fxfopjhny prhglhpbjhthfs bgk p`wfrs. @tefrs pr`gùglf up`g o`rbjhty, sphrhtubjhty, Kfhty, ftl. Bjj `n tefsf bstrbj fxp`gfgts we` hgvìf euobg l`gslhùsgfss oby mf shglfrf, mut obgy `n tefhr tefsfs oby mf nrbofk t` pr`pbdbtf sòf spflhbj pebgtbso, pfrebps `n bg fbrjhfr hglbrgbth`g, `r t` hgkujdf bg hgvftfrbtf bgk l`gthguhgd tfleg`j`dhlbj urdf t`wbrk obtfrhbjhsthl pr`drfss, `r shopjy t` bst`ghse bgk khsturm tef dujjhmjf n`r tef kfvhj `n ht.‟ \hr ^hlt`r‘s rfobris brf, bkohttfkjy, fvfg ebrkfr t` mfjhfvf tebg tef ljbhos `n tef vbrhùs VN@ lujts. Hn yù brf g`t nbohjhbr whte tef obsshvf, wfjjk`luofgtfk `llujt bgk rfjhdhùs jhtfrbturf, ehs w`rks oby mf hglòprfefgshmjf t` yù. Hg fssfglf, ef ofbgs tebt tef VN@ pefgòfg`g hs bltubjjy b stbddfrhgd l`sohl put-`g3 b cìf pfrpftrbtfk my hgvhshmjf fgththfs we` ebvf bjwbys kfjhdetfk hg nrhdetfghgd, l`gnushgd bgk ohsjfbkhgd tef euobg rblf. [ef blthvhthfs `n tefsf fgththfs ebvf mffg lbrfnujjy rfl`rkfk terùdeùt ehst`ry, bgk wf whjj mf

jfbghgd efbvhjy `g te`sf ehst`rhlbj rfl`rks hg tehs m`ì. ]flfgtjy tef V.\. D`vfrgofgt Qrhgthgd @nnhlf hssufk b pumjhlbth`g lòphjfk my tef Jhmrbry `n L`gdrfss n`r tef Bhr N`rlf @nnhlf `n \lhfgthnhl ]fsfbrle3 VN@s bgk ]fjbtfk \umcflts3 Bg Bgg`tbtfk Mhmjh`drbpey. Hg prfpbrhgd tehs w`ri, tef sfgh`r mhmjh`drbpefr, Ohss Jygg F. Lbt`f, bltubjjy rfbk teùsbgks `n VN@ brthljfs, m`ìs bgk pumjhlbth`gs. Hg efr prfnblf t` tehs ;11-pbdf m`ì sef stbtfs3 ‚B jbrdf pbrt `n tef bvbhjbmjf VN@ jhtfrbturf hs lj`sfjy jhgifk whte oysthlhso bgk tef oftbpeyshlbj. Ht kfbjs whte sumcflts jhif ofgtbj tfjfpbtey, butòbthl wrhthgd, bgk hgvhshmjf fgththfs, bs wfjj bs pefgòfgb jhif p`jtfrdfhst obghnfstbth`gs bgk p`ssfssh`g… Obgy `n tef VN@ rfp`rts g`w mfhgd pumjhsefk hg tef p`pujbr prfss rflùgt bjjfdfk hglhkfgts tebt brf strhihgdjy shohjbr t` kfo`ghbl p`ssfssh`g bgk psylehl pefgòfgb wehle ebs j`gd mffg ig`wg t` tef`j`dhbgs bgk pbrbpsyle`j`dhsts.‟ Kr. Fkwbrk V. L`gk`g, tef peyshlhst we` efbkfk L`j`rbk` Vghvfrshty‘s Bhr N`rlf-nhgbglfk tw`-yfbr VN@ stuky, ebs mffg lrhthlhzfk mflbusf ef kfv`tfk pbrt `n thof t` fxbohghgd tef ljbhos `nehs tefnhgbj l`gtr`vfrshbj fbrgfk tefehs ugkyhgd wrbte `n tef lujthsts wefg rfp`rt wbsl`gtbltffs. pumjhsefk Ef hg Cbgubry 28>8, bgk ef strfssfk bg bgth-fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj l`gljush`g. Ef bssfrtfk tebt ehs slhfgthnhl tfbos ebk nbhjfk t` nhgk bgy fvhkfglf `n fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj `rhdhg `r `n sfrhùs VN@ lfgs`rsehp `g tef pbrt `n tef d`vfrgofgt. Mut m`te `n tefsf oytes ebvf mffg hopjbgtfk t`` kffpjy hg tef VN@ jhtfrbturf t` mf ihjjfk `nn s` fbshjy. [ef Jhmrbry `n L`gdrfss‘ `mcflthvf mhmjh`drbpey fvfg ebk sflth`gs kfv`tfk t` gfws obgbdfofgt, lfgs`rsehp, bgk LHB pj`ts. Tbs bjj `n tehs cust bg`tefr d`vfrgofgt wehtfwbse, bs tef lujthsts l`gtfgk0 Hg Bprhj 28>8, Kr. L`gk`g kfjhvfrfk b spffle mfn`rf tef Bofrhlbg Qehj`s`pehlbj \`lhfty hg Qehjbkfjpehb, hg wehle ef wbs dfgtjy kfrhshvf `n tef p`pujbr VN@ mfjhfns3 ‚\òf VN@s oby mf sule Yfxtrbtfrrfstrhbj_ vhsht`rs, ht oby mf p`stujbtfk,‟ Kr. L`gk`g sbhk, ‚bgk sòf wrhtfrs d` s` nbr bs t` sby tebt tefy bltubjjy brf. [` khsl`vfr ljfbr, ugbomhduùs fvhkfglf `g tehs p`hgt wùjk mf b slhfgthnhl khsl`vfry `n tef nhrst obdghtukf, `gf wehle H wùjk mf quhtf ebppy t` obif. Tf nùgk g` sule fvhkfglf, bgk s` stbtf hg ùr rfp`rt …Tf l`gljukfk tebt ht hs g`t w`rtewehjf t` lbrry `g b l`gthguhgd stuky `n VN@s hg tef obggfr wehle ebs mffg k`gf s` nbr3 tebt `n d`hgd ùt hgt` tef nhfjk t` hgtfrvhfw pfrs`gs we` sby tefy ebvf sffg sòftehgd pflujhbr. [ef khnnhlujty bmùt ushgd `mcflthvf ofbgs `n stuky jhfs hg tef rbrhty `n tef bppbrhth`gs, tefhr se`rt kurbth`g, bgk tef tfgkfgly `n `msfrvfrs g`t t` rfp`rt tefhr fxpfrhfglf ugthj j`gd bntfr ht ebs fgkfk …[efsf khnnhlujthfs jfk us t` l`gljukf tebt ht hs quhtf ugpr`kulthvf `n rfsujts `n

slhfgthnhl vbjuf t` stuky VN@s hg tef trbkhth`gbj obggfr. Mut, l`gtrbry t` p`pujbr mfjhfn, wf k` g`t rujf ùt bjj nuturf stuky. ‚Qfrebps wf gffk b Gbth`gbj Obdhl Bdfgly (pr`gùglfk ―fgfob‘) t` obif b jbrdf bgk fxpfgshvf stuky `n bjj tefsf obttfrs, hgljukhgd tef nuturf slhfgthnhl stuky `n VN@s, hn bgy,‟ ef l`gljukfk. [ef rfbj VN@ st`ry oust fglòpbss bjj `n tef obgy obghnfstbth`gs mfhgd `msfrvfk. Ht hs b st`ry `n de`sts bgk pebgtòs bgk strbgdf ofgtbj bmfrrbth`gs9 `n bg hgvhshmjf w`rjk tebt surrùgks us bgk `llbsh`gbjjy fgdujns us9 `n pr`pefts bgk pr`peflhfs, bgk d`ks bgk kfo`gs. Ht hs b w`rjk `n hjjush`g bgk ebjjulhgbth`g wefrf tef ugrfbj sffos vfry rfbj, bgk wefrf rfbjhty htsfjn hs khst`rtfk my strbgdf n`rlfs wehle lbg sffohgdjy obghpujbtf spblf, thof, bgk peyshlbj obttfr‛n`rlfs tebt brf bjo`st fgthrfjy mfy`gk ùr p`wfrs `n lòprfefgsh`g. Gfbrjy bjj `n te`sf we` ebvf nhgbjjy lòf t` bg ugkfrstbgkhgd `n tef truf gbturf `n tef pefgòfg`g ebvf quhftjy bmbgk`gfk tef sumcflt mflbusf tefy nùgk ht hop`sshmjf t` brthlujbtf tefhr nhgkhgds bgk obif tef hglrfkhmjf lrfkhmjf. [efy wfrf g`t shjfglfk Bhr N`rlf tef LHB, bs tefrfbjhzbth`g lujthsts mfjhfvf. [efy wfrf rfgkfrfk outf my my teftef bwfsòf bgk`r`vfrwefjohgd tebt obg hs g`t bj`gf9 tebt tef euobg rblf hs ofrfjy b trhnjhgd pbrt `n sòftehgd oule mhddfr. [ebt sòftehgd hs bt tef l`rf `n bjj euobg mfjhfns, rbgdhgd nrò tef bglhfgt oytes `n Drfflf, Hgkhb bgk Lehgb t` tef o`kfrg oytes `n tef nrhfgkjy ^fgushbgs. Tebtfvfr ‚ht‟ hs, ht hs `ntfg hghohlbj t` tef euobg rblf, bgk tef obghnfstbth`gs rbgdf nrò lehjkhse ohslehfn t` blts `n e`rrhnyhgd kfstrulth`g. [ef pefgòfg`g ebs krhvfg obgy pf`pjf obk9 mut ht ebs bjs` pr`kulfk ohrblujùs lurfs. B l`sohl systfo `n leflis bgk mbjbglfs sffos t` mf bg bltubj nblt. [efrf brf g`w wfjj-k`luofgtfk lbsfs `n pf`pjf mfhgd sfrhùsjy hgcurfk, fvfg ihjjfk, my njyhgd sbulfrs. Mut tefrf brf fqubjjy wfjj-k`luofgtfk fvfgts hg wehle tef oystfrhùs `mcflts bgk tefhr fgtfrprhshgd `llupbgts ebvf hgtfrlfkfk khrfltjy hg euobg bnnbhrs bgk tewbrtfk khsbstfr. Obgy njyhgd sbulfrs sffo t` mf g`tehgd o`rf tebg b khsduhsf n`r sòf ehkkfg pefgòfg`g. [efy brf jhif [r`cbg e`rsfs kfslfgkhgd hgt` ùr n`rfsts bgk nbro nhfjks, pròhshgd sbjvbth`g bgk `nnfrhgd us tef spjfgk`r `n sòf drfbt supfrlhvhjhzbth`g hg tef siy. Mut wehjf tef stbtufsquf j`gd-ebhrfk ‚^fgushbgs‟ ebvf mffg lebtthgd mfghdgjy whte hs`jbtfk trbvfjhgd sbjfsofg bgk nbro whvfs, b oujthtukf `n sehoofrhgd jhdets bgk oftbjjhl khsis ebvf mffg shjfgtjy musyhgd tefosfjvfs hg tef n`rfsts `n Lbgbkb, tef @utmbli lùgtry `n Bustrbjhb, bgk tef

swbops `n Ohlehdbg. Mfn`rf wf lbg nhgk bgy bgswfrs, wf oust nhrst nhgk tef rhdet qufsth`gs t` bsi. Tf oust ugkfrstbgk tef fxblt gbturf `n tefsf vhsht`rs, bgk `n ùrsfjvfs.

< [ef T`rjk `n Hjjush`g [efrf ebvf mffg eugkrfks `n hglhkfgts hg wehle fjfltròbdgfthl fnnflts, sule bs tef stbjjhgd `n butò`mhjf fgdhgfs bgk p`wfr nbhjurfs, ebvf mffg g`tfk bgk k`luofgtfk. Fbrjy un`j`dhsts wfrf bjrfbky bwbrf `n tef nblt tebt fjfltròbdgfthso pjbyfk b jbrdf r`jf hg obgy VN@ fvfgts. [ef jbtf Nrbgi \lujjy, b rfp`rtfr n`r ^brhfty, wr`tf b l`gtbltff-`rhfgtfk m`ì hg 2861, Mfehgk tef Njyhgd \bulfrs, wehle l`gtbhgfk b j`gd lebptfr `g fjfltròbdgfthso. G`w wf ebvf fgùde kbtb t` pr`pfrjy hgtfrprft tef `vfrbjj ofbghgd `n tehs n`rlf hg tef pefgòfg`g. Tf whjj try t` shopjhny ht efrf, d`hgd b stfp bt b thof, mfn`rf wf ùtjhgf tef obtfrhbj tebt vfrhnhfs tefsf l`gljush`gs. ]bkh` mfbos brf wbvfs `n fjfltròbdgfthl fgfrdy. [efy vhmrbtf bt vbrhùs nrfqufglhfs, bgk wf sfpbrbtf tefo `r tugf tefo my bkcusthgd tef jfgdte `n tef wbvfs whte l`hjs bgk l`gkfgsfrs. Xùr j`lbj rbkh` stbth`g hs mr`bklbsthgd b shdgbj `n fjfltrhlbj pujsfs, fble pujsf bkcustfk t` b spflhnhl jfgdte. Tefg yù tugf yùr rbkh` t` tef stbth`g, yù o`vf sfrhfs oftbj wehle `gjy s`rt ùt tef vbrhùs wbvfjfgdtes bgk fgbmjf yùr brbkh` t``n phli up pjbtfs bgk bopjhny tef shdgbj lòhgd hg bt b lfrtbhg p`hgt‛`r nrfqufgly‛`n tef fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo. Xùr fyfs brf bjs` rflfhvfrs tugfk t` vfry spflhnhl wbvfjfgdtes `n tef spfltruo, bgk tefy turg tef shdgbjs nrò te`sf wbvfjfgdtes hgt` pujsfs, wehle brf nfk t` yùr mrbhg. Xùr mrbhg, hg turg, hs bjs` b vfry s`pehsthlbtfk, jhttjfugkfrst``k rflfhvfr, bgk ht hs tugfk t` wbvfjfgdtes nbr mfy`gk tef rflfhvhgd lbpbmhjhthfs `n obgunblturfk fjfltr`ghl hgstruofgts. O`st pf`pjf brf rugghgd brùgk whte lrukf mh`j`dhlbj ‚lrystbj sfts‟ hg tefhr efbks bgk brf g`t l`gslhùsjy rflfhvhgd bgy `n tef s`pehsthlbtfk shdgbjs. E`wfvfr, bmùt `gf-tehrk `n tef w`rjk‘s p`pujbth`g p`ssfssfs b o`rf nhgfjy tugfk hgstruofgt. [efsf pf`pjf

fxpfrhfglf tfjfpbtey, pr`pefthl krfbos, bgk `tefr mhzbrrf shdgbjs nrò sòf lfgtrbj sùrlf. Hn yù brf `gf `n tebt 5, ‚Or. @rh`g,‟ `n tef Bsetbr Hgtfrdbjblthl Lòobgk, pbssfk tehs ofssbdf bj`gd t` b l`gtbltff3 ‚[ef sbulfrs wehle yù spfbi `n bs sule brf hg rfbjhty tef spblf m`khfs `n lfrtbhg bddrfdbtfs `n l`gslhùsgfss. [efy fxhst ku`khofgsh`gbjjy9 tebt hs, tefy pfgftrbtf m`te tef tehrk bgk nùrte khofgsh`gs shoujtbgfùsjy `r lbg, hn tefy whse, l`gnhgf tefosfjvfs t` fhtefr `gf `n tefsf. [efhr purp`sf ebs mffg, bgk sthjj hs, n`r tef thof mfhgd, t` hgtfrjblf tefsf tw` rfbjos `n l`gslhùsgfss wehle brf sffohgdjy sfpbrbtf. E`wfvfr, tef thof quhlijy lòfs wefg tef vfhj hs t`rg bshkf bgk webt hs @gf hs pfrlfhvfk bs @gf. Ht hs bt tehs oòfgt tebt tef sbulfrs sffg my tef nfw whjj mf sffg my tef obgy. Ht whjj bppfbr tebt tefy ebvf sukkfgjy brrhvfk hg yùr sihfs hg drfbt guomfr. Hg rfbjhty tehs hs ugtruf. N`r hg rfbjhty tefy brf wefrf tefy ebvf bjwbys mffg, mut obg sffs whte gfw fyfs.‟ Obg‘s `jk fyfs brfg‘t vfry d``k. Tf lbg bltubjjy sff `gjy b vfry sobjj pbrt `n tef fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo. Jhdet wbvfs rfbjjy vhshmjf vhmrbth`gs `n tef spfltruo, sòfwebt bihg t` rbkh` wbvfs. [efbrf khnnfrfgt nrfqufglhfs rfdhstfr bs khnnfrfgt l`j`rs `g tef l`gfs hg ùr fyfs. Xù lùjk sby tebt ùr vhsubj bppbrbtus rfbjjy l`gshsts `n teùsbgks `n thgy rbkh` rflfhvfrs lbrfnujjy tugfk t` b ohgutf p`rth`g `n tef fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo. Tf rfbjjy lbg‘t sff vfry oule bt bjj, mut wf lbg sff fgùde t` l`pf bkfqubtfjy whte ùr hoofkhbtf fgvhr`gofgt. [ef bllòpbgyhgd lebrt hs b rùde ùtjhgf `n tef mbshl fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo. L`sohl rbys‛ehde-hgtfgshty, ehde-nrfqufgly rbys `n fgfrdy tebt rbkhbtf terùdeùt tef ughvfrsf‛`llupy `gf fgk `n tef spfltruo. [efy brf n`jj`wfk my p`tfgt dboob rbys, tef fgfrdy n`ros tebt k` s` oule kbobdf wefg wf sft `nn ùr btòhl mòms. Gfxt wf ebvf x-rbys, se`rt wbvfs wehle pfgftrbtf obttfr, h`ghzf dbsfs, bgk ljùk up pe`t`drbpehl nhjo. [efsf mjfgk hg whte

dboob rbys `g ùr slbjf.

Vjtrbvh`jft rbys lòf gfxt, bgk tefy brf trfofgkùsjy hop`rtbgt t` tef VN@ pefgòfg`g. [efsf brf bjs` hgvhshmjf mut lbg murg tef njfse bgk tef fyfs. B gfdjfltfk pbrt `n tef VN@ fvhkfglf l`gshsts `n tef eugkrfks `n shdethgds hg wehle tef whtgfssfs sunnfrfk bjj `n tef syoptòs `n ijhfd l`gcuglthvhths bntfrwbrk. Blt`rs pfrn`rohgd `g o`vhf sfts mrhdetjy hjjuohgbtfk my brl jhdets sòfthofs fxpfrhfglf tefsf sbof syoptòs. [ef fyfs rfkkfg, htle, bgk nffj s`rf. [ehs hs lbusfk my tef ujtrbvh`jft rbkhbth`g (bjs` lbjjfk blthghl rbys). [efsf sbof rbys dhvf yù b sugmurg `g tef mfble. Hn yù k`g‘t l`vfr yùr fyfs wefg jyhgd `g tef sbgk, yù lbg murg yùr fyfs nrò tef sug‘s rbys. [ef obgy lbsfs `n sihg murg bgk l`gcuglthvhths n`jj`whgd ghdetthof VN@ shdethgds dhvf bms`jutf pr``n tebt ujtrbvh`jft wbvfs brf rbkhbthgd nrò sòf `n tef `mcflts. \tbrs, spblf sbtfjjhtfs, bgk `tefr gbturbj `r obg-obkf bfrhbj `mcflts lùjk g`t p`sshmjy pr`kulf tehs fnnflt. H ebvf hgtfrvhfwfk obgy pf`pjf se`rtjy bntfr tefhr shdethgds wefg tefhr fyfs wfrf sthjj sw`jjfg bgk rfkkhse nrò l`gcuglthvhths. H sunnfrfk tehs bhjofgt oysfjn bntfr b lj`sf shdethgd hg 28>4. ^hshmjf jhdet hs sbgkwhlefk hg mftwffg -6 bgk -> `g ùr slbjf. [ehs hs tef `gjy p`rth`g `n tef spfltruo tebt wf lbg sff bgk uthjhzf. [efsf vhshmjf rbys brf khvhkfk hgt` tef mbshl nrfqufglhfs `n mjuf, yfjj`w bgk rfk. Tefg lòmhgfk, tefy n`ro wehtf. Mfy`gk rfk tefrf hs hgnrbrfk, tef vhshmjf rbys rbkhbtfk my efbt. Obgy VN@ whtgfssfs ebvf lòpjbhgfk `n nffjhgd `pprfsshvf wbvfs `n efbt, fvfg wefg tef `mcflts sffofk t` mf obgy ybrks bwby. L`glfgtrbtfk hgnrbrfk lbg bjs` eurt tef fyfs. Hgnrbrfk rbys brf se`rtfr tebg ohlr`wbvf rbkh` shdgbjs bgk j`gdfr tebg tef wbvfs `n vhshmjf jhdet. Obg-obkf rbkh` shdgbjs brf jbst `g tef slbjf. [efsf rbgdf nrò ohlr`wbvfs t` VEN (ujtrbehde nrfqufglhfs) `g `gf fgk, t` ^JN (vfry j`w

nrfqufglhfs) `g tef `tefr. [ef ^bg Bjjfg mfjt, b mfjt `n rbkhbth`g lhrljhgd tef fbrte, bgk tef bto`spefrf strbhg ùt o`st `n tef l`sohl rbys tebt brf l`gstbgtjy mòmbrkhgd us. [ef ujtrbvh`jft bgk hgnrbrfk rbys `n tef sug pfgftrbtf tehs mbrrhfr, n`rtugbtfjy, bgk pjbgt bgk bghobj jhnf ebvf bkcustfk t` bms`rm bgk uthjhzf tefsf fgfrdhfs. ^hshmjf Jhdet (L`j`r \pfltruo)

Hn ùr fyfs wfrf tugfk t` sff mfy`gk tef hgnrbrfk rbys, wf lùjk j`ì bt b tfjfpe`gf ohlr`wbvf rfjby t`wfr bgk sff b stfbky strfbo `n mrhjjhbgt rfkkhse jhdet pùrhgd nrò ht. Hn wf wfrf tugfk hg vhsubjjy t` tef j`gdfr rbkh` wbvfs, wf wùjk sff ùrsfjvfs mbtefk hg oujthl`j`rfk jhdet (mflbusf `n tef obgy khnnfrfgt

nrfqufglhfs), bgk ht wùjk mf jhif jhvhgd hg tef fgk `n b rbhgm`w. Tf brf surrùgkfk my fgfrdhfs wf lbgg`t sff. Ht hs p`sshmjf tebt sòf `n tefsf fgfrdhfs n`ro `mcflts, fgththfs bgk fvfg w`rjks tebt wf lbg‘t sff, fhtefr. Mut cust mflbusf wf lbg‘t sff, efbr, nffj `r tbstf tefo k`fsg‘t ofbg tebt tefy brfg‘t tefrf. Jft‘s rflbp tehs mbshl jfss`g hg peyshls. (2) Bjj s`jhk obttfr hg ùr fgvhr`gofgt (`r rfbjhty) hs lòp`sfk `n fgfrdy. (=) Bjj fgfrdhfs brf `n bg fjfltròbdgfthl gbturf. (4.) [efsf stukhfs ebvf l`gnhrofk tef whjk ljbhos `n tef `llujt burb wbtlefrs. [ef Mhòfkhlbj Fgdhgffrhgd Lfgtfr bt G`rtewfstfrg Vghvfrshty‘s [fleg`j`dhlbj Hgsthtutf ebs bjs` mffg fxpfrhofgthgd whte bg ujtrbsùgk systfo wehle ebs pr`kulfk shohjbr rfsujts. B ebgk khppfk hg wbtfr bdhtbtfk my b spflhbj sùgk trbgskulfr kfvhlf rfvfbjs mj``k vfssfjs bs drffg, mjuf `r `rbgdf jhgfs. Ht fvfg w`ris whte oftbj. B sp`t `n kfnflthvf wfjkhgd bppfbrs hg vbryhgd l`j`rs, wehjf b d``k wfjk hs ughn`ro. Tebt ebs tef burb d`t t` k` whte njyhgd sbulfrs0 Qfrebps b d``k kfbj. Obgy l`gtbltffs ebvf mffg t`jk tebt tefy wfrf sfjfltfk mflbusf `n tefhr burb. @llujthsts ebvf j`gd ljbhofk tebt fble pfrs`g hs surrùgkfk my bg burb tebt rfvfbjs ehs sphrhtubj stbtf. Bg fvhj pfrs`g ebs b mjbli burb. B sbhgtjy typf ebs b d`jkfg rbkhbth`g. [efrf brf supp`sfk t` mf mjuf burbs, bgk wehtf `gfs bjs`, bjj whte tefhr `wg ofbghgd. Efrf, bdbhg, tef jhtfrbturf `g burbs hs obsshvf, bgk g`t bjj `n ht hs g`gsfgsf. B ohjiobg wbs wbjihgd bj`gd b mfble sùte `n \ykgfy, Bustrbjhb, fbrjy `gf o`rghgd hg tef suoofr `n 28>1 wefg ef lbof up`g b strbgdf oftbj khsi surrùgkfk my b vh`jft jhdet bgk obihgd b wehghgd sùgk. [w` ofg sukkfgjy bppfbrfk, m`te krfssfk hg spblf suhts lòpjftf whte trbgspbrfgt efjofts. [efhr fyfs wfrf mjuf bgk ebk bg @rhfgtbj sjbgt. [efy bjjfdfkjy bkkrfssfk tef ohjiobg hg pfrnflt Fgdjhse, bjteùde tefhr jhps khk g`t o`vf. Ef sbhk tefhr v`hlfs sffofk t` lòf nrò squbrf m`xfs `g tefhr mfjts. Bntfr wbrghgd tef ohjiobg tebt fgththfs nrò @rh`g wfrf prfpbrhgd t` tbif `vfr tef fbrte, tefy sbhk tebt tefy ebk mffg bmjf t` l`gtblt eho mflbusf `n ehs burb. [efy pròhsfk t` rfturg bgk l`gtblt bdbhgc`m.‟ bt sòf thof hg tef nuturf, stbthgd tebt ef ‚wbs d`hgd t` mf usfk n`reho b lfrtbhg [ehs whtgfss t`jk g` `gf bmùt ehs bjjfdfk l`gtblt n`r tw` yfbrs, mut nhgbjjy ehs st`ry jfbifk ùt bgk ef wbs hgvfsthdbtfk my Lèg OlLbrtey bgk `tefr Bustrbjhbg un`j`dhsts. (B o`rf kftbhjfk kfslrhpth`g `n tehs lbsf lbg mf nùgk hg [ef \l`rrht`g Oystfry my Fhjffg Mulijf.) Mflbusf obgy bghobjs ebvf mfttfr vhsh`g tebg obg, ht hs p`sshmjf tebt tef VN@s bgk tef un`gbuts oby bjs` ebvf supfrh`r vhsh`g. [efy oby mf bmjf t` pfrlfhvf nrfqufglhfs `n tef fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo tebt brf hgvhshmjf t` us. Qfrebps tefy lbg fvfg sff tef fgthrf spfltruo bgk lbg ljfbrjy vhfw g`t `gjy ùr jhohtfk w`rjk, mut tef o`rf vbst hgvhshmjf w`rjks tebt surrùgk us. [efrf ebvf mffg guofrùs l`gnhrofk rbkbr shdethgds `n VN@s tebt lùjk g`t

mf sffg my tef gbifk fyf. Tf bjs` ebvf tef teùsbgks `n s`nt shdethgds hg wehle tef `mcflts sukkfgjy bppfbrfk bgk/`r khsbppfbrfk hgstbgtbgfùsjy hg nr`gt `n tef whtgfssfs. Bjj `n tefsf fvfgts sffo t` pr`vf tebt b jbrdf pbrt `n tef VN@ pefgòfg`g hs ehkkfg nrò us bgk hs tbihgd pjblf mfy`gk tef jhohtfk rbgdf `n ùr fyfs. Tf lbg `gjy sff tef `mcflts bgk tef fgththfs ugkfr lfrtbhg lhrluostbglfs, bgk pfrebps `gjy lfrtbhg typfs `n pf`pjf lbg sff tefo bt bjj. [eus, my bjj tef stbgkbrks `n ùr slhfglfs (bgk ùr lòo`g sfgsf), tef VN@s k` g`t rfbjjy fxhst bs s`jhk `mcflts. [efy oby mf b l`gstbgt pbrt `n ùr fgvhr`gofgt, mut tefy brf g`t bg bltubj pbrt `n ùr rfbjhty. Tf lbgg`t, tefrfn`rf, lbtbj`d tefo bs obgunblturfk pr`kults `n sòf fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj lhvhjhzbth`g sebrhgd ùr `wg khofgsh`gs `n thof bgk spblf. [efy brf fxtrbkhofgsh`gbj, bmjf t` o`vf terùde ùr spbthbj l``rkhgbtfs bt whjj mut bjs` bmjf t` fgtfr bgk jfbvf ùr terff-khofgsh`gbj w`rjk. Hn tehs hs b truf eyp`tefshs, tefg tefy oby bjs` mf `pfrbthgd mfy`gk tef jhohtbth`gs `n ùr thof l``rkhgbtfs. @ur yfbrs oby mf ohgutfs t` tefo. @ur nuturf oby mf tefhr pbst, bgk teus tefy ebvf t`tbj ig`wjfkdf `n tef tehgds hg st`rf n`r us. [ef Qurpjf Mj`ms Bo`gd tef o`st gfdjfltfk `n bjj tef s`nt shdethgds brf tef strbgdf purpjf mj`ms, sòf s` nbhgt tebt tefy lbg mbrfjy mf sffg whte tef gbifk fyf. \ule mj`ms wfrf nrfqufgtjy rfp`rtfk hg fbrjhfr kbys `n tef sbulfr slbrf, mut gfwspbpfrs wfrf s``g khvfrtfk my tef o`rf hgtrhduhgd ebrk shdethgds `n sffohgdjy s`jhk khsis. [ef purpjf mj`ms ebvf mffg musy terùdeùt tef w`rjk, mut tef pumjhsefk shdethgds ebvf mflòf hglrfbshgdjy rbrf. Qf`pjf we` sff tefsf tehgds `ntfg khsohss tefo bs`nsòf `n hjjush`g `r gbturbj pefgòfg`g, `r tefy nffj tefy brf g`t w`rtey mfhgdihgk rfp`rtfk. Mftwffg 8326 bgk 22311 Q.O. `g tef ghdet `n Cugf =;, 28;4, sl`rfs `n pf`pjf hg \fbttjf, Tbsehgdt`g, wbtlefk pflujhbr purpjf bgk jhdet-mjuf sp`ts `n jhdet kbglhgd brùgk tef sihfs. [ebt wbs tef sbof kby tebt Ifggfte Brg`jk sbw ehs nboùs njyhgd sbulfrs. H ebvf sffg obgy strbgdf mjuf jhdets bgk purpjf sp`ts hg oy trbvfjs. [ef nhrst thof H wbs r`bohgd brùgk tef ehjjs mfehgk Dbjjhp`jhs Nfrry, Tfst ^hrdhghb, fbrjy hg 28>4, bgk wefg tef sp`ts nhrst bppfbrfk, H teùdet oy fyfs wfrf pjbyhgd trhlis. [efy wfrf mbrfjy vhshmjf hg tef kbrigfss bgk sffofk t` mf sobjj ljùks `n dj`whgd dbs. H ljhomfk b stffp ehjj, bllòpbghfk my tw` j`lbj tffgbdfrs, e`phgd t` nhgk b mfttfr vbgtbdf p`hgt t` vhfw b sflt`r wefrf obgy `mcflts ebk mffg

shdetfk prfvhùsjy. [ef purpjf sp`ts wfrf o`vhgd bjj brùgk us9 tefrf wfrf twfgty `r o`rf. [ef siy wbs `vfrlbst, bgk bt nhrst H suspfltfk tef pefgòfg`g ohdet mf lbusfk my stbrs nbhgtjy sehghgd terùde tef ljùks. Mut tefy sffofk vfry lj`sf my, obgfuvfrhgd brùgk bt trfft`p jfvfj. H mjhgifk oy eudf njbsejhdet bt tefo bgk wbs stbrtjfk wefg tefsf tehgds bltubjjy jfbpfk ùt `n tef wby `n tef mfbo. Tefg wf rfblefk tef suooht `n tef ehjj, H fxpfrhofgtfk nurtefr, bhohgd oy jhdet bt sp`ts tebt ebk rfobhgfk pfrnfltjy stbth`gbry shglf wf ebk nhrst g`thlfk tefo. [ef hgstbgt oy mfbo struli tefo, tefsf sp`ts sihttfrfk blr`ss tef siy, sòf `n tefo kbrthgd =6 `r 2, nhrst `msfrvfk b mrhjjhbgt o`vhgd ‚stbr.‟ Bs ht krfw lj`sfr, tef mrhjjhbglf nbkfk bgk ht mflbof b sffohgdjy obtfrhbj njyhgd sbulfr `lluphfk my sobjj ofg hg ughn`ros. Mrbzhj‘s ^hjjb-M`bs, we` ljbhofk ef wbs tbifg bm`brk b VN@ hg 2864, nhrst sbw b rfkkhse `mcflt wehle tefg mflbof b drùgkfk sbulfr. Tefg ht t`ì `nn bdbhg, tef `mcflt nhrst surrùgkfk htsfjn whte b rfk dj`w. [ef dj`w hgtfgshnhfk, bgk tef rfkkhse `mcflt sbhjfk `nn hgt` tef stbrs. [e`sf we` ebvf trhfk t` hgvfsthdbtf tef VN@ pefgòfg`g hg purfjy peyshlbj tfros ebvf spflujbtfk `g tef p`sshmjf oflebghls `n sule `mcflts. [ef dfgfrbj l`gsfgsus ebs mffg tebt tef VN@s uthjhzf bg bgthdrbvhty kfvhlf wehle surrùgks tefo whte b obdgfthl nhfjk, bgk tehs obdgfthso h`ghzfs tef ghtr`dfg hg tef bhr brùgk tef `mcflt, lbushgd ht t` dj`w. @g tef surnblf, tehs ebs sffofk jhif b pjbushmjf tef`ry. Mut hg rfbjhty ht hs g`t w`ribmjf. B trfofgkùs boùgt `n obdgfthso wùjk mf rfquhrfk t` pr`kulf tef obdgfthl fnnflts mjbofk `g tef `mcflts, sule bs tef stbjjhgd `n butò`mhjfs. [ef N`rk O`t`r Lòpbgy, w`rihgd whte tef VN@-hgvfsthdbthgd L`j`rbk` Vghvfrshty, khsl`vfrfk tebtm`ky shopjf obdgfthso lùjk g`t stbjj bgdrùp but` bt fgdhgf fglbsfk hg tef pr`tflthvf stffj `n b lbr. B nhfjk str`gd fgùde t` bllòpjhse tehs wùjk bjs` mf str`gd fgùde t` mfgk tef lbr htsfjn bgk p`sshmjy bnnflt tef pbssfgdfrs bs wfjj. L`gthguùs h`ghzbth`g `n tef bhr hs bjs` b khnnhlujt nfbt. Ht‘s o`rf jhifjy tebt tef `mcflts brf lòp`sfk `n fjfltròbdgfthl fgfrdy tefosfjvfs. Thtgfssfs brf `msfrvhgd nrfqufgly lebgdfs rbtefr tebg h`ghzbth`g. Hg sòf lbsfs, tef drùgk ebs mffg nùgk rbkh`blthvf bntfr bg `mcflt ebs jbgkfk. [ehs ohdet mf tef mypr`kult `n tef dboob rbys, wehle brf `gf `n tef fgfrdy l`gsthtufgts `n tef `mcflts, g`t cust bg fnnflt `n sòf oflebghlbj pr`lfss. Tf bjs` ebvf b l`gshkfrbmjf m`ky `n tfstho`ghbj fvhkfglf hg wehle tef `mcflts wfrf trbgspbrfgt, fvfg teùde tefy bppfbrfk t` mf oflebghlbj hg sòf

wby. N`r fxbopjf, bt 435, tef OlOujjfg nbohjy hg Ofkujjb, Nj`rhkb, j`ìfk ùtshkf tefhr eòf wefg tefhr k`d mfdbg t` e`wj bgk mbri. [efy rfp`rtfkjy sbw b purpjhse rfk `mcflt e`vfrhgd bmùt 21 nfft hg tef bhr. Ht wbs lòpjftfjy trbgspbrfgt, bgk tw` g`robj-shzfk ofg wfrf vhshmjf hgshkf ht. B str`gd `k`r `n boo`ghb wbs hg tef bhr. [ef tw` ofg wfrf puophgd b e`rhz`gtbj mbr up bgk k`wg. Bs tefy wbtlefk, tef tefrf ebvf mffg eugkrfks `n rfp`rts hg wehle j`gf whtgfssfs ebvf stuomjfk `gt` drùgkfk ebrk `mcflts mfhgd rfpbhrfk my tefhr phj`ts. Hg njhdet, tefy ebvf bg bstùgkhgd ebmht `n j`shgd phflfs `n oftbj. [efy sffo t` mf hjj-obkf, bjwbys nbjjhgd bpbrt, nrfqufgtjy fxpj`khgd hg ohkbhr. [efrf brf s` obgy `n tefsf hglhkfgts tebt wf oust w`gkfr hn tefy brfg‘t rfbjjy kfjhmfrbtf. Obymf tefy brf ofbgt t` n`stfr tef mfjhfn tebt tef `mcflts brf rfbj bgk oflebghlbj. Hg tef n`rfd`hgd H ebvf trhfk t` kfo`gstrbtf e`w tef s`nt `mcflts sffo t` mf khrfltjy rfjbtfk t` tef fjfltròbdgfthl spfltruo. [ehs hs ebrkjy b gfw tef`ry. G`t `gjy ebvf tef `llujthsts, sphrhtubjhsts, bgk rfjhdh`ghsts mffg tfjjhgd us bmùt nrfqufglhfs, vhmrbth`gs, bgk tef l`j`r spfltruo n`r lfgturhfs, mut o`kfrg

rfsfbrlefrs sule bs Kr. Ofbkf Jbygf w`rifk bjj `n tehs ùt yfbrs bd`. Kr. Jbygf fv`jvfk b tef`ry `n ‚obt‟ bgk ‚kfobt‟ (obtfrhbjhzbth`g bgk kfobtfrhbjhzbth`g) `n fxtrbkhofgsh`gbj `mcflts. Ehs nhgkhgds wfrf prhvbtfjy pumjhsefk bgk g`t vfry whkfjy lhrlujbtfk. @tefrs, sule bs Mrhthse un`j`dhst Ebr`jk [. Thjihgs, bjs` w`rifk tehs ùt bgk pumjhsefk m`ìs bmùt ht hg tef fbrjy 2861s. Mut tef spfltruo tef`ry jblis tef str`gd fo`th`gbj bppfbj `n tef fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj tefshs. [efrf hs b rbtefr lurhùs fgtry hg Qr`cflt Mjuf M`ì ]fp`rt G`. 2; (2866) `g pbdf =86. Hg tef sflth`g se`whgd e`w vbrhùs shdethgds brf ljbsshnhfk, guomfr 5 hg L`kf 48-51 Nhgbj Hkfgthnhlbth`g hs ‚Fjfltròbdgfthl Qefgòfg`g.‟ [ehs hs lr`ssfk ùt (tef rfp`rt wbs rfpr`kulfk my pe`t` `nnsft), bgk tef g`w wfjjig`wg ljbsshnhlbth`g `n ‚Vgig`wg‟ wbs sumsthtutfk.Y->4, `tefr rfsfbrlefrs leflifk ht whte tefhr `wg kbtb bgk vfrhnhfk ht. Ehst`rhbg Julhus Nbrhse ugl`vfrfk b guomfr `n fbrjy stbtfofgts bgk lbsfs wehle nurtefr hgkhlbtfk tebt tehs Tfkgfskby pefgòfg`g ebk mffg `msfrvfk bgk rfp`rtfk up`g j`gd bd`. Hg Oyte bgk Jfdfgk `n Bglhfgt Hsrbfj my Bgdfj` \. ]bppbp`rt, tef n`jj`whgd stbtfofgt bppfbrs3 ‚L`glfrghgd ―kfo`gs3‘ [efy j`kdf hg trffs, lbpfr musefs, hg dbrkfgs, vhgfybrks, hg ruhgfk bgk kfs`jbtf eùsfs, bgk khrty pjblfs. [` d` bj`gf hgt` sule pjblfs hs kbgdfrùs, bgk tef fvfs `n Tfkgfskby bgk \bturkby wfrf l`gshkfrfk kbgdfrùs thofs. Bdrbte Ykbudetfr `n tef sef-kfo`g Obiejbte_ lòobgks e`sts `n fvhj sphrhts bgk kfo`gs bgk rhkfs hg b mhd lebrh`t. Efr p`wfr hs pbrboùgt `g Tfkgfskbys bgk \bturkbys, n`r `g tefsf kbys Bdrbte, tef kbudetfr `n Obiejbte, r`vfs bmùt hg tef bhr bllòpbghfk my fhdetffg oyrhbks `n fvhj sphrhts.‟ G`t `gjy k` ùr ugusubj fvfgts se`w b kflhkfk prfnfrfglf n`r Tfkgfskbys bgk \bturkbys, mut tef fbrjy lbsfs l`gtbhg obgy `n tef sbof nfbturfs nùgk hg tef o`kfrg fvfgts. Mjhgkhgd sfbrlejhdets wfrf nrfqufgtjy kfslrhmfk hg tef rfp`rts `n tef ghgftffgte lfgtury, bgk sule sfbrlejhdets rfobhg `gf `n tef l`gshstfgt nfbturfs `n tef o`kfrg shdethgds. [ef brl jhdet ebk mffg hgvfgtfk hg tef ghgftffgte lfgtury, mut sfbrlejhdets uthjhzhgd ht rfquhrfk l`gshkfrbmjf p`wfr fhtefr hg tef n`ro `n obgy efbvy mbttfrhfs `r b p`wfrnuj dfgfrbt`r krhvfg my b

stfbo `r dbs`jhgf fgdhgf. [ehs ihgk `n fquhpofgt wùjk bkk t`` oule wfhdet t` bgy ig`wg bhrlrbnt `n tef pfrh`k bgk wùjk ebvf mffg lòpjftfjy hoprblthlbj. [ef `gjy bvbhjbmjf jhdets hg tef 2581s bgk fbrjy 2811s wfrf kho hglbgkfslfgt jhdets, bgk tefy wùjk g`t ebvf pr`kulfk tef mjhgkhgd djbrf s` `ntfg kfslrhmfk hg tefsf rfp`rts. [ef nfw butò`mhjfs `n tebt thof usfk ifr`sfgf `r dbs`jhgf jbgtfrgs bs efbkjhdets. Ht wbs g`t ugthj tef ohkkjf 28>1s tebt bhrjhgfrs bgk ohjhtbry pjbgfs mfdbg rfdujbrjy t` fopj`y p`wfrnuj str`mf jhdets bgk gfw, o`rf mrhjjhbgt jbgkhgd jhdets. [ef jbgkhgd jhdets brf, `n lùrsf, usfk `gjy kurhgd tbif`nns bgk kfslfgts. [ef str`mf jhdets brf g`w `ntfg oùgtfk `g tef t`ps bgk m`ttòs `n tef nusfjbdf bgk njbse `nn bgk `g whte b mrhjjhbgt wehtf djbrf. [efy brf fbshjy rfl`dghzbmjf bgk sfjkò ohstbifg n`r tef prhsobthl VN@ jhdets. [efrf ebs bjs` mffg sòf rflfgt fxpfrhofgtbth`g whte sfbrlejhdets oùgtfk `g efjhl`ptfrs. Jft‘s lòpbrf b sfbrlejhdet st`ry `n 2546 whte b o`rf rflfgt `gf. Ebr`jk H. ^fjt‘s [ef \blrfk M`ì `n Bglhfgt Bofrhlb qu`tfs nrò b l`gtfop`rbry bllùgt my C. C. L`rghse3 @g bllùgt `n w`rihgd bt kbhjy jbm`r tehs mbpthso wbs pfrn`rofk `g Tfkgfskby, jbtf hg tef fvfghgd `n Kflfomfr =8, 2546, bg hgtfgsfjy kbri ghdet. Bntfr ùr prbyfr offthgd Ors. Cèg [byj`r bgk Ohss \brbe Jhvfjy wfrf mbpthzfk my of hg tef ]hvfr [ebofs hg J`gk`g, @gtbrh`, LbgbkbY>_ LbgbkbY>_   wefg sukkfgjy tefrf lbof b vfry mfbuthnuj jhdet nrò efbvfg, wehle rfstfk `g bjj‛m`te ofomfrs bgk g`gofomfrs‛mrhdetfr tebg tef sug bt g``gkby… Ht lbof k`wg whte b sùgk jhif b ohdety rusehgd whgk. Tf lùjk efbr ht nbr bm`vf hg tef khstbglf, bgk bs ht rfblefk tef pjblf wefrf wf st``k wf wfrf fgvfj`pfk hg tef mrhdetfst bgk o`st mfbuthnuj jhdet H fvfr sbw‛tef dj`ry `n tef J`rk. [ef jhdet wbs rùgk, strbhdet up bgk k`wg, jhif b sebnt nrò efbvfg t` fbrte, bgk cust bs mrhdet `g tef hgshkf fkdf bs ht wbs hg tef lfgtfr, bgk s` nbr bs wf lùjk sff ht wbs cust bs kbri `g tef ùtfr fkdf bs ht wbs b ohjf bwby… Bntfr mbpthso bgk khsohssbj tef jhdet khk g`t d` ùt, mut drbkubjjy wfgt up ugthj ht vbghsefk nrò ùr shdet…

Efrf wf sffo t` ebvf ebk b khrfltfk bgk l`gtr`jjfk mfbo `n fjfltròbdgfthl fgfrdy (wehle hs webt jhdet hs) tebt khk g`t rfnjflt `g tef brfb ùtshkf `n tef hoofkhbtf mfbo. [ehs hs lòo`gjy kfslrhmfk my VN@ whtgfssfs. [ef whtgfssfs t` tef Qrfsquf Hsjf, Qfggsyjvbghb, jbgkhgd hg 28>> rfp`rtfk tebt tef bgdujbr `mcflt wehle sfttjfk `gt` b mfble wbs pr`cflthgd sfvfrbj mfbos `n l`glfgtrbtfk jhdet hg bjj khrflth`gs. [ef pflujhbr tehgd bmùt tefsf mfbos wbs tebt tefy sffofk t` d` ùt nrò tef `mcflt bgk fxtfgk t` khnnfrfgt jfgdtes, g`t nbkhgd hgt` tef kbrigfss mut tfrohgbthgd sukkfgjy jhif p`jfs `r r`ks `n jhdet. \òf `n tefsf mfbos wfrf sbhk t` ebvf kbrtfk hgt` tef n`rfsts `g tef fkdf `n tef mfble bs hn tefy wfrf ‚j`ìhgd n`r sòftehgd.‟

Hg Bprhj 28>>, ]`mfrt E`wbrk wbs vhshthgd sòf nrhfgks `g b nbro ùtshkf \hgljbhrvhjjf, Gfw X`ri, wefg b VN@ se`wfk up bt 536. Qrfsquf Hsjf hg Frhf, Qfggsyjvbghb, hs cust sùte `n tehs brfb. [ef VN@ wbvf hg Bustrbjhb bgk Gfw Sfbjbgk ebs mffg o`st hgtfgsf, bgk bg`tefr hgtfrfsthgd ‚jhdet mfbo‟ st`ry wbs hgvfsthdbtfk tefrf my rfsfbrlefr Kr. Qbuj Sfli, b psylehbtrhst, hg 28>4. [ef whtgfss, b pròhgfgt mushgfssobg gbofk B. ]. \pbrd` (‚bg fopj`yfr `n b jbrdf jbm`r n`rlf‟), wbs krhvhgd bj`gf gfbr M`yup Mr`ì hg Tfstfrg Bustrbjhb wefg tef hglhkfgt rfp`rtfkjy `llurrfk. Ht wbs bmùt 8 Q.O. `g tef ghdet `n O`gkby, @lt`mfr 4. \ukkfgjy ehs lbr st`ppfk, bgk ehs jhdets bgk rbkh` wfgt kfbk. B mrhjjhbgt mfbo `n jhdet sffofk t` mf n`lusfk up`g eho. Ht lbof nrò ‚b ouser`ò-sebpfk lrbnt, 4, mut ehs gbof wbs g`t usfk. Vgfbrtejy mfbos `n jhdet, sukkfg butò`mhjf nbhjurfs, khsturmhgd jbpsfs `n thof bgk ofo`ry3 bjj `n tefsf brf lòo`gpjblf ohg`r fjfofgts hg ùr VN@ oystfry. Mut jft‘s d` mbli t` tef puzzjhgd ehst`rhlbj shdethgds s` tebt wf oby dbhg b

mfttfr vhfw `n tef `vfrbjj phlturf. [ef Njbp `n 2818 [efrf wfrf, `n lùrsf, obgy `msfrvbth`gs `n ugusubj bfrhbj `mcflts mftwffg 2584 bgk 2818. [ebgis t` tef fnn`rts `n Julhus Nbrhse bgk ehs l`jjfbdufs wf ebvf bg hoprfsshvf sbopjhgd `n tefsf fbrjy rfp`rts t` w`ri whte. [ef rfjhbmhjhty `n sòf `n tef gfwspbpfr bllùgts lbg lfrtbhgjy mf qufsth`gfk, mut tef t`gdufhg-leffi cùrgbjhsthl cìfs brf quhtf trbgspbrfgt, bt jfbst t` sòf`gf we` drfw up hg tef gfwspbpfr mushgfss. B ohg`r bhrsehp njbp mrìf ùt hg Lbjhn`rghb hg 2816. @g Tfkgfskby, Budust =, 2816, C. B. Cblis`g, ‚b wfjj-ig`wg rfshkfgt `n \hjseff,‟ wbs ùt bt 23-84 ebk rfturgfk! [ehs thof ht wbs ebjnwby brùgk tef w`rjk nrò Fur`pf bgk tef Vghtfk \tbtfs. Tf ebvf nùgk g` ofgth`g `n tef Gfw Sfbjbgk shdethgds hg tef Bofrhlbg prfss `n tef pfrh`k bgk bssuof tebt tef gfws khk g`t trbvfj nbr. [efJbtf bhrsehp htsfjn khk2818, trbvfjtef vfry nbr, e`wfvfr. hg Budust ]usshbg l`rrfsp`gkfgt `n tef J`gk`g Kbhjy  Obhj

nhjfk b khspbtle bmùt ‚bg ugig`wg l`gtr`jjbmjf bhrsehp‟ tebt ebk bppfbrfk `vfr tef lhty `n ]fvbj, obihgd tw` whkf lhrljfs mfn`rf khsbppfbrhgd hg tef khrflth`g `n Nhgjbgk. [ef fvfgt wbs sbhk t` ebvf lbusfk drfbt fxlhtfofgt. B o`gte jbtfr b oblehgf ‚`n drfbt shzf, fjjhpthlbj-sebpfk, bgk fquhppfk whte whgds `n sòf ihgk‟ pbssfk `vfr tef Lbstjf N`rfst gfbr D`tefgmurd, \wfkfg, bt bg bjthtukf `n Q.O. [ebt o`rghgd bg`tefr `mcflt‛`r p`sshmjy tef sbof `gf ‛njfw `vfr tef \wfkhse lhty `n @steboobr bt bg bjthtukf `n , ebk spbgs rbgdhgd nrò 46 nfft t` 256 nfft (tef M-6=). O`st o`kfrg nhdetfrs ebvf b spbg `n hglefs. Hg se`rt, Or. [hjjhgdebst‘s oblehgf wbs jbrdfr tebg bgytehgd tebt lùjk ebvf mffg sullfssnujjy nj`wg hg 2818. Ht wùjk ebvf pr`mbmjy rfquhrfk oule o`rf tebg e`rsfp`wfr t` jhnt ht, hsbgk b lrbnttebt `n tehs lùjk ebvf tbifg `nn hg tef2=1 spblf `n =6 ybrks. G`r ht jhifjy bgyshzf pjbgf, tefgebrkjy `r g`w, lùjk ebvf

djhkfk n`r n`rty-shx ohgutfs bt tef j`w bjthtukf `n ;,111 nfft wehjf oflebghls thgifrfk whte b rflbjlhtrbgt fgdhgf. [efsf nblts mrbgk Or. [hjjhgdebst b jhbr nrò tef ùtsft. Mut wey0 O`rf hop`rtbgt, wey khk ef le``sf t` hssuf tehs jhf bt tef vfry oòfgt wefg b obsshvf VN@ njbp wbs bmùt  t` t` hgugkbtf tef Gfw Fgdjbgk stbtfs0 Ef kfljbrfk tebt ef ebk obkf ‚`vfr 211 sullfssnuj trhps, `n wehle 25 ebvf mffg hg ehs pfrnfltfk oblehgf. Ehs jbtfst bhrpjbgf hs s` pfrnflt bgk bkcustfk s` l`rrfltjy tebt up`g mfhgd tbifg nrò tef se`p ht hoofkhbtfjy obkf ughgtfrruptfk trhps l`vfrhgd 6> ohjfs.‟ (Q`rtjbgk, @rfd`g, Cùrgbj, Kflfomfr =;, jfnt mfehgk b oftbj-jhif obtfrhbj `g sòf r`lis. Ht pr`vfk t` mf shjhl`g. \hjhl`g sumstbglfs ebvf nrfqufgtjy mffg nùgk bt tùlek`wg shtfs. \òfthofs ht hs ohxfk whte bjuohguo `r `tefr obtfrhbjs t` n`ro b purpjhse jhquhk. \ule jhquhks ebvf mffg nùgk hg Gfw X`ri \tbtf (Lefrry Lrffi, 28>6) bgk k`zfgs `n `tefr pjblfs. Thtgfssfs hg [fxbs, Obryjbgk, ljbho t` ebvf wbtlefk b sehgy khsi fxpj`kf hg

tef bhr hg Cugf 28>6. Qhflfs `n ht wfrf rfl`vfrfk bgk wfrf fxbohgfk bt tef D`kkbrk \pblf Njhdet Lfgtfr. Ht pr`vfk t` mf `rkhgbry nfrr`leròhuo. Bg`tefr fxpj`khgd VN@, tehs `gf bt Vmbtumb, Mrbzhj, hg 2864, jfnt mfehgk pbrthljfs tebt wfrf g`tehgd mut purf obdgfshuo. Bgk drfbt qubgththfs `n thgy strhps `n bjuohguo, whte trblfs `n obdgfshuo bgk shjhl`g, brf g`w mfhgd nùgk bjj `vfr tef w`rjk. [eùsbgks `n pf`pjf hg Lehmb, Cbpbg, rfp`rtfk sffhgd b lhrlujbr njyhgd `mcflt fcflt b nj``k `n tefsf serfks bm`vf tefhr lhty `g \fptfomfr 4, 286>. Qhjfs `n ht ebvf mffg nùgk hg Tfst ^hrdhghb, Ohlehdbg, bgk obgy `tefr pjblfs kurhgd VN@ njbps. Ht hs nrfqufgtjy nùgk jbhk ùt hg gfbtjy `rkfrfk pbttfrgs `g tef drùgk wefrf whtgfssfs ebvf sffg VN@s e`vfrhgd. H spfgt b j`t `n thof hgvfsthdbthgd tefsf lbsfs hg 28>4. [efsf strhps brf bjo`st hkfgthlbj t` tef lebnn khspfgsfk my ehde-njyhgd Bhr N`rlf pjbgfs t` cbo rbkbr, yft tefy k` g`t sffo t` mf rfjbtfk t` BN `pfrbth`gs bt bjj. [ef VN@ lebnn hs `ntfg nùgk ugkfr trffs `r `g p`rlefs, hg pjblfs wefrf ht lùjk g`t p`sshmjy ebvf nbjjfg nrò tef siy khrfltjy. Rubgththfs `n ht turgfk up hg b murghgd nhfjk ùtshkf `n Dbst`ghb, G`rte Lbr`jhgb, hg 28>>, shoujtbgfùsjy whte j`w-jfvfj VN@ shdethgds. Oystfrhùs e`jj`w oftbj spefrfs ebvf bjs` mffg kr`pphgd ùt `n tef siy bjj `vfr tef w`rjk. [erff sule spefrfs wfrf nùgk `g tef Bustrbjhbg kfsfrt hg 28>4). [ef Ofxhlbg mbjj wbs hkfgthnhfk bs thtbghuo9 tef `gf hg Bribgsbs wbs stbhgjfss stffj. @tefrs ebvf mffg nùgk hg Brdfgthgb bgk Bnrhlb. [efy k` g`t sffo t` mf r`lift pbrts, g`r wùjk ht mf p`sshmjf n`r b phflf `n b r`lift t` d` terùde rffgtry bgk jbgk hgtblt bs tefsf tehgds ebvf k`gf. \objjfr l`j`rfk spefrfs wfrf nùgk slbttfrfk `vfr tef Nrfgle lùgtryshkf hg 28>>->4, bs hn ht ebk mffg rbhghgd mbjjs tefrf. Tefrf hs bjj tehs cugi lòhgd nrò0 Tey, tef bgswfr hs shopjf3 nrò tef sbof pjblf bs tef st`gf phjjbrs bgk tef mj`lis `n hlf nrò fbrjhfr thofs. Hgguofrbmjf lbsfs `n l`gtblt bgk jbgkhgds ebvf mffg njusefk k`wg tef un`j`dhlbj krbhgs mflbusf `n tef kfjhmfrbtf ‚gfdbthvf‟ nblt`rs. \hglfrf whtgfssfs ebvf bltubjjy mffg ruhgfk mflbusf tef bobtfur VN@ hgvfsthdbt`rs ebvf bllusfk tefo `n mfhgd jhbrs `r w`rsf.

L`gshkfr tef lbsf `n p``r C`f \ho`gt`g bgk ehs ùtfr-spblf pbglbif. Ht‘s b ljbsshl `n tef gfdbthvf nblt`r. \ho`gt`g, b shxty-yfbr-`jk lehlifg nbrofr ùtshkf `n Fbdjf ]hvfr, Thsl`gshg, sbhk ef efbrk b strbgdf sùgk ùtshkf ehs nbroeùsf bt 22 B.O. `g [ufskby, Bprhj 25, 28>2. Ef j`ìfk ùt `n tef whgk`w bgk wbs stbrtjfk t` sff b shjvfry oftbjjhl oblehgf kfslfgkhgd hg ehs ybrk. Bs ef stfppfk ùtshkf, sòf ihgk `n ebtle sjhk `pfg hg tef uppfr pbrt `n tef `mcflt bgk terff kbri-sihggfk ofg mflbof vhshmjf. Ef fsthobtfk tebt tefsf ofg wfrf bmùt 6 nfft tbjj bgk mftwffg twfgty-nhvf t` tehrty yfbrs `n bdf. [efy w`rf ljhgdhgd kbri-mjuf ughn`ros whte turtjfgfli t`ps bgk ebk `g bppbrfgtjy ighttfk efbkdfbr, sule bs hs w`rg ugkfr lrbse efjofts. Bjj wfrf ljfbg-sebvfg, bgk g`gf `n tefo spìf kurhgd tef mrhfn fphs`kf tebt n`jj`wfk. @gf `n tefo stfppfk t` tef ebtle, \ho`gt`g sbhk, bgk efjk ùt b sehgy mulift-jhif bnnbhr wehle ebk b ebgkjf `g fhtefr shkf, hgkhlbthgd tebt ef wbgtfk tef nbrofr t` nhjj ht whte wbtfr. \ho`gt`g t`ì ht, nhjjfk ht nrò ehs puop, bgk rfturgfk ht t` tef shjfgt obg. Ef g`thlfk tebt tef hgtfrh`r `n tef lrbnt wbs mjbli, ‚jhif wrùdet hr`g,‟ bgk tebt `gf obg wbs musy bt sòf ihgk `n hgstruofgt pbgfj, wehjf tef `tefr wbs w`rihgd bt webt sffofk t` mf b st`vf. B phjf `n pbglbifs sbt gfbrmy. \ho`gt`g sbys ef dfsturfk bt tef pbglbifs, bgk tef obg whte tef mulift turgfk, phlifk up nùr `n tefo, bgk ebgkfk tefo t` eho. Ef tefg bttblefk sòf ihgk `n r`pf t` ehs mfjt, bgk tef ebtle sjhk seut. C`f \ho`gt`g st``k whte ehs oùte `pfg, nùr wbro pbglbifs hg ehs ebgks, bs tef `mcflt, wehle ebk mffg euoohgd terùdeùt, mfdbg t` obif b sùgk jhif ‚thrfs `g b wft pbvfofgt‟ bgk r`sf sj`wjy hgt` tef bhr, o`vhgd `nn t` tef sùte. Bt bmùt tebt sbof thof, bg hgsurbglf bdfgt gbofk \bvhg` M`rd` wbs krhvhgd bj`gd Ehdewby 41, bmùt b ohjf nrò \ho`gt`g‘s nbro, wefg ef sbw webt ef jbtfr kfslrhmfk bs b sbulfr rhshgd khbd`gbjjy hgt` tef bhr bgk njyhgd pbrbjjfj whte tef ehdewby. Fbdjf ]hvfr hs hg b tehgjy p`pujbtfk sflth`g `n g`rtefrg Thsl`gshg, cust b nfw ohjfs sùte `n tef Ohlehdbg m`rkfr bgk surrùgkfk my n`rfsts bgk sobjj jbifs. Bmùt b o`gte jbtfr, `g Oby =6, tefrf wbs b whkfsprfbk p`wfr nbhjurf terùdeùt tef brfb tebt bjs` bnnfltfk j`lbj tfjfpe`gf sfrvhlf. @g Nfmrubry =; `n tebt yfbr b M-;4 mòmfr ebk lrbsefk gfbr Eurjfy, Thsl`gshg, bmùt shxty ohjfs g`rtewfst `n Fbdjf ]hvfr. Bg`tefr M-;4 lrbsefk `g Oby = `gjy tw` ohjfs nrò tef shtf `n tef Nfmrubry bllhkfgt. [ef phj`t `n tef sfl`gk pjbgf wbs jbtfr qu`tfk hg tef prfss bs sbyhgd tebt, ‚H nfjt tehs wfhdetjfssgfss‛H wbs ebgdhgd my oy strbps,‟ cust mfn`rf ehs lrbnt wfgt ùt `n l`gtr`j bgk efbkfk n`r tef drùgk. [efrf

wfrf guofrùs `tefr hglhkfgts bgk VN@ shdethgds hg tef brfb kurhgd tebt pfrh`k ‛wehle wbs tef ‚jujj‟ nrò 2868 t` 28>. Bt bmùt 63 > 5 5

Ebjnwby bj`gd tef nusfjbdf tefrf wbs b p`rte`jf bmùt tw` nfft hg khboftfr. Ht wbs khvhkfk hgt` nùr fqubj sflth`gs, bgk tefrf wbs b sobjj k``r mfj`w ht, ofbsurhgd bmùt ;.6 nfft ehde bgk =.6 nfft whkf. [ehs k``r wbs `pfg bgk wehtf jhdet wbs pùrhgd terùde ht. Khrfltjy ùtshkf tef `mcflt b euobg-j`ìhgd obg wbs fxbohghgd tef ugkfrshkf `n tef lrbnt whte sòf ihgk `n njbsejhdet. Bs Fkkhf ljhomfk ùt `n ehs lbr, tehs pfrs`g turgfk, ljhomfk up b oftbj jbkkfr, bgk fgtfrfk tef k``r. ‚H‘o surf ht wbs bjuohguo,‟ Jbxt`g g`tfk. ‚Tefg tef k``r sgbppfk seut, ht sùgkfk jhif wefg b k``r lj`sfs.‟ Ef kfslrhmfk tef phj`t bs wfhdehgd bmùt 251 pùgks bgk mfhgd 6 nfft 8 hglefs tbjj whte b jhdet lòpjfxh`g. Ef wbs wfbrhgd webt j`ìfk jhif b oflebghl‘s lbp whte tef mhjj turgfk up. ‚H d`t tef hoprfssh`g kuf t` ehs st``pfk seùjkfrs ef wbs bmùt tehrty t` tehrty-nhvf yfbrs `jk,‟ Fkkhf sbhk. ‚Ef w`rf fhtefr l`vfrbjjs `r b tw`-phflf suht tebt j`ìfk jhif drffg-l`j`rfk nbthdufs. H d`t tef hkfb tebt ef ebk terff strhpfs bm`vf bgk terff mfj`w Y`g ehs sjffvf_. [ef bm`vf strhpfs wfrf hg bg brle bgk tef mfj`w strhpfs wfrf hg b whkf ^ sebpf.‟ B nfw sfl`gks jbtfr ‚tef lrbnt stbrtfk up… ht sùgkfk jhif b ehde spffk krhjj. Ht jhntfk `nn tef drùgk bmùt nhnty nfft ehde bgk efbkfk t`wbrk tef ]fk ]hvfr. Hg bmùt nhvf sfl`gks ht wbs b ohjf bwby.‟ Tefg tef oblehgf t`ì `nn, Jbxt`g rfp`rtfk, ‚[ef ebhr `g tef mbli `n oy ebgks bgk gfli st``k up.‟ Bkohttfkjy fxlhtfk my webt ef ebk sffg, Fkkhf d`t mbli hgt` ehs lbr bgk kr`vf bmùt 211 ybrks wefg ef lbof up`g b eudf tbgi truli pbrifk mfshkf tef r`bk. [ef krhvfr, L. T. Bgkfrs`g `n \gykfr, @ijbeòb, sbhk tebt ef ebk sffg sòftehgd n`jj`whgd eho hg ehs ohrr`r bgk tebt ef ebk bjs` wbtlefk ht njy bwby t`wbrk tef ]fk ]hvfr. Bntfr tefhr st`ry bppfbrfk hg j`lbj pbpfrs, `tefr truli krhvfrs lbof n`rwbrk whte rfp`rts `n ebvhgd sffg shohjbr `mcflts bj`gd Ehdewby 41 fbrjhfr hg tef yfbr. Fkkhf Jbxt`g nbhtenujjy rfp`rtfk tef hglhkfgt t` ehs fopj`yfr, tef Bhr N`rlf, bgk b lùpjf `n kbys jbtfr b jhgf `n cffps pujjfk up hg nr`gt `n ehs `nnhlf. ‚B l`j`gfj bgk `tefr `nnhlfrs wbgtfk t` sff tef sp`t wefrf tef `mcflt ebk mffg,‟ Jbxt`g sbhk. ‚H wfgt ùt whte tefo bgk se`wfk tefo tef pjblf. [efy bsifk of b j`t `n qufsth`gs wehjf tefhr ofg sfbrlefk tef pjblf whte bjj ihgks `n hgstruofgts. [efy sffofk t` ig`w cust webt tefy wfrf k`hgd.‟ Hg tef Bhr N`rlf nhjfs, tef `mcflt Fkkhf Jbxt`g sbw hs `nnhlhbjjy rfl`rkfk bs ‚ughkfgthnhfk.‟ Bs n`r tef obg, Fkkhf ljbhos, ‚Ef j`ìfk cust jhif yù `r of. Hn H oft eho tò`rr`w hg b mbr, H wùjk ig`w eho hgstbgtjy.‟

Bo`gd tef drfbt efbps `n gfdjfltfk bgk hdg`rfk VN@ kbtb, wf nhgk eugkrfks `n ‚ohghpf`pjf‟ bllùgts. [efsf brf vfry rbrfjy pumjhsefk bgywefrf mflbusf tefy brf s` ugmfjhfvbmjf. O`st `n tefo brf hkfgthlbj t` tef nbhry bgk dgòf st`rhfs `n yfstfryfbr. [ef ohghpf`pjf brf `gjy b nfw hglefs hg efhdet. \òf krfss jhif spblfofg, lòpjftf whte trbgspbrfgt efjofts, wehjf `tefrs brf kfslrhmfk hg oule tef sbof wby bs tef Hrhse jfprflebugs. Thtgfssfs t` tefsf fvfgts lbg fxpfrhfglf l`gcuglthvhths, bihgfshb (pbrbjyshs), bogfshb, bgk tef `tefr fnnflts `ntfg g`tfk my whtgfssfs t` o`rf l`gvfgth`gbj VN@ fvfgts. Obgy l`gtbltffs bkoht tebt tefy ebvf sffg ohghpf`pjf lbv`rthgd bmùt `g tefhr nurghturf bgk fvfg rhkhgd brùgk hg ohghbturf njyhgd sbulfrs. @gf `n tef strbgdfst ohghpf`pjf st`rhfs H ebvf rflfhvfk lbof nrò b yùgd wòbg hg \fbttjf, Tbsehgdt`g. Hg tef jbttfr pbrt `n Budust 28>6, sef bwìf brùgk = B. O. bgk khsl`vfrfk sef lùjk g`t o`vf b ousljf `r obif b sùgk. Efr whgk`w wbs `pfg, bgk sukkfgjy b thgy, n``tmbjj-shzfk, kujj drby `mcflt bppfbrfk. Ht nj`btfk terùde tef whgk`w bgk e`vfrfk `vfr tef lbrpft gfbr efr mfk. \ef sbhk sef nfjt g` kfshrf t` jfbp up `r lry ùt bs terff trhp`k j`ds j`wfrfk nrò tef `mcflt, bgk ht sfttjfk t` tef nj``r. B sobjj rbop kfslfgkfk nrò ht, bgk nhvf `r shx thgy pf`pjf ljbomfrfk ùt bgk sffofk t` w`ri `g sòf ihgk `n rfpbhrs `g tef `mcflt. [efy w`rf thdet-nhtthgd lj`tehgd. Tefg tefhr c`m wbs nhghsefk, tefy wfgt up tef rbop bdbhg, bgk tef `mcflt t`ì `nn bgk sbhjfk ùt tef whgk`w. [efg sef wbs nhgbjjy bmjf t` o`vf. \ef wbs lfrtbhg sef wbs whkf bwbif. [ef lbsf wbs hgvfsthdbtfk my C. ]ussfjj Cfgihgs `n \fbttjf. Xù lbg sff wey vfry nfw whtgfssfs t` tehs typf `n fvfgt wùjk mf bgxhùs t` tfjj bgy`gf bmùt tefhr fxpfrhfglfs. Bgk yù lbg sff wey bjo`st g`gf `n tefsf st`rhfs fvfr bppfbrs hg prhgt, fxlfpt hg `llujt-`rhfgtfk jhtfrbturf. Gfvfrtefjfss, hn wf e`pf t` bssfss tef truf VN@ shtubth`g, wf oust fxbohgf bjj `n tefsf st`rhfs. Tf lbg jfbrg g`tehgd my l`gshkfrhgd `gjy te`sf fphs`kfs tebt brf fo`th`gbjjy bgk hgtfjjfltubjjy bllfptbmjf t` us. Nfwfr tebg tw` pfrlfgt `n tef ig`wg VN@ shdethgds brf rfp`rtfk t` tef Bhr N`rlf bt bjj. Jhifwhsf, tef vbrhùs VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs rflfhvf `gjy b thgy rfshkuf `n tef kbtb. Ht hs o`st khnnhlujt t` cukdf tef shtubth`g bt bjj `g tef mbshs `n sule b sobjj sbopjhgd. [ef pr`mjfo hs lòpùgkfk my tef nblt tebt tef obc`rhty `n VN@ whtgfssfs bgk l`gtbltffs tfjj g` `gf ùtshkf `n tefhr `wg lhrljf `n nbohjy bgk nrhfgks. H ebvf l`glfgtrbtfk, tefrfn`rf, `g tef ehkkfg hglhkfgts bgk tef jhttjfig`wg, sfjkò `nnhlhbjjy rfp`rtfk bspflts `n tef pefgòfg`g. Hgkhvhkubjjy, tef shdethgd rfp`rts brf g`tehgd o`rf tebg bgflk`tfs. [e`rùdejy hgvfsthdbtfk, `mcflthvfjy rfp`rtfk lbsfs brf vfry rbrf. Fvfg s`, wefg

yù l`jjflt t`dftefr bjj tef bvbhjbmjf kbtb, bs H ebvf trhfk t` k`, bgk vhfw ht qubgthtbthvfjy, yù gbturbjjy fxpflt tebt tehs obss `n hgn`robth`g whjj rfvfbj sòf p`shthvf nblt`rs. Hgstfbk, bg bstùgkhgd pbrbk`x hs prfsfgtfk. [ef sl`pf `n tef pefgòfg`g bgk tef `vfrwefjohgd qubgthty `n rfp`rts gfdbtfs hts vbjhkhty. [ef vbrhùs VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs bgk lujthst drùps, bgk tef nfw hgtfrfstfk slhfgthsts, ebk trhfk t` kfbj whte bjj tehs `g bg bgflk`tbj mbshs, sfjflthgd te`sf bgflk`tfs wehle sffofk t` l`gtbhg tef mfst kfslrhpth`gs bgk ebk mffg rfp`rtfk my tef o`st rfjhbmjf whtgfssfs. [eus, tef bltubj sl`pf `n tef pefgòfg`g ebs fslbpfk tefo. Bgk tef mfst rfp`rts rbrfjy l`gtbhg kftbhjs tebt lbg pr`vhkf l`rrfjbth`gs whte `tefr rfp`rts. Hg se`rt, tef drfbt muji `n bjj tef bgflk`tfs brf w`rtejfss bgk lbg pr`vhkf jhttjf `r g` hgshdet hgt` tef rfbj pr`mjfos. [ef stbthsthlbj kbtb tebt H ebvf fxtrbltfk, bgk wehle H ebvf trhfk t` suoobrhzf mrhfnjy efrf, hgkhlbtf tebt njyhgd sbulfrs brf g`t stbmjf oblehgfs rfquhrhgd nufj, obhgtfgbglf, bgk j`dhsthlbj supp`rt. [efy brf, hg bjj pr`mbmhjhty, trbgso`drhnhlbth`gs `n fgfrdy bgk k` g`t fxhst hg tef sbof wby tebt tehs m`ì fxhsts. [efy brf g`t pfrobgfgt l`gstrulth`gs `n obttfr. @pfrbth`g [r`cbg E`rsf ebs obkf us mfjhfvf, nhrst, hg bgdfjs bgk pebgtò brohfs, jbtfr hg oystfry hgvfgt`rs, de`st bhrpjbgfs, bgk de`st r`lifts, bgk nhgbjjy hg tef spjfgkhk ^fgushbgs. Mflbusf tef sl`pf `n tef pefgòfg`g nbr fxlffks tef jhohts `n tef thgy rfshkuf `n ig`wg rfp`rts, wf lbg jfbrg bjo`st g`tehgd nrò stukyhgd tef `msfrvbth`gs `n b ohgutf drùp `n phj`ts bgk p`jhlf `nnhlfrs. E`wfvfr, my lbrfnujjy hgvfsthdbthgd obgy njbp brfbs hg kfpte, H ebvf lòf up whte bg bjtfrgbtf jhgf `n rfsfbrle. H khsl`vfrfk tebt tef whtgfssfs bgk pf`pjf jhvhgd hg tefsf brfbs fxpfrhfglfk khrflt obghnfstbth`gs `n b khnnfrfgt s`rt. Hn wf lbg put tef whtgfssfs tefosfjvfs ugkfr ùr ohlr`sl`pf, wf oby nhgk tebt b whkf vbrhfty `n psyle`j`dhlbj bgk ebjjulhgbt`ry nblt`rs brf hgv`jvfk. [ehs hs sòftehgd wf lbg hgvfsthdbtf te`rùdejy bgk systfobthlbjjy. Hg 2584, tef bhrsehps kfjhmfrbtfjy kr`ppfk pffjfk p`tbt`fs, gfwspbpfrs, bgk ofssbdfs bt tef nfft `n bst`ghsefk whtgfssfs t` lrfbtf bgk supp`rt tef sflrft hgvfgt`r oyte. Hg rflfgt yfbrs tef sbof ihgks `n `mcflts ebvf mffg khspfgshgd strhps `n oftbj bgk dj`ms `n purpjf d`` suddfsthvf `n oblehgf `hj t` supp`rt tef hkfb tebt wf brf mfhgd vhshtfk my ‚b supfrh`r hgtfjjhdfglf whte bg bkvbglfk tfleg`j`dy.‟ \òf l`gtbltffs ebvf pr`kulfk o``g r`lis bgk o``g kust bs pr``n `n tefhr fxpfrhfglfs `g `tefr w`rjks, mut tefsf sumstbglfs ebvf mffg khslùrbdhgdjy jhif tef r`lis hg yùr `wg mbliybrk. [ef fgkjfss ofssbdfs nrò

tef spblf pf`pjf wùjk g`w nhjj b jhmrbry, bgk wehjf tef lòoughlbt`rs ljbho t` rfprfsfgt sòf `tefr w`rjk, tef l`gtfgts `n te`sf ofssbdfs brf hkfgthlbj t` tef ofssbdfs j`gd rflfhvfk my ofkhuos bgk oysthls. H k` g`t mfjhfvf tebt tef \brbt`db wbs rfbj hg 2584. G`r k` H mfjhfvf tebt tef bjuohguo-spfwhgd spblfsehps `n 2864 wfrf bgy o`rf rfbj. [ef fgdrbvfk ofssbdf nrò tef \brbt`db wbs rfbj9 tef bjuohguo sebvhgds brf rfbj. Mut H wùjk ebtf t` ebvf t` d` hgt` b lùrt `n jbw bgk pr`vf tef rfbjhty `n fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj vhshtbgts `g tef mbshs `n sule fvhkfglf. Mflbusf njyhgd sbulfrs oby g`t bltubjjy fxhst bs peyshlbj oblehgfs, wf oust stuky tefsf whtgfssfs bgk lj`sfjy fxbohgf tef fxpfrhfglfs wehle jfk tefo t` mfjhfvf tebt VN@s wfrf rfbj bgk fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj. [ef VN@ pefgòfg`g sffos t` mf jbrdfjy sumcflthvf9 tebt hs, spflhnhl ihgks `n pf`pjf mflòf hgv`jvfk bgk brf bltubjjy obghpujbtfk my tef pefgòfg`g hg tef sbof wby tebt ht obghpujbtfs obttfr. [efsf sumcflthvf fxpfrhfglfs brf nbr o`rf hop`rtbgt t` ùr stuky tebg tef rbgkò, supfrnhlhbj shdethgds. Jhif Lbgbkhbg slhfgthst Thjmfrt \ohte, Kr. L`gk`g, bgk s` obgy `tefrs, wf brf `mjhdfk t` n`rdft bmùt tef ofbghgdjfss shdethgds bgk l`glfgtrbtf `g tef ljbhos bgk fxpfrhfglfs `n tef l`gtbltffs.

21 ‚Tebt Hs Xùr [hof Lyljf0‟ Hg G`vfomfr 28>>, tw` wòfg wfrf stbgkhgd hg b nhfjk ùtshkf `n @wbt`ggb, Ohggfs`tb, wbtlehgd b nbohjhbr shdet‛webt tefy lbjjfk jhttjf njbsefrs3 mrhdet, mjhgihgd jhdets tebt kbglfk brùgk tef siy bjo`st fvfry ghdet. \ukkfgjy `gf `n tef `mcflts kfslfgkfk rbphkjy bgk e`vfrfk bt tef nbr fgk `n tef nhfjk wefrf tefy st``k, swhgdhgd mbli bgk n`rte b nfw nfft bm`vf tef drùgk. L`j`rfk jhdets njhlifrfk brùgk hts dj`whgd rho. @gf `n tef wòfg jft ùt b jhttjf dbsp bgk lruopjfk t` efr igffs hg b trbglfjhif kbzf. Efr nrhfgk, Ors. ]bjpe Mutjfr, rfblefk n`r efr, mut sef wbs hoo`mhjf, efr efbk khppfk k`wg. B strbgdf v`hlf, sthjtfk bgk oftbjjhl, lbof spbso`khlbjjy nrò efr jhps. ‚Tebt…hs…yùr…thof…lyljf0‟ [ef v`hlf bsifk. Ors. Mutjfr rfl`vfrfk nrò efr surprhsf bgk trhfk t` fxpjbhg e`w wf ofbsurfk ohgutfs, eùrs, bgk kbys. ‚Tebt…l`gsthtutfs…b…kby…bgk…webt…l`gsthtutfs…b…ghdet0…‟ [ef v`hlf l`gthgufk. ‚B kby hs bppr`xhobtfjy twfjvf eùrs j`gd‛bgk b ghdet hs twfjvf eùrs j`gd,‟ Ors. Mutjfr rfpjhfk. [efrf wfrf b nfw o`rf hgg`luùs qufsth`gs, bgk tefg tef `tefr wòbg lbof ùt `n efr trbglf. ‚M`y, H‘o djbk tebt‘s `vfr,‟ sef rfobrifk shopjy. [ef `mcflt se`t upwbrk. Mfjhfvhgd tebt tefy ebk lòoughlbtfk whte b njyhgd sbulfr terùde sòf hglrfkhmjf tfjfpbtehl ofbgs, m`te wòfg wfrf gbturbjjy fxlhtfk. Mut jbtfr wefg tefy trhfk t` khsluss tef hglhkfgt whte `tefrs, tefy nùgk tebt tefy sukkfgjy lbof k`wg whte mjhgkhgd efbkblefs. Ors. Mutjfr wr`tf t` of bntfr rfbkhgd `gf `n oy obdbzhgf brthljfs. H hoofkhbtfjy lbjjfk efr bgk spìf t` efr n`r bjo`st bg eùr. ‚Ht‘s strbgdf,‟ sef kfljbrfk, ‚mut tehs hs tef nhrst thof H‘vf fvfr mffg bmjf t` tbji bmùt tefsf tehgds whteùt dftthgd b spjhtthgd efbkblef.‟

H bsifk efr bjj `n oy wfhrk bgk sffohgdjy shjjy qufsth`gs, bgk sef ebk bjj tef rhdet bgswfrs. \ef ebk mffg ebvhgd ugusubj tfjfpe`gf pr`mjfos bgk ebk bjs` mffg rflfhvhgd strbgdf v`hlfs `g efr lhthzfg‘s mbgk (LM) rbkh`. ‚[fjj of,‟ sef bsifk, ‚ebs bgy`gf fvfr rfp`rtfk rflfhvhgd vhshts nrò pflujhbr Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs0‟ ‚H‘vf efbrk b nfw st`rhfs bmùt tefo,‟ H sbhk lbuthùsjy. ‚Tfjj, jbst Oby Y28>4_ b obg lbof my efrf,‟ sef l`gthgufk. ‚Ef sbhk ef wbs Obc`r ]hlebrk Nrfgle, bgk ef wbs hgtfrfstfk hg LM bgk hg VN@s. Ef wbs bmùt nhvf nfft ghgf hglefs tbjj whte b ihgk `n `jhvf lòpjfxh`g bgk p`hgtfk nblf. Ehs ebhr wbs kbri bgk vfry j`gd‛t`` j`gd n`r bg Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfr, wf teùdet. Ef spìf pfrnflt Fgdjhse. Ef wbs wfjj fkulbtfk.‟ [ehs obg wbs gbtthjy krfssfk hg b drby suht, wehtf sehrt, bgk mjbli thf. ‚Fvfrytehgd ef wbs wfbrhgd wbs mrbgk-gfw,‟ sef `msfrvfk. Ef kr`vf b wehtf Oustbgd, bgk efr eusmbgk l`phfk k`wg tef jhlfgsf guomfr bgk ebk ht leflifk ùt jbtfr. Ht pr`vfk t` mf b rfgtfk lbr nrò Ohggfbp`jhs. ‚Ef sbhk ehs stòble wbs m`tefrhgd eho,‟ sef g`tfk. ‚H t`jk eho tebt webt ef gffkfk wbs sòf Cfjj`. Ef sbhk hn ht ifpt m`tefrhgd eho, ef wùjk lòf mbli n`r sòf.‟ Fbrjy tef gfxt o`rghgd Obc`r Nrfgle kr`vf up t` tef Mutjfr‘s eùsf bdbhg. Ehs stòble wbs sthjj trùmjhgd eho, s` Ors. Mutjfr sbt eho k`wg bt efr ihtlefg tbmjf bgk sjhk b mhd m`wj `n Cfjj` hg nr`gt `n eho. ‚Khk yù fvfr efbr `n bgy`gf tryhgd t` krhgi Cfjj`0‟ sef bsifk of. ‚Tfjj, tebt‘s webt ef khk. Ef bltfk jhif ef ebk gfvfr sffg bgy mfn`rf. Ef phlifk tef m`wj up bgk trhfk t` krhgi ht. H ebk t` se`w eho e`w t` fbt ht whte b sp``g.‟ Obc`r Nrfgle khkg‘t vhsht bgy `n efr nrhfgks, bgk ht hs sòftehgd `n b oystfry wey ef shgdjfk tef Mutjfrs ùt. Jbtfr, sef sbhk, tehs sbof obg turgfk up hg N`rfst Lhty, H`wb, bgk kr`ppfk hg `g sòf lj`sf nrhfgks `n tef Mutjfrs tefrf. [efrf pr`vfk t` mf b ]hlebrk Nrfgle hg tef Bhr N`rlf hg Ohggfs`tb, mut ef khk g`t fvfg rfo`tfjy bgswfr t` tef bm`vf kfslrhpth`g. [ef Mutjfrs ebvf rfp`rtfkjy fxpfrhfglfk bjj ihgks `n p`jtfrdfhst pefgòfgb hg tefhr eòf shglf tef VN@ njbp mfdbg hg @wbt`ggb hg 28>>. @mcflts ebvf mffg o`vhgd bmùt `n tefhr `wg bll`rk, djbss `mcflts ebvf sukkfgjy bgk vhshmjy sebttfrfk whteùt lbusf, bgk strbgdf g`hsfs ebvf rfsùgkfk terùdeùt tef eùsf. @g bg`tefr `llbsh`g sef ljbhofk tebt wehjf sef wbs stbgkhgd ùtshkf wbtlehgd sòf ‚jhttjf njbsefrs,‟ sef sukkfgjy nfjt b l``j, lòn`rthgd ebgk `g efr seùjkfr. \ef j`ìfk brùgk, mut tefrf wbs g` `gf tefrf.

‚\òfthofs H‘vf sffg sòf ihgk `n blthvhty‛ofg o`vhgd brùgk hg tef trffs mfehgk ùr eùsf bt ghdet. Mut sòftehgd iffps of nrò d`hgd gfbr tefo.‟ G` `gf brùgk @wbt`ggb rfp`rtfk bgy `n tef fxtfgshvf VN@ shdethgds t` tef Bhr N`rlf. ‚Tf‘rf bjj khsdustfk whte tef d`vfrgofgt,‟ Ors. Mutjfr kfljbrfk. ‚Tf ig`w tefy‘k cust tfjj us ht wbs bjj swbop dbs.‟ [efrf wfrf bhrsehp shdethgds hg @wbt`ggb hg 2584. Bgk hg 2551, tef eòf `n b Or. Khobgt wbs pjbdufk whte p`jtfrdfhst-jhif blthvhty. Fxpj`sh`gs `n ugkftfrohgfk `rhdhg t`ì pjblf hg ehs eùsf, tef k``rmfjj rbgd nrfqufgtjy wefg g` `gf wbs tefrf, bgk s` `g. \` pfrebps tehs hs`jbtfk jhttjf lòoughty `n 2;,111 hs `n sòf spflhbj hgtfrfst t` tef oystfrhùs ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs. Ors. Mutjfr‘s st`ry oby sùgk mhzbrrf, mut H ebvf efbrk tef sbof tehgds t`` obgy thofs hg t`` obgy khnnfrfgt pjblfs t` khsohss tefo jhdetjy. Hg lbsf bntfr lbsf, H ebvf efbrk bmùt strbgdf ofg we` pbhk p`hgtjfss vhshts bgk sòfthofs p`sfk bs Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs. [ef kfslrhpth`gs brf bjwbys tef sbof‛sjhdet `n stbturf, kbri `jhvf sihgs, sebrp p`hgtfk nfbturfs. Bgk o`st `n tefsf slbttfrfk whtgfssfs spflhnhlbjjy g`thlfk tebt tefsf ofg wfrf krfssfk hg lj`tefs tebt sffofk mrbgk-gfw. Fvfg tef s`jfs `n tefhr se`fs bppfbr t` mf ugwbjifk `g. Hn tefy ebvf `llbsh`g t` pujj ùt b wbjjft `r g`tfm`ì, tebt bjs` hs mrbgk-gfw. (O`st ofg, fvfg Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs, lbrry mfbt-up `jk wbjjfts.) H ebvf lbrfnujjy ifpt obgy `n tefsf sobjj kftbhjs t` oysfjn bgk ebvf gfvfr pumjhsefk tefo `r khslussfk tefo. [efy pr`vhkf b ybrksthli my wehle H lbg ofbsurf tef vbjhkhty `n gfw st`rhfs. [ef sukkfg, mjhgkhgd efbkblefs kfslrhmfk my Ors. Mutjfr brf bjs` vfry lòo`g bo`gd pfrlhphfgts we` ebvf mffg hgv`jvfk hg lj`sf shdethgds `r bltubj l`gtblts. Nhgbjjy, tefrf hs tef lurhùs fxpfrhfglf `n efr nrhfgk we` wbs sfhzfk my sòf ihgk `n trbglf bgk pbrr`tfk sòf`gf fjsf‘s w`rks. [ehs, t``, ebs ebppfgfk nbr o`rf nrfqufgtjy tebg `gf ohdet hobdhgf. Mut sule st`rhfs rbrfjy d` vfry nbr mflbusf tefy brf s` wfhrk bgk ugmfjhfvbmjf. [ef perbsf ‚Tebt hs yùr thof lyljf0‟ ebk spflhbj ofbghgd t` of. H ebk efbrk ht mfn`rf, nrò `tefr pfrlhphfgts. Hg Kflfomfr 28>4, [ò O`gtfjf`gf, bg bsphrhgd yùgd slhfglf nhlth`g wrhtfr hg Bkfjpeh, Obryjbgk, bjjfdfkjy ebk b l`gtblt whte b drùgkfk VN@ bgk l`gvfrsfk whte b obg hg ‚sehgy l`vfrbjjs‟ we` hkfgthnhfk ehosfjn bs ‚^bkhd.‟ Mflbusf thof trbvfj wbs bjrfbky b wfjj-fstbmjhsefk tefof hg slhfglf nhlth`g, O`gtfjf`gf obkf up b l`gtbltff st`ry bmùt trbvfjhgd t` b khstbgt pjbgft wefrf fvfry`gf wbjifk brùgk gukf. Bssfrthgd tebt ef ebk mffg b vhltho `n b thof j`ss, ef eht tef VN@ jflturf lhrluht bgk bppfbrfk `g rbkh` tbji se`ws. Tefg ef khsl`vfrfk tebt pfkkjhgd ùtfr spblf gukhso wbs b ebrk wby t` obif b muli, ef

rflbgtfk bgk spfgt tef gfxt twfgty yfbrs sfjjhgd brthljfs bmùt ehs tfrrhnyhgd mrusefs whte tef ebrkl`rf VN@ munns, fxpfrhfglfs nbr o`rf lehjjhgd tebg offthgds whte fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj gukhsts. Bshkf nrò [ò‘s vfgturfs hgt` ehs hggfr ohgk, thof hs `gf `n tef o`st hop`rtbgt bspflts `n tef VN@ pefgòfg`g. Ht pjbys b strbgdf mut shdghnhlbgt r`jf. Qbrt `n tef bgswfr t` njyhgd sbulfrs oby jhf g`t hg tef stbrs mut hg tef lj`li thlihgd `g yùr obgtfjphflf. @ur w`rjk fxhsts hg terff khofgsh`gs3 efhdet, whkte, bgk mrfbkte. Tf lbg o`vf hg obgy khrflth`gs whtehg tefsf khofgsh`gs3 up, k`wg, shkfwbys, n`rwbrk, bgk mbliwbrk. Tf ofbsurf spblf hg rfjbth`g t` ùr `wg shzf, my hglefs, nfft, ybrks, ohjfs, jhdet yfbrs. Hn wf wfrf =6 nfft tbjj bgk ùr pjbgft wfrf tef shzf `n Cuphtfr (obgy thofs jbrdfr tebg tef fbrte), wf wùjk ugkùmtfkjy ebvf bkcustfk ùr ofbsurfofgts `n spblf bll`rkhgdjy. @ur hgle ohdet mf fqubj t` bg fbrte n``t, ùr ohjf ohdet mf fqubj t` tfg fbrte ohjfs. \pblf k`fs g`t fxhst fxlfpt wefg wf obif ht fxhst. [` us, tef khstbglf mftwffg btòs hg obttfr hs s` ohgutf tebt ht lbg `gjy mf lbjlujbtfk whte eyp`tefthlbj ofbsurfofgts. Xft, hn wf jhvfk `g bg btò bgk ùr shzf wbs rfjbthvf t` hts shzf, tef khstbglf t` tef gfxt btò wùjk sffo bwfsòf bgk mfy`gk rfble. [ef bgt jhvfs hg b w`rjk `n dhbgts wefrf fvfg b mjbkf `n drbss hs b dhdbgthl strulturf bgk b trff hs b we`jf ughvfrsf. Hn bgts ebk ofbsurfofgts, tefhr hgle ohdet mf tef shzf `n tef p`hgt `n b phg, bgk tefhr ohjf wùjk mf jfss tebg b n``t. E`w kbrf wf try t` rfkulf tef ughvfrsf t` ùr `wg tfros0 Tf lbg‘t fvfg sff `r sfgsf b jbrdf pbrt `n tef w`rjk brùgk us. Obg hs g`t tef nhgbj, pfrnflt fgk pr`kult `n fv`juth`g. Ef hs tef mfdhgghgd. [efrf hs bg`tefr obg-obkf ofbsurfofgt lbjjfk thof. Vgjhif tef `tefr terff khofgsh`gs, thof ebs us trbppfk. Tf lbg o`vf hg `gjy `gf khrflth`g terùde ht ‛n`rwbrk. [ehs n`rwbrk o`th`g hs d`vfrgfk my peyshlbj jbws. Tf lbgg`t jfbp befbk nhntffg yfbrs bgy o`rf tebg wf lbg sjhkf mbli t` 25;5. Tf brf bjj trbppfk hg tehs oòfgt `n thof. [ehs hgstbgt. [ef `gjy wby wf lbg mrhkdf thof hs t` lrfbtf sòftehgd tebt whjj fgkurf mfy`gk tef hoofkhbtf oòfgt. Tf l`gstrult muhjkhgds, pyrbohks, w`ris `n brt, bgk fvfg jbws tebt mflòf obtfrhbj bgk jbsthgd tehgds. @ur oòfgts mflòf sfl`gks, ohgutfs, eùrs, kbys, yfbrs. @ur jhvfs rfv`jvf brùgk lj`lis bgk lbjfgkbrs. [hof mflòfs vfry rfbj t` us, bgk ht hs bjo`st hgl`glfhvbmjf tebt wf lùjk jhvf whteùt ht. Xft thof k`fsg‘t rfbjjy fxhst bt bjj.

[ehs oòfgt fxhsts t` us. [ef sbof oòfgt hs mfhgd sebrfk my `tefr pjbgfts bgk `tefr stbrs. @r hs ht0 [ef jhdet nrò b khstbgt stbr oby tbif =, ht rfbk jhif tef nbgtbshfs `n b obkobg. Mut g`w obgy `n tef tehgds ef kfslrhmfk ebvf rfpfbtfkjy `llurrfk bjj `vfr tef w`rjk, bgk tef m`ì kfsfrvfs b lbrfnuj rfrfbkhgd.

Hn njyhgd sbulfrs bltubjjy fxhst bs fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj spblfsehps, tefg tef Qjfhbkfs ohdet kfsfrvf b pjblf ehde `g tef jhst `n p`sshmjf `rhdhgs. Ht hs p`sshmjf tebt tef bglhfgts wfrf s` fgterbjjfk whte tef obdhlbj guomfr `n sfvfg tebt tefy pjblfk ugkuf fopebshs up`g tef ‚\fvfg \hstfrs.‟ Mut ht hs fqubjjy p`sshmjf tebt tefy ohdet ebvf ebk bllfss t` sòf pbrthlujbr mht `n ig`wjfkdf wehle ebs shglf mffg j`st. Bgter`p`j`dhsts ebvf mffg bobzfk t` khsl`vfr tebt tef lòpjftfjy hs`jbtfk trhmfs `n \ùte Bofrhlb bgk tef bm`rhdhgfs `n Bustrbjhb ebvf oule n`jij`rf bmùt tef Qjfhbkfs bgk fvfg lbjj tef ljustfr tef \fvfg \hstfrs, cust bs tef bglhfgt Ohkkjf Fbstfrg bgk Fur`pfbg lujturfs khk. Oule `n tehs hgkfpfgkfgt n`jij`rf l`gtfgks tebt tef Qjfhbkfs wbs tef eòf `n tef ‚\iy Qf`pjf.‟ G`rte Bofrhlbg Hgkhbg trhmfs ebvf shohjbr jfdfgks bmùt tef Qjfhbkfs, bgk `n bjj tef stbrs bgk l`gstfjjbth`gs gbofk bgk ig`wg my tef bglhfgt pf`pjfs ht hs hgtfrfsthgd t` g`tf tebt fvfg tef Mhmjf shgdjfs ùt tef \fvfg \hstfrs rfpfbtfkjy. Hg tef M`ì `n C`m, Q.O., 5 Q.O., bgk 21 Q.O. [efsf nblts hg tefosfjvfs brf pr``n tebt tef pefgòfg`g hs duhkfk my bg hgtfjjhdfglf bgk tebt tef hgkhvhkubj fvfgts n`ro pbrt `n b jbrdfr pjbg. Bs wf pr`drfss stfp my stfp bj`gd tehs mhzbrrf l`sohl trbhj, tebt pjbg mflòfs sj`wjy o`rf pjbhg. Tf ebvf ohsugkfrst``k oule `n tef obtfrhbj pbssfk `g t` us, bgk wf brf cust mfdhgghgd t` lòprfefgk tef nujj ofbghgd `n tef obgy obghnfstbth`gs `n tef fgfrdhfs nrò tef ehdefr nrfqufglhfs. [ef VN@ pefgòfg`g hs nrfqufgtjy rfnjflthvf9 tebt hs, tef `msfrvfk obghnfstbth`gs sffo t` mf kfjhmfrbtfjy tbhj`rfk bgk bkcustfk t` tef hgkhvhkubj mfjhfns bgk ofgtbj btthtukfs `n tef whtgfssfs. M`te tef `mcflts bgk tefhr `llupbgts bppfbr t` mf bmjf t` bk`pt b oujthtukf `n n`ros, bgk tef l`gtbltffs brf usubjjy dhvfg hgn`robth`g tebt l`gn`ros t` tefhr `wg mfjhfns. VN@ rfsfbrlefrs we` l`glfgtrbtf `g `gf pbrthlujbr bspflt `r tef`ry nhgk tefosfjvfs hgugkbtfk whte sffohgdjy rfjhbmjf rfp`rts wehle tfgk t` sumstbgthbtf tebt tef`ry. Oy `wg fxtfgshvf fxpfrhfglfs whte tehs rfnjflthvf nblt`r ebvf jfk of t` lbrry ùt wfhrk fxpfrhofgts wehle l`gnhrofk tebt b jbrdf pbrt `n tef rfp`rtfk kbtb hs fgdhgffrfk bgk kfjhmfrbtfjy nbjsf. [ef whtgfssfs brf g`t tef pfrpftrbt`rs `n tefsf e`bxfs mut brf ofrfjy tef vhlthos. [ef bppbrfgt purp`sfs `n bjj tehs nbjsf kbtb brf oujthn`jk. Oule `n ht hs ofbgt t` lrfbtf l`gnush`g bgk khvfrsh`g. \òf `n ht ebs sfrvfk t` supp`rt lfrtbhg mfjhfns tebt wfrf frr`gfùs mut wehle wùjk sfrvf bs stfpphgdst`gfs t` tef ehdefr, o`rf lòpjfx trute. Te`jf dfgfrbth`gs ebvf lòf bgk d`gf, ebpphjy mfjhfvhgd hg tef nbjsf kbtb, ugbwbrf tebt tefy wfrf rfbjjy ofrf jhgis hg tef lebhg. Hn wf ugkfrst``k ht bjj t`` s``g, wf ohdet lruomjf ugkfr tef wfhdet `n tef trute. Ht wbs nhrst gflfssbry t` muhjk obg‘s fd`9 t` obif eho mfjhfvf tebt ef ebk sòf w`rte hg tef l`sohl we`jf. \`, jhfs l`gtbhghgd vfhjfk trutes wfrf sprfbk bo`gd us, bgk fvfgts wfrf stbdfk t` obif te`sf jhfs sffo vbjhk. Obgy ofg‛mrhjjhbgt sle`jbrs bgk pehj`s`pefrs‛ebvf ljfbrjy sffg tef trute n`r lfgturhfs. Jhmrbrhfs bjj `vfr tef w`rjk brf nhjjfk whte m`ìs kftbhjhgd tefhr nhgkhgds. Mut tefhr trutes wfrf j`st hg tef wbvfs `n `rdbghzfk mfjhfn. [ehs fbrte hs l`vfrfk whte whgk`ws hgt` tebt `tefr ugsffg w`rjk. Qfrebps hn wf ebk tef hgstruofgts t` kftflt tefo, wf wùjk nhgk tebt tefsf whgk`ws brf tef n`lbj p`hgts n`r supfr-ehde-nrfqufgly wbvfs‛tef ‚rbys‟ `n bglhfgt j`rf. [efsf rbys ohdet lòf nrò @rh`g `r tef Qjfhbkfs bs tef bglhfgts ljbhofk, `r tefy ohdet mf pbrt `n tef drfbt n`rlf tebt fobgbtfs terùdeùt tef ughvfrsf. [ef VN@s ebvf dhvfg us fvhkfglf tebt sule rbys fxhst. G`w, sj`wjy, wf brf mfhgd t`jk wey.

22 ‚Xù Brf Fgkbgdfrhgd tef Mbjbglf `n tef Vghvfrsf!‟ Bg Bhr N`rlf pjbgf sphrbjfk ljuoshjy ùt `n tef sujjfg Brdfgthgf siy bgk lrbsefk gfbr Ruhjhg` hg Budust 2864, sftthgd tef stbdf n`r `gf `n tef eugkrfks `n ‚rhkhlujùs‟ l`gtblt st`rhfs tebt ebvf mffg bppfbrhgd hg gfwspbpfrs terùdeùt tef w`rjk n`r tef pbst twfgty yfbrs. [ef Brdfgthgf Bhr N`rlf khspbtlefk terff ofg t` tef shtf t` dubrk tef wrfli ugthj pr`pfr fquhpofgt lùjk mf oustfrfk t` ebuj ht mbli t` tef mbsf. @g tef fvfghgd `n Budust =1, 2864, tw` `n tef ofg wfgt hgt` tef t`wg n`r suppjhfs, wehjf tef tehrk obg jùgdfk hg tefhr tfgt. \ukkfgjy, bll`rkhgd t` ehs st`ry, ef efbrk bg ffrhf, ehde-phtlefk euo. Ef stfppfk ùtshkf tef tfgt bgk wbs bst`ghsefk t` sff b eudf juohgùs oftbj khsi e`vfrhgd khrfltjy `vfrefbk. Hg e`rr`r, ef rfblefk n`r ehs phst`j mut lùjk g`t sffo t` krbw ht nrò tef e`jstfr n`r sòf ugig`wg rfbs`g, ef ljbhofk jbtfr. \tbgkhgd trbgsnhxfk, tuddhgd efjpjfssjy bt ehs dug, tef yùgd obg efbrk b s`nt-spìfg v`hlf lòhgd nrò tef euoohgd `mcflt. Ht bkkrfssfk eho dfgtjy hg ehs `wg jbgdubdf bgk t`jk eho g`t t` mf bnrbhk. [efg ht wfgt `g t` tfjj eho tebt tef khsi wbs bg hgtfrpjbgftbry spblflrbnt bgk tebt b mbsf n`r sule lrbnt ebk mffg hgstbjjfk hg tef gfbrmy pr`vhglf `n \bjtb (bg brfb wefrf VN@ shdethgds ebvf mffg rfp`rtfk l`gstbgtjy n`r tef pbst nhntffg yfbrs‛‟VN@ Bjjfy‟). ‚Tf hgtfgk t` efjp yù,‟ tef v`hlf hs supp`sfk t` ebvf kfljbrfk, ‚n`r tef ohsusf `n btòhl fgfrdy terfbtfgs t` kfstr`y yù.‟ [ef v`hlf wfgt `g t` sby tebt vfry s``g tef rfst `n tef w`rjk wùjk ig`w bmùt njyhgd sbulfrs. [efg tef musefs bgk trffs mfdbg t` rustjf, bgk tef lrbnt bslfgkfk strbhdet up bgk khsbppfbrfk. [ef yùgd Brdfgthgfbg wbs s` upsft my tehs fxpfrhfglf tebt ef rfp`rtfk ht hg nujj t` ehs lòobgkhgd `nnhlfr. [ef jbttfr t`ì eho o`st sfrhùsjy bgk pbssfk tef st`ry `g t` `gf `n Brdfgthgb‘s jbrdfst bgk o`st rfspfltfk gfwspbpfrs, Khbrh` kf L`rk`mb, wehle lbrrhfk tef nujj bllùgt tw` kbys jbtfr.

Fvfg teùde tef V.\. Bhr N`rlf bgk vbrhùs lhvhjhbg drùps struddjf t` khslùgt bgk khslrfkht l`gtbltff st`rhfs, tefy l`gthguf t` turg up fvfrywefrf. Obgy `n tefo l`gtbhg sule jukhlrùs kftbhjs tebt tefy brf fbsy t` khsohss‛ugthj yù rfbjhzf tebt tef sbof jukhlrùs kftbhjs brf bppfbrhgd hg Htbjy, Mrbzhj, \wfkfg, Bnrhlb, tef \`vhft Vgh`g, Bustrbjhb, bgk gfbrjy fvfry `tefr lùgtry `g fbrte. L`gshkfr tef hopr`mbmjf tbjf t`jk my o`vhf blt`r \tubrt Tehtobg, stbr `n [e`sf Obdghnhlfgt Ofg hg [efhr Njyhgd Oblehgfs bgk obgy `tefr mhd-mukdft nhjos. Bll`rkhgd t` Or. Tehtobg, ef wbs trbppfk hg ehs twfjnte-nj``r suhtf hg b nbseh`gbmjf Gfw X`ri e`tfj kurhgd tef mhd mjbliùt `n G`vfomfr 28>6, wefg ef efbrk ‚b sùgk jhif b wehpp``rwhjj‟ wehstjhgd ùtshkf ehs whgk`w. Ef j`ìfk ùt bgk sbw tw` juohgùs khsi-sebpfk `mcflts, `gf mjuf, tef `tefr `rbgdf. Bt jfbst tebt‘s webt ef jbtfr t`jk E`jjyw``k l`juoghst ^frg`g \l`tt. [efg ef efbrk b v`hlf, wehle sùgkfk bs hn ht wfrf lòhgd nrò b jùkspfbifr. ‚[efy sbhk tefy wfrf nfbrnuj `n fbrte,‟ Tehtobg fxpjbhgfk, ‚mflbusf fbrtejhgds wfrf ofsshgd brùgk whte ugig`wg qubgththfs bgk ohdet khsrupt tef mbjbglf `n tef ughvfrsf `r tefhr pjbgft…tef mjbliùt wbs cust b jhttjf kfo`gstrbth`g `n tefhr p`wfr, bgk tefy lùjk k` b j`t o`rf whte bjo`st g` fnn`rt. [efy sbhk tefy lùjk st`p ùr we`jf pjbgft nrò nuglth`ghgd.‟ G` `gf fjsf hg tef lr`wkfk strffts `n kbrifgfk Gfw X`ri rfp`rtfk sffhgd tefsf `mcflts, bgk g` `gf bppbrfgtjy efbrk tebt jùkspfbifr. Mut Tehtobg sthlis t` ehs st`ry. Tey hs bgym`ky‘s dufss. Ef lfrtbhgjy k`fsg‘t gffk pumjhlhty. Bt jfbst g`t tebt ihgk `n pumjhlhty. \fge`r Efjh` Bduhbr khkg‘t sffo t` mf j`ìhgd n`r pumjhlhty, fhtefr, wefg ef spug ehs strbgdf st`ry t` Mrbzhjhbg cùrgbjhst C`b` Obrthgs hg 2868. B tehrty-tw`yfbr-`jk stbthsthlhbg fopj`yfk my b mbgi hg Mbehb, Mrbzhj, Bduhbr g`t `gjy ljbhofk t` ebvf rflfhvfk b ofssbdf nrò b VN@, mut ef t`ì b sfrhfs `n stbrtjhgd phlturfs t` mbli up ehs st`ry. Tehjf rhkhgd b o`t`rlyljf gfbr b pjblf lbjjfk Qhbtb `g Bprhj =;, 2868, \fge`r Bduhbr sbys ef `msfrvfk b shjvfry khsi whte b guomfr `n whgk`ws vhshmjf `g tef kòf `g t`p. [ef ugkfrshkf `n tehs `mcflt m`rf terff obrihgds `r syom`js, wehle wfrf bltubjjy nbhgtjy vhshmjf hg tef `rhdhgbjs `n ehs phlturfs mut, ugn`rtugbtfjy, k` g`t rfpr`kulf wfjj. Bduhbr st`ppfk ehs o`t`rlyljf, ugjhomfrfk ehs lbofrb bgk t`ì terff quhli se`ts bs tef `mcflt pfrn`rofk jfhsurfjy o`vfofgts `vfrefbk. [efg, bll`rkhgd t` D`rk`g Lrfhdet`g‘s trbgsjbth`g `n tef pe`t`drbpefr‘s `rhdhgbj tfstho`gy, ‚Ef mfdbg t` nffj b prfssurf hg ehs mrbhg, bgk b stbtf `n pr`drfsshvf l`gnush`g `vfrt`ì eho. Ef nfjt vbdufjy bs teùde ef wfrf mfhgd `rkfrfk my sòfm`ky t` wrhtf sòftehgd k`wg. Ht wbs bs teùde ef wfrf

mfhgd eypg`thzfk. Bs ef wbs whgkhgd tef nhjo `g mfn`rf pr`lffkhgd t` tbif b nùrte phlturf, ef j`st bjj sfgsf `n webt wbs ebppfghgd.‟ Jhif tef pr`peft Kbghfj, bgk C`sfpe \ohte `n tef O`ro`gs, \fge`r Bduhbr pbssfk ùt. [ef gfxt tehgd ef igfw, ef wbs sjuopfk `vfr ehs o`t`rlyljf, bgk tef VN@ wbs d`gf. Mut ljutlefk hg ehs ebgk wbs b phflf `n pbpfr mfbrhgd b ofssbdf hg ehs `wg ebgkwrhthgd3 ‚Qut bg bms`jutf st`p t` bjj btòhl tfsts n`r wbrjhif purp`sfs,‟ tef ofssbdf wbrgfk. ‚[ef mbjbglf `n tef ughvfrsf hs terfbtfgfk. Tf sebjj rfobhg vhdhjbgt bgk rfbky t` hgtfrvfgf.‟Y21_ hgtfrvfgf.‟Y21_ ‚[ef mbjbglf `n tef ughvfrsf…‟ Ht‘s b vfry `kk l`hglhkfglf e`w tehs sbof perbsf turgs up `vfr bgk `vfr bdbhg hg tef st`rhfs `n tefsf ‚i`ìs bgk lrblip`ts.‟ [w` yfbrs mfn`rf \frhe`r Bdghbr‘s bjjfdfk lòoughlbth`g nrò tef VN@s, b quhft dfgtjfobg hg Fgdjbgk ljbhofk tebt ef ebk mffg tbifg n`r b rhkf. Ehs gbof hs Cbofs L`ì `n ]ugl`rg, Lefsehrf, bgk ef stbtfk tebt ef sbw b strbgdf juohgùs `mcflt hg tef siy bt =326 B.O. `g \fptfomfr 4, 2864. Tehjf ef wbtlefk hg nbslhgbth`g, tef `mcflt lebgdfk l`j`rs nrò mjuf t` wehtf, tefg mjuf bdbhg, bgk nhgbjjy t` b kbri rfk. Ht eurtjfk ùt `n tef siy bgk sfttjfk t` tef drùgk `gjy b nfw nfft nrò eho. [efg, ef ljbhofk, b v`hlf bkkrfssfk eho, hgvhthgd eho bm`brk. B jbkkfr kfslfgkfk nrò tef lrbnt, bgk b v`hlf hgstrultfk eho, ‚Cuop `gt` tef jbkkfr. K` g`t stfp `gt` ht. [ef drùgk hs kbop.‟ Ef `mfyfk, jfbpfk `gt` tef m`ttò rugd `n tef jbkkfr, bgk ljhomfk hgt` bg fopty lebomfr hjjuohgbtfk my b kbzzjhgd jhdet nrò sòf ugsffg sùrlf. [ef v`hlf t`jk eho t` tbif `nn ehs lj`tefs bgk put `g tef pjbsthl-jhif l`vfrbjjs tebt wfrf hg tef lebomfr. Bdbhg, ef khk bs ef wbs t`jk. Bntfr ef ebk lebgdfk ehs lj`tefs, ef wbs bsifk t` jfbvf tef lrbnt bgk fgtfr bg`tefr `gf tebt ebk jbgkfk gfbrmy. [efrf, ef sbhk, ef nùgk twfgty pf`pjf, bjj `n tefo oule tbjjfr tebg ef wbs, bgk tefy t`ì eho n`r b rhkf hgt` ùtfr spblf. [efy t`jk eho tebt tefy wfrf nrò b pjbgft lbjjfk Sòkhl, wehle wbs hg bg`tefr s`jbr systfo bgk wbs ugig`wg t` ùr slhfgthsts. [efhr lrbnt lùjk g`t `pfrbtf hg kbop wfbtefr, tefy bjjfdfkjy fxpjbhgfk t` eho, bppbrfgtjy mflbusf tefy wfrf surrùgkfk my sòf ihgk `n fjfltrhnhfk nhfjk. [efy bjs` t`jk eho, ef sbhk, tebt tef sbulfrs wfrf usfk `gjy hg tef vhlhghty ` tef fbrte bgk lùjk g`t `pfrbtf hg ùtfr spblf. ‚[ef hgebmhtbgts `n yùr pjbgft whjj upsft tef mbjbglf hn tefy pfrshst hg ushgd n`rlf hgstfbk `n ebro`gy,‟ Or. L`ì bssfrts tebt ef wbs t`jk. ‚Tbrg tefo `n tef kbgdfr.‟ ‚G`m`ky whjj jhstfg t` of,‟ ef sbys ef pr`tfstfk.

‚@r bgy`gf fjsf fhtefr,‟ `gf `n tef dhbgt ‚spblfofg‟ sgbppfk. Or. L`ì wbs kfp`shtfk sfvfrbj eùrs jbtfr hg tef vfry sp`t wefrf ef ebk nhrst mffg phlifk up. Ef rfjbtfk ehs st`ry t` tef bute`rhthfs bgk tefg quhftjy rfturgfk t` ehs dbrkfg hg tef Fgdjhse lùgtryshkf. Jhif tef obc`rhty `n bjj ig`wg l`gtbltffs, ef khk g`t wrhtf bgy m`ìs `r d` `g bgy jflturf tùrs. Sòkhl wbs gfvfr efbrk nrò bdbhg, fhtefr. Ohss [efjob ]`mfrts `n Mrhtbhg‘s Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw hgtfrvhfwfk Or. L`ì, bgk ef se`wfk efr b murg `g tef mbli `n ehs jfnt ebgk bgk t`jk efr ef ebk rflfhvfk ht wefg ef ebk jfnt tef sbulfr bgk ebk nbhjfk t` rfo`vf ehs ebgk nrò tef jbkkfr‘s rbhjhgd mfn`rf ehs nfft tùlefk tef wft drùgk. Bg`tefr l`gtbltff we` ebs rfnusfk t` obif bgy nuss `vfr ehs purp`rtfk fxpfrhfglf whte ‚tef pf`pjf nrò ùtfr spblf‟ hs b yùgd Htbjhbg fgdhgffr gbofk Julhbg` Dbjjh, we` rugs b sobjj lòpbgy `g tef ùtsihrts `n ]òf. Ehs st`ry hs nbr o`rf ugmfjhfvbmjf tebg Or. L`ì‘s, mut weftefr yù mfjhfvf ht `r g`t, ht l`gtbhgs bjj `n tef ljbsshl fjfofgts tebt bppfbr hg obgy shohjbr ybrgs. [efsf fjfofgts hgljukf tfrrfstrhbjs‛pf`pjf cust jhif yù bgk of‛we` brf hg sòf wby l`ggfltfk whte tef VN@ pefgòfg`g. @r obymf tefy rfbjjy brf ùr ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs hg khsduhsf. \hdg`rf Dbjjh jfnt ehs eòf bntfr jugle `g Cujy 4, 2864, bgk wbs efbkfk mbli t` ehs pjbgt wefg b mjbli Nhbt pujjfk up bgk b tbjj, kbri-sihggfk obg whte phfrlhgd cft-mjbli fyfs spìf t` eho. ‚K` yù rfofomfr of0‟ tef obg bsifk. Dbjjh ebk sffg tef obg mfn`rf `g tef strffts `n ]òf bgk, n`r sòf rfbs`g, ebk nfjt jhif spfbihgd t` eho, mut ef ebk khsbppfbrfk hgt` tef lr`wks. ‚H rfofomfr yù,‟ Dbjjh rfpjhfk. ‚Tùjk yù jhif t` lòf whte us0‟ tef obg bsifk. ‚Tefrf t`0‟ ‚Ebvf l`gnhkfglf.‟ [ef obg sohjfk. ‚G`tehgd whjj ebppfg t` yù.‟ Dbjjh hopujshvfjy d`t hgt` tef lbr. Bg`tefr obg, sobjjfr bgk whte kfjhlbtf nfbturfs, wbs krhvhgd. [efy pr`lffkfk t` tef Lr`brb ]hkdf ùtshkf `n ]òf wefrf, Dbjjh sbys, b sbulfr-sebpfk oblehgf wbs wbhthgd n`r tefo. B lyjhgkfr kr`ppfk k`wg nrò tef lfgtfr `n tef ugkfrshkf `n tef lrbnt, bgk b k``r `pfgfk hg ht. [ef tbjj, kbri obg jfk Dbjjh hgt` ht, bgk tefy r`sf hgt` tef hgtfrh`r, wefrf tw` mrhdet jhdets sukkfgjy njbsefk. ‚K`g‘t mf bnrbhk,‟ tef strbgdfr jbudefk. ‚Tf ebvf cust tbifg yùr phlturf.‟ [efrf wbs b whgk`w-jhif jfgs bmùt b ybrk hg khboftfr hg tef m`ttò `n tef lrbnt, Dbjjh sbhk, bgk terùde ht ef lùjk sff tef fbrte nbjj bwby bs tefy se`t

upwbrk. Thtehg ohgutfs tefy wfrf hg spblf, wefrf tefy bppr`blefk b dhdbgthl lhdbr-sebpfk `mcflt, wehle Dbjjh fsthobtfk t` mf bt jfbst >11 oftfrs (bjo`st =,111 nfft) j`gd. B vfry mrhdet jhdet surrùgkfk `gf fgk `n ht, bgk tefrf wfrf b sfrhfs `n p`rts terùde wehle b guomfr `n sbulfrs lùjk mf sffg fgtfrhgd bgk jfbvhgd. ‚[ehs hs `gf `n ùr spblfsehps,‟ tef strbgdfr fxpjbhgfk. [efy njfw hgt` `gf `n tef `pfg p`rts, bgk wefg Dbjjh jfnt tef sbulfr, ef nùgk ehosfjn hg b eudf lebomfr. ‚[efrf wfrf,‟ ef sbhk, ‚g` jfss tebg nùr `r nhvf eugkrfk pf`pjf tefrf… stbgkhgd bgk wbjihgd brùgk.‟ Ef wbs dhvfg b tùr `n tef sehp bgk wbs se`wg b jbrdf jhmrbry, jùgdfs, l`gtr`j r`òs, bgk tef lòobgkfr‘s qubrtfrs. Jfss tebg nùr eùrs jbtfr ef wbs mbli `g tef rhkdf ùtshkf `n ]òf. Ef ifpt tef st`ry t` ehosfjn bgk khk g`t rfbjjy tbji bmùt ht ugthj b rfp`rtfr we` ebk efbrk ruo`rs trblifk eho k`wg hg 28>=. ‚H k`g‘t lbrf webt bgym`ky sbys,‟ Dbjjh kfljbrfk. ‚[ef st`ry hs truf. Xù lbg mfjhfvf ht hn yù whse.‟ [efrf wfrf sl`rfs `n l`gtbltff rfp`rts kurhgd tef twfjvf o`gtes `n 2864, obymf fvfg eugkrfks tebt brf g`w j`st t` us. @gf `n tef o`st g`tbmjf `n tefsf hgv`jvfk b pròhgfgt Mrbzhjhbg jbwyfr, Qr`nfss`r C`b` kf Nrfhtbs Duhobrbfs, b s`mfr ohkkjf-bdfk ohjhtbry bkv`lbtf hg \b` \fmbsthb`. Ef sbhk tebt ef wfgt c`y rhkhgd hg b njyhgd sbulfr `g b l``j fvfghgd hg Cujy 2864. N`r b j`gd thof bntfrwbrk ef ifpt ehs fxpfrhfglf t` ehosfjn, sebrhgd ht whte `gjy b nfw nrhfgks sule bs \b` Qbuj` cukdf Kr. Bjmfrt` Nrbgl`. @g b kujj, `vfrlbst fvfghgd, Duhobrbfs rflbjjfk, ef wbs wbjihgd bj`gf bj`gd b mfble `nn tef l`bst `n Mfjb Hsjbgk, Mrbzhj, wefg ef sbw b cft `n wbtfr rhsf up, bgk tefg b p`t-mfjjhfk oblehgf surnblfk bgk o`vfk t`wbrk se`rf. [` ehs bst`ghseofgt, tw` ofg, m`te o`rf tebg 6 nfft 21 hglefs tbjj, whte j`gd, nbhr ebhr, wfbrhgd thdet-nhtthgd drffg l`vfrbjjs, ljbomfrfk ùt, ef sbhk. [efy bppr`blefk eho khrfltjy bgk shjfgtjy hgkhlbtfk tebt tefy wùjk jhif eho t` stfp bm`brk. Ef spìf t` tefo hg Nrfgle, Fgdjhse, Htbjhbg, bgk Q`rtudufsf, mut tefy khkg‘t sffo t` ugkfrstbgk bgy `n tefsf jbgdubdfs. Mflbusf tefy khkg‘t sffo e`sthjf, bgk mflbusf ef wbs `vfrlòf whte lurh`shty, ef bllfptfk tefhr ugspìfg hgvhtbth`g, ljhomfk up b j`gd jbkkfr oùgtfk ùtshkf tef lrbnt, bgk whte tef efjp `n tef tw` ofg, stfppfk hgt` tef `mcflt. [ef jbkkfr wbs rftrbltfk bgk tef k``r fbsfk seut. [ef pr`nfss`r rfobhgfk hg b sobjj lòpbrtofgt gfxt t` b whgk`w. Ef lùjk g`t sby jbtfr e`w obgy lòpbrtofgts tefrf wfrf hg tef lrbnt. Bs tef oblehgf jhntfk hgt` tef bhr, ef wbs

surprhsfk t` sff wbtfr spjbsehgd bdbhgst tef p`rte`jfs. ‚Hs ht rbhghgd0‟ ef bsifk. Ef ljbhos tebt ef rflfhvfk b shjfgt rfpjy‛ef nfjt ht wbs sòf ihgk `n tfjfpbtey, bjteùde ef bkohttfk ig`whgd g`tehgd bmùt sule obttfrs. \òfe`w ehs e`sts t`jk eho tebt tef wbtfr wbs lbusfk my tef r`tbth`g `n tef lrbnt. N`r tef gfxt n`rty ohgutfs `r s` (ef sbhk ehs wbtle st`ppfk kurhgd tef njhdet) tef g`w hkfgthnhfk (t` eho) njyhgd `mcflt njhttfk bmùt hg tef stbrjht uppfr bto`spefrf. Kurhgd tef trhp ef g`tfk tebt ef nfjt pbhg bgk l`jk hg ehs dfghtbjs. Ef trhfk t` bsi tef ofg wefrf tefy wfrf nrò, mut tefy khk g`t bgswfr. @gf `n tefo se`wfk eho b lebrt, sòftehgd jhif b z`khbl, ef sbhk, bgk ef ebk tef nffjhgd tebt tefy wfrf tryhgd t` fxpjbhg wefg tefy wùjk rfturg, bgk tebt tefy wbgtfk eho t` offt tefo bdbhg. Nhgbjjy tefy kfjhvfrfk eho mbli t` tef sp`t wefrf tefy ebk phlifk eho up, bgk shx o`gtes jbtfr ef t`jk tef st`ry t` b nrhfgk, Kr. Jhgl`jg Nfjhlhbg`, we` l`gtbltfk b Mrbzhjhbg cùrgbjhst. Qr`nfss`r Duhobrbfs quhlijy mflbof b lfjfmrhty `n s`rts hg Mrbzhj bgk wbs, ef l`gnfssfk, bobzfk my tef drbvf rfspflt ehs st`ry wbs bll`rkfk. Hg Cèg Nujjfr‘s bllùgt `n tef mhzbrrf VN@ l`gtblt `n Mbrgfy bgk Mftty Ehjj, Hgtfrruptfk Cùrgfy, Mbrgfy Ehjj rflbjjfk ugkfr eypg`shs tebt ef wbs pjblfk `g b tbmjf bm`brk b njyhgd sbulfr bgk tebt ef nfjt sòftehgd l`jk mfhgd j`wfrfk `vfr ehs dfghtbjs. [ef Ehjjs‘ wbtlefs bjs` st`ppfk kurhgd tefhr bjjfdfk fxpfrhfglf. [ef o`st nboùs l`gtbltff `n 286>-64 wbs b Gfw Cfrsfy shdg pbhgtfr gbofk E`wbrk Ofgdfr. Ef wbs ‚khsl`vfrfk‟ my J`gd Cèg Gfmfj, b Gfw X`ri rbkh` pfrs`gbjhty we` l`gkultfk bg bjj-ghdet tbji se`w `vfr stbth`g T@], mfn`rf o`vhgd t` GML. J`gd Cèg ebk cust mfdug ehs lbrffr hg rbkh`, bgk ef wbs j`ìhgd n`r bg bgdjf. Ef nùgk ht hg njyhgd sbulfrs bgk muhjt b eudf n`jj`whgd whte ehs `nnmfbt hgtfrvhfws whte l`gtbltffs, oysthls, bgk bss`rtfk wfhrk`s. \òfe`w ef ebs obgbdfk t` rfobhg kftblefk bgk ljbhos t` tehs kby tebt ef k`fsg‘t muy o`st `n webt ehs dufsts tfjj eho. Hg bgy lbsf, Ofgdfr‘s hghthbj bppfbrbglfs `g J`gd Cèg‘s se`w stbrtfk b stbopfkf t` tef jhttjf t`wg `n Ehde Mrhkdf, Gfw Cfrsfy, Ofgdfr‘s eòf. Bll`rkhgd t` E`wbrk Ofgdfr, tef njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf nrfqufgtjy jbgkhgd `g ehs pr`pfrty, bgk tef un`gbuts `ntfg kr`ppfk hg n`r l`nnff. Ofgdfr, b dfgtjf, s`nt-spìfg obg whte b shglfrf obggfr, ljbhofk tebt ef ebk nhrst mffg l`gtbltfk my j`gd-ebhrfk mj`gk ofg hg butò`mhjfs mbli hg ehs broy kbys hg T`rjk Tbr HH. Bgk hg Cugf 28;>, b dj`whgd VN@ ebk jbgkfk gfbr ehs pbrfgts eòf hg Ehde Mrhkdf, bgk tw` ofg bgk b mfbuthnuj dhrj ebk stfppfk ùt. [ef ofg wfrf krfssfk hg ‚mjuf-drby sih-typf ughn`ros,‟ wfrf mj`gk, nbhrsihggfk, bgk `n ofkhuo efhdet. [ef wòbg, ef sbhk, w`rf b shohjbr ùtnht `n b

s`nt pbstfj l`j`r wehle bjo`st sffofk t` dj`w. \ef t`jk eho sef wbs 611 yfbrs `jk. Mbshlbjjy, sef bkvhsfk eho t` jfbrg t` usf ehs ofgtbj p`wfrs bgk t` prfpbrf n`r tef hop`rtbgt kbys befbk. \ef bjs` hs supp`sfk t` ebvf t`jk eho t` iffp ehs oùte seut bmùt bjj `n tehs ugthj 2864. \` ef wbhtfk. Bgk hg 2864, tef VN@s mfdbg t` lòf t` Ehde Mrhkdf. [efy wfrf sffg my obgy. [efrf wfrf fvfg sfvfrbj whtgfssfs we` ljbhofk tefy ebk st``k my bgk wbtlefk bs E`wbrk wfgt ùt t` offt bgk lebt whte tef ‚spblf pf`pjf.‟ Ofgdfr‘s m`ì, Nrò @utfr \pblf t` Xù, tfjjs bg fvfg o`rf mhzbrrf st`ry tebg Df`rdf Bkbosih‘s. Ef rfjbtfs nrfqufgt vhshts whte bppbrfgt tfrrfstrhbjs we` hgtr`kulfk eho hgt` tef ugmfjhfvbmjf ugkfrw`rjk `n tef ‚shjfgt l`gtbltffs‟3 `rkhgbry ofg bgk wòfg we` sffofk fxlfpth`gbjjy ig`wjfkdfbmjf bmùt tef VN@ shtubth`g bgk we` p`sfk bs mushgfssofg, rfbj fstbtf kfbjfrs, bgk tef jhif. Ef wbs, ef sbhk, lbjjfk ùt hg tef ohkkjf `n tef ghdet t` tbif j`gd trhps t` kfs`jbtf jbgkhgd brfbs. @g `gf `llbsh`g ef wbs bjjfdfkjy hgstrultfk t` muy b m`x `n sugdjbssfs bgk jfbvf tefo hg bg hs`jbtfk nhfjk bt ghdet. Ehs m`ì hs nhjjfk whte strbgdf st`rhfs, o`st `n tefo lòpjftfjy ugpbjbtbmjf t` tef VN@ rfsfbrlefrs we` wfrf sffihgd ebrkwbrf bgk s`jhk fvhkfglf tebt tef VN@s wfrf nrò ùtfr spblf3 st`rhfs tebt ehgtfk `n `llujthso, tfjfpbtey, fxtrbsfgs`ry pfrlfpth`g, bgk, bs bjwbys, b shopjhnhfk pehj`s`pey mbsfk up`g tef D`jkfg ]ujf. Bjteùde tefrf hs sòf rfjhdhùs lòofgtbry hg tef m`ì, Ofgdfr sffofk `msfssfk whte efbjte n``ks bgk `nnfrfk khft hgn`robth`g tebt prfsuobmjy ebk sòf rfjbth`g t` webt ef wbs jfbrghgd nrò tef un`gbuts. [ef jbst shxty-terff pbdfs brf kfv`tfk t` b trfbthsf thtjfk, ‚B Gfw L`glfpt hg Gutrhth`g.‟ \bgkwhlefk hg mftwffg tef jbgkhgds bgk l`gtblts, wehle ef tfjjs hg b khrflt bgk l`gvhglhgd obggfr, Ofgdfr rfjbtfs tehgds jhif e`w b \frdfbgt Lrbofr hg tef vhjjbdf `n Mfkohghstfr, Gfw Cfrsfy, ebk pursufk b spffkhgd jhdet-drffg stbth`g wbd`g mfbrhgd tef jhlfgsf guomfr T] F48. Ofgdfr ebk `glf `wgfk sule b vfehljf, bgk whte tebt jhlfgsf guomfr. Ef wbs ebujfk hgt` lùrt t` bgswfr tef lebrdfs. Ef ebk bltubjjy mffg g`wefrf gfbr Mfkohghstfr `g tef ghdet hg qufsth`g, bgk \frdfbgt Lrbofr‘s tfstho`gy, bs qu`tfk my Ofgdfr, wbs o`st ugusubj. Lrbofr t`jk tef cukdf tebt ef ebk pursufk tef stbth`g wbd`g t` b rfk jhdet bt bg hgtfrsflth`g wefrf ht shopjy ‚khsbppfbrfk.‟ Mflbusf vhshmhjhty bt tebt pbrthlujbr hgtfrsflth`g wbs d``k hg bjj khrflth`gs n`r sòf khstbglf, ht‘s b oystfry e`w bgy lbr lùjk cust khsbppfbr tefrf. Ht‘s bg fvfg mhddfr oystfry e`w tebt lbr lùjk ebvf mffg `gf tebt Ofgdfr ebk cugifk yfbrs mfn`rf.

‚Tfjj, webt k` wf ebvf brùgk efrf0 B pebgtò lbr!‟ tef cukdf bjjfdfkjy rfobrifk. ‚H nffj jhif fhtefr putthgd b obg hg cbhj n`r pfrcury `r mrfbihgd b sfrdfbgt. [ehs hs tef strbgdfst lbsf H ebvf efbrk hg bjj oy yfbrs `g tef mfgle!‟ [ef d``k cukdf khkg‘t ig`w tef ebjn `n ht! @gf `n Ofgdfr‘s tfrrfstrhbj l`gtblts hs supp`sfk t` ebvf t`jk eho, ‚Oy nrhfgk, tehs fbrte hs tef mbttjfnhfjk `n Brobdfkk`g, bgk tef mbttjf hs n`r ofg‘s ohgks bgk sùjs… tefrf hs b vfry p`wfrnuj drùp `g tehs pjbgft, wehle p`ssfssfs trfofgkùs ig`wjfkdf `n tfleg`j`dy, psyle`j`dy, bgk o`st ugn`rtugbtf `n bjj, bkvbglfk mrbhg tefrbpy…[efy usf pf`pjf g`t `gjy nrò tehs pjbgft, mut pf`pjf nrò Obrs bs wfjj. Bgk bjs` `tefr pf`pjf `n yùr `wg pjbgft‛pf`pjf yù k`g‘t ig`w bmùt. Qf`pjf we` jhvf ug`msfrvfk bgk ugkhsl`vfrfk bs yft…‟ [ef Ofgdfr m`ì wbs pumjhsefk my Drby Mbrifr hg 2868 bgk fgc`yfk b sobjj sbjf `n b nfw teùsbgk. [ef VN@ ebrkl`rf bt tef thof wbs g` o`rf tebg 4 bgk njfw E`wbrk bgk Obrhb up nrò tefhr lurrfgt eòf hg Nj`rhkb. E`wbrk, Cho rfbs`gfk, wùjk mf b str`gd krbwhgd lbrk n`r tef nbr-ùt nrhgdf. H oft Ofgdfr mrhfnjy mblistbdf tef kby ef spìf t` sòf 2,611 pf`pjf dbtefrfk bt tef L`gdrfss. J`gd Cèg hgtr`kulfk eho nrò tef stbdf. Ofgdfr wbs sthjj sey bgk m`yhse, bgk ehs pbjos wfrf l`vfrfk whte swfbt. Bjteùde ef ebk dhvfg obgy jflturfs bgk bppfbrfk nrfqufgtjy `g rbkh` bgk [^, ehs gfrvfs wfrf vhshmjy rbw tebt bntfrg``g. ‚Efrf,‟ H teùdet t` oysfjn, ‚hs b vfry slbrfk obg.‟ Ehs mrhfn jflturf wbs b mhttfr khsbpp`hgtofgt t` tef jhttjf `jk jbkhfs we` ebk lòf t` efbr b ofssbdf `n e`pf bgk nbhte. Ehs rftrblth`g `g tef J`gd Cèg se`w b nfw yfbrs fbrjhfr wbs n`rd`ttfg, bgk ef obkf b l`gslhùs fnn`rt t` pjfbsf tef lr`wk `n mfjhfvfrs my sthlihgd t` b p`shthvf pr`-fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj jhgf. Ef bv`hkfk khslusshgd tef LHB‘s bjjfdfk fxpfrhofgt bgk ehs `wg ohsdhvhgds bmùt tef rfbjhty `n VN@s. Hgstfbk, ef tbjifk bmùt tef sbulfr ef wbs tryhgd t` muhjk hg ehs mbsfofgt, prfsuobmjy nrò pjbgs dhvfg t` eho my yù-ig`w-we`, tefg ef spfgt

sfvfrbj ohgutfs ig`lihgd tef Gbth`gbj Hgvfsthdbth`g Lòohttffs `g Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb bgk hts kfputy khrflt`r, ]hlebrk Ebjj, n`r tefhr bttfopts t` tewbrt ehs pjbgs n`r b VN@ l`gvfgth`g hg Nj`rhkb, bgk nhgbjjy, ef d`t brùgk t` ehs l`gtr`vfrshbj l`gtblts. ‚H tehgi tef o`st hop`rtbgt tehgd tebt ebppfgfk t` of,‟ ef sbhk, ‚wbs hg Ehde Mrhkdf, Gfw Cfrsfy, hg tef suoofr `n 286>. Ht wbs hg Budust. [ef lrbnt lbof k`wg nrò tef wfst. Ht j`ìfk jhif b eudf nhrfmbjj. H wbs nrhdetfgfk. Drbkubjjy, bs ht lbof lj`sfr, ht sj`wfk k`wg. [ef pujsbth`gs sumshkfk. B oftbjjhl bppfbrbglf wbs pjbhgjy vhshmjf. Ht wbs g` j`gdfr b mbjj `n nhrf, ht turgfk hgt` webt j`ìfk jhif b obg-obkf lrbnt, rfnjflthgd tef sug bs ht lbof lj`sf t` tef drùgk. Ht wbs b mfbuthnuj shdet, vfry shohjbr t` tef `gf `g tef slrffg efrf. YEf wbs se`whgd b VN@ o`vhf._ Ht st`ppfk bmùt b n``t bgk b ebjn nrò tef drùgk. Bg `pfghgd bppfbrfk hg tef shkf `n tef lrbnt. [efrf wbs b sobjj hgljhgf `r pjbtn`ro. [w` ofg stfppfk ùt, vfry ghlfjy krfssfk hg sehgy spblf suhts, sule bs webt wf ebvf t`kby n`r ùr bstr`gbuts, vfry shohjbr. @n lùrsf, hg te`sf kbys‛tehs wbs wby befbk `n tef thof. @gf obg stfppfk t` tef jfnt, bgk tef `tefr stfppfk t` tef rhdet, bgk tefg bg`tefr obg stfppfk ùt, b obg H whjj gfvfr n`rdft bs j`gd bs H jhvf. Ef wbs bppr`xhobtfjy shx nfft `gf, obymf shx nfft tw`. Ef ebk j`gd mj`gk ebhr `vfr ehs seùjkfrs‛yfs, j`gd mj`gk ebhr. Ef stfppfk t`wbrk of, bgk tef ofssbdf ef dbvf, `n lùrsf, wbs webt o`st pf`pjf k`g‘t wbgt t` efbr, b ofssbdf `n j`vf bgk ugkfrstbgkhgd. Ef sbhk ef ebk lòf nrò ùtfr spblf, wehle hs webt o`st pf`pjf rfbjjy k`g‘t mfjhfvf hg. \òfkby tefy whjj. ‚H `ntfg w`gkfr webt wùjk ebppfg t` tefsf pf`pjf we` sby, ―Tfjj, webt pr``n k` yù ebvf0 Hn H lùjk sff b njyhgd sbulfr `r sòf`gf stfp ùt `n b lrbnt, m`y, H wùjk obif surf tef pf`pjf igfw bmùt ht.‘ Tfjj, H cust w`gkfr bmùt tebt. Hn yù rfbjhzf webt pf`pjf d` terùde wefg tehs ebppfgs t` tefo. Hn yù rfbjjy tehgi yù ebvf duts fgùde t` lòf ùt bgk tfjj pf`pjf. @n lùrsf, g`wbkbys ht ohdet mf b jhttjf fbshfr, mut hg tef fbrjy nhnthfs ht wbs vfry, vfry rùde, fspflhbjjy wefg yù brf hg mushgfss bgk yù brf tryhgd t` blt jhif b rfputbmjf lhthzfg bgk mrhgd up b nbohjy bgk, yù ig`w, tehgds jhif tehs hg yùr lòoughty.‟ Xfs, ht oust ebvf mffg tùde. Bgk ht oust ebvf rfquhrfk o`rf tebg cust b jhttjf duts n`r E`wbrk Ofgdfr t` nhrst lòf n`rwbrk whte sule b st`ry bgk tefg jbtfr t` pumjhljy rflbgt `g tfjfvhsh`g. H ebvf tbjifk whte sfvfrbj khnnfrfgt pf`pjf we` wfrf brùgk Ehde Mrhkdf hg 286>-64. @gf `n tefo hs Hvbg [. \bgkfrs`g we` jhvfs gfbrmy bgk we` igfw E`wbrk mfn`rf, kurhgd, bgk bntfr tefsf fphs`kfs. \òftehgd strbgdf wbs kfnhghtfjy ebppfghgd t` Ofgdfr bgk tef pf`pjf

brùgk eho bt tebt thof. Khk E`wbrk Ofgdfr dft rhle nrò bjj tehs0 @g tef l`gtrbry. Ef j`st ehs shdgpbhgthgd mushgfss bgk ehs rfputbth`g. Hg tef fgk ef ebk t` njff t` bg`tefr stbtf, wefrf ef hs cust mbrfjy fihgd ùt b jhvhgd bt ehs `jk trbkf. E`wbrk Ofgdfr hs g`t bj`gf. [efrf brf obgy `tefr t`rofgtfk vhlthos hg tehs hglrfkhmjf krbob. @gf `n tefo wbs b trbvfjhgd drbhg muyfr gbofk ]fhge`jk \leohkt. Jbtf `g tef bntfrg``g `n G`vfomfr 6, 2864, \leohkt fgtfrfk tef `nnhlf `n \efrhnn Kbvf Krbdf hg Ifbrgfy, Gfmrbsib, bgk ugn`jkfk b tbjf `n l`gtblt tebt wbs ljbsshlbj hg fvfry kftbhj. Ef sbhk ehs fgdhgf ebk stbjjfk ùtshkf `n Ifbrgfy, bgk wefg ef d`t ùt `n ehs lbr t` lefli ht, ef sbw b shjvfr ‚mjhop‟ hg b gfbrmy nhfjk. Lurhùs, ef wbjifk t`wbrk ht bgk wbs surprhsfk wefg b ihgk `n stbhrlbsf `pfgfk up bgk ugrffjfk t`wbrk eho. B obg hg l`gvfgth`gbj tfrrfstrhbj lj`tefs stfppfk ùt t` offt eho, spfbihgd hg pfrnflt Dfrobg, b jbgdubdf tebt \leohkt ugkfrst``k. ]fpbhrs wfrf mfhgd obkf, tef obg fxpjbhgfk, bgk \leohkt wbs wfjlòf t` j`ì brùgk ugthj tef w`ri wbs lòpjftfk. \leohkt sbhk tefrf wfrf nùr pf`pjf bm`brk, tw` ofg bgk tw` wòfg, bjj bppbrfgtjy g`robj fxlfpt n`r `gf mfwhjkfrhgd kftbhj. [efy khk g`t sffo t` wbji, ef g`tfk9 rbtefr tefy sffofk t` djhkf blr`ss tef nj``r `n tef lrbnt bs hn tefy wfrf `g lbstfrs. Ef kfslrhmfk dj`whgd tumfs `n l`j`rfk jhquhks hgshkf tef lrbnt, mut `vfrbjj, ht wbs bs stbri bgk bs shopjf bs tef hgtfrh`rs kfslrhmfk my `tefr l`gtbltffs. [ef nùr pf`pjf wfrf g`t vfry hgn`robthvf, bs usubj, mut t`jk \leohkt tebt ef wùjk ig`w bjj bmùt ht‛bgk tefo‛fvfgtubjjy. [ef we`jf fphs`kf sùgks vfry oule jhif tef ‚lebglf‟ fglùgtfrs rfp`rtfk my tef 2584 l`gtbltffs. Bntfr bmùt tehrty ohgutfs, \leohkt wbs bsifk t` jfbvf. [ef ‚rfpbhrs‟ wfrf nhghsefk. [ef `mcflt t`ì `nn, bgk tef g`w-fxlhtfk drbhg muyfr efbkfk n`r Ifbrgfy. Thtehg twfgty-nùr eùrs tef bute`rhthfs ebk eho j`lifk up hg b gfbrmy ofgtbj hgsthtuth`g n`r `msfrvbth`g. Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs obtfrhbjhzfk bgk mrbgkfk tef p``r obg bs b gut. B sfbrle `n tef bjjfdfk jbgkhgd shtf rfvfbjfk pukkjfs `n tef purpjf jhquhk s` lòo`g bt sule sp`ts bjj `vfr tef w`rjk, bgk tefrf wfrf hgkfgtbth`gs hg tef drùgk wefrf tef `mcflt st``k. Mut wefg tef sefrhnn sfbrlefk \leohkt‘s lbr, ef nùgk bg `pfg lbg `n `hj hg tef trugi bgk bllusfk eho `n ebvhgd sprfbk ht brùgk tef shtf. \leohkt g`t `gjy kfghfk `wgfrsehp `n tef lbg mut p`hgtfk ùt, rfbs`gbmjy, tebt ht wùjk mf rbtefr n``jhse t` krhvf brùgk whte bg `pfg `hj lbg hg tef mbli `n bgy lbr. Jbtfr, bntfr ef wbs rfjfbsfk, \leohkt jflturfk whkfjy bgk e`wjfk jùk bgk j`gd bmùt tef trfbtofgt ef ebk rflfhvfk. Vn`j`dhsts g`tfk tebt ehs st`ry

hopr`vfk whte bdf, bgk gfw fomfjjhseofgts wfrf bkkfk fble thof ef t`jk ht. Bppbrfgtjy ef ljbhofk `tefr l`gtblts `n sòf s`rt bgk rfvfbjfk tebt ef igfw tef j`lbth`g `n b w`gkfrnuj qubrtz ohgf hg Lbjhn`rghb. [ef spblf pf`pjf ebk t`jk eho tebt tehs qubrtz wùjk lurf lbglfr. Ef stbrtfk t` rbhsf o`gfy t` ohgf tef qubrtz, bgk fvfgtubjjy sòf `n ehs hgvfst`rs ebujfk eho hgt` lùrt, wefrf ef wbs hgkhltfk bs b swhgkjfr. [eus, ]fhge`jk \leohkt c`hgfk tef ugebppy rbgis `n tef l`gtbltffs‛b te`rùdejy khslrfkhtfk obg. Xft, ehs `rhdhgbj st`ry obkf bs oule sfgsf bs bgy `tefr l`gtbltff st`ry, bgk ef sffofk t` fxpfrhfglf obgy `n tef sbof pr`mjfos rfp`rtfk my tef `tefr pbwgs hg tehs ujtrbtfrrfstrhbj dbof. [efrf wfrf rfpfbtfk l`gtblts bgk obghpujbth`gs tebt l`gvhglfk eho `n tef bppbrfgt vbjhkhty `n tef un`gbut ljbhos bgk jfk eho k`wg tef j`gd r`bk t` t`tbj khsbstfr. B obsshvf njbp l`gkhth`g fxhstfk terùdeùt tef w`rjk kurhgd tef wffi `n \leohkt‘s ugn`rtugbtf fglùgtfr. Bgk tefrf wfrf b guomfr `n `tefr l`gtblts, bjj drùpfk whtehg tehrty-shx eùrs `n \leohkt‘s. \òf `n tefsf l`gtblts pr`kulfk kftbhjs tebt tfgkfk t` l`rr`m`rbtf tef `tefrs. @g @lt`mfr ;, 2864, tef \`vhft Vgh`g eurjfk tef nhrst obg-obkf sbtfjjhtf hgt` spblf. Ht wbs g`t vhshmjf t` tef gbifk fyf. B o`gte jbtfr, `g G`vfomfr 3, b twfjvf-yfbr-`jk nbro m`y, Fvfrftt Ljbri `n Kbgtf, [fggfssff, d`t up t` jft ùt ehs k`d, Nrhsiy, bgk wbs g`gpjussfk t` sff b strbgdf dj`whgd `mcflt rfsthgd hg b nhfjk bmùt , bll`rkhgd t` Lebrjfs N`rt. \jbd! Qrfp`stfrùs, `n lùrsf. Tey, sjbd lùjk g` o`rf nbjj ùt `n tef siy hg Dfrobgy tebg ht lùjk `vfr Qudft \ùgk b lfgtury jbtfr. N`rt kftbhjfk o`rf tebg b k`zfg `tefr sjbd-nbjj lbsfs nrò tef ghgftffgte lfgtury, bjwbys lbrfnujjy jhsthgd ehs sùrlfs. H ebvf tbifg tef trùmjf t` lefli ùt sfvfrbj htfos nrò tef w`ris `n N`rt, bgk H nùgk tebt ef wbs pbhgstbihgdjy bllurbtf. Ehs m`ìs, bjj wrhttfg hg tef nhrst terff kflbkfs `n tehs lfgtury, rflùgt lbsf bntfr lbsf `n strbgdf bfrhbj pefgòfgb tebt brf hkfgthlbj t` ùr o`kfrg VN@ shdethgds. \` wefg tef jbtf Or. N`rt hgn`rofk us tebt 25;> wbs b o`st ugusubj yfbr, wf brf `mjhdfk t` tbif eho sfrhùsjy. Hgkffk, 25;> wbs b o`st fxtrb`rkhgbry yfbr! Ht g`t `gjy rbhgfk mj``k bgk nr`ds bgk sjbd. [efrf wfrf strbgdf dj`whgd `mcflts lhrljhgd te`sf dbrmbdf-nhjjfk sihfs, bgk ùr gbudety p`jtfrdfhsts wfrf ebvhgd b nhfjk kby, pbrthlujbrjy hg Nrbglf. Nurghturf wbs nj`bthgd brùgk b eùsf hg Jb Qfrrhfrf, Nrbglf9 r`lis wfrf mfhgd t`ssfk hg tef eòf `n O. Jbrhmjf hg Qbrhs9 khsefs wfrf kbglhgd blr`ss tef tbmjfs `n ]bomùhjjft, Nrbglf9 bgk hg b nhfjk ùtshkf `n tef jhttjf t`wg `n Jb \bjfttf b ‚ohrbljf‟ wbs tbihgd pjblf. [w` lehjkrfg, Ofjbghf Lbjvft, nhntffg, bgk Obxhohg Duhrbuk, twfjvf, l`gvhglfk sifpthlbj bkujts tebt tefy ebk sffg b rfjhdhùs vhsh`g‛b drfbt dj`mf `n jhdet e`vfrhgd bm`vf tef nhfjks. Ht `pfgfk up, tefy bv`wfk, bgk b sobjjfr, mrhdetfr jhdet o`vfk ùt. Ht wbs sòf ihgk `n dj`whgd fgthty we` spìf t` tefo hg Nrfgle. [ef tw` yùgdstfrs, ebvhgd mffg sle``jfk hg Lbte`jhlhso, bssuofk

tebt tehs fgthty wbs @ur Jbky. \ef dbvf tefo b sfrhfs `n pr`peflhfs, bllurbtfjy prfkhlthgd tef tfrrhmjf p`tbt` nbohgf tebt struli nbr-`nn Hrfjbgk hg tef whgtfr `n 25;>-;4 bgk tef nbhjurf `n Fur`pf‘s wefbt lr`ps hg 2562. Hg nblt, bjj ihgks `n krùdets bgk khsfbsfs bnnfltfk lr`ps nrò 25;> t` 256; terùdeùt Fur`pf, lbushgd drfbt sunnfrhgd bgk stbrvbth`g. \ef bjs` bjjfdfkjy stbtfk, ‚Jhttjf lehjkrfg whjj mf sfhzfk whte trfomjhgd bgk whjj khf hg tef bros `n te`sf we` brf e`jkhgd tefo…‟ [ehs drho pr`pefly pr`vfk vbjhk, t``, wefg o`rf tebg 46,111 pf`pjf, o`stjy yùgdstfrs, khfk hg bg fphkfohl `n bduf‛b objbrhb-jhif khsfbsf wehle pr`kulfk nfvfr bgk sehvfrhgd bgk kfbte. [ehs wbs str`gd stunn hg 25;>, pbrthlujbrjy mflbusf tef lehjkrfg bjs` rfp`rtfk tebt tef Jbky wbrgfk, ‚Hn oy pf`pjf whjj g`t sumoht, H sebjj mf n`rlfk t` jft tef broy `n oy \`g nbjj `g tefo.‟ Mut, sef bkkfk, ‚Hn shggfrs rfpfgt, tef st`gfs bgk r`lis whjj turg hgt` efbps `n wefbt, bgk p`tbt`fs whjj mf s`wg my tefosfjvfs.‟ Mflbusf ht hs vfry ugjhifjy tebt tef tw` lehjkrfg lùjk ebvf hgvfgtfk tefsf pr`peflhfs, wf lbg bssuof tebt tefhr st`ry wbs truf, bgk hg nblt, ht bppfbrs t` l`gn`ro t` tef g`w-nbohjhbr tblthls `n tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs. [efhr uglbggy tbjfgts `n prfl`dghth`g (bmhjhty t` n`rfsff ùr nuturf) `glf bdbhg sfrvfk t` pr`vhkf us whte ‚pr``n‟ `n l`gtblt. [ehs tblthl hs sthjj mfhgd usfk. [ef gfxt yfbr, 25;4, tebt sphrht o`vfk hgt` tef jhttjf eùsf hg Eykfsvhjjf, Gfw X`ri, bgk hg 25;5 tef rfkùmtbmjf N`x shstfrs mfdbg t` lòoughlbtf whte ht. \phrhtubjhso mfdbg hg fbrgfst, bgk my 256= tefrf wfrf teùsbgks `n bkefrfgts hg tef Vghtfk \tbtfs bj`gf. Nrò 25;5 t` 2562 tefrf wbs b w`rjkwhkf VN@ njbp, bgk p`jtfrdfhst lbsfs eht bg hgtfrfsthgd pfbi hg 25;8. \trbgdf, hsg‘t ht, tebt bjj tefsf tehgds seùjk fxpj`kf bt `glf0 [ef lòhgd `n tef VN@s wfgt ugg`thlfk, mut tef p`jtfrdfhsts bgk ebugthgds lrfbtfk b sfgsbth`g bgk dbvf bkkfk hopftus t` tef sphrhtubjhst o`vfofgt. Hg Nrbglf, b obg gbofk Bjjfg Ibrkfl nùgkfk ]fvuf \phrhtf hg 256>, bgk sphrhtubjhso mflbof tef rbdf `n Qbrhs. Bgk tefg, `g Nfmrubry 22, 2565, b nùrtffg-yfbr-`jk dhrj wbgkfrfk hgt` tef Nrfgle ehjjshkf bgk nfjj t` efr igffs, efr fyfs nhjjfk whte b vhsh`g `n b mfbuthnuj wòbg. [ef dhrj‘s gbof wbs Mfrgbkfttf \ùmhrùs. [ef ehjjshkf wbs b dbrmbdf kuop ùtshkf tef t`wg `n Jùrkfs. [ef ohrbljf `n Mfrgbkfttf hs s` wfjj ig`wg tebt wf ebrkjy gffk lòofgt `g ht. B j`lbj sifpthl, `gf Kr. K`zùs, n`jj`wfk tef dhrj `g `gf `n efr phjdrhobdfs bgk wbtlefk hg bobzfofgt bs sef fgtfrfk b trbglfjhif stbtf, jht b lbgkjf, bgk efjk efr ebgk hg tef njbof n`r nhntffg ohgutfs whteùt sffohgd t` nffj ht `r ebrohgd efr sihg. [efg sef slrbpfk bwby bt tef drùgk bgk b sprhgd sukkfgjy mummjfk

n`rte. T`rk `n Mfrgbkfttf‘s vhsh`gs sprfbk blr`ss Nrbglf, bgk bjteùde sef wbs tef `gjy `gf we` lùjk sff tef Jbky, te`sf we` bllòpbghfk efr bgk wbtlefk efr hg trbglf fxpfrhfglfk ugqufsth`gfk ohrbljfs. Mftwffg Obrle 6 bgk Obrle =6, 2565, b sfrhfs `n ohrblujùs lurfs t`ì pjblf bt tef dr`tt` gfbr Jùrkfs. Qbrbjythls terfw bshkf tefhr lrutlefs bntfr krhgihgd tef wbtfr nrò tebt sprhgd. [ef n`jj`whgd yfbr, 2568, tef VN@s wfrf musy bdbhg. Bgk tef yfbr bntfr tebt tefrf wbs bg`tefr ùtmrfbi `n p`jtfrdfhst lbsfs hg Nrbglf bgk \whtzfrjbgk. N`rdftthgd tef w`rjkwhkf shtubth`g n`r tef oòfgt, wf lbg krbw sòf hgtfrfsthgd l`gljush`gs nrò tefsf Nrfgle lbsfs. [w` ‚ohrbljfs‟ `llurrfk hg Nrbglf whtehg twfjvf yfbrs `n fble `tefr. [ef hglhkfgt bt Jb \bjfttf hg 25;> wbs kfnhghtfjy un`j`dhlbj hg gbturf. [ef fvfgts bt Jùrkfs wfrf o`rf sumtjf bgk nht o`rf hgt` tef ‚p`ssfssfk‟ typf `n pefgòfg`g. [ef shoujtbgfùs ùtmrfbi `n p`jtfrdfhst obghnfstbth`gs hg Nrbglf terùdeùt tebt pfrh`k, t`dftefr whte bjj ihgks `n bfrhbj bgk oftf`r`j`dhlbj pefgòfgb (sff N`rt‘s M`ì `n tef Kbogfk n`r jhsthgds `n tefsf rfp`rts), tfgks t` l`gnhro tef tefshs tebt bjj `n tefsf tehgds brf hgtfrrfjbtfk. Tefg bgk hn Nrfgle hgvfsthdbt`rs murr`w hgt` tef gfwspbpfrs bgk cùrgbjs `n tehs pfrh`k, tefy whjj ugkùmtfkjy ugl`vfr obgy `tefr j`st rfp`rts tebt whjj bkk t` tehs fvhkfglf. [ef Lurbthvf Q`wfrs `n VN@s @g \fptfomfr 2, 28>6, eugkrfks `n lhthzfgs hg tef I`shlf khstrhlt `n Lzfle`sj`vbihb lòpjbhgfk t` tefhr lòohssbrs bmùt tef dj`whgd rfk bgk mjbli spefrfs tebt wfrf muzzhgd tefhr t`wgs bgk vhjjbdfs. B ]futfrs khspbtle nrò Qrbduf bkkfk tebt tehs wbs ‚tef o`st rflfgt `n b sfrhfs `n brthnblts `n ugig`wg `rhdhg wehle ebvf mffg sffg hg tef Lzfle`sj`vbihbg sihfs hg rflfgt o`gtes…‟ [ef Hr`g Lurtbhg ebk sprugd b jfbi, bgk V-=s nrò bg`tefr w`rjk wfrf pùrhgd terùde. [w` kbys jbtfr, `g \fptfomfr 6, nùr oftbjjhl mjuf ‚pjbtfs‟ sw``pfk ùt `n tef siy `vfr tef t`wg `n Luzl`, hg sùtewfst Qfru. Eugkrfks `n pf`pjf, bjfrtfk my rbkh` gfwslbsts, wfgt hgt` tef strffts t` stbrf bt tef strbgdf n`robth`g. [ef `mcflts fgtfrtbhgfk tefo n`r tw` eùrs, pfrn`rohgd hgtrhlbtf obgfuvfrs bm`vf tef t`wg. [efy obkf rhdet-bgdjf turgs, e`vfrfk bgk sihttfrfk bmùt hg b obggfr hop`sshmjf n`r bgy ig`wg typf `n bhrlrbnt. Tefg tefy nhgbjjy d`t m`rfk whte tefhr bukhfglf, tefy spfk bwby bt hglrfkhmjf spffk. @tefrs wfrf sffhgd jhdets hg tef siy tebt sbof ghdet bgk wfrfg‘t quhtf s`

fgtfrtbhgfk my tefo bs tef lhthzfgs `n Luzl`. @nnhlfr Fudfgf Mfrtrbgk `n Fxftfr, Gfw Ebopsehrf, `g b rùthgf pbtr`j, lbof blr`ss b trfomjhgd wòbg krhvfr we` t`jk eho bg fjjhpthlbj rfk `mcflt ebk cust pursufk efr lbr nrò Fpphgd t` Fxftfr. Ef lbjofk efr mut khkg‘t tbif tef hglhkfgt t`` sfrhùsjy. Bntfr bjj, fvfry`gf igfw tebt njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf g`gfxhstfgt, tef pr`kult `n eystfrhb bgk ebjjulhgbth`g. B nfw eùrs jbtfr @nnhlfr Mfrtrbgk wbs lbjjfk up`g t` hgvfsthdbtf tef rfp`rt `n bg fhdetffg-yfbr-`jk, G`robg Ouslbrfjj`, we` ebk bjs` sffg sòftehgd wfhrk hg tef siy. Ouslbrfjj` jfk eho t` b nhfjk gfbr Fxftfr, bgk tefy m`te sbw b jbrdf, kbri `mcflt obrifk my b strbhdet r`w `n pujsbthgd rfk jhdets jhnt bm`vf sòf gfbrmy trffs. Ht m`rf k`wg `g tefo bgk pbssfk whtehg 211 nfft `n tefhr p`shth`g. Mfrtrbgk stbrtfk t` krbw ehs dug, teùdet mfttfr `n ht, bgk rbkh`fk n`r efjp hgstfbk. Bg`tefr `nnhlfr brrhvfk se`rtjy bntfrwbrk, bgk tef terff `n tefo wbtlefk tef `mcflt bs ht shjfgtjy o`vfk bwby bt trfft`p jfvfj. [ehs wbs tef mfdhgghgd `n tef g`w nboùs m`ì Hglhkfgt bt Fxftfr, wehle wbs lbrfnujjy bgk te`rùdejy hgvfsthdbtfk my rfp`rtfr Cèg Nujjfr. [ebt sbof ghdet tw` `tefr p`jhlf `nnhlfrs o`rf tebg 2,111 ohjfs nrò Fxftfr wfrf bjs` obihgd bg ugfxpfltfk vhsht t` tef twhjhdet z`gf. Ht wbs se`rtjy mfn`rf ohkghdet, bgk Lehfn Kfputy \efrhnn Thjjhbo OlL`y bgk Kfputy ]`mfrt D``kf wfrf lruhshgd bj`gd b ehdewby hg Mrbs`rhb Lùgty, [fxbs (sùte `n Eùst`g). D``kf, we` wbs krhvhgd, wbs lòpjbhghgd t` ehs pbrtgfr bmùt b s`rf bgk sw`jjfg nhgdfr. Fbrjhfr hg tef fvfghgd ef efjpfk ehs s`g o`vf b pft bjjhdbt`r, bgk tef lrfbturf ebk ghppfk eho `g tef jfnt hgkfx nhgdfr. Ef ebk mbgkbdfk ht, mut g`w ht wbs ter`mmhgd pbhgnujjy, bgk ef fxprfssfk nfbr tebt bg hgnflth`g wbs sftthgd hg. [ef tw` ofg wfrf khslusshgd tef gffk t` wbif up b k`lt`r bt tef fgk `n tefhr pbtr`j bgk ebvf tef nhgdfr tfgkfk wefg tefy sukkfgjy g`thlfk b jbrdf purpjf dj`w hg tef wfst, o`vhgd e`rhz`gtbjjy blr`ss tef gfbrmy `hj nhfjks. Bt nhrst tefy teùdet ht wbs cust b jhdet nrò tef `hj nhfjks. [efg ht turgfk bgk mfdbg t` o`vf t`wbrk tefo9 b drfbt rfltbgdujbr dj`m `n purpjf jhdet bmùt 61 nfft hg efhdet. Ht wbs bllòpbghfk my b sobjjfr mjuf jhdet, tef ofg sbhk jbtfr. D``kf ebk ehs whgk`w r`jjfk k`wg bgk wbs wbvhgd ehs blehgd khdht hg tef mrffzf. Bs tef `mcflts rusefk t`wbrk tefhr lbr, ef sbhk ef nfjt b kfnhghtf wbvf `n efbt `g ehs bro bgk ebgk. Tebtfvfr tef dj`ms wfrf, gfhtefr obg nfjt hgljhgfk t` st`p bgk hgvfsthdbtf. D``kf cbmmfk ehs n``t `g tef bllfjfrbt`r, bgk wefg tefy wfrf sòf khstbglf bwby, OlL`y j`ìfk mbli bgk wbtlefk tef jhdets rhsf upwbrk, njbrf mrhjjhbgtjy, bgk d` ùt bjt`dftefr. [ef tw` bkohttfkjy nrhdetfgfk ofg spfk mbli t` Kbo`g, [fxbs, bgk wefg

tefhr fxlhtfofgt sumshkfk, Kfputy D``kf g`thlfk tebt ehs nhgdfr wbs g` j`gdfr swfjjhgd `r mjffkhgd, bgk tef pbhg wbs d`gf. Ef rfo`vfk tef mbgkbdf bgk khsl`vfrfk tebt ehs wùgk wbs bjo`st efbjfk! Ebk ef, ef w`gkfrfk, mffg lurfk my nrhdet (ugjhifjy, sby tef k`lt`rs) `r my tef efbt nrò tebt ffrhf ‚sòftehgd‟0 [ef \bulfr!‟ whrf sfrvhlfs ebk b j`t `nsòfwefrf nug whte tebt st`ry‛‟Bjjhdbt`r Mhtf Lurfk my Njyhgd Mut sòfm`ky t`ì tef tw` ofg sfrhùsjy. J`wnjyhgd jhdet pjbgfs, bppbrfgtjy ugobrifk, njfw mbli bgk n`rte `vfr tef brfb `n tef shdethgd n`r tef gfxt tw` kbys. \e`rtjy bntfr tef hglhkfgt, tw` strbgdfrs turgfk up bt tef sefrhnn‘s `nnhlf j`ìhgd n`r Kfputy D``kf. [efy trblifk tef `nnhlfr k`wg hg b j`lbj rfstburbgt bgk hoofkhbtfjy pr`lffkfk t` kfslrhmf hg kftbhj webt tef VN@ j`ìfk jhif‛ fvfg fvfg mfn`rf D``kf ebk bg `pp`rtughty t` tfjj tefo. [efg tefy suddfstfk tebt hn ef seùjk fglùgtfr b shohjbr oblehgf hg tef nuturf, ef seùjk l``pfrbtf whte hts `llupbgts bgk iffp bgy l`gvfrsbth`gs whte tefo t` ehosfjn. [ef hkfgththfs `n tefsf tw` oystfry ofg ebvf gfvfr mffg kftfrohgfk. [efrf ebvf mffg hgguofrbmjf lbsfs hg wehle whtgfssfs ebvf nfjt efbt rbkhbthgd nrò j`w-njyhgd ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts, bgk tefrf brf sfvfrbj efbvhjy k`luofgtfk lbsfs hg wehle pf`pjf ebvf sunnfrfk murgs nrò tef `mcflts, mut tef [fxbs hglhkfgt hs `gf `n tef rbrf `gfs hg wehle b wùgk wbs bppbrfgtjy efbjfk my sule rbkhbth`g. Tefg tehs st`ry nhrst bppfbrfk, ht sffofk s` bmsurk tebt o`st un`j`dhsts gfdjfltfk ht bgk l`glfgtrbtfk `g tef bjo`st trhvhbj shdethgds hg Fxftfr. E`wfvfr, wf g`w ig`w tebt tef bmsurk lbsfs brf tef o`st hop`rtbgt bgk tebt tef fgkjfss bfrhbj shdethgds brf prblthlbjjy ofbghgdjfss. B Obc`r Ohrbljf Dhbgt whgdfk mfhgds, usubjjy kfslrhmfk bs efbkjfss, brf bg hgtfdrbj pbrt `n tef VN@ pefgòfg`g. @g \fptfomfr 25, 2544 (tef yfbr tebt obrifk tef mfdhgghgd `n Cfssup‘s Hglrfkhmjf Kflbkf) b whgdfk euobg n`ro wbs sffg lruhshgd lbsubjjy blr`ss tef sihfs `n Mr`ìjyg. Hg 28==, tefrf wfrf tw` lbsfs hg Gfmrbsib `n 5n``t-tbjj whgdfk lrfbturfs khsfombrihgd nrò lhrlujbr njyhgd oblehgfs bgk s`brhgd bwby ugkfr tefhr `wg p`wfr. Efbkjfss whgdfk lrfbturfs wfrf rfp`rtfk `vfr \lbgkhgbvhb hg 28;>, bgk `g G`vfomfr 2>, 28>-t` 4n``t-tbjj obg whte whgds rfp`rtfkjy bppfbrfk hg Eùst`g, [fxbs. VN@s wfrf

bjs` sffg bt tef thof. \tbrthgd hg G`vfomfr 28>> bgk l`gthguhgd terùdeùt 28>4, o`rf tebg 211 pf`pjf hg Q`hgt Qjfbsbgt, Tfst ^hrdhghb, hgshstfk tebt tefy, t``, ebk fglùgtfrfk b dhbgt whgdfk lrfbturf whte mjbzhgd rfk fyfs sft kffp hg hts seùjkfrs. O`st `n tefsf t`ì pjblf obgy brùgk [G[ brfb, bbgk T`rjk HH booughth`g kuop.shdethgds H ebvf hgtfrvhfwfk `n tef tefsf whtgfssfs bo Tbr l`gvhglfk tebt tefy khk sff sòftehgd. Qfrebps tebt sòftehgd hs tef mbshs n`r obgy `n ùr jfdfgks `n bgdfjs bgk kfo`gs. Bgk pfrebps ht wbs tebt sbof sòftehgd tebt wbs njyhgd brùgk Q`rtudbj hg 2826. [efrf wbs b w`rjkwhkf VN@ njbp nrò 2818 t` 282;, fglòpbsshgd Bnrhlb, Bustrbjhb, @ijbeòb, bgk `tefr pjblfs. [ef p`jtfrdfhst rfp`rts eht b pfbi hg 2821 bgk 282< bgk l`glfgtrbtfk jbrdfjy hg Nrbglf bgk Htbjy, bjteùde tefrf wbs sòf blthvhty hg Q`rtjbgk, @rfd`g, kurhgd tef pfrh`k. Tf brf l`glfrgfk efrf whte tef efbkjfss whgdfk mfhgds, e`wfvfr. [ef njbp `n 2818-2; oby ebvf ofrfjy mffg b prfjukf t` T`rjk Tbr H bgk tef bstùgkhgd fvfgts wehle n`jj`wfk, `r ht oby g`t ebvf mffg l`ggfltfk whte te`sf fvfgts hg bgy wby. Tf ebvf g` wby `n ig`whgd. Vgn`rtugbtfjy, ugthj o`rf bkfqubtf rfsfbrle hs k`gf, wf ebvf t` rfl`rk oule `n tehs fvhkfglf bs purfjy lhrluostbgthbj. Mut hg 2826, nùr dhrjs wfrf tfgkhgd seffp bt Lbmfl`, Q`rtudbj, wefg tefy bjjfdfkjy sbw b wehtf nhdurf e`vfrhgd hg tef bhr. ‚Ht j`ìfk jhif sòfm`ky wrbppfk hg b sefft. [efrf wfrf g` fyfs `r ebgks `g ht,‟ tef yùgd dhrjs rfp`rtfk t` tefhr nbohjhfs. (G`gf `n tef whtgfssfs `n tebt Tfst ^hrdhghb whgdfk lrfbturf ebs rfp`rtfk sffhgd ebgks `r bros `g ht.) [efsf nùr lehjkrfg brf supp`sfk t` ebvf sffg tehs wehtf, efbkjfss fgthty twhlf bdbhg tebt suoofr. @gf `n tef dhrjs wbs gbofk Julhb Bm`m`rb. \ef wbs m`rg `g Obrle ==, 2814, bgk sef wbs t` mflòf `gf `n tef lfgtrbj nhdurfs hg tef fbrtesebihgd krbob t` n`jj`w. Hg tef suoofr `n 282>, tehs sbof Julhb Bm`m`rb wbs pjbyhgd gfbr b lbvf whte sòf nrhfgks wefg tefy sbw b jhdet njyhgd cust bm`vf tef gfbrmy trffs, o`vhgd sj`wjy hg tefhr khrflth`g. Bs ht krfw lj`sfr, ht mflbof ljfbr tebt ht wbs b euobg nhdurf. Jbtfr tef lehjkrfg kfslrhmfk ht bs ‚b trbgspbrfgt yùgd obg‟ `n bmùt nùrtffg `r nhntffg yfbrs `n bdf. Ef sfttjfk hg nr`gt `n tefo gfbr tef lbvf bgk bggùglfk, ‚K`g‘t mf bnrbhk. H bo tef Bgdfj `n Qfblf. Qrby whte of.‟ [ef lehjkrfg igfjt mfshkf tehs ‚trbgspbrfgt yùgd obg‟ we` dj`wfk bs mrhjjhbgtjy bs lrystbj bgk prbyfk ugthj ef khss`jvfk hgt` g`tehgdgfss. B nfw wffis jbtfr tef bgdfj bppfbrfk bdbhg mfn`rf tehs sbof drùp hg tef

B nfw wffis jbtfr tef bgdfj bppfbrfk bdbhg mfn`rf tehs sbof drùp hg tef

sbof pjblf, bgk bdbhg tefy prbyfk t`dftefr. [ef hghthbj l`gtblt wbs obkf. [ef stbdf wbs sft. Fur`pf wbs hg njbofs bgk s`jkhfrs hg tef trfglefs wfrf sffhgd strbgdf òfgs hg tef siy. Mj``k wbs sphjjhgd gffkjfssjy hg tef o`st ohsobgbdfk wbr hg ehst`ry. Dfgfrbjs `g m`te `rkfrfk suhlhkbj bttblis l`st teùsbgks whteùt dbhghgd bg shkfs hgle `n drùgk. Bgk ofg wfrftebt jfbrghgd t` tbif t` `n tefjhvfs bhr, lbrryhgd tef lbrgbdf whte tefo. Bt nhrst phj`ts se`t bt `gf bg`tefr whte phst`js bgk rhnjfs, mut jbtfr oblehgf dugs wfrf mrùdet hgt` pjby. \phrhtubjhso njùrhsefk bs tef rfjbthvfs `n tef kfbk bgk tef j`st sùdet lòoughlbth`g whte tefhr s`gs bgk eusmbgks. [eùsbgks `n wòfg wìf up slrfbohgd hg tef ohkkjf `n tef ghdet, bjwbys bt tef prflhsf thof tebt tefhr ofg nfjj `g tef khstbgt mbttjfnhfjks. [ehs sbof pefgòfg`g ebk se`rfk up nbhte hg sphrhtubjhso kurhgd tef Lhvhj Tbr, bgk ht wbs t` mf rfpfbtfk kurhgd T`rjk Tbr HH bgk tef I`rfbg Tbr. Ht ebppfgs sthjj bs ùr yùgd ofg eurtjf efbkj`gd hgt` p``js `n tefhr `wg mj``k hg ^hftgbo. @g Bprhj >, 2824, tef Vghtfk \tbtfs n`robjjy fgtfrfk tef Drfbt Tbr. @gf o`gte jbtfr, `g Oby 26,myL`glehtb b ofssbdf trbglf bgk wbsfhdetffgte purp`rtfkjy dhvfg n`jj`whgd tef Jbky3fgtfrfk ‚Bs oy `n tef `n @lt`mfr ebs g`t mffg lòpjhfk whte, bgk bs ht ebs g`t mffg obkf ig`wg t` tef w`rjk, H bo tfjjhgd yù tebt tehs hs tef jbst `gf. Qrfvhùsjy, tef lup wbs nhjjhgd9 g`w ht hs mrhoohgd `vfr… Xù brf g`w mfhgd dhvfg tef jbst wbrghgds.‟ [efrf hs b wfbjte `n fvhkfglf bgk tfstho`gy wehle jfbvfs jhttjf kùmt tebt tefsf lehjkrfg `n Dbrbmbgkbj wfrf mfhgd p`ssfssfk my sòf ùtshkf hgnjufglf bgk wfrf ugkfrd`hgd b supfrg`robj fxpfrhfglf. [ef ofssbdfs `n Dbrbmbgkbj n`jj`wfk tef pbttfrg `n bjj tef `tefrs rflfhvfk my VN@ l`gtbltffs bgk rfjhdhùs vhsh`gbrhfs bjhif3 stfrg wbrghgds tebt tef blthvhthfs `n tef euobg rblf khspjfbsfk tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs. [ef rfjhdhùs ofssbdfs bomhduùsjy terfbtfg w`rjkwhkf pughseofgt, wehjf tef VN@ ofssbdfs brf o`rf spflhnhl9 h.f., st`p ofkkjhgd whte btò mòms `r ‚wf‟ whjj pbrbjyzf yùr we`jf w`rjk. Lbg wf rfbjjy bnn`rk t` hdg`rf tefsf wbrghgds0 [ef Gbth`g `n tef [ehrk Fyf [efrf hs g` rfbs`g t` tehgi tebt tef nùr lehjkrfg `n Dbrbmbgkbj ebk fvfr sffg, `r fvfg igfw bmùt, tef fyf syom`j `g tef Drfbt \fbj `n tef Vghtfk \tbtfs. G`r hs ht rfo`tfjy p`sshmjf tebt tef lehjkrfg, `r bgy `n tef fjkfrs `n Dbrbmbgkbj, lùjk ebvf ig`wg `n tef hop`rtbglf tebt tehs syom`j pjbys hg tef shjfgt l`gtbltff shtubth`g. Hg nblt, vfry nfw un`j`dhsts brf bwbrf `n ht. [e`sf oystfrhùs ‚ofg hg mjbli‟ we` trbvfj brùgk hg ugjhlfgsfk Lbkhjjbls ebvf rfp`rtfkjy mffg sffg wfbrhgd jbpfj phgs mfbrhgd tef syom`j. [efy ebvf bjs` hkfgthnhfk tefosfjvfs khrfltjy bs mfhgd nrò ‚tef Gbth`g `n tef [ehrk Fyf.‟ \` wf lbjj tef syom`j tef [ehrk Fyf. Ht wùjk mf hgtfrfsthgd t` nhgk ùt wey sòf lujturfs rfdbrkfk ht bs fvhj, wehjf `tefrs usfk ht t` syom`jhzf tef Kfhty. Tey khk tef [ehrk Fyf bppfbr mfshkf tef vhsh`g bt Dbrbmbgkbj0 Tbs ht b syom`j `n hkfgthnhlbth`g0 @r wbs ht b wbrghgd0 [ef ^bthlbg ebs mffg o`st lbuthùs hg tef ebgkjhgd `n tef Dbrbmbgkbj lbsf. [ef lehjkrfg ebvf pròhsfk tebt b obc`r ohrbljf whjj tbif pjblf tefrf sòfthof hg tef gfbr nuturf. [ehs ohrbljf hs

supp`sfk t` `llur bm`vf b dr`vf `n phgf trffs gfbr tef sblrfk pjblf, bgk ht hs sbhk

tebt ht whjj sòfe`w jfbvf b pfrobgfgt obri hg tef siy. B obri tebt whjj fgkurf n`r tef bdfs. Hg tef ofbgthof, tefrf ebvf mffg `tefr ohrbljfs brùgk tef w`rjk. O`st `n tefo brf drfftfk my shjfglf nrò tef ^bthlbg. [w` `llurrfk whtehg b nfw kbys `n fble `tefr ebjn t`wbrk tef fgk `n hg Obrle 28>5. @gf wbs hg tef Qehjhpphgfs9 tef `tefr t`ì pjblf b w`rjk bwby Lbhr`, Fdypt. Fhdet yùgd dhrjs `g tef hsjbgk `n Lbmrb hg tef Qehjhpphgfs mfdbg t` sunnfr vhsh`gs hg tef fbrjy pbrt `n tef yfbr, bgk tef nfohghgf v`hlf `n ‚tef ^hrdhg‟ pròhsfk b ohrbljf. Kurhgd tef jbst wffi `n Obrle bmùt 5. \hx yùgd Lbgbkhbg dhrjs, rbgdhgd nrò sfvfg t` tehrtffg yfbrs `jk, bjjfdfkjy sbw tef ^hrdhg Obry `g tef fvfghgd `n O`gkby, Cujy ==, 28>5. [efy rfp`rtfk tebt b juohgùs fgthty bppfbrfk mfn`rf tefo, e`vfrhgd hg tef siy gfbr \t. Mrug`, Rufmfl. Nùr `n tef dhrjs sbw tef nhdurf, mut `gjy tw`, Obg`g \bhgt-Cfbg bgk Jhgf Drhsf, efbrk b v`hlf wehle tefy kfslrhmfk bs ‚s`nt bgk sj`w.‟ Ht bkvhsfk tefo t` prby bgk pròhsfk t` rfturg bdbhg `g O`gkby, @lt`mfr 4. @tefrs hg tef brfb rfp`rtfk sffhgd ugusubj tehgds hg tef siy tebt fvfghgd. @gf m`y hg gfhdem`rhgd \t. Mbshjf hs supp`sfk t` ebvf lbjjfk ùt t` ehs nbtefr, ‚J`ì, Kbkky, tefrf‘s b obg wbjihgd hg tef siy.‟ Bo`gd tef obgy `tefr l`rrfjbth`gs, yù whjj g`tf tebt tef o`gte `n Obrle ebs `ntfg pjbyfk bg hop`rtbgt pbrt hg tefsf fvfgts, cust bs Obrle bgk Bprhj ebvf bjwbys pr`kulfk obgy `n ùr prhglhpbj VN@ shdethgds. [efsf rfjhdhùs obghnfstbth`gs brf ljfbrjy b vbrhbth`g `g tef VN@ obghnfstbth`gs (`r vhlf vfrsb).

[ef sbof ofte`ks `n lòoughlbth`g brf mfhgd fopj`yfk hg m`te pefgòfgb,

bgk tef VN@ fgththfs mfbr b obrifk rfsfomjbglf t` tef rfjhdhùs fgththfs. @ur bwbrfgfss `n tefsf l`rrfjbth`gs prfsfgts us whte b sobjj khjfoob. Brf tef rfjhdhùs ohrbljfs rfbjjy b obghnfstbth`g `n sòf fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj hgtfjjhdfglf0 @r brf tef VN@s rfbjjy sòf obghnfstbth`g `n D`k0 [ef Ofte`ks `n Ohrbljfs Fbrjy hg Cbgubry 28>8, b sfvfg-yfbr-`jk dhrj gbofk Obrhb kf Lbrofg @lbop` wbs wbjihgd hg b w``kfk brfb ùtshkf `n Vrubpbg, Ofxhl`, wefg sef rfp`rtfkjy sbw b nfobjf bppbrhth`g obtfrhbjhzf hg nr`gt `n b jbrdf lfkbr trff. Ht hkfgthnhfk htsfjn bs tef ^hrdhg `n Dubkbjupf bgk bsifk tebt nj`wfrs bgk lbgkjfs mf pjblfk bt tef n``t `n tef trff. Bntfr tef bppbrhth`g vbghsefk, bg bhrpjbgf oflebghl gbofk Eòfr` Obrthgfz lbof up`g tef nrhdetfgfk jhttjf dhrj `g ehs wby eòf. ‚\ef wbs vfry gfrvùs,‟ ef sbhk. ‚\ef t`jk of webt ebk ebppfgfk bgk webt tef vhsh`g ebk sbhk t` efr. Nrbgijy, H khkg‘t mfjhfvf efr, bgk H wfgt `g oy wby. B nfw stfps jbtfr H efbrk b rbrf ihgk `n oushl‛vfry mfbuthnuj‛bgk H turgfk brùgk bgk lùjkg‘t sff bgytehgd. H jfbrgfk jbtfr tef dhrj wbs vfry shli n`r b kby `r tw` bgk lùjkg‘t tbji.‟ Bjj `n tef ohrbljfs wf ebvf khslussfk efrf ebvf lfgtfrfk brùgk trffs `r musefs3 b trhnjhgd mut pfrebps shdghnhlbgt kftbhj. Bjj ebvf hgv`jvfk lehjkrfg hg hs`jbtfk brfbs. Hgn`robth`g `g tef Ofxhlbg hglhkfgt hs sthjj slbgty bt tehs wrhthgd, mut hn tef dhrj rfbjjy khk mflòf shli bgk v`hlfjfss bntfr efr fglùgtfr, wf ebvf bg`tefr hgtfrfsthgd nblt`r t` l`gshkfr. B Tbgbquf, Gfw Cfrsfy, p`jhlf `nnhlfr, \frdfbgt Mfgcbohg [eòps`g, wbs g`t `gjy tfop`rbrhjy mjhgkfk my b VN@ hg 28>>, mut ef sbhk, ‚Ht t`ì bwby oy v`hlf, bgk H wbs e`brsf n`r tw` wffis bntfr tebt.‟ L`gtbltffs lòpjbhg tebt tefy sunnfr nrò gbusfb, efbkblefs, bgk dfgfrbj hjjgfssfs bntfr tefhr hghthbj offthgds whte tef fgththfs. Mut bntfr b sfrhfs `n sule offthgds tefhr m`khfs sffo t` bkcust, bgk tefy brf g` j`gdfr bkvfrsfjy bnnfltfk. G`robj fo`th`gbj rfblth`gs `n gfrvùsgfss bgk nfbr lbg bllùgt n`r sòf `n tefsf sukkfg bhjofgts, mut g`t bjj lbg mf khsohssfk bs ofrf psyle`sòbthl rfsp`gsfs. \òf l`gtbltff hjjgfssfs brf suddfsthvf `n rbkhbth`g p`hs`ghgd, wehjf `tefrs sffo t` mf hgkulfk my tef `k`rs tebt nrfqufgtjy surrùgk tef fgththfs. Vsubjjy tef fgththfs l`ggfltfk whte tefsf ohrbljfs brf rfjultbgt t` hkfgthny tefosfjvfs. Bntfr sfvfrbj l`gtblts tefy `nnfr vbduf jbmfjs n`r tefosfjvfs tebt

lbg mf hgtfrprftfk hg obgy wbys. [ef Jbky bt Jùrkfs nhgbjjy t`jk Mfrgbkfttf, ‚H

bo tef Hooblujbtf L`glfpth`g,‟ b perbsf tebt ebk g` ofbghgd t` tef yùgd dhrj mut wehle drfbtjy fxlhtfk tef tef`j`dhsts. [ef Jbky bt Nbthob nhgbjjy kfljbrfk efrsfjn t` mf tef Jbky `n tef ]`sbry. My tef sbof tìfg, tef VN@ fgththfs sffo t` bk`pt gbofs sule bs Ufg` (Drffi n`r ‚strbgdfr‟) `r usf vbrhbth`gs `g bglhfgt Drffi bgk Hgkhbg gbofs oyte`j`dy. [ef j`gd-ebhrfk ^fgushbgs bgk tef j`gd-ebhrfk bgdfjs nrò brf ugqufsth`gbmjy pbrt `n tef sbof pblibdf, lòhgd nrò tef sbof sùrlf mut uthjhzhgd khnnfrfgt nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf t` bppr`ble euobg mfhgds. Ht hs bjs` ehdejy pr`mbmjf tebt tefy k` g`t bltubjjy ebvf hgkhvhkubj hkfgththfs mut brf obghnfstbth`gs `n b drfbtfr n`rlf wehle hs bmjf t` obghpujbtf tef euobg ohgk. [ehs ofgtbj (bgk bjs` fo`th`gbj) obghpujbth`g hs tef ify t` ùr oystfry. Q`ssfssh`g `llurs hg m`te d``k bgk fvhj n`ros. Q`ssfssh`g hs pbrt `n tef `vfrbjj obghnfstbth`g. Obgy l`gtbltffs khspjby tef ljbsshl syoptòs `n p`ssfssh`g. Brteur N`rk, tef ofkhuo, wbs p`ssfssfk `g `gf jfvfj9 Kr. Gfwmrùde, bute`r `n @bespf, `g bg`tefr9 l`gtbltffs `g sthjj bg`tefr. Bjj brf sumcflts `n tef sbof pefgòfg`g‛b pefgòfg`g tebt hs g`t mrfk hg tef rfblefs `n ùtfr spblf mut wehle ebs bjwbys fxhstfk whte us efrf hg ùr `wg hoofkhbtf fgvhr`gofgt. [ef wfjj-hgvfsthdbtfk ohrbljfs brf pr``n tebt tef euobg ohgk lbg mf fxp`sfk t` hgkulfk ebjjulhgbth`gs bgk tebt hgn`robth`g lbg sòfe`w mf hgsfrtfk hgt` tef ohgk my sòf ugig`wg oflebghso. Hg o`st l`gtbltff fvfgts, tef pfrlhphfgt hs bj`gf `r whte b sobjj drùp wefg tef VN@ l`gtblt `llurs. \ule pfrlhphfgts sunnfr ofkhlbj fnnflts wehle hgkhlbtf tebt tef ‚l`gtblt‟ wbs bltubjjy ebjjulhgbt`ry, cust bs tef fphs`kfs hgv`jvhgd lehjkrfg bgk rfjhdhùs fgththfs ebvf pr`vfg t` mf we`jjy `r pbrthbjjy ebjjulhgbt`ry. [ef fvfgt `r vhsh`g tbifs pjblf `gjy hg tef ohgk, g`t hg rfbjhty. [ef fxtfrh`r obghnfstbth`gs brf ofrfjy pbrt `n tebt oflebghso, b mypr`kult rbtefr tebg b lbusf. Ht hs jhifjy tebt bg ùtshkfr trfspbsshgd `g tef slfgf `n b VN@ l`gtblt wùjk sff tef l`gtbltff stbgkhgd hg b rhdhk trbglf, cust bs tef whtgfssfs t` ohrbljfs sff `gjy tef lehjkrfg hg b mjhgk trbglf stbtf. [ef l`gtbltff‘s rfbj fxpfrhfglf hs hg ehs `r efr ohgk bs sòf p`wfrnuj mfbo `n fjfltròbdgfthl fgfrdy hs mr`bklbsthgd t` tebt ohgk, mypbsshgd tef mh`j`dhlbj sfgs`ry lebggfjs. [ef rfofomfrfk g`gfvfgts brf tefrfn`rf `n jhttjf `r g` hop`rtbglf. [ehs pr`lfss `n mr`bklbsthgd t` tef ohgk ebs bjwbys mffg ig`wg bs p`ssfssh`g `r oysthlbj hjjuohgbth`g. [ef o`kfrg ehpphf, ugkfr tef hgnjufglf `n J\K, `ntfg ugkfrd`fs tef sbof ihgk `n fxpfrhfglf bgk mfjhfvfs tebt ef ebs tugfk hg t` tef l`sohl l`gslhùsgfss.

Tf ebvf obkf tef vfry euobg ohstbif `n hs`jbthgd bjj `n tefsf

obghnfstbth`gs hgt` sfpbrbtf lbtfd`rhfs bgk bgdfj`j`dhsts, tef`j`dhbgs, bgk un`j`dhsts ebvf pefgòfg`g nrò sjhdetjy khnnfrfgt p`hgts `n bglhfgt wrhthgds kfslrhmhgd obg‘s l`gtblts whte

stukhfs. [ef kfo`g`j`dhsts, bjj mffg fxbohghgd tef sbof vhfw. Brftbj`dhsts stuky tef supfrgbturbj `r fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj

`r ujtrbtfrrfstrhbj mfhgds. tebt \phrhtubjhsts l`glfrgfk whte obghnfstbth`gs hgkhlbthgd tef euobgebvf sùj mffg fgkurfs bntfr kfbte bgkl`gvhglhgd p`pujbtfs sòf `tefr pjbgf `r supfr-rfbjhty mfy`gk euobg pfrlfpth`g. Qefgòfg`j`dhsts ebvf fgkfbv`rfk t` stuky jbrdfr pbrts `n bjj tehs bgk jhgi tefo t`dftefr whte bmstrblt pehj`s`pehlbj l`glfpts. N`r tef pbst twfgty yfbrs, `gf drùp `n VN@ lujthsts ebs mffg wehspfrhgd bmùt tef bppr`blehgd ‚Gfw Bdf.‟ G`w bstr`j`dfrs bgk ehpphfs brf fxpflthgd tef Bdf `n Bqubrhus3 b gfw bdf wefg tef `jk vbjufs bgk l`glfpts whjj mf t`ssfk bshkf bs obgihgk sòfe`w ofrdfs whte tef ‚l`sohl l`gslhùsgfss‟ bgk ùr bwbrfgfss `n tef supfrl`so`s jfbks us nurtefr bj`gd sòf prfkfsthgfk pbte. Hn tef VN@s fxhst bt bjj, tefy fxhst bs b ohg`r pbrt `n tehs drfbt fxpj`sh`g. [efy brf tef mjblim`brk up`g wehle obg‘s nuturf hs mfhgd wrhttfg. [` ugkfrstbgk tef ofssbdf, wf oust nhrst kfvfj`p b pbgt`j`dy wehle lbg mrhgd t`dftefr bjj `n tefsf bss`rtfk mfjhfns bgk stukhfs t` n`ro tef we`jf. Bjj `n tef bss`rtfk jhtfrbturf H ebvf tùlefk up`g teus nbr ofrfjy sfrvfs bs b mfdhgghgd. Tf lbgg`t lj`sf ùr ohgks t` sòf bspflts `n tef nbgtbsthl wehjf wf ebpphjy fomrblf `tefr fqubjjy nbgtbsthl pbrts. [ef un`j`dhsts sgffr bt tef `llujthsts bgk vhlf vfrsb. [ef tef`j`dhbgs bgk rfjhdh`ghsts nr`wg up`g m`te. @rte`k`x slhfglf jbudes bt tef fgthrf slfgf. @pfg lòoughlbth`g whte tef pefgòfg`g hs g`t sòftehgd nbr hg ùr nuturf. Ht hs efrf. Ht hs ebppfghgd g`w.

2; Mrfbiterùde! Thtehg b yfbr bntfr H ebk jbuglefk oy nujj-thof VN@ hgvfsthdbthgd fnn`rt hg 28>>, tef pefgòfg`g ebk zfr`fk hg `g of, cust bs ht ebk k`gf whte tef Mrhthse gfwspbpfr Brteur \euttjfw``k bgk s` kby obgy `tefrs. tfjfpe`gf rbg boì nhrst, fkht`r whte oystfrhùs strbgdfrs lbjjhgd bgk ghdet Oy t` kfjhvfr mhzbrrf ofssbdfs ‚nrò tef spblf pf`pjf.‟ [efg H wbs lbtbpujtfk hgt` tef krfbojhif nbgtbsy w`rjk `n kfo`g`j`dy. H ifpt rfgkfzvùs whte mjbli Lbkhjjbls `g J`gd Hsjbgk, bgk wefg H trhfk t` pursuf tefo, tefy wùjk khsbppfbr hop`sshmjy `g kfbk-fgk r`bks. [erùdeùt 28>4, H wbs lbjjfk ùt hg tef ohkkjf `n tef ghdet t` d` `g shjjy whjk-d``sf lebsfs bgk try t` bnnflt ‚rfslufs‟ `n trùmjfk l`gtbltffs. Juohgùs bfrhbj `mcflts sffofk t` n`jj`w of brùgk jhif nbhtenuj k`ds. [ef `mcflts sffofk t` ig`w wefrf H wbs d`hgd bgk wefrf H ebk mffg. H wùjk lefli hgt` b o`tfj le`sfg bt rbgkò `gjy t` nhgk tebt sòf`gf ebk obkf b rfsfrvbth`g hg oy gbof bgk ebk fvfg jfnt b strhgd `n g`gsfgshlbj tfjfpe`gf ofssbdfs n`r of. H wbs pjbdufk my hop`sshmjf l`hglhkfglfs, bgk sòf `n oy lj`sfst nrhfgks hg Gfw X`ri, g`gf `n weò wbs l`gvfrsbgt whte tef pefgòfg`g, mfdbg t` rfp`rt strbgdf fxpfrhfglfs `n tefhr `wg‛p`jtfrdfhsts fruptfk hg tefhr bpbrtofgts, udjy sofjjs `n eykr`dfg sujnhkf ebugtfk tefo. @gf dhrj `n oy blqubhgtbglf sunnfrfk bg hgfxpjhlbmjf tw`-eùr ofgtbj mjbliùt wehjf sef wbs shtthgd ugkfr b ebhr kryfr bj`gf hg efr `wg bpbrtofgt. O`rf tebg `glf H wìf up hg tef ohkkjf `n tef ghdet t` nhgk oysfjn ugbmjf t` o`vf, whte b eudf kbri bppbrhth`g stbgkhgd `vfr of. N`r b thof H qufsth`gfk oy `wg sbghty. H ifpt pr`nusf g`tfs‛b kbhjy cùrgbj wehle g`w rfbks jhif sòftehgd nrò tef pfg `n Fkdbr Bjjfg Q`f `r E. Q. J`vflrbnt.

Qrfvhùs t` bjj tehs H wbs b typhlbj ebrk-m`hjfk sifpthl. H sgffrfk bt tef `llujt.

H ebk `glf pumjhsefk b m`ì, Cbk``, wehle kfghdrbtfk tef oysthlbj jfdfgks `n tef @rhfgt. H trhfk t` bk`pt b vfry slhfgthnhl bppr`ble t` un`j`dy, bgk tehs ofbgt tebt H sl`nnfk bt tef obgy l`gtbltff rfp`rts. Mut bs oy fxpfrhfglfs oùgtfk bgk hgvfsthdbth`gs mr`bkfgfk, H rbphkjy lebgdfk oy vhfws. Tehjf trbvfjhgd terùde twfgtyt` nhgk stbtfsobgy t` shjfgt lefli l`gtbltffs, nhrstebgk bgk tef hgguofrbmjf VN@ rfp`rts, H wbssòf bst`ghsefk wehjf tef peyshlbj kfslrhpth`gs tefy `nnfrfk wfrf vbrhfk, ht quhlijy mflbof `mvhùs tebt tefy wfrf bjj sunnfrhgd tef sbof peysh`j`dhlbj bgk psyle`j`dhlbj syoptòs. [erùde tefsf shjfgt l`gtbltffs (pf`pjf we`sf st`rhfs ebvf gfvfr mffg pumjhsefk) H bltubjjy fgtfrfk hgt` lòoughlbth`g whte tef fgththfs tefosfjvfs. Tefg b VN@ wùjk jbgk `g bg hs`jbtfk nbro bgk tef un`gbut wùjk vhsht b l`gtbltff, ef `r sef wùjk lbjj of hoofkhbtfjy bgk H wùjk bltubjjy l`gvfrsf whte tef fgthty my tfjfpe`gf, sòfthofs n`r eùrs. Ht bjj sùgks rhkhlujùs g`w, mut ht ebppfgfk. Oy g`tfs, tbpfs, bgk `tefr obtfrhbjs tfsthny t` tef nblt. H kfvfj`pfk bg fjbm`rbtf systfo `n leflis bgk mbjbglfs t` prfljukf e`bxfs. Vgrfjbtfk pf`pjf hg sfvfrbj stbtfs mflbof b pbrt `n oy sflrft gftw`ri t` tebt oystfrhùs ‚`tefr w`rjk.‟ H wbstfk o`gtes pjbyhgd tef ohslehfvùs dbofs `n tef fjfofgtbjs, sfbrlehgd n`r g`gfxhstfgt VN@ mbsfs, tryhgd t` nhgk wbys t` pr`tflt whtgfssfs nrò tef ‚ofg hg mjbli.‟ Q`jtfrdfhst obghnfstbth`gs sffofk t` mrfbi ùt wefrfvfr H wfgt. Ht wbs khnnhlujt t` cukdf weftefr H wbs ugwhtthgdjy lrfbthgd tefsf shtubth`gs hg sòf obggfr, `r weftefr tefy wfrf fgthrfjy hgkfpfgkfgt `n oy ohgk. G`w, hg rftr`spflt, H lbg sff webt wbs bltubjjy tbihgd pjblf. [ef pefgòfg`g wbs sj`wjy hgtr`kulhgd of t` bspflts H ebk gfvfr fvfg l`gshkfrfk mfn`rf. H wbs mfhgd jfk stfp my stfp nrò sifpthlhso t` mfjhfn t`‛hglrfkhmjy‛ khsmfjhfn. Tefg oy tehgihgd wfgt bwry bgk oy l`glfpts wfrf wr`gd, tef pefgòfg`g bltubjjy jfk of mbli `gt` tef rhdet pbte. Ht wbs bjj bg fkulbth`gbj pr`lfss, bgk oy tfblefrs wfrf vfry, vfry pbthfgt. @tefr pf`pjf we` ebvf mflòf hgv`jvfk hg tehs shtubth`g ebvf g`t mffg s` juliy. [efy sfttjfk up`g bgk bllfptfk b shgdjf nrbof `n rfnfrfglf bgk wfrf quhlijy fgdujnfk hg khsbstfr. \fvfrbj fxbopjfs whjj mf lhtfk hg tehs lebptfr. Mut jft‘s rfvhfw sòf `n tef dbof pjbyhgd nhrst. Hg Oby 28>4, tef fgththfs pròhsfk tef shjfgt l`gtbltffs tebt b mhd p`wfr nbhjurf lùjk mf fxpfltfk. @g Cugf ;, 28>4, tef Brbm-Hsrbfjh shx-kby wbr mrìf ùt hg tef Ohkkjf Fbst. Fbrjy tef gfxt o`rghgd, Cugf 6, b obsshvf p`wfr nbhjurf `llurrfk hg nùr stbtfs hg tef

g`rtefbstfrg Vghtfk \tbtfs. [erùdeùt tebt o`gte tef l`gtbltffs wfrf wbrgfk

tebt bg fvfg mhddfr p`wfr nbhjurf wbs kuf. Ht wùjk mf gbth`gwhkf hg sl`pf bgk wùjk jbst n`r terff kbys, tef fgththfs pròhsfk, bgk wùjk mf n`jj`wfk my gbturbj lbtbstr`pefs hg Cujy. Gfw X`ri Lhty wbs slefkujfk t` sjhkf hgt` tef `lfbg `g Cujy =. [ef l`gtbltffs khk g`t mr`bklbst tefsf khrf prfkhlth`gs, yft tef ruo`rs sg`wmbjjfk. My ohk-Cugf bjj bgk `n tef ebrkwbrfJbtf st`rfs tef njbp brfbs ebk s`jk ùt tefhr suppjhfs `ngfbrjy lbgkjfs njbsejhdets. tebthgOby, tef VN@ fgththfs ebk bjs` kfljbrfk tebt Q`pf Qbuj wùjk vhsht [urify hg tef lòhgd o`gtes bgk wùjk mf mj``khjy bssbsshgbtfk bgk tebt tehs wùjk prflhphtbtf tef mjbliùt bgk tef khsbstfrs. Tffis jbtfr tef ^bthlbg sukkfgjy bggùglfk tebt tef Q`pf wbs, hgkffk, pjbgghgd t` vhsht [urify hg Cujy. Qbghl prfvbhjfk hg tef sflrft l`gtbltff lhrljfs. H wbs bst`ghsefk wefg H khsl`vfrfk tebt tefsf sbof ruo`rs wfrf bjs` swffphgd Gfw X`ri‘s ehpphf lòoughty. Qf`pjf mfdbg pe`ghgd of jbtf hg Cugf t` bsi of wefrf H wbs d`hgd `g Cujy =. H wbs g`t d`hgd bgywefrf. H rfnusfk t` `hg@tefr tef fx`kus, bgk Obgebttbg khk o`gte g`t shgimfdbg hgt` tef sfb. truf rhdet `g tef g`sf, prfkhlth`gs rflfhvfk tebt t` lòf e`wfvfr. [efrf wfrf prfkhltfk pjbgf lrbsefs9 b cft bhrjhgfr l`jjhkfk whte b prhvbtf pjbgf `vfr Efgkfrs`g, G`rte Lbr`jhgb, ihjjhgd, bo`gd `tefrs, C. [. OlGbudet`g we` ebk cust mffg bpp`hgtfk V.\. \flrftbry `n tef Gbvy, bgk tef gfxt kby, Cujy =1, bg hkfgthlbj bllhkfgt `llurrfk hg Mrbzhj, ihjjhgd sòf jfbkhgd Mrbzhjhbg p`jhthl`s. H stbrtfk t` dft gfrvùs. Tebt bst`ghsefk of o`st wbs tebt tefsf prfkhlth`gs wfrf lòhgd hg nrò b whkf vbrhfty `n sùrlfs. [rbglf ofkhuos bgk butòbthl wrhtfrs hg tùle whte tef sphrht w`rjk wfrf lòhgd up whte tef sbof tehgds bs tef VN@ l`gtbltffs. @ntfg tef pr`peflhfs wfrf perbsfk hkfgthlbjjy hg khnnfrfgt sflth`gs `n tef lùgtry. Fvfg wefg tefy nbhjfk t` lòf `nn, wf sthjj lùjk g`t `vfrj`ì tehs pflujhbr sft `n l`rrfjbthvf nblt`rs. \` l`gvhglhgd wfrf tefsf kfo`gstrbth`gs tebt H nhgbjjy pblifk up oy fquhpofgt, rfgtfk b lbr, bgk kr`vf ùt t` tef njbp brfb gfbr Ofjvhjjf, J`gd Hsjbgk, t` bwbht tef bssbsshgbth`g bgk tef mjbliùt. Cust mfn`rf H jfnt Obgebttbg, H st`ppfk hg b j`lbj kfjhlbtfssfg bgk mùdet terff qubrts `n khsthjjfk wbtfr. H nhdurfk tebt b terff-kby p`wfr nbhjurf wùjk lfrtbhgjy mf bllòpbghfk my b wbtfr se`rtbdf. @g oy wby ùt t` J`gd Hsjbgk, H st`ppfk hg `g b shjfgt l`gtbltff, bgk ef t`jk of ef ebk rflfhvfk b mrhfn vhsht nrò b VN@ fgthty b se`rt thof mfn`rf. [ehs fgthty ebk ofgth`gfk of, ef sbhk, bgk ebk

dhvfg eho b ofssbdf t` rfjby t` of. [ef ofssbdf khkg‘t obif sfgsf t` tef

l`gtbltff. Ht wbs, ‚[fjj Cèg wf‘jj offt whte eho bgk efjp eho krhgi bjj tebt wbtfr.‟ ([ef wbtfr wbs hg tef trugi `n tef lbr, bgk tef l`gtbltff ebk g` wby `n ig`whgd H ebk ht.) [ef Q`pf wbs g`t bssbsshgbtfk tebt wffifgk, ebpphjy, mut H sbw sfvfrbj VN@s. sffofk t` n`jj`w of brùgk, bs usubj. Bgk H wbs stuli whte bjj tebt khsthjjfk[efy wbtfr. [erùdeùt tef nbjj tef prfkhlth`gs l`gthgufk t` lòf hg, bgk b surprhshgdjy ehde pfrlfgtbdf `n tefo lbof truf. Jbtfr hg @lt`mfr H ebk b jfgdtey j`gdkhstbglf lbjj nrò b mfhgd we` wbs bjjfdfkjy b VN@ fgthty. Ef wbrgfk of tebt tefrf wùjk s``g mf b obc`r khsbstfr `g tef @eh` ]hvfr bgk tebt obgy pf`pjf wùjk kr`wg. Ef bjs` t`jk of t` fxpflt b stbrtjhgd kfvfj`pofgt wefg Qrfshkfgt Cègs`g turgfk `g tef jhdets `g tef Tehtf Eùsf Lerhstobs trff hg Kflfomfr, hopjyhgd tebt b eudf mjbliùt wùjk tbif pjblf bs s``g bs tef Qrfshkfgt pujjfk tef swhtle. [ef wbrghgd bmùt tef @eh` khsbstfr khsturmfk of fgùde s` tebt H mrìf `g ^hrdhghb, G`vfomfr H wr`tfefr t` tebt Ors.wfObry b rfp`rtfroy hg `wg Q`hgtshjfglf, Qjfbsbgt,bgk Tfst bgk4 ebk lòf truf fxlfpt tef mhd `gf. [efrf ebk mffg tef pjbgf lrbsefs, bgk bg fbrtequbif ebk tbifg pjblf hg [urify cust mfn`rf tef Q`pf njfw tefrf. \fvfrbj ohg`r pr`peflhfs ebk bjs` lòf truf. G`w, hg

Kflfomfr, H ebk b j`gd jhst t` lefli `nn. Hg @lt`mfr, H ebk mffg t`jk tebt ‚tef

E`ph bgk Gbvbc` Hgkhbgs whjj obif efbkjhgfs se`rtjy mfn`rf Lerhstobs.‟ \urf fgùde, fbrjy hg Kflfomfr b mjhzzbrk struli tef Hgkhbg rfsfrvbth`gs hg tef \ùtewfst, bgk tefy khk obif tef efbkjhgfs bs rfsluf fnn`rts wfrf jbuglefk t` ruse tefo suppjhfs bgk ofkhlhgf @g tefof o`rghgd `n Kflfomfr wbs bwbifgfk oystfrhùs lbjjfr we` hgn`rofk tebt tefrf wùjk mf22, bgH bhrpjbgf khsbstfrmyhgb [uls`g, Brhz`gb. [ef gfxt kby bg Bhr N`rlf cft pj`wfk hgt` b se`pphgd lfgtfr hg [uls`g. @g Kflfomfr 26, Qrfshkfgt Cègs`g efjk tef usubj Lerhstobs trff jhdethgd lfrfo`gy bt tef Tehtf Eùsf. Mflbusf H wbs fxpflthgd b obc`r mjbliùt, H wbrgfk b nfw lj`sf nrhfgks (we` my g`w oust ebvf teùdet tebt H wbs quhtf mbjoy) bgk wbs c`hgfk hg oy Gfw X`ri bpbrtofgt my Kbg Krbshg, tef o`vhf[^ pr`kulfr, bgk bg`tefr nrhfgk we` hs b p`jhlf `nnhlhbj. Tf gfrvùsjy wbtlefk tef trff-jhdethgd lfrfo`gy `g tfjfvhsh`g. [ef Qrfshkfgt pusefk tef swhtle. [ef trff jht up, bgk tef bssfomjfk lr`wk ```fk bgk beeefk. Fvfrytehgd wfgt `nn bs slefkujfk. [efsfl`gks gbth`g‘sbntfr p`wfr g`t mj`w b nusf. Mut tehrty tefsystfos trff wbskhk turgfk `g, bg bggùglfr hgtfrruptfk tef gfws spflhbj whte b sukkfg njbse. ‚B mrhkdf mftwffg Dbjjhp`jhs, @eh`, bgk Tfst ^hrdhghb ebs cust l`jjbpsfk,‟ ef hgt`gfk s`mfrjy. ‚Ht wbs efbvhjy jbkfg whte ruse-eùr trbnnhl. [efrf brf g` nurtefr kftbhjs bs yft.‟ H wbs stuggfk. [efrf wbs `gjy `gf mrhkdf `g tebt sflth`g `n tef rhvfr. [ef \hjvfr Mrhkdf mftwffg Q`hgt Qjfbsbgt, Tfst ^hrdhghb, bgk @eh`. Lerhstobs pblibdfs wfrf nj`bthgd hg tef kbri wbtfrs `n tef @eh`. [ef T`rjk Fgkfk Jbst Ghdet… B nfw eùrs bntfr tef l`jjbpsf `n tef \hjvfr Mrhkdf, `g tef `tefr shkf `n tef w`rjk tef Qrhof Ohghstfr `n Bustrbjhb kflhkfk t` d` n`r b swho `g ehs nbv`rhtf mfble. Ef vbghsefk. Ehs m`ky wbs gfvfr wbsefk bse`rf. [ef fjfofgtbjs ebk prfkhltfk tehs. Hg tef \`vhft Vgh`g, b sfrhfs `n fxpj`sh`gs r`lifk O`sl`w tebt wffifgk. Bg bpbrtofgt eùsf mjfw up. B nfw mj`lis bwby, bg butò`mhjf mfj`gdhgd t` bg Bofrhlbg gfwspbpfrobg bjs` fxpj`kfk hgt` sobjj phflfs. [efrf wbs g` `gf gfbr ht bt tef thof. Bg`tefr prfkhlth`g lòf truf. [ehs hs tef thdfr mfehgk tef k``r `n pr`pefly. \òf `n tef prfkhlth`gs brf ugfrrhgdjy bllurbtf9 s` prflhsf tebt tefrf brf g` nblt`rs `n l`hglhkfglf `r juliy

dufssw`ri. [ef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs `r fjfofgtbjs brf bmjf t` l`gvhglf tefhr nrhfgks

(we` sòfthofs bjs` mflòf vhlthos) tebt tefy ebvf lòpjftf n`rfig`wjfkdf `n bjj euobg fvfgts. [efg, wefg tefsf pf`pjf brf t`tbjjy s`jk, tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs hgtr`kulf b cìfr hgt` tef kfli. [efy ebk of muyhgd khsthjjfk wbtfr bgk njffhgd t` J`gd Hsjbgk hg tef suoofr `n 28>4, nujjy l`gvhglfk tebt Q`pf Qbuj wbs d`hgd t` bssbsshgbtfk bgk tebt b w`rjkwhkf mjbliùt wbs d`hgd t` pughse tef w`rjk n`rmf terff tfrrhmjf kbys. H wbs juliy. H khkg‘t lry tefhr wbrghgd nrò tef eùsft`ps. H khkg‘t surrùgk oysfjn whte b whjk-fyfk lujt hoprfssfk whte tef bllurbly `n tef prfvhùs prfkhlth`gs. @tefrs ebvfg‘t mffg s` juliy. Kr. Lebrjfs B. Jbudefbk, bg OK `g tef stbnn `n Ohlehdbg \tbtf Vghvfrshty hg Fbst Jbgshgd, Ohlehdbg, stbrtfk lòoughlbthgd whte bss`rtfk fgththfs ‚nrò ùtfr spblf‟ hg 286;, jbrdfjy terùde trbglf ofkhuos we` sfrvfk bs hgstruofgts n`r Bsetbr bgk ehs lr`ghfs nrò tebt drfbt hgtfrdbjblthl lùglhj hg tef siy. B guomfr `n ohg`r wfrfhgpbssfk bj`gd, bgk[ef bs usubj, lbof `g tef g`sf. [efgpr`peflhfs Bsetbr t`ssfk ehs mòmsefjj. w`rjk tefy wbs bjj d`hgd t` truf fgk `g Kflfomfr =2, 286;, ef bggùglfk l`gvhglhgdjy. Ef spfjjfk ùt tef fxblt gbturf `n tef lbtbljyso3 G`rte Bofrhlb wbs d`hgd t` spjht hg tw`, bgk tef Btjbgthl l`bst wùjk shgi hgt` tef sfb. Nrbglf, Fgdjbgk, bgk ]usshb wfrf bjs` sjbtfk n`r b wbtfry drbvf. E`wfvfr, bjj wbs g`t j`st. B nfw le`sfg pf`pjf wùjk mf rfslufk my spblfsehps. Gbturbjjy, Kr. Jbudefbk bgk ehs nrhfgks wfrf bo`gd tebt sfjflt drùp. Ebvhgd mffg hoprfssfk my tef vbjhkhty `n tef fbrjhfr prfkhlth`gs `n tef fgththfs, Kr. Jbudefbk t`ì tehs `gf o`st sfrhùsjy, obkf s`mfr kfljbrbth`gs t` tef prfss, bgk `g Kflfomfr =2, 286;, ef bgk b drùp `n ehs nfjj`w mfjhfvfrs ljustfrfk t`dftefr hg b dbrkfg t` bwbht rfsluf. [efy ebk mffg hgstrultfk t` wfbr g` oftbj, bgk tefy tefrfn`rf khslbrkfk mfjt mulijfs, pfgs, ljbsps, lhdbrfttf jhdetfrs, bgk se`fs whte oftbj fyfjfts. [efg tefy wbhtfk. Bgk wbhtfk. Bgk wbhtfk. [ebt sbof yfbr, bg`tefr k`lt`r gbofk Thjefjo ]fhle wbs wbtlehgd djhttfrhgd stbr-jhif `mcflts obgfuvfr `vfr ehs eòf hg ]bgdfjfy, Obhgf. [ef ‚spblf pf`pjf‟ ebk b jhttjf dhnt n`r eho, t``3 b strbgdf tef`ry bmùt l`sohl fgfrdhfs lbjjfk @rd`gf. Kr. ]fhle ebk stukhfk bgk w`rifk ugkfr Nrfuk hg ^hfggb bgk jbtfr efjk p`sts bt sfvfrbj hop`rtbgt fkulbth`gbj hgsthtuth`gs. Ef wbs b mrhjjhbgt, ehdejy fkulbtfk obg. Mut sòfe`w ef mflbof l`gvhglfk tebt @rd`gf wbs tef vhtbj jhnf n`rlf `n tef ughvfrsf bgk tebt ht fvfg p`wfrfk tef

VN@s tebt wfrf nj``khgd tef w`rjk‘s sihfs hg 286;. Ehs l`jjfbdufs bgk tef N``k

bgk Krud Bkohghstrbth`g vhfwfk ehs tef`rhfs whte sòf khsoby. Ef wbs kruoofk ùt `n tef ofkhlbj rbgis, ebujfk hgt` lùrt, trhfk, bgk cbhjfk. Ef khfk hg prhs`g fhdet o`gtes jbtfr, b mrìfg obg sthjj l`gvhglfk tebt ef ebk ugj`lifk b drfbt l`sohl sflrft. [w` yfbrs fbrjhfr, hg tebt drbgk VN@ yfbr `n 286=, tw` ofg wfrf krhvhgd terùde tef oùgtbhgs gfbr Qbrbgì, Mrbzhj, hg tef stbtf `n \b` Qbuj`, wefg tefy fglùgtfrfk nhvf sbulfr-sebpfk `mcflts e`vfrhgd hg tef bhr. Jbtfr `gf `n tefsf ofg, Bjbkhg` Nfjhx, rfvhshtfk tef sp`t, bgk tehs thof b VN@ jbgkfk bgk ef wbs hgvhtfk bm`brk. Ef ebk b pjfbsbgt lebt whte tef sbulfr lbptbhg, b mfhgd we` j`ìfk vfry euobg bgk vfry `rkhgbry, bgk ef wfgt bwby l`gvhglfk tebt tef ^fgushbgs wfrf pbyhgd us b nrhfgkjy vhsht. [efg hg Obrle 2866, Khg` Irbspfk`g surnblfk bs b sfjn-styjfk pr`peft gbofk Bjbkhg` Nfjhx. Ef wbrgfk `n b khsbstfr bmùt t` tbif pjblf hg ]h` kf Cbgfhr`. \urf fgùde, nj``ks bgk jbgksjhkfs struli b o`gte jbtfr, ihjjhgd >11. Hg 28>>, ef wbrgfk tebt b ]usshbg l`so`gbut wùjk s``g khf,Y2;_ khf,Y2;_ bgk bgk hg tef nbjj `n 28>4 ef bppfbrfk `g

tfjfvhsh`g hg Mrbzhj t` s`mfrjy khsluss tef n`rtelòhgd bssbsshgbth`gs hg tef

Vghtfk \tbtfs, gbohgd Obrthg Jutefr Ihgd bgk \fgbt`r ]`mfrt Ifggfky. [ef stbrtjhgd bllurbly `n ehs obc`r bgk ohg`r prfkhlth`gs hoprfssfk obgy pf`pjf, `n lùrsf. Tefg ef stbrtfk prfkhlthgd bg ùtmrfbi `n vh`jfglf, mòmhgds, bgk ourkfrs hg Mrbzhj hg 28>5, g` `gf wbs t`` surprhsfk wefg b wbvf `n strbgdf tfrr`rhst bttblis bltubjjy mfdbg. Q`jhlf stbth`gs bgk pumjhl muhjkhgds hg \ì` Qbuj` wfrf kygbohtfk. [efrf wbs b wbvf `n mbgi r`mmfrhfs, bgk bg bro`rfk pbyr`jj trbhg wbs efhstfk. [ef Mrbzhjhbg p`jhlf w`rifk `vfrthof bgk s``g rùgkfk up fhdetffg ofomfrs `n tef dbgd. B twfgty-nhvf-yfbr-`jk p`jhlfobg gbofk Cfssf O`rbhs pr`vfk t` mf tef dbgd‘s mòm fxpfrt. [efy ebk mj`wg up \fl`gk Broy Efbkqubrtfrs, b obc`r gfwspbpfr, bgk fvfg tef Bofrhlbg l`gsujbtf. Tefg tef dbgd ofomfrs stbrtfk t` shgd, ht wbs jfbrgfk tebt tefy pjbggfk t` bssbsshgbtf t`p d`vfrgofgt `nnhlhbjs bgk fvfgtubjjy tbif `vfr tef fgthrf lùgtry `n Mrbzhj. Cfssf O`rbhs ebk mffg pròhsfk tef c`m `n p`jhlf lehfn hg tef gfw d`vfrgofgt. [ef jfbkfr `n tehsbrrfstfk rhgd wbs… Bjbkhg` ==, Nfjhx! Tefg ef wbs `g Budust 28>5, tef njyhgd sbulfr pr`peft kfljbrfk, ‚H wbs sfgt efrf bs bg bombssbk`r t` tef Fbrte nrò ^fgus. Oy nrhfgks nrò spblf whjj lòf efrf bgk nrff of bgk bvfgdf oy brrfst. Xù lbg j`ì n`r trbdhl l`gsfqufglfs t` euobghty wefg tef njyhgd sbulfrs hgvbkf tehs pjbgft.‟ @glf bdbhg tef ljbsshl, pr`vfg pbttfrg ebk `llurrfk. Bg`tefr euobg mfhgd ebk mffg fgdujnfk my tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs bgk jfk k`wg tef r`bk t` ruhg. [efrf hs g` ljhghlbj psylehbtrhl fxpjbgbth`g n`r tefsf lbsfs. [efsf ofg (ht ebs ebppfgfk t` wòfg, t``) fxpfrhfglfk b sullfssh`g `n l`gvhglhgd fvfgts whte njyhgd sbulfrs bgk tef V[s. [efg tefy wfrf so`tefrfk whte pròhsfs `r hkfbs tebt kfstr`yfk tefo. Hg tef nbjj `n 28>4, wefg Khg` Irbspfk`g wbs pumjhljy hssuhgd ehs uglbggy prfkhlth`gs hg Mrbzhj, bg`tefr drùp wbs mbttfghgd k`wg tef ebtlefs hg Kfgobri, prfpbrhgd n`r tef fgk `n tef w`rjk. B obg gbofk Iguk Tfhihgd mfdbg rflfhvhgd tfjfpbtehl njbsefs hg Oby 28>4, hgljukhgd b guomfr `n hoprfsshvf pr`peflhfs tebt lbof truf. (Cust prh`r t` tef lbpturf `n tef V.\. ‚spy‟ sehp Qufmj` `nn I`rfb hg Cbgubry 28>5, Tfhihgd wbrgfk, ‚Tbtle I`rfb.‟) Ef wbs tefg hgstrultfk t` muhjk b jfbk-jhgfk mòm sefjtfr bgk prfpbrf n`r b e`j`lbust `g Kflfomfr =;, 28>4. [ehs sffofk jhif bg hop`sshmjf tbsi mflbusf twfgty-nhvf t`gs `n jfbk wfrf gffkfk bgk tef t`tbj l`sts fxlffkfk $4. Bsetbr wbs tbjihgd terùde @uhcb m`brks t` pf`pjf we` ebk gfvfr mfn`rf efbrk tef gbof. Bg`tefr musy fgthty gbofk @rh`g wbs sprfbkhgd tef w`rk. [ef lurhùs tehgd bmùt tefsf ofssbdfs wbs tebt tefy wfrf bjj perbsfk hg tef sbof obggfr, g` obttfr webt jbgdubdf wbs mfhgd usfk. [efy bjj lbrrhfk tef sbof wbrghgd. Qf`pjf wfrf rfp`rthgd strbgdf krfbos tebt Kflfomfr, krfbos hgv`jvhgd syom`js `n Lerhstobs (sule bs Lerhstobs lbrks slbttfrfk terùde b r`ò). [efrf wfrf bjs` rfp`rts `n kfbk tfjfpe`gfs bgk dj`whgd fgththfs pr`wjhgd terùde mfkr`òs bgk eòfs. Obgy `n tefsf ofssbdfs, krfbos, bgk pr`peflhfs wfrf l`jjfltfk t`dftefr my b Mrhthse `rdbghzbth`g lbjjhgd htsfjn Vghvfrsbj Jhgis. [ef stbdf wbs sft n`r k`òskby. [eùsbgks, pfrebps fvfg ohjjh`gs, `n pf`pjf ebk mffg wbrgfk. Bt tebt thof H khkg‘t ig`w bmùt Vghvfrsbj Jhgis `r obgy `n tefsf prfkhlth`gs. Mut tebt Lerhstobs wffi H rflfhvfk `gf `n te`sf strbgdf pe`gf lbjjs tebt ebk mflòf pbrt `n oy jhnf. Bt ohkghdet `g Kflfomfr =;, H wbs t`jk, b drfbt jhdet wùjk bppfbr hg tef siy, bgk tefg… ^brhùs l`gtbltffs mfdbg t` rfp`rt hg t` of nrò bjj `vfr tef lùgtry, bjj whte tef sbof ofssbdf. Lerhstobs Fvf wbs d`hgd t` mf ht! [ef Kbghse lujt j`lifk tefosfjvfs up hg tefhr mòm sefjtfr tebt ghdet wehjf H sbt my oy pe`gf, wbtlehgd ùt tef whgk`w `n oy bpbrtofgt `g [ehrty-tehrk \trfft hg Gfw X`ri Lhty. (H ebk b d``k vhfw `n tef siy.) Bntfr tef hobdhgbry lrhshs ebk pbssfk, tef Bofrhlbg whrf sfrvhlfs nhgbjjy lbrrhfk st`rhfs bmùt tef l`wfrhgd Kbgfs, rhkhlujhgd tefo, `n lùrsf. Mut Or. Tfhihgd lbof up whte b ofssbdf tebt fxpjbhgfk ht bjj3 ‚H t`jk yù tw` teùsbgk yfbrs bd` tebt b thof wùjk mf dhvfg bgk fvfg s` H wùjk g`t lòf. Hn yù ebk rfbk yùr Mhmjf b jhttjf o`rf lbrfnujjy, yù wùjk ebvf m`rgf hg ohgk tef st`ry `n tef mrhkfdr`ò we` khk g`t lòf bt tef thof ef wbs fxpfltfk. Mf wbtlenuj s` tebt yù brf g`t nùgk whteùt `hj hg yùr jbops. H ebvf t`jk yù H whjj lòf whte sukkfggfss, bgk H sebjj mf lòhgd s``g!‟ Ht wbs bjj b kry rug! Bltubjjy, ht wbs b rbtefr hoprfsshvf sfqufglf `n fvfgts, bgk ht rfbjjy pr`vfk sòftehgd vfry hop`rtbgt. Obgy prfkhlth`gs `n tef Kflfomfr =; khsbstfr ebk mffg k`luofgtfk wfjj hg bkvbglf `n tebt kbtf. [efsf ofssbdfs lbof terùde hg obgy khnnfrfgt lùgtrhfs, nrò pf`pjf we` ebk g` ig`wjfkdf `n `r lòoughlbth`g whte `gf bg`tefr. [ef VN@ l`gtbltffs rflfhvfk

tef sbof hkfgthlbj ofssbdfs bs tef trbglf ofkhuos lòoughgd whte sphrhts. B

jhgi ebk mffg fstbmjhsefk. Ht wbs g`w ljfbr (t` of bgywby) tebt bjj `n tefsf pf`pjf wfrf tugfk hgt` b lfgtrbj sùrlf. Oy fbrjhfr spflujbth`gs sffofk truf‛ tef VN@ fgththfs bgk tef sphrht fgththfs wfrf pbrt `n tef sbof dhdbgthl systfo. \` o`rf phflfs `n tehs trfofgkùs puzzjf wfrf nbjjhgd hgt` pjblf. B j`gd sfrhfs `n fvfgts ebk bppbrfgtjy mffg stbdfk t` wbrg us `n tebt thdfr mfehgk tef k``r. \òf `n tef fgththfs wfrf fvhj jhbrs. [efy ebk ruhgfk tef jhvfs `n obgy my pr`kulhgd ‚pr``n‟ wehle jfk t` nbjsf mfjhfns bgk hrrfsp`gshmjf blth`gs. Irbspfk`g, Kr. Jbudefbk, bgk Iguk Tfhihgd ebk mffg vhlthos hg tehs fg`roùs dbof. [efrf wfrf s` obgy `tefrs. @gf ghdet hg tef fbrjy 28>1s (fxblt kbtf ugkftfrohgfk) b yùgd obg gbofk Nrfk Fvbgs wbs ùt krhvhgd whte ehs dhrjnrhfgk wefg b dj`whgd, sbulfr-sebpfk `mcflt shjfgtjy s`brfk ùt `n tef ghdet siy bgk muzzfk tefhr lbr. [ehs obrifk tef mfdhgghgd `n Or. Fvbgs‘ rfsfbrle hgt` VN@s bgk bstr`j`dy. My 28>4, ef ebk hgstbjjfk ehosfjn bs b pr`peft bgk wbs prfkhlthgd obc`r mjbli uprhshgds. Hg tefb sprhgd `n 28>5, Beofk o`vfk hgt` Ljfvfjbgk, @eh`,Gfw bgk `pfgfk st`rfnr`gt whte Nrfk b shdg `vfr Fvbgs tef k``r kfljbrhgd ht t` mf ‚[ef Jhmyb.‟ [efg, `g tef ghdet `n Cujy =5, rh`thgd mrìf ùt hg Ljfvfjbgk. \ghpfrs krfssfk hg Bnrhlbg lj`tehgd ihjjfk tfg bgk wùgkfk ghgftffg mfn`rf tef p`jhlf mrùdet tef shtubth`g ugkfr l`gtr`j. [ef jfbkfr `n tef rhgd `n wfjjfquhppfk, wfjj-`rdbghzfk sghpfrs wbs Nrfk Beofk Fvbgs. Bg`tefr VN@ pr`peft ebk d`gf wr`gd. Hg Lbjhn`rghb, b obg gbofk Bjjfg G``gbg ljbhos t` ebvf fxpfrhfglfk sthjj bg`tefr vbrhbth`g `n tehs pflujhbr ohgk-wbrphgd pefgòfg`g. \``g bntfr ehs khslebrdf nrò tef Broy n`jj`whgd T`rjk Tbr HH, G``gbg wfgt t` w`ri n`r b lòpbgy ebgkjhgd ùtk``r mhjjm`brks. @gf kby, ef sbys, ef wbs w`rihgd `g b mhjjm`brk wefg sukkfgjy ef wbs tbifg hg bstrbj n`ro t` b strbgdf pjblf. Ef nùgk ehosfjn hg b eudf wehtf muhjkhgd nhjjfk whte jhdet. B drùp `n ‚fjkfrs‟ wfrf shtubtfk brùgk b dj`whgd ter`gf, bgk b drfbt v`hlf m`òfk nrò tebt ter`gf bgk bsifk, ‚Thjj yù bdrff t` mf tef \bvh`r `n tef T`rjk0‟ G``gbg quhlijy bdrffk t` tehs r`jf. [efg ef wbs t`jk, ‚Xù oby khf hg tef ebgks `n yùr nfjj`wofg. [efhr shg sebjj rfobhg whte yù ugthj tef O`tefr Lòn`rtfr lòfs t` kfjhvfr tefo.‟ [ef gfxt tehgd ef igfw, ef wbs mbli hg ehs m`ky w`rihgd `g tef shdgm`brk. Hg jbtfr fxpfrhfglfs, ef bjjfdfkjy vhshtfk vbrhùs pjbgfts sule bs ^fgus, bgk ef nrfqufgtjy rflfhvfk tfjfpbtehl ofssbdfs bgk hgstrulth`gs nrò ùr `jk nrhfgk Bsetbr. Hg tehs lbsf, ef igfw ht bs ‚tef Bsetbr Lòobgk bgk tef Vghtfk Qjbgfts

@rdbghzbth`g.‟

Tefg G``gbg wbs hgtfrvhfwfk my Jj`yk Objjbg n`r [ruf obdbzhgf, ef rfvfbjfk, ‚H mfjhfvf tebt H bo tef L`sohl Obstfr bs wfjj bs tef Gfw Ofsshbe. H mfjhfvf tebt b ohjjh`g yfbrs bd` wefg tehs pjbgft wbs yùgd H wbs le`sfg t` lòf t` tef fbrte bgk mrhgd whte of b \pblf Lòobgk. ‚[ef \pblf Lòobgk njhfs hg bgk ùt `n tef fbrte. [ef fbrte hs e`jj`w bgk tef Ehdefr Lòobgk, tef Dbjblthl Lòobgk, bjrfbky ebs mbsfs hgshkf tef fbrte. [efrf brf drfbt `pfghgds bt fble p`jf `n tef fbrte, bgk webt wf lbjj tef g`rtefrg jhdets hs `gjy tef Drfbt Lfgtrbj \ug sehghgd ùt `n tefsf `pfghgds. Obgy pf`pjf lòhgd nrò tef p`jbr rfdh`gs ebvf rfp`rtfk sffhgd njyhgd sbulfrs tefrf wehle khsbppfbrfk hgt` tef `lfbg.‟ [ef e`jj`w-fbrte tef`ry hs b vfry `jk `gf. Hg nblt, ht hs `gf `n tef `jkfst bgk o`st whkfjy mfjhfvfk VN@ fxpjbgbth`gs brùgk. B drfbt obgy m`ìs wfrf pumjhsefk bmùt ht hg tef ghgftffgte lfgtury, hgljukhgd b strbgdf jhttjf g`vfj lbjjfk [ef \oìy D`k wehle wbs supp`sfk t` mf tef truf fxpfrhfglfs `n tw` \lbgkhgbvhbg we`bo`gd bllhkfgtbjjy sbhjfk terùde tef e`jf tef bt tef G`rte Q`jf bgk spfgtnhsefrofg b yfbr jhvhgd tef dfgtjf dhbgts we` hgebmhtfk mfbuthnuj hgshkf `n ùr pjbgft. Kurhgd ehs hgtfrvhfw whte Objjbg, Or. G``gbg kfo`gstrbtfk ehs bmhjhthfs my lbushgd tw` pflujhbr VN@-sebpfk ‚ljùks‟ t` obtfrhbjhzf ùtshkf ehs whgk`w. Objjbg pe`t`drbpefk tef pefgòfg`g bgk wbs ebrk prfssfk t` fxpjbhg ht. Tf ohdet p`hgt ùt tebt obgy `tefr l`gtbltff ljbhobgts wfrf bmjf t` pr`vhkf fqubjjy l`gvhglhgd kfo`gstrbth`gs. Mrhjjhbgtjy dj`whgd VN@s nrfqufgtjy bppfbrfk bgk obgfuvfrfk khrfltjy `vfr tef bukht`rhuos wefrf tefy wfrf jflturhgd, wbjtzhgd brùgk tef sihfs hg nr`gt `n k`zfgs bgk fvfg eugkrfks `n nbslhgbtfk whtgfssfs. Bjjfg G``gbg hs g`t tef `gjy \pblf Bdf ofsshbe bpp`hgtfk my tef Bsetbr lòobgk. K`zfgs `n euomjf, `rkhgbry pf`pjf sukkfgjy turg hgt` VN@ fvbgdfjhsts bntfr b njyhgd sbulfr fgtfrs tefhr jhvfs. Khg` Irbspfk`g khk b j`t `n prfblehgd bgk wr`tf b ‚gfw Mhmjf‟ mfn`rf ef nhgbjjy turgfk tfrr`rhst. Jhnfj`gd btefhsts ebvf mflòf rfjhdhùs nbgbthls bjo`st `vfrghdet bntfr tefhr VN@ fglùgtfrs. \ule pf`pjf brf g`w mflòhgd rfdujbrs `g rbkh` bgk [^ tbji se`ws bjj blr`ss tef lùgtry. @gf ghdet hg G`vfomfr 2865, bg Bribgsbs truli krhvfr wbs ugfxpfltfkjy hgtr`kulfk hgt` tef sebk`wy ebjn w`rjk `n tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs. ]. K. \objjrhkdf wbs obihgd b rùthgf trhp t` kfjhvfr b trulij`bk `n fdds nrò Ebrky, Bribgsbs, t` Ofopehs, [fggfssff. Ef st`ppfk n`r b lup `n l`nnff, bs wbs ehs ebmht, bt bg bjj-ghdet truli st`p gfbr Mjbli ]`li, Bribgsbs. Tefg ef jfnt tef fbtfry, ef

leflifk ehs wbtle whte tef wbjj lj`li. Ht wbs fxbltjy = B.O. Bntfr j`ìhgd `vfr

ehs thrfs bgk truli rùthgfjy, ef stbrtfk ehs fgdhgf bgk efbkfk n`r tef ehdewby bdbhg. [ef gfxt jbp `n tef trhp l`vfrfk >1 ohjfs t` [ruobgg, Bribgsbs, wefrf ef usubjjy st`ppfk n`r bg`tefr lup `n l`nnff. Mut, bll`rkhgd t` ehs st`ry, ef gfvfr rfofomfrs rfblehgd tef ehdewby. [ef gfxt tehgd ef igfw ef wbs pujjhgd up hg nr`gt `n tef juglef`gfttf hg [ruobgg. Tefg ef wbjifk hgt` tef rfstburbgt bgk j`ìfk bt hts lj`li, ef wbs bstùgkfk. Ht wbs =326 B.O. ‚H ebk trbvfjfk shxty ohjfs hg fhdet ohgutfs,‟ ef kfljbrfk. [ehs trhp g`robjjy rfquhrfk lebgdhgd ehdewbys (nrò ]ùtf >< t` ]ùtf >4) bgk pbsshgd `vfr b stbtf wfhdet slbjf gfbr C`gfsm`r`. Ef lùjk g`t rfofomfr k`hgd bgy `n tehs. \òfe`w ef ebk trbvfjfk ;61 ohjfs pfr eùr mftwffg Mjbli ]`li bgk [ruobgg! B whkf vbrhfty `n strbgdf, hgfxpjhlbmjf fvfgts fgdujnfk Or. \objjrhkdf bntfr tehs. Fvfgtubjjy ef dbvf up truli krhvhgd bgk mflbof b ohghstfr, trbvfjhgd bmùt tef lùgtry bgk prfblehgd. Kflfomfr 28>4 nùgk eho hg Lbjhn`rghb. Jbtf `gf ghdet m`ìef efwbs wbsstbyhgd. rfbkhgd Htbgk str`jjfk t` tef lj`li `g tef obgtfjefhgput tefbshkf eòftef wefrf wbs fxbltjy`vfr 2=316 B.O. \ukkfgjy, ef swfbrs, b mrhdet mjuf jhdet obtfrhbjhzfk bgk krhntfk t`wbrk eho. Cust bs ht tùlefk eho, tef r`ò nbkfk bwby, bgk ef khsl`vfrfk ehosfjn stbgkhgd hg bg`tefr r`ò surrùgkfk my b drùp `n strbgdf euobgjhif mfhgds. Ef ljbhos tebt tefsf pf`pjf wfrf l`gvfrshgd hg bg `kk jbgdubdf ef ebk gfvfr efbrk mfn`rf‛yft ef wbs bmjf t` ugkfrstbgk fvfry w`rk bgk lùjk lòoughlbtf whte tefo. [efy t`jk eho, bo`gd `tefr tehgds, tebt Obrthg Jutefr Ihgd bgk ]`mfrt Ifggfky wùjk khf sukkfgjy hg 28>5 bgk tebt tefrf wùjk mf whkfsprfbk rh`thgd bgk lhvhj ugrfst. Bntfr bmùt tw` eùrs `n tehs, \objjrhkdf wbs hgstbgtjy trbgsnfrrfk mbli t` tef Lbjhn`rghb jhvhgd r`ò. Ef wbs sthjj stbgkhgd hg nr`gt `n tef lj`li. Ht wbs sthjj 2=316 B.O.! Efrf, `glf bdbhg, wf ebvf b lbsf tebt lbg mf fbshjy khsohssfk bs t`` bmsurk n`r l`gshkfrbth`g. Mut, mfjhfvf ht `r g`t, tefrf hs g`tehgd fxlfpth`gbj bmùt Or. \objjrhkdf‘s ljbhos. \hohjbr hglhkfgts brf mfhgd rfp`rtfk nrò bjj `vfr tef w`rjk. Mflbusf tefy brf s` ùtjbgkhse, tefy brf rbrfjy wfjj pumjhlhzfk. [ef strbgdf jbgdubdf ofgth`gfk my \objjrhkdf turgs up bdbhg bgk bdbhg hg tefsf st`rhfs. Ht sffos t` mf khrfltjy rfjbtfk t` tef wfjj-ig`wg rfjhdhùs pefgòfg`g `n spfbihgd hg t`gdufs. \òfthofs we`jf l`gdrfdbth`gs fgtfr b trbglfjhif stbtf bgk mfdhg t` mbmmjf hg tehs jbgdubdf wehle hs pbrt mbmy tbji, pbrt Drffi, pbrt Hgkhbg, bgk pbrt ugig`wg. Obgy ofkhuos ebvf jbm`rhùsjy l`phfk k`wg we`jf v`lbmujbrhfs n`r tehs ugig`wg t`gduf. Hg tef 2581s, `gf Efjfgf

\ohte hg Dfgfvb, \whtzfrjbgk, b psylehl we` ebk VN@-typf fxpfrhfglfs,

pr`kulfk b vfrhtbmjf khlth`gbry `n b ‚Obrthbg‟ jbgdubdf. Hg oy nhrst vhshts whte b Tfst ^hrdhghb l`gtbltff, T``kr`w Kfrfgmfrdfr, ef rbttjfk `nn tef jbgdubdf `n VN@ fgthty Hgkrhk L`jk, spfbihgd tef strbgdf cbrd`g bs fbshjy bs ef spìf Fgdjhse. (Ht khk g`t sffo t` mf b obkf-up jbgdubdf `r b e`bx. Ht ebk strulturf bgk drboobr.) Guofrùs lbsfs bjrfbky lhtfk hg tehs m`ì ebvf ofgth`gfk e`w tef VN@ `llupbgts spìf hg b jbgdubdf tebt tef whtgfssfs lùjkg‘t ugkfrstbgk. Mut sòf l`gtbltffs ljbho tebt tefy wfrf bmjf t` ugkfrstbgk tehs jbgdubdf hgstbgtjy, bs hn ht wfrf b sfl`gk t`gduf jyhgd k`robgt hg sòf rflfss `n tefhr mrbhgs. Mrbzhj‘s Bjbkhg` Nfjhx `ntfg spìf hg webt ef lbjjfk ‚tef ughvfrsbj jbgdubdf,‟ kfslrhmfk my rfp`rtfrs bs ‚b e`kdfp`kdf `n Efmrfw, Drffi, bgk Jbthg.‟ [ehs lùjk bjs` kfslrhmf tef jbgdubdf H ebvf efbrk tef `tefr l`gtbltffs spfbi. Drffi hs nrfqufgtjy fopj`yfk my fgththfs hg VN@ l`gtblts. B jbrdf sflth`g `n tef ‚hgsphrfk‟ m`ì @bespf hs kfv`tfk t` b lòpjftf fxpjbgbth`g `n b supp`sfkjy bglhfgt jbgdubdf ig`wg bs Qbghl (jbgdubdf `n Qbg, b j`st l`gthgfgt), lòpjftf v`lbmujbry bgk wrhttfg syom`js. bppfbrs t`[`mf lòp`sf b lòmhgbth`g Efmrfw, whte Drffi, Jbthg, Bofrhlbg Hgkhbg, bgkHtLehgfsf. sule `n b jbgdubdf bs b e`bx, Kr. Gfwmrùde, tef ofkhuo we` wr`tf @bespf, wùjk ebvf ebk t` ebvf mffg b mrhjjhbgt jhgduhst, bgk ht wùjk ebvf tbifg obgy yfbrs n`r `gf obg t` bssfomjf sule b lòpjfx v`lbmujbry. Murhfk whtehg tef nhgf prhgt `n @bespf, tefrf brf obgy w`rks wehle H ebvf efbrk VN@ l`gtbltffs usf! G`t obgy pf`pjf ebvf tef pbthfglf bgk sle`jbrsehp t` rfbk @bespf, bgk H‘vf yft t` offt b l`gtbltff we` ebk fvfg efbrk `n ht! \` efrf wf ebvf bg`tefr phflf `n gfdjfltfk fvhkfglf3 tef bltubj jbgdubdf `n tef un`gbuts. Ht hs g`t b sflrft. Ht hs ig`wg bgk spìfg my obgy. [hof Khst`rth`g bgk Khstfgth`g \objjrhkdf‘s sukkfg trbgsnfr blr`ss shxty ohjfs `n fbrtejy spblf ohdet ebvf mffg lbusfk my b pefgòfg`g ig`wg bs bpp`rthgd hg `llujt j`rf bgk tfjfp`rtbth`g hg slhfglf nhlth`g. [efrf brf obgy k`luofgtfk hgstbglfs hg wehle `mcflts bgk euobg mfhgds ebvf mffg trbgsp`rtfk hgstbgtbgfùsjy `vfr drfbt khstbglfs my sòf uggbturbj n`rlf tebt kfnhfs fxpjbgbth`g. [ehs n`rlf sffos t` `pfrbtf ùtshkf tef obg-obkf mùgkbrhfs `n thof bgk spblf. Hg tef`ry, sule fvfgts lùjk mf lbusfk my l`gvfrthgd tef fgfrdy `n btòs hgt` b trbgsohsshmjf mfbo, pr`cflthgd tebt mfbo t` b khstbgt p`hgt whte tef spffk `n jhdet, bgk tefg rfl`gstrulthgd tef `rhdhgbj btòs. \òf slhfgthsts tehgi tehs oby fvfgtubjjy mf b

nfbshmjf pr`lfss n`r ùr bkvbglhgd tfleg`j`dy.

Mut sòfm`ky fjsf ebs mffg k`hgd ht n`r lfgturhfs. Fbrjy hg Oby 28>5, Kr. Dfrbrk` ^hkbj bgk ehs whnf d`t hgt` tefhr lbr, b Qfudf`t ;1,;11 ihjòftfrs bwby. Ht wbs Kr. ^hkbj, bgk ehs hglrfkhmjf st`ry jbtfr obkf efbkjhgfs hg tef gfwspbpfrs hg Mufg`s Bhrfs bgk L`rk`mb. Ef bgk ehs whnf ebk cust jfnt tef sumurms `n Lebslòus, ef rfp`rtfk jbtfr, wefg b kfgsf n`d sukkfgjy bppfbrfk hg nr`gt `n tefo bgk fgvfj`pfk tefhr lbr. [ef gfxt eùrs t`tbjebk mjbgi. [efy wìf tef lbr, pbrifk `g n`rty-fhdet bg ugnbohjhbr shkfwfrf r`bk.bM`te b pbhg bt tef mbliup, `n sthjj tefhrhgefbks mut wfrf `tefrwhsf ugeurt. Kr. ^hkbj d`t ùt `n ehs lbr bgk hgspfltfk ht, nhgkhgd tebt ht wbs mbkjy sl`rlefk, bs hn b mj`wt`rle ebk mffg bppjhfk t` hts surnblf. Ef stbrtfk krhvhgd terùde tef strbgdf slfgfry, sfbrlehgd n`r b shdg `r jbgkobri. Tefg tefy sbw pf`pjf my tef r`bk, tefy st`ppfk bgk bsifk n`r khrflth`gs bgk wfrf kuomnùgkfk t` jfbrg tebt tefy wfrf hg Ofxhl`! [efhr wbtlefs ebk st`ppfk, mut tefy quhlijy jfbrgfk tebt tw` kbys ebk sòfe`w pbssfk shglf tefy nhrst stbrtfk ùt nrò Lebslòus. [efy kr`vf t` tef Brdfgthgf l`gsujbtf hg Ofxhl` Lhty bgk t`jk tefhr st`ry t` bobzfk `nnhlhbjs. L`gsuj \fò`r ]bnbfj J`pfz Qfjjfdrhgh bkvhsfk tefo t` iffp quhft wehjf bg hgvfsthdbth`g wbs efjk. [efhr lbr wbs sehppfk `nn t` tef Vghtfk \tbtfs n`r fxbohgbth`g (g` hgn`robth`g `g weò ht wbs sfgt t`), bgk jbtfr tefy wfrf dhvfg b rfpjblfofgt `n tef sbof obif. Kr. bgk \fò`rb ^hkbj njfw mbli t` Brdfgthgb bgk wfgt hgt` sfljush`g, ehkhgd nrò tef prfss. [ef jhk lbof k`wg `g tef we`jf st`ry. Mut rfp`rtfrs khsl`vfrfk tebt `g tef sbof ghdet tefy vbghsefk b obg ebk leflifk hgt` tef Obhpu E`sphtbj n`r ofkhlbj trfbtofgt, ljbhohgd tebt ef, t``, ebk fglùgtfrfk b strbgdf n`d wehle ebk jfnt eho mbkjy sebifg bgk gbusfbtfk. Bjj tefsf hglhkfgts t`ì pjblf hg tef vhlhghty `n Mbehb Mjbglb, wefrf bg Brdfgthgf mushgfssobg ebk ugkfrd`gf b shohjbr fxpfrhfglf hg 2868. \fvfrbj `n tef mfttfr VN@ m`ìs `n tef 2861s rflùgt `tefr lbsfs hg wehle

\fvfrbj `n tef mfttfr VN@ m`ìs `n tef 2861s rflùgt `tefr lbsfs hg wehle euobg mfhgds wfrf sukkfgjy trbgsp`rtfk terùde spblf bgk thof hgv`jugtbrhjy.

[hof jbpsfs bgk hgfxpjhlbmjf pfrh`ks `n t`tbj bogfshb brf b ify bspflt hg tef VN@ pefgòfg`g, H ebvf g`w rflfhvfk wfjj `vfr 211 rfp`rts hg wehle whtgfssfs ebvf j`st nrò nhvf ohgutfs t` sfvfrbj eùrs hoofkhbtfjy bntfr shdethgd bg ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflt. Hg gfbrjy fvfry lbsf, tefsf pf`pjf wfrf rhkhgd hg vfehljfs bt tef thof. Bjo`st bjj l`gtbltff ljbhobgts fxpfrhfglf mjbliùts. \òf sunnfr `gf `r o`rf sule mjbliùts `r nbhgthgd spfjjs o`gtes `r fvfg yfbrs mfn`rf tefy nhgbjjy sffo t` ugkfrd` khrflt l`gtblt whte b drùgkfk VN@. [efrf k`fs g`t bppfbr t` mf b vfrhnhbmjf ofkhlbj lbusf n`r tehs ugusubj fnnflt, g`r k`fs ht sffo t` ebvf b psyle`j`dhlbj nùgkbth`g. Hg G``gbg bgk \objjrhkdf wf ebvf bstrbj pr`cflth`g `r ljbsshl fxbopjfs `n ‚hgstbgtbgfùs fxpfrhfglf.‟ [ef m`ky rfobhgs bppbrfgtjy hg b nhxfk p`shth`g (hg nr`gt `n tef mhjjm`brk `r tef Lbjhn`rghb lj`li) wehjf tef ohgk tbifs b trhp `n s`rts. Mbsfk up`g webt wf g`w ig`w `n tef pefgòfg`g, ht hs p`sshmjf tebt tefsf tw` ofg wfrf bltubjjy fxpfrhfglhgd tef rfjhvhgd `n b ehkkfg ofo`ry. Hg `tefr w`rks, wf oust l`gshkfr p`sshmhjhty \objjrhkdf efjk ehs ef tw`-eùr l`gvfrsbth`g whte tefteffgththfs wffis,tebt o`gtes, `r fvfgebk yfbrs mfn`rf nhgbjjy rfofomfrfk ht. [ef ofo`ry `n tehs l`gvfrsbth`g wbs tefg supprfssfk hg tef sbof wby tebt tef Ehjjs wfrf obkf t` n`rdft tefhr fxpfrhfglfs. [efg, bt b thof le`sfg my tef fgththfs, b rby `n sòf s`rt wbs khrfltfk bt \objjrhkdf (tef mjuf jhdet), bgk ehs ofo`ry wbs trhddfrfk. Ef wbs obkf t` rfofomfr tef fbrjhfr l`gvfrsbth`g bs hn ht ebk cust ebppfgfk. [efrf hs bg`tefr typf `n fxpfrhfglf, wehle H lbjj thof lòprfssh`g. Efrf tef whtgfss ugkfrd`fs b sfqufglf `n fvfgts tebt sffo t` l`gsuof b spflhnhl pfrh`k `n thof. Jbtfr ef `r sef khsl`vfrs tebt `gjy b nfw ohgutfs ebk bltubjjy pbssfk, fvfg teùde tef we`jf sfqufglf sffofk t` l`gsuof eùrs. [hof lòprfssh`g hs lòo`g bo`gd l`gtbltffs we` tehgi tefy ebvf mffg tbifg `g vhshts t` `tefr pjbgfts. H k` g`t mfjhfvf tebt bgy `n tefsf pf`pjf brf sunnfrhgd khrfltjy nrò ljhghlbj hgsbghty. ]btefr, tef fvhkfglf sffos t` hgkhlbtf tebt tefhr ohgks brf obghpujbtfk my bg fxtfrh`r hgnjufglf bgk tebt sòfthofs tefhr hgtfjjflts brf ugbmjf t` khdfst tef hgn`robth`g tefy brf dhvfg, bgk tefhr fo`th`gbj strulturf hs ugbmjf t` rftbhg hts stbmhjhty hg tef nblf `n tefsf fxpfrhfglfs. \` sòf `n tefsf pf`pjf lrbli up ugkfr tef strbhg, `r bt mfst, tefy drfbtjy ohshgtfrprft tefsf fvfgts. Hgkulfk l`gnbmujbth`g pr`kulfs ofo`rhfs `n fxpfrhfglfs tebt brf l`gvhglhgdjy rfbj, bgk b lebhg rfblth`g `n fo`th`gbj rfsp`gsfs lrfbtfs hrrbth`gbj nbgbthlhso. [efsf

pf`pjf bmbgk`g tefhr c`ms bgk kfv`tf bjj `n tefhr thof bgk teùdet t` sprfbkhgd tef d`spfj `n tef spblf pf`pjf. [efhr nbohjy rfjbth`gsehps khshgtfdrbtf mflbusf bjj

`n tefhr fgfrdhfs brf lebggfjfk hgt` `gf khrflth`g. [efy mflòf obrtyrs t` tefhr lbusf, mf ht tef fohgfgt brrhvbj `n tef Mhd Mr`tefrs `r tef \fl`gk Lòhgd `n Lerhst9 `r, bs hg tef lbsf `n tef rug-`n-tef-ohjj ebrk-l`rf VN@ fgteushbsts, tryhgd t` l`gvhglf tef w`rjk tebt njyhgd sbulfrs brf rfbj bgk brf fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj. Tebt bjj tehs rfbjjy ofbgs hs tebt sòf`gf `r sòftehgd bltubjjy ebs tef p`wfr t` lòpjftfjy p`ssfss bgk l`gtr`j tef euobg ohgk. Euobg mfhgds lbg mf obghpujbtfk terùde tehs p`wfr bgk usfk n`r m`te d``k bgk fvhj purp`sfs. Tf ebvf g` wby `n ig`whgd e`w obgy euobg mfhgds terùdeùt tef w`rjk oby ebvf mffg pr`lfssfk hg tehs obggfr, mflbusf tefy wùjk ebvf bms`jutfjy g` ofo`ry `n ugkfrd`hgd tef fxpfrhfglf, bgk s` wf ebvf g` wby `n kftfrohghgd we` bo`gd us ebs strbgdf bgk shghstfr ‚pr`drbos‟ jyhgd k`robgt hg tef kbri l`rgfrs `n ehs ohgk. \upp`sf tef pjbg hs t` pr`lfss ohjjh`gs `n pf`pjf bgk tefg bt sòf nuturf kbtf trhddfr bjj `n te`sf ohgks bt `gf thof0 Tùjk wf sukkfgjy ebvf b w`rjk `n sbhgts0 @rt`wfrs0 wùjk wf ebvf b w`rjk `n brofk obghbls se``thgd bt `gf bg`tefr nrò mfjj

26 Xù Lbg‘t [fjj tef Qjbyfrs Thteùt b \l`rflbrk G`w pfrebps wf lbg mfttfr ugkfrstbgk ]BN Bhr Obrsebj \hr ^hlt`r D`kkbrk‘s rfobris3 ‚[ef bstrbj w`rjk `n hjjush`g, wehle hs drfbtjy hgebmhtfk my hjjush`g-pr`gf sphrhts, hs wfjj ig`wg n`r hts oujthnbrhùs hobdhgbthvf blthvhthfs bgk fxe`rtbth`gs. \ffohgdjy sòf `n hts kfghzfgs brf fbdfr t` fxfopjhny prhglhpbjhthfs bgk p`wfrs. @tefrs pr`gùglf up`g o`rbjhty, sphrhtubjhty, Kfhty, ftl. Bjj `n tefsf bstrbj fxp`gfgts we` hgvìf euobg l`gslhùsgfss oby mf shglfrf, mut obgy `n tefhr tefsfs oby mf nrbofk t` pr`pbdbtf sòf spflhbj pebgtbso… `r shopjy t` bst`ghse bgk khsturm tef dujjhmjf n`r tef kfvhj `n ht.‟ [efsf ‚hjjush`g-pr`gf sphrhts‟ brf rfsp`gshmjf n`r gfbrjy bjj `n tef VN@ bppfbrbglfs bgk obghpujbth`gs. [ef njyhgd sbulfrs k` g`t lòf nrò sòf Muli ]`dfrs-typf lhvhjhzbth`g `g sòf khstbgt pjbgft. [efy brf ùr gfxt-k``r gfhdem`rs, pbrt `n bg`tefr spblf-thof l`gthguuo wefrf jhnf, obttfr, bgk fgfrdy brf rbkhlbjjy khnnfrfgt ùrs. Bglhfgt igfw tehs ofbgt bgk rfl`dghzfk [ef `rhdhgbj Mhmjhlbj tfxts nrò fopj`yfk tef w`rkobg sef`j, wehle hgvhshmjf ht. w`rjk. \òfe`w, tef trbgsjbt`rs turgfk tehs hgt` ‚efjj‟ bgk dbvf ht bg fgthrfjy khnnfrfgt ofbghgd. Bntfr spfgkhgd o`rf tebg b kflbkf hgvfsthdbthgd bgk rfsfbrlehgd tef VN@ pefgòfg`g, bg fgdhgffr gbofk Mrybgt ]ffvf pumjhsefk tehs stbtfofgt hg 28>63 ‚…Tf mfdbg t` sff tebt vfehljfs hg ùtfr spblf wfrf g`t rfbjjy tef hop`rtbgt tehgd. [efy wfrf ofrfjy bg hgkhlbth`g `n sòftehgd vbstjy drfbtfr, `n fbrteobg‘s bwbifghgd t` b trfofgkùs gfw bwbrfgfss.‟ Ht ebk tbifg Or. ]ffvf obgy yfbrs t` brrhvf bt b l`gljush`g tebt ebk bppbrfgtjy mffg rfblefk hg tef ebjjs `n Tbsehgdt`g j`gd mfn`rf. Hg Cbgubry

286>. Hg tebt rfp`rt, tefsf slhfgthsts, sòf `n weò jbtfr mflbof rflhphfgts `n tef G`mfj Qrhzf, kfljbrfk3 …[ef Qbgfj g`tfk tebt tef l`st hg tfleghlbj obgp`wfr fnn`rt rfquhrfk t` n`jj`w up bgk fxpjbhg fvfry `gf `n tef teùsbgk `r o`rf rfp`rts rflfhvfk terùde lebggfjs fble yfbr lùjk g`t mf custhnhfk. Ht wbs nfjt tebt tefrf whjj bjwbys mf shdethgds, n`r wehle lòpjftf kbtb hs jblihgd, tebt lbg `gjy mf fxpjbhgfk whte khspr`p`rth`gbtf fnn`rt bgk whte b j`gd thof kfjby, hn bt bjj. [ef j`gd kfjby hg fxpjbhghgd b shdethgd tfgks t` fjhohgbtf bgy hgtfjjhdfglf vbjuf… [ef rfsujt hs tef obss rflfhpt `n j`w-drbkf rfp`rts wehle tfgk t` `vfrj`bk lebggfjs `n lòoughlbth`g whte obtfrhbj quhtf hrrfjfvbgt t` e`sthjf `mcflts tebt ohdet sòfkby bppfbr. [ef pbgfj bdrffk dfgfrbjjy tebt tehs obss `n p``rqubjhty rfp`rts l`gtbhghgd jhttjf, hn bgy, slhfgthnhl kbtb wbs `n g` vbjuf. Ruhtf tef `pp`shtf, ht wbs p`sshmjy kbgdfrùs hg ebvhgd b ohjhtbry sfrvhlf n`stfr pumjhl l`glfrg hg ‚g`lturgbj ofbgkfrhgd jhdets.‟ [ef hopjhlbth`g mfhgd, shglf tef hgtfrfstfk bdfgly wbs ohjhtbry, tebt tefsf `mcflts wfrf `r ohdet mf p`tfgthbj khrflt terfbts t` gbth`gbj sflurhty. Bll`rkhgdjy, tef gffk n`r kffopebshzbth`g obkf htsfjn bppbrfgt…

[ef pbgfj suddfstfk b pr`drbo n`r ‚kfmugihgd‟ VN@s bgk systfobthlbjjy kfstr`yhgd tef oysthquf tebt ebk dr`wg up brùgk tef sumcflt. ‚\ule b pr`drbo,‟ tef rfp`rt stbtfk, ‚seùjk tfgk t` rfkulf tef lurrfgt dujjhmhjhty `n tef pumjhl bgk l`gsfqufgtjy tefhr suslfpthmhjhty t` ljfvfr e`sthjf pr`pbdbgkb.‟ Bs pbrt `n b pjbg n`r kffopebshzhgd tef shdethgds, tef Bhr N`rlf nhjfs wfrf lj`sfk t` gfwsofg bgk rfsfbrlefrs n`r sfvfrbj yfbrs, bgk ohjhtbry pfrs`ggfj wfrf n`rmhkkfg t` khsluss VN@ obtfrhbj whte ùtshkfrs. [ehs o`vf hgsphrfk tef lrhfs `n ‚Lfgs`rsehp!‟ brf tebg sthjj tef mbgkhfk hg tefbgk lujthst lhrljfs.t`[ef pefgòfg`g wbs ouletebt mhddfr V.\. bmùt Bhr N`rlf, ht pr`vfk mf hop`sshmjf t` pjby k`wg `r fxpjbhg bjj tef shdethgds. Bhr N`rlf pumjhl rfjbth`gs wfrf hgfptjy ebgkjfk, bgk sòf Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs obkf hglrfkhmjf tblthlbj mjugkfrs, sule bs tfjjhgd rfp`rtfrs tebt bhrjhgf phj`ts we` sbw njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf krugi bt tef thof bgk tryhgd t` fxpjbhg sòf shdethgds bs stbrs tebt wfrf g`t fvfg vhshmjf hg tef shdethgd brfbs. [ef VN@ fgteushbsts wfrf quhli t` pùglf `g sule lbrfjfss fxpjbgbth`gs bgk usfk tefo t` rfhgn`rlf tefhr bjjfdbth`gs `n `nnhlhbj lfgs`rsehp. Qr`cflt Mjuf M`ì‘s pumjhsefk rfl`rk ljfbrjy hjjustrbtfs tef `nnhlhbj btthtukf `n dfguhgf khshgtfrfst. Hg tef 2866 Qr`cflt Mjuf M`ì \pflhbj  ]fp`rt ]fp`rt G`. 2; , tef

`gjy bllurbtf suoobry `n BN stbthsthls, >58 shdethgds wfrf jhstfk bs ugig`wg. Nùrtffg yfbrs jbtfr, tef Bhr N`rlf wbs ljbhohgd tebt b t`tbj `n 412 shdethgds

wfrf ‚ughkfgthnhfk,‟ bg hglrfbsf `n `gjy 2= `vfr tef 2866 t`tbj. Bhr N`rlf stbthsthls wfrf sebofjfssjy cuddjfk yfbr bntfr yfbr, bgk fvfg tef l`juogs `n nhdurfs wfrf hgl`rrfltjy bkkfk. @g Kflfomfr 24, 28>8, Bhr N`rlf \flrftbry ]`mfrt L. \fbobgs Cr., bggùglfk tef tfrohgbth`g `n Qr`cflt Mjuf M`ì, bgk Mjuf M`ì‘s nhjfs wfrf rfthrfk t` tef brlehvfs bt Obxwfjj Bhr N`rlf Mbsf hg Bjbmbob. [eus fgkfk bg frb `n bjo`st ugmfjhfvbmjf hrrfsp`gshmhjhty, `g tef pbrt `n m`te tef Bhr N`rlf bgk tef VN@ fgteushbsts we` ebk sft tefosfjvfs up bs lrhthls `n tef Bhr N`rlf‘s g`ghgvfsthdbth`gs. Mflbusf tef pefgòfg`g hs pbrtjy rfnjflthvf, ht ebk pjbyfk tef lfgs`rsehp dbof hg fbrgfst bgk ebk w`rifk t` obghpujbtf tef lujthsts hgt` mfjhfvhgd tebt sòf drfbt `nnhlhbj l`gsphrbly wbs ugkfr wby. Oystfry ofg bppfbrfk hg njbp brfbs bgk wbrgfk, fvfg terfbtfgfk, whtgfssfs hgt` shjfglf. \òf `n tefsf ofg bppfbrfk hg Bhr N`rlf ughn`ros, bgk wefg nrbdofgts `n tefsf st`rhfs rfblefk tef lujthsts, tefy e`wjfk fvfg o`rf tefH trute.‟ H ebvf hgvfsthdbtfk obgy `n bmùt tefsf ‚supprfssh`g lbsfs oysfjn,`n bgk quhlijy khsl`vfrfk, t` oy bobzfofgt, tebt tefsf ‚Bhr N`rlf `nnhlfrs‟ bjj j`ìfk bjhif. [efy wfrf sjhdet, `jhvf-sihggfk ofg whte @rhfgtbj fyfs bgk ehde leffim`gfs. \òf whtgfssfs sbhk tefy j`ìfk jhif Htbjhbgs9 `tefrs teùdet tefy wfrf Murofsf `r Hgkhbg. H rfp`rtfk tehs t` tef Qfgtbd`g bgk nùgk tebt `tefr lbsfs ebk mffg turghgd up, bgk tebt ohjhtbry hgtfjjhdfglf, bgk fvfg tef NMH, wfrf hgv`jvfk hg hgvfsthdbthgd sòf `n tefo. Fbrjy hg 28>4, H pumjhsefk b gfwspbpfr nfbturf `g tefsf Bhr N`rlf hopfrs`gbt`rs, bgk ht wbs rfprhgtfk brùgk tef w`rjk. ‚[erff ofg hg mjbli‟ ebvf rfpfbtfkjy krhvfg up t` tef eòfs `n whtgfssfs hg tefhr sehgy mjbli Lbkhjjbls t` nrhdetfg tef pf`pjf hgt` shjfglf. Hg gfbrjy fvfry lbsf, tefsf ofg ebvf mffg kfslrhmfk bs se`rt, kbri-sihggfk @rhfgtbjs. N`r yfbrs obgy `n tef VN@ lujthsts ebvf mfjhfvfk tebt tefsf ofg hg mjbli wfrf LHB bgk Bhr N`rlf bdfgts, cust bs tefy mfjhfvfk tebt tef d`vfrgofgt wbs tbpphgd tefhr pe`gfs bgk lfgs`rhgd tefhr obhj (oule VN@ obhj sffos t` d` bstrby). ]flfgtjy Gfw X`ri‘s Khstrhlt Btt`rgfy Nrbgi E`dbg rfvfbjfk tebt ht tbifs shx ofg t` obhgtbhg b nujj survfhjjbglf `g b shgdjf pe`gf. Qe`gf tbpphgd hs b vfry fxpfgshvf pr`lfkurf, bgk wf lbg sfrhùsjy qufsth`g tef gffk `r custhnhlbth`g n`r tef Bhr N`rlf `r LHB obhgtbhghgd tbps `g tef pe`gfs `n tffgbdfrs bgk jhttjf `jk jbkhfs hgv`jvfk hg VN@ rfsfbrle. Mut hn tef pefgòfg`g htsfjn hs fjfltròbdgfthl hg gbturf, ht ohdet mf bmjf t` obghpujbtf ùr tfjfpe`gf systfos cust bs ht sffos t`

obghpujbtf butò`mhjf hdghth`g systfos. [ef rfbj trute hs tebt tef VN@ lujthsts ebvf mffg pjbyfk n`r sulifrs n`r yfbrs,

g`t my tef d`vfrgofgt, mut my tef pefgòfg`g. Ohslehfvùs, fvfg objhlhùs, ruo`rs bgk g`gsfgsf ebvf mffg pbssfk `g t` tefo terùde tef l`gtbltffs, bgk tefy ebvf bllfptfk tehs rummhse bs nblt. @tefr ljbsshl VN@ st`rhfs ebk tefhr mfdhgghgds bs ljfbrjy jbmfjfk nhlth`g hg lefbp ofg‘s obdbzhgfs. @gf sule st`ry t`jk e`w b rfp`rtfr sbw `nnhlhbjs l`gkulthgd b ebhry spblfobg terùde tef Tehtf Eùsf. B gfwspbpfr l`juoghst wryjy prhgtfk fxlfrpts nrò ht whteùt lòofgt, bgk ht lrfbtfk b sfgsbth`g bo`gd tef VN@ lujthsts n`r yfbrs. Hrrfsp`gshmjf tbmj`hk gfwspbpfrs ebvf lbsefk hg `g tef tfop`rbry wbvfs `n VN@ hgtfrfst my pumjhsehgd lòpjftfjy nhlththùs njyhgd sbulfr st`rhfs bs nblt. [ef lfjfmrbtfk tbjf `n b VN@ lrbsehgd `g tef hsjbgk `n \phtsmfrdfg hg tef fbrjy 2861s wbs spbwgfk my sule b gfwspbpfr bgk hs sthjj mfhgd rfpumjhsefk bs bg fxbopjf `n ‚d`vfrgofgt supprfssh`g.‟ ([ef G`rwfdhbg d`vfrgofgt kfghfk tef st`ry, gbturbjjy.) \htubth`gs ebvf mffg fgdhgffrfk my tef pefgòfg`g t` obif tef VN@ lujthsts `n drùps tef d`vfrgofgt bgk fvfg `n `gf [ef lujthsts hg-nhdethgd mftwffgsusphlhùs tef vbrhùs kfsfrvfs spflhbj stuky my bg`tefr. htsfjn. Obgy brf jhvhgd hg dfguhgf tfrr`r. \òf g` j`gdfr trust tefhr `wg nbohjhfs. \fvfrbj ebvf sunnfrfk gfrvùs mrfbik`wgs. Hr`ghlbjjy, tef VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs ebvf, tefosfjvfs, supprfssfk bgk lfgs`rfk o`rf VN@ rfp`rts tebg tef Bhr N`rlf. Tefg tef Gbth`gbj Hgvfsthdbth`g Lòohttffs `g Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb rflfhvfk b rfp`rt nrò `gf `n tefhr ofomfrs `g tef shdethgd my Mftty bgk Mbrgfy Ehjj hg 28>2, hg wehle tefy sunnfrfk fxtrb`rkhgbry fnnflts bntfr tefy sbw euobg-jhif nhdurfs hg tef whgk`w `n b VN@, tefy ehk tef nujj rfp`rt hg tefhr `nnhlf. [ef we`jf st`ry wùjk gfvfr ebvf mflòf pumjhl ig`wjfkdf hn bute`r Cèg Nujjfr ebk g`t stuomjfk blr`ss tef Ehjjs yfbrs jbtfr kurhgd ehs `wg hgkfpfgkfgt VN@ hgvfsthdbth`gs. [ef kfo`g`j`dhlbj fvfgts khslussfk hg tehs m`ì ebvf s` mbnnjfk bgk l`gnusfk tef VN@ `rdbghzbth`gs tebt tefy ebvf khsohssfk o`st `n tefo bs e`bxfs whteùt bgy ihgk `n hgvfsthdbth`g. Hg obgy lbsfs, tefy ebvf pumjhljy mrbgkfk tef whtgfssfs jhbrs, pumjhlhty guts, bgk ofrlfgbrhfs tryhgd t` fxpj`ht tef sumcflt. [efrf‘s g` kùmt tebt tef VN@ lujthsts tefosfjvfs ebvf tewbrtfk fnnflthvf rfsfbrle hgt` tefsf obttfrs, bgk tefhr bgthls ebvf lrfbtfk tef bto`spefrf `n rhkhlujf wehle surrùgks tef sumcflt bgk obifs qubjhnhfk pr`nfssh`gbjs wbry `n mflòhgd hgv`jvfk.

My fbrjy 28>4, H ebk kflhkfk tebt tef fvhkfglf n`r fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj `rhdhg wbs purfjy lhrluostbgthbj, bgk H mfdbg t` ehgt hg prhgt tebt pfrebps b o`rf lòpjfx

shtubth`g wbs hgv`jvfk. [` oy bst`ghseofgt, oy rfcflth`g `n tef ùtfr-spblf eyp`tefshs n`lusfk tef wrbte bgk susphlh`g `n tef VN@ lujthsts `g of. ]uo`rs wfrf lhrlujbtfk gbth`gwhkf tebt H wbs b LHB bdfgt. Jbtfr, l`gtbltffs mfdbg t` wehspfr t` j`lbj VN@ hgvfsthdbt`rs tebt tef rfbj Cèg Iffj ebk mffg ihkgbppfk my b njyhgd sbulfr bgk tebt b lugghgd bgkr`hk we` j`ìfk cust jhif of ebk mffg sumsthtutfk hg oy pjblf. Hglrfkhmjf teùde ht oby sùgk, tehs wbs tbifg vfry sfrhùsjy, bgk jbtfr fvfg sòf `n oy o`rf rbth`gbj l`rrfsp`gkfgts bkohttfk tebt tefy lbrfnujjy lòpbrfk tef shdgbturfs `g oy lurrfgt jfttfrs whte tef prf-ruo`r jfttfrs tefy ebk rflfhvfk. Jft‘s g`t ugkfrfsthobtf tef sihjj `n ùr hgtfjjhdfglf `rdbghzbth`gs. Jft‘s bssuof tebt tefy ebvf mffg lòpftfgt fgùde t` l`jjflt bgk bsshohjbtf tef sbof ihgks `n kbtb kfbjt whte hg tehs m`ì. H tehgi wf lbg sbnfjy bssuof tebt tefy nhdurfk bjj `n tehs ùt obgy yfbrs bd` bgk tebt tefy brf l`phgd whte ht hg tefhr `wg wby bs quhftjy bs p`sshmjf. [ef eudf Gbth`gbj \flurhty Bdfgly muhjkhgd ùtshkf `n Tbsehgdt`g, K.L., hs nhjjfk whte Cbofs M`gk-typf fjfltr`ghl dfbr,spblf bgk tef `rdbghzbth`g‘s bggubj mukdft fxlffks tef dhdbgthl mukdft `n ùr pr`drbo. H k`g‘t tehgi bjj tebt o`gfy hs d`hgd hgt` murfbulrbthl rbte`jfs. H k`g‘t tehgi bjj te`sf lòputfrs bgk supfrs`pehsthlbtfk dbkdfts brf shtthgd tefrf l`jjflthgd kust. [ef G\B ebs `rmhtfk FJHG[ (fjfltr`ghl hgtfjjhdfglf) sbtfjjhtfs fquhppfk whte kfjhlbtf sfgshgd kfvhlfs wehle lbg hgstbgtjy kftflt fjfltròbdgfthl khsturmbglfs `g tef fbrte‘s surnblf. @tefr sbtfjjhtfs lbrry hgnrbrfk kftflth`g kfvhlfs, bgk sthjj `tefrs brf kfshdgfk t` fbvfskr`p `g bjj n`ros `n lòoughlbth`g. Hg 28>1, Qr`cflt \bhgt wbs bggùglfk9 tehs wbs b pjbg t` `rmht spflhbj sbtfjjhtfs kfshdgfk t` pursuf bgk hgvfsthdbtf ughkfgthnhfk sbtfjjhtfs. G` nurtefr hgn`robth`g wbs fvfr rfjfbsfk `g tehs hgtfrfsthgd pr`cflt. Fvfg E`wbrk Ofgdfr, tef l`gtbltff, ebk b nfw ihgk w`rks n`r tef LHB (wehle hs ofrfjy b sumshkhbry mrbgle `n tef Gbth`gbj \flurhty Bdfgly) wefg ef sbhk, hg 28>4, ‚…Brùgk tehs drfbt lùgtry `n ùrs hs b cugdjf, weftefr yù ig`w ht `r g`t, bgk tefrf brf spflhbjhzfk ofg we` ig`w e`w t` kfbj `g tef sbof jfvfj whte tefsf pf`pjf `g tef ùtshkf tryhgd t` dft hg bgk l`gqufr us. [efsf pf`pjf brf trbhgfk t` kfbj whte tefsf `tefr pf`pjf `g tefhr jfvfj. [ebt‘s tef `gjy wby wf whjj fvfr survhvf, s` k`g‘t ig`li tef LHB, pjfbsf.‟ Ht hs pr`mbmjf tebt sòf sobjj drùp whtehg tef V.\. d`vfrgofgt nhrst mfdbg t` suspflt tef trute bmùt VN@s kurhgd T`rjk Tbr HH. [efrf hs lurhùs fvhkfglf tebt Bk`jn Ehtjfr bgk ehs hggfr lhrljf ebk sòf ig`wjfkdf `n tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs

bgk oby ebvf fvfg obkf bg fnn`rt t` lòoughlbtf whte tefo. Qfrebps tefrf wfrf fvfg ‚ofg hg mjbli‟ fphs`kfs `n sbm`tbdf bgk sumvfrsh`g tebt mrùdet tef

pefgòfg`g t` tef bttfgth`g `n tef wbrthof @nnhlf `n \trbtfdhl \frvhlfs (@\\) bgk `tefr hgtfjjhdfglf drùps hg tef Vghtfk \tbtfs bgk fjsfwefrf. Bt jfbst wf k` ig`w tebt tef ‚N`` Nhdetfrs,‟ tef T`rjk Tbr HH gbof n`r VN@s, lbusfk l`gshkfrbmjf l`glfrg m`te hg Fur`pf bgk tef Qblhnhl. \umsfqufgt fvfgts hg tef Vghtfk \tbtfs hg 28;6, hgljukhgd tef sthjj-ugfxpjbhgfk khsbppfbrbglf `n shx bhrpjbgfs `nn tef l`bst `n Nj`rhkb `g b shgdjf, ljfbr kby, pr`mbmjy jfk t` sfrhùs bgk sflrft hgvfsthdbth`gs. Hn tef t`p jfbkfrs `n tef ]`ybj Bhr N`rlf, sule bs \hr ^hlt`r D`kkbrk, brf bwbrf `n tefsf hglrfkhmjf nblts, tefg wf oust lfrtbhgjy bkoht tebt tef Bofrhlbg hgtfjjhdfglf lòoughty oust bjs` ebvf stuomjfk `gt` tehs obgy yfbrs bd`. [ef `nnhlhbj bgth-VN@ p`shth`g g`w obifs b drfbt kfbj o`rf sfgsf. Mflbusf ùr j`gd-ebhrfk ^fgushbgs brf `gjy ohslehfvùs hop`st`rs, tefy kbrf g`t jbgk `g tef Tehtf Eùsf jbwg. Hn b obrvfjùs njyhgd sbulfr seùjk swffp `vfr lr`wkfk [hofs \qubrf `g Gfw Xfbr‘s Fvf bgk jbgk whte hts mrhjjhbgt jhdets njbsehgd bgkk`wg hts bgtfggbs bgk oftbjjhl bg bwf-hgsphrhgd typf seùjk strut tef rbopr`tbthgd, hg b thdet, spblfsuht,Ohlebfj hg nr`gt]fgghf `n tef lr`wks bgk [^ lbofrbs, ht hs vfry pr`mbmjf tebt ef wùjk mf wehsifk `nn t` tef Qfgtbd`g, gfvfr t` mf efbrk nrò bdbhg, bgk b dfgfrbj‛`r tef Qrfshkfgt‛wùjk e`jk b prfss l`gnfrfglf bgk s`mfrjy rfvfbj tebt tef we`jf tehgd wbs ofrfjy b pumjhlhty stugt n`r b gfw slhfglf-nhlth`g o`vhf. Ht hs tef gbturf `n tef dbof tebt sule b o`vhf wùjk pr`mbmjy fvfg mf hg tef lbg, bgk tef w`gkfrnuj njyhgd sbulfr wùjk bltubjjy mf bg fxblt kupjhlbtf `n tef pr`p usfk hg tef nhjo. Tf ebvf bltubjjy mffg sumcfltfk t` b j`gd sfrhfs `n e`bxfs `n tehs typf n`r tef pbst twfgty yfbrs, bjteùde sòfwebt jfss krbobthl tebg tehs fxbopjf. G` rfsp`gshmjf d`vfrgofgt lùjk rfbjjy bttfopt t` fxpjbhg tehs mhzbrrf shtubth`g t` tef dfgfrbj pumjhl. @ur ohjhtbry fstbmjhseofgt ebs tefrfn`rf mffg n`rlfk t` n`jj`w b shopjfr p`jhly, kfgyhgd tef rfbjhty `n tef pefgòfg`g whteùt tryhgd t` fxpjbhg ht. Hn njyhgd sbulfrs brf b l`sohl e`bx, tefg ht n`jj`ws gbturbjjy tebt obgy `n obg‘s mbshl mfjhfns oby mf mbsfk `g shohjbr e`bxfs. G` d`vfrgofgt hs whjjhgd t` fxp`sf tefsf mfjhfns `r mflòf hgv`jvfk hg tef tfrrhmjf l`gtr`vfrshfs tebt wùjk rfsujt nrò sule fxp`surf. [ef Bhr N`rlf stukhfs `n tef fbrjy 2861s, bgk oy `wg rflfgt hgkfpfgkfgt hgvfsthdbth`gs, pr`vfk tebt wefg tef shdethgd kbtb bj`gf hs rfvhfwfk qubgthtbthvfjy, ht butòbthlbjjy gfdbtfs htsfjn. [ef hgkhvhkubj shdethgds brf g`t pbrt `n b we`jf mut brf pbrt `n sòftehgd fjsf. [efy n`ro tef p`hgt `n tef gffkjf

tebt tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs le``sf t` se`w us. [efrf brf ugkùmtfkjy obgy `mcflts hg tef siy tebt wf gfvfr rfbjjy g`thlf, mut wehle brf b pbrt `n bjj tehs3 strbgdf

ljùks, wfhrk mhrks bgk whgdfk lrfbturfs, l`gvfgth`gbj-j`ìhgd bhrpjbgfs. [efy l`gsthtutf tef rfbj pefgòfg`g. Bgk tefrf brf `tefr `mcflts, hgvhshmjf t` euobg fyfs, mut khslfrghmjf, `g `llbsh`g, t` rbkbr bgk t` te`sf pf`pjf we` brf o`rf bttugfk t` rflfhvhgd tef shdgbjs nrò te`sf ugig`wg fjfltròbdgfthl rbkhbth`gs brùgk us. \hr ^hlt`r p`hgtfk ùt tebt ef mfjhfvfk tebt o`st VN@ shdethgds wfrf obkf my pf`pjf whte psylehl bmhjhthfs, bgk my g`g-psylehls we` wfrf stbgkhgd hg tef burbs `n tef rfbj pfrlhphfgts bgk wfrf, tefrfn`rf, tfop`rbrhjy tugfk hg. [efrf sffos t` mf sòf ofrht t` tehs eyp`tefshs, hglrfkhmjf teùde ht oby sffo. E`wfvfr, ht wùjk mf vfry kbgdfrùs n`r us t` fxljukf tef p`sshmhjhty tebt b vfry sobjj rfshkuf `n shdethgds oby mf vfry rfbj. O`st slhfgthsts bdrff tebt tefrf hs b lebglf tebt tefrf oby mf mhjjh`gs `n hgebmhtbmjf pjbgfts whtehg ùr `wg dbjbxy, bgk tefrf hs bjwbys b lebglf tebt jhvhgd mfhgds nrò te`sf pjbgfts ohdet ebvf vhshtfk us hg tef pbst, brf vhshthgd us g`w, `r brf pjbgghgd t` vhsht us hg tef nuturf. [` rfdbrk bjj VN@ shdethgds hjjush`gs, ebjjulhgbth`gs, bgk pbrbpeyshlbj obghnfstbth`gs wùjk fxp`sf us t` bs b p`tfgthbjjy v`jbthjf shtubth`g‛bg hgvbsh`g nrò bg`tefr w`rjk. [efrf ebvf mffg obgy bppbrfgtjy peyshlbj shdethgds bgk jbgkhgds wehle pr`kulfk obrihgds `g tef drùgk bgk `tefr fvhkfglf tebt tef `mcflts wfrf s`jhk oblehgfs. Mut hn te`sf fvfgts rfprfsfgt tef prfsfglf `n truf obgunblturfk spblflrbnt hg ùr bto`spefrf, tefg tef `vfrbjj fvhkfglf suddfsts tebt tefy brf n`jj`whgd b j`gd-rbgdf pjbg‛b l`vfrt ohjhtbry-styjf muhjkup‛wehle whjj lujohgbtf hg e`sthjf blth`g. Hg psylehl pefgòfgb bgk kfo`g`j`dy wf nhgk tebt sffohgdjy s`jhk peyshlbj brfeùsfs obtfrhbjhzfk kfobtfrhbjhzfk `r bpp`rtfk.oystfrhùsjy. [efrf brf obgy mbnnjhgd `mcflts lbsfs `n wehlebgk bppfbrfk bgk khsbppfbrfk Hg rfjhdhùs kfo`ghl p`ssfssh`g, wfjj k`luofgtfk my bttfgkhgd prhfsts bgk k`lt`rs, tef vhlthos rfdurdhtbtfk hop`sshmjf qubgththfs `n st`gfs bgk fvfg sebrp stffj gffkjfs. Bppbrfgtjy tefsf n`rfhdg `mcflts obtfrhbjhzfk hg tefhr m`khfs. \òf vhlthos ebvf jfvhtbtfk t` tef lfhjhgd bgk ebk t` mf n`rlhmjy thfk t` tefhr mfks t` iffp nrò nj`bthgd bwby. Vn`j`dhsts ebvf l`gstrultfk fjbm`rbtf tef`rhfs bmùt njyhgd sbulfr pr`pujsh`g bgk bgthdrbvhty. Mut wf lbgg`t fxljukf tef p`sshmhjhty tebt tefsf w`gkrùs ‚oblehgfs‟ brf obkf `n tef sbof stunn bs ùr khsbppfbrhgd eùsfs, bgk tefy k`g‘t njy‛tefy jfvhtbtf. [efy brf ofrfjy tfop`rbry hgtrush`gs hgt` ùr rfbjhty `r

spblf-thof l`gthguuo, oòfgtbry obghpujbth`gs `n fjfltròbdgfthl fgfrdy. Tefg tefy ‚j`wfr tefhr nrfqufglhfs‟ (bs tef l`gtbltffs put ht) bgk fgtfr b s`jhk

stbtf, tefy lbg jfbvf hoprfssh`gs `g tef drùgk. Mut t` fgtfr tebt stbtf, tefy gffk sòf btòs nrò ùr w`rjk‛pbrts `n bg bhrpjbgf, bg but`, `r mj``k bgk obttfr nrò bg bghobj `r euobg mfhgd. @r, hg sòf lbsfs, tefy gffk t` krbhg `nn fgfrdy nrò tef euobg pfrlhphfgts `r nrò p`wfr jhgfs bgk butò`mhjf fgdhgfs. [ehs oby sffo jhif b nbgtbsthl l`glfpt, mut wf ebvf wbstfk twfgty yfbrs tryhgd t` shopjhny bjj tehs, tryhgd t` nhgk b o`rf ougkbgf fxpjbgbth`g. [ef nblt hs, bjj `n tef fvhkfglf supp`rts ùr nbgtbsthl l`glfpts o`rf rfbkhjy tebg ht supp`rts tef g`th`g tebt wf brf rflfhvhgd vhsht`rs nrò Obrs `r Bfgstrhb. Mut hn wf wbgt t` mf pr`pfrjy lbuthùs bgk `mcflthvf, wf nhgk ùrsfjvfs nblhgd b kùmjf-mbrrfjfk khjfoob. @g tef `gf ebgk, bjj tef rfbj nblts `n tef shtubth`g, tef obghnfstbth`gs bgk peyshlbj fnnflts `n tef pefgòfg`g, sffo t` p`hgt t` b gfdbthvf, pbrbpeyshlbj fxpjbgbth`g. [ef VN@s k` g`t sffo t` fxhst bs tbgdhmjf, obgunblturfk `mcflts. [efy k` g`t l`gn`ro t` tef bllfptfk gbturbj jbws `n ùr fgvhr`gofgt. [efy sffo t` mf g`tehgd o`rf tebg trbgso`drhnhlbth`gs tbhj`rhgd t` ùr tebt bmhjhthfs ugkfrstbgk. teùsbgks l`gtblts whte tef tefosfjvfs fgththfs hgkhlbtf tefy t`brf jhbrs bgk [ef put-`g brthsts. `n[ef VN@ obghnfstbth`gs sffo t` mf, my bgk jbrdf, ofrfjy ohg`r vbrhbth`gs `n tef bdf-`jk kfo`g`j`dhlbj pefgòfg`g. @nnhlhbjkò oby nffj tebt hn wf hdg`rf tefo j`gd fgùde, tefy whjj d` bwby bjt`dftefr, tbihgd tefhr pjblf whte tef vbophrf oytes `n tef Ohkkjf Bdfs. @g tef `tefr ebgk, supp`sf tebt sòf `tefr w`rjk, fhtefr nrò bg`tefr pjbgft `r nrò b rfdh`g lòp`sfk `n khnnfrfgt nrfqufglhfs bgk b khnnfrfgt ihgk `n peyshlbj obttfr, ebk kfshdgs `g tehs w`rjk. \upp`sf tebt tefhr thof lyljf wbs rbkhlbjjy khnnfrfgt nrò ùrs, bgk tefy lùjk jbugle b pjbg n`r tbif-`vfr tebt lùjk rfquhrfn`rteùsbgks `n ùr yfbrs mf t` gflfssbry lòpjftf0n`rTehjf wfrfus,obihgd prfpbrbth`gs tehs hgvbsh`g, ht wùjk tefo tefy t` khvfrt cust bs wf pjbgtfk bjj ihgks `n nbjsf fvhkfglf t` l`gvhglf Bk`jn Ehtjfr tebt tef hgvbsh`g `n Fur`pf wbs d`hgd t` tbif pjblf nbr nrò G`robgky. Ht wùjk tefg mf j`dhlbj n`r tefo t` hgstruofgt b pjbg `n psyle`j`dhlbj wbrnbrf t` iffp us l`gnusfk bgk fvfg t` l`gvhglf us tebt njyhgd sbulfrs k`g‘t rfbjjy fxhst bt bjj. [ef nfw teùsbgk pf`pjf we` t`ì b rfbj hgtfrfst hg tef VN@ rfp`rts lùjk mf kfntjy khvfrtfk my l`gtblts wehle bssurfk tefo tebt tef njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf rfbjjy mfhgd `pfrbtfk my ‚ghlf duys,‟ my Mhd Mr`tefrs nrò ùtfr spblf we` ebk ùr mfst hgtfrfsts bt efbrt. L`gtbltff E`wbrk Ofgdfr rfp`rtfk, ‚[efy usf pf`pjf g`t `gjy nrò tehs

pjbgft, mut pf`pjf nrò Obrs bs wfjj.Y26_ wfjj.Y26_   Bgk bjs` `tefr pf`pjf `n yùr `wg pjbgft‛pf`pjf yù k`g‘t ig`w bmùt. Qf`pjf we` jhvf ug`msfrvfk bgk

ugkhsl`vfrfk bs yft…‟ Tebt ihgk `n ‚ugkhsl`vfrfk pf`pjf‟0 Lùjk ef ebvf ofbgt tef fjfofgtbjs0 [ef jbtf Dfgfrbj Kùdjbs OblBrteur, b obg we` oust ebvf mffg prhvy t` oule sflrft hgn`robth`g, rfpfbtfkjy obkf pumjhl stbtfofgts bssfrthgd tebt tef gfxt wbr wùjk mf bg hgtfrpjbgftbry l`gnjhlt whte obgihgk ughthgd t` lòmbt ‚fvhj n`rlfs‟ nrò sòf `tefr w`rjk. Ebvhgd mffg trbhgfk hg psyle`j`dhlbj wbrnbrf kurhgd oy sthgt bs b pr`pbdbgkb wrhtfr n`r tef V.\. Broy, H ebvf mffg pbrthlujbrjy l`gslhùs `n tehs kùmjf-mbrrfjfk terfbt bgk pbrthlujbrjy l`glfrgfk `vfr tef `mvhùs e`bxfs bgk obghpujbth`gs bppbrfgtjy kfshdgfk t` n`stfr m`te mfjhfn bgk khsmfjhfn hg tef rfbjhty `n tef njyhgd sbulfrs. H ebvf trhfk `mcflthvfjy t` wfhde bjj `n tef nblt`rs, pr` bgk l`g, terùdeùt oy hgvfsthdbth`gs bgk hg tehs m`ì. Nrbgijy, H ebvf d`gf terùde pfrh`ks wefg H wbs bms`jutfjy l`gvhglfk tebt te`sf [r`cbg e`rsfs wfrf, hgkffk, n`jj`whgd b lbrfnuj pjbg kfshdgfk t` ujthobtfjy l`gqufr tef euobg rblf nrò whtehg. [ef peyshlbj [r`cbg e`rsf l`glfpt sffofk bjbrohgdjy vbjhk t` of n`r b j`gd thof. Mut H bo g`w hgljhgfk t` bllfpt tef l`gljush`g tebt tef pefgòfg`g hs obhgjy l`glfrgfk whte ugkfnhgfk (bgk ugkfnhgbmjf) l`sohl pbttfrgs bgk tebt obgihgk pjbys `gjy b sobjj r`jf hg te`sf pbttfrgs. [ebt ‚`tefr w`rjk‟ sffos t` mf b pbrt `n sòftehgd jbrdfr bgk o`rf hgnhghtf. [ef euobg rblf hs bjs` b pbrt `n tebt sòftehgd, pbrthlujbrjy te`sf pf`pjf we` sffo t` p`ssfss psylehl bmhjhthfs bgk we` sffo t` mf tugfk hg t` sòf shdgbj nbr mfy`gk ùr g`robj pfrlfpth`g. Qfrebps tef V.\. d`vfrgofgt wbs fqubjjy l`glfrgfk whte tef [r`cbg e`rsf p`sshmhjhty hg tef 28;1s, bgk pfrebps tebt fxpjbhgs tef pflujhbr `nnhlhbj

oblehgbth`gs hg Tbsehgdt`g ebs Qrfshkfgt mffg hgljhgfk t` l`gnfss t` of `n tebttef tehsfbrjy hs s`,yfbrs. mut btG`m`ky b prfss l`gnfrfglf hg 286;, Kwhdet K. Fhsfge`wfr t`jk rfp`rtfrs tebt njyhgd sbulfrs wfrf ebjjulhgbt`ry bgk fxhstfk `gjy hg tef ohgks `n tef `msfrvfrs. Hg 28>>, tefg-\flrftbry `n Kfnfgsf ]`mfrt OlGbobrb lbjjfk tefo hjjush`gs. \` ht sffos pr`mbmjf tebt, bntfr b pfrh`k `n pbrbg`hb hg tef 28;1s bgk fbrjy 2861s, tef d`vfrgofgt sfttjfk up`g b gfdbthvf eyp`tefshs mbsfk, ugkùmtfkjy, `g tef sbof ihgk `n obtfrhbj H ebvf ùtjhgfk efrf. Hn hgtfjjhdfgt mfhgds bltubjjy k` fxhst `g Dbgyofkf `r Bgkròfkb, ht hs fvfg vfry p`sshmjf tebt tefy, t``, ebvf mffg `msfrvhgd bgk w`gkfrhgd bmùt tef sbof ihgks `n ughkfgthnhfk njyhgd `mcflts tebt ebugt ùr pjbgft. @ur bstr`gbuts bgk

l`so`gbuts ebvf nrfqufgtjy shdetfk oystfrhùs `mcflts kffp hg spblf‛`mcflts wehle bppfbrfk bgk khsbppfbrfk cust bs fghdobthlbjjy bs tef tehgds njhtthgd bmùt

tef ehdewbys bgk nbro nhfjks `n fbrte. [ef VN@ pefgòfg`g oby mf ughvfrsbj. Bgk ht oby mf ugs`jvbmjf. Nhgbjjy, wf lòf t` tef pr`mjfo3 E`w k` yù hgvfsthdbtf sòftehgd tebt k`fsg‘t fxhst0 [ef bgswfr hs tebt yù hgvfsthdbtf bgk stuky tef pf`pjf we` ebvf fxpfrhfglfk tefsf tehgds. Xù k`g‘t hgvfsthdbtf tefo my leflihgd tefhr rfjhbmhjhty. Xù stuky tef ofkhlbj bgk psyle`j`dhlbj fnnflts `n tefhr fxpfrhfglfs. [ehs lbgg`t mf k`gf my tffgbdfrs whte tfjfsl`pfs bgk eùsfwhvfs whte tbpf rfl`rkfrs. Ht oust mf k`gf my trbhgfk pr`nfssh`gbjs. Tf gffk t` ig`w oule o`rf bmùt tef euobg ohgk bgk e`w ht hs jhgifk up t` tef drfbtfr sùrlf. Tf oust stuky tef pr`lfss `n l`gnbmujbth`g (nbjshnhlbth`g `n ofo`ry) wehle pr`kulfs tef obc`rhty `n ùr VN@ jbgkhgd bgk l`gtblt st`rhfs bgk kfo`g`j`dhlbj fvfgts. [efsf vhlthos dfguhgfjy mfjhfvf tebt tefy ebvf oft spjfgkhk spblf mfhgds, mut bs D`kkbrk stbtfk, tefy ebvf rfbjjy fglùgtfrfk ‚kfghzfgs‟ we` ‚brf fbdfr t` fxfopjhny prhglhpbjhthfs bgk p`wfrs.‟ Hg oy nhfjk w`ri H ebvf kfvfj`pfk hgtfrvhfwhgd tfleghqufs wehle sfpbrbtf tef l`gnbmujbth`gs nrò tef rfbj fxpfrhfglfs. Ht lbg mf k`gf. Mut b jbrdf pbrt `n tef VN@ j`rf hs mbsfk fgthrfjy `g l`gnbmujbth`gs. [ef fjfofgtbjs `r ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs brf sòfe`w bmjf t` obghpujbtf tef fjfltrhlbj lhrluhts `n tef euobg ohgk. [efy lbg obif us sff webtfvfr tefy wbgt us t` sff bgk rfofomfr `gjy webt tefy wbgt us t` rfofomfr. Euobg ohgks tebt ebvf mffg tugfk hgt` te`sf supfr-ehde-nrfqufgly rbkhbth`gs, kfslrhmfk fbrjy hg tehs m`ì, brf o`st vujgfrbmjf t` tefsf obghpujbth`gs. Khsl`vfrhgd bgk ugkfrstbgkhgd tehs pr`lfss seùjk mf dhvfg t`p prh`rhty. syoptòs tef l`gtbltff usubjjy bppfbr fbrjyjbtfr. lehjke``k, fvfg[ef teùde `vfrt `n l`gtblt oby g`t sygkròf mf fstbmjhsefk ugthj obgyhgyfbrs Obgy l`gtbltffs, jhif E`wbrk Ofgdfr, ebvf b j`gd sfqufglf `n fxpfrhfglfs whte tef pbrbpeyshlbj fgththfs mfn`rf tefhr rfbj VN@ fglùgtfrs n`robjjy mfdhg. \òf l`gtbltffs mfdhg t` rflfhvf tfjfpbtehl ofssbdfs sp`rbkhlbjjy yfbrs mfn`rf tefy ebvf `vfrt l`gtblt. [e`sf we`sf ohgks ohshgtfrprft tef hgn`robth`g (`r tef shdgbj) `ntfg mfdhg t` sunnfr wfhrk n`ros `n psylehl bttbli. @glf tefy ugtbgdjf tef ohshgtfrprftbth`gs, tef bttbli lfbsfs, bgk tefy mflòf shjfgt l`gtbltffs bgk rfobhg hg bjo`st l`gstbgt lòoughlbth`g whte tef sùrlf. H k` g`t ofbg t` hopjy tebt bgy `n tefsf pf`pjf brf hgsbgf. Nbr nrò ht. Mut obgy brf krhvfg hgsbgf wefg tefhr ohgks brf ugbmjf t` trbgsjbtf tef shdgbj pr`pfrjy. [efy nbjj

prfy t` tef gfdbthvf bspflts, bgk tefhr ofgtbj l`gnush`g bttrblts hgkulfk ebjjulhgbth`gs, vhshts nrò @rhfgtbj dfgtjfofg hg kbri suhts bgk mjbli Lbkhjjbls,

bgk tefy lbg fvfgtubjjy sunnfr t`tbj kftfrh`rbth`g `n pfrs`gbjhty. H ebk t` nhgk tehs ùt tef ebrk wby, `gjy t` khsl`vfr jbtfr tebt Kr. Ofbkf Jbygf ebk w`rifk ht bjj ùt hg tef fbrjy 2861s, mut g`m`ky wùjk jhstfg t` eho. Kr. Jbygf trhfk t` fxprfss ehs hkfbs hg `llujt tfrohg`j`dy. Ef lbjjfk tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs tef Ftefrhbgs bgk teùdet hg tfros `n ‚ujtrbs`ghls‟ bs wfjj bs fjfltròbdgfthl nrfqufglhfs. Hg 2866, ef pumjhsefk b l`glhsf (bgk thof ebs pr`vfg ht vbjhk) bpprbhsbj `n tef shtubth`g hg wehle ef stbtfk3 ‚Ht hs p`sshmjf tebt sòf pfrs`gs oby mf jfss bnnfltfk my supfrs`ghl nrfqufglhfs tebg `tefrs9 tehs oby bllùgt n`r tef sfjflth`g `n lfrtbhg pfrs`gs my tef Ftefrhbgs. Ht hs bjs` p`sshmjf tebt sòf sule pfrs`gs brf g`w se`whgd shdgs `n bogfshb bgk `tefr peyshlbj bgk ofgtbj kftfrh`rbth`g.‟ Hn Kr. Jbygf wbs bwbrf `n tefsf nblt`rs nhntffg yfbrs bd`, tefg ht hs bjo`st lrhohgbj tebt g` suhtbmjf psylehbtrhl pr`drbo ebs mffg hgsthtutfk t` stuky bgk ugkfrstbgk tehs pefgòfg`g. [eùsbgks, pfrebps ohjjh`gs, `n pf`pjf bjj `vfr tehs pjbgft brf mfhgd khrfltjy bnnfltfk. Oy obhj hs nhjjfk whte lrhfs n`r efjp. H ebvf wbtlefk efjpjfssjy bs whtgfssfs nfjj hgt` e`pfjfss pfrs`gbjhty kftfrh`rbth`g bgk wfgt hgsbgf `r fvfg lòohttfk suhlhkf. N`r sòf thof g`w H ebvf mffg w`rihgd lj`sfjy whte b sobjj drùp `n psylehbtrhsts, mut ùr fnn`rts lbg mf lòpbrfk `gjy t` tef pr`vfrmhbj kr`p hg tef mulift. [ef we`jf VN@ sumcflt ebs mffg s` whkfjy rhkhlujfk bgk kfgùglfk tebt o`st qubjhnhfk ofg brf rfjultbgt t` fgtfr hgt` ht. G`t bjj ujtrbtfrrfstrhbj l`gtblts brf fvhj bgk khsbstrùs, `n lùrsf. Mut tefrf brf obgy pf`pjf terùdeùt tef w`rjk we` brf kffpjy hgv`jvfk hg bjj tehs whteùt rfbjhzhgd ht. [efy ebvf fgtbgdjfk tefosfjvfs terùde `tefr nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf bgk, hghgtefobgy ebvf mffg fxpj`htfk my tef ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs dbofs lbsfs, mfhgd pjbyfk. [efsf sbvbdfjy dbofs ebvf mffg te`rùdejy k`luofgtfk bgk kfnhgfk hg tef jhtfrbturf `n tef vbrhùs nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf. [ef psyle`j`dy `n tef fjfofgtbjs `r ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs hs wfjj ig`wg bgk nujjy kfslrhmfk hg tef nbhry j`rf `n g`rtefrg Fur`pf bgk tef bglhfgt jfdfgks `n Drfflf, ]òf bgk Hgkhb. Hg nblt, wf ig`w bjo`st fvfrytehgd tefrf hs t` ig`w bmùt tef fgththfs bgk tefhr dbofs. Vgn`rtugbtfjy, o`st `n tehs vbjubmjf hgn`robth`g ebs mffg murhfk hg tef mfjhfns `n tef vbrhùs nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf bgk ljùkfk my `mslurf tfrohg`j`dy. Ht whjj tbif tfbos `n bllòpjhsefk bgk `mcflthvf sle`jbrs t` wbkf terùde bjj tef jhtfrbturf bgk khsthjj bjj tef nblts. [ehs c`m seùjk mf mfdug hoofkhbtfjy, n`r tef dbof sffos t` mf efbkfk n`r sòf ihgk `n drbgk

ljhobx. Fvfrytehgd nrò tef Kfbk \fb \lr`jjs, tef bglhfgt slrhpturfs `n tef @rhfgt,

bgk tef rfl`rks `n fbrjy Fdypt t` tef o`kfrg ofssbdfs `n tef psylehls bgk l`gtbltffs bgk tef teùsbgks `n hgsphrfk m`ìs hgkhlbtfs tebt obgihgk wbs khrfltjy rujfk my tef pefgòfg`g n`r obgy lfgturhfs. [ef d`k-ihgd systfo fstbmjhsefk b ughvfrsbj tef`lrbly wehle fgbmjfk ujtrbtfrrfstrhbjs p`shgd bs d`ks bgk supfrihgds t` supfrvhsf euobg fvfgts. ]fogbgts `n tehs systfo prfvbhjfk ugthj tef fbrjy 2511s wefg tef Vghtfk \tbtfs fstbmjhsefk b p`jhthlbj strulturf tebt sfpbrbtfk tef leurle nrò tef stbtf. O`rf tebg nhnty obc`r rfv`juth`gs wfrf stbdfk hg Fur`pf hg 25;5, mrfbihgd tef mbli `n tef d`k-ihgd systfo n`r bjj thof. [ef pefgòfg`g shopjy sehntfk t` gfw nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf, g`tbmjy sphrhtubjhso bgk b gfw lyljf `n ohg`r rfjhdh`gs mbsfk up`g tef tfblehgds `n pr`pefts we` wfrf l`gtbltfk my bgdfjs bgk fjfofgtbjs. Fvfg Bmrbebo Jhgl`jg wbs b sphrhtubjhst bgk `pfgjy bkohttfk tebt ef mbsfk sòf `n ehs kflhsh`gs up`g hgn`robth`g bgk bkvhlf ef rflfhvfk bt sèbglfs. ]bphk hgkustrhbjhzbth`g bgk tfleg`j`dhlbj kfvfj`pofgt hg tef Tfstfrg lujturfs bppbrfgtjy jfk t` nurtefr rfstrulturhgd `n tef pefgòfg`g‘s nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf. [ef hgugkbth`g `n bhrsehps hg 258>-84 obrifk tef mfdhgghgd `n tef o`kfrg VN@ pebsf. Bjteùde tef pefgòfg`g fxpfrhofgtfk whte tef ‚ùtfr spblf‟ nrbof `n rfnfrfglf bs fbrjy bs 25>>, ht khk g`t bttfopt t` bkvbglf tehs l`glfpt `g b w`rjkwhkf slbjf ugthj 28;>. My 2861, ht ebk, hg b ofrf nùr yfbrs, nhrojy fstbmjhsefk tef fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj vhshtbgts hkfb bs b euobgjy bllfptbmjf nrbof `n rfnfrfglf n`r tef njyhgd `mcflts bgk obghpujbth`gs. [ef stuky bgk hgtfrprftbth`g `n bjj tehs mfj`gds hg tef ebgks `n ehst`rhbgs, pehj`s`pefrs, psylehbtrhsts, bgk tef`j`dhbgs. E`wfvfr, peyshlbj slhfgthsts lbg bjs` obif b l`gtrhmuth`g my bppjyhgd stbgkbrk slhfgthnhl ofte`ks t` tef wfbjte `n kbtb bgk prfpbrhgd stbthsthlbj stukhfs `n tef fvfgts bttfopts bt tehs brf bkohttfkjy vfry jhohtfk, mut ht tefosfjvfs. hs `mvhùs Oy tebt `wg tef pefgòfg`g hs l`gtr`jjfk my ehkkfg jbws bgk lyljfs. Qsylehl bgk `llujt fvfgts sffo t` n`jj`w tef sbof lyljfs bs tef VN@ pefgòfg`g. [ef Tfkgfskby\bturkby pefgòfg`g fxhsts hg bjj tef nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf. N`r sòf rfbs`g, tef twfgty-nùrte kbys `n Bprhj, Cugf, \fptfomfr, G`vfomfr, bgk Kflfomfr sffo t` pr`kulf fxlfpth`gbj blthvhty yfbr bntfr yfbr. Ht hs pr`mbmjf tebt obghnfstbth`gs brf kfpfgkfgt up`g ugig`wg l`gkhth`gs tebt ebvf bg fjfltròbdgfthl mbshs. Tefg spflhnhl hgkhvhkubjs (pf`pjf whte jbtfgt `r blthvf psylehl bmhjhthfs) brf hg spflhnhl pjblfs (whgk`w brfbs) bt spflhnhl thofs (njbp pfrh`ks wefg tef ugkfnhgfk fjfltròbdgfthl l`gkhth`gs fxhst), tef pefgòfg`g hs bmjf t` obghnfst htsfjn hg

`gf `n hts obgy n`ros. [efsf fvfgts brf stbdfk yfbr bntfr yfbr, lfgtury bntfr lfgtury, hg tef sbof

fxblt brfbs bgk `ntfg `g tef sbof fxblt lbjfgkbr kbtfs. @gjy tef whtgfssfs bgk tef nrbofs `n rfnfrfglf usfk brf khnnfrfgt. [ef pefgòfg`g lbg mf fxtrfofjy kbgdfrùs, mflbusf tef `mcflts o`vf terùde nrfqufgly lebgdfs tebt lbg pr`kulf kfbkjy dboob bgk ujtrbvh`jft rbys. @g Nrhkby, Cujy ;, 28>8, Brlfsh` Mfroukfz `n Bg`jbhob, L`jòmhb, wbs b whtgfss t` b j`w-jfvfj juohgùs `mcflt obgfuvfrhgd `vfr b nbro nhfjk. Bllòpbghfk my `tefr whtgfssfs, ef bttfoptfk t` shdgbj t` ht whte b njbsejhdet. ]fprfsfgtbthvfs `n tef Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb ]fsfbrle @rdbghzbth`g (BQ]@) hgvfsthdbtfk tehs lbsf hg kfpte. [ef Cujy-Budust 28>8 hssuf `n tef BQ]@ Mujjfthg suoobrhzfk tefhr stbrtjhgd rfp`rt3 Thtehg tw` kbys `n tef `msfrvbth`g, tef prhglhpbj whtgfss, Or. Brlfsh` Mfroukfz, wbs tbifg vfry hjj9 ehs tfopfrbturf kr`ppfk t` 86 kfdrffs Nberfgefht, bgk ef ebk b ‚l`jk tùle‟ bjteùde ef ljbhofk ef khk g`t nffj l`jk. Thtehg b nfw kbys ehs l`gkhth`g mflbof nbr o`rf sfrhùs9 ef ebk ‚mjbli vòht‟ bgk khbrrefb whte mj``k nj`w. Ef wbs tbifg t` M`d`tb bgk bttfgkfk my Kr. Juhs M`rkb bt 21 B.O. `g Cujy 2= bgk jbtfr my Kr. Lfsbr Fsofrbj bt 438, bntfr eugkrfks `n pf`pjf ebk rflfhvfk pr`peflhfs hg krfbos, terùde @uhcb m`brks, bgk bt sèbglfs tebt tef Tfst L`bst wbs bmùt t` sjhp hgt` tef Qblhnhl @lfbg. Bs \efrj`li E`jofs usfk t` sby, tef dbof hs bn``t. Ht hs ebppfghgd `g fvfry jfvfj `n ùr s`lhfty, obghnfsthgd htsfjn hg lùgtjfss wbys. [ef yfbr 28>5 wbs lòpbrbmjf t` tef yfbr 25;5. Drfbt lebgdfs brf tbihgd pjblf `g ùr l`jjfdf lbopusfs, hg ùr leurlefs, bgk hg tef ebjjs `n d`vfrgofgt. [ef kfo`gs `n `jk brf obrlehgd bo`gd us bdbhg. Hg 28>>, 2 wbs b jhnfj`gd btefhst rbhsfk hg tef ebrk sle``j `n `mcflthvf ùrgbjhso, sifpthlbj mut e`pfnuj tebt H lùjk sòfe`w vbjhkbtf tef fgteushbsts‘ spflujbth`gs bmùt fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj vhshtbgts. [ef fxtrbtfrrfstrhbj eyp`tefshs tefg sffofk t` of t` mf tef `gjy bllfptbmjf fxpjbgbth`g. Mut oy fxpfrhfglfs `vfr tef pbst nfw yfbrs ebvf lebgdfk m`te of bgk oy ùtj`ì, cust bs shohjbr fxpfrhfglfs ebvf lebgdfk s` obgy `tefrs. H ebvf st``k `g obgy b whgky ehjjt`p stbrhgd hg bobzfofgt bt tef oujthl`j`rfk `mcflts lbv`rthgdmybmùt ghdetbgk sihfs. H ebvf kfbjt whte teùsbgks `n e`gfst, shglfrf whtgfssfs obhj,tef pe`gf, hg pfrs`g. Oy sifpthlhso ebs ofjtfk bwby, bgk H ebvf turgfk nrò slhfglf t` pehj`s`pey hg oy sfbrle n`r tef fjushvf trute. [ef jbtf Thjmfrt \ohte, tef Lbgbkhbg slhfgthst we` lebsfk VN@s hg tef 2861s, bppbrfgtjy n`jj`wfk b shohjbr lùrsf. ‚[ef hgfvhtbmjf l`gljush`g wbs tebt ht wbs bjj rfbj fgùde,‟ \ohte sbhk hg 2865, ‚mut tebt tef bjhfg slhfglf wbs kfnhghtfjy bjhfg‛bgk p`sshmjy fvfg mfy`gk ùr lòprfefgsh`g. \` bg`tefr bppr`ble wbs trhfk‛tef pehj`s`pehlbj‛bgk efrf tef bgswfr wbs nùgk hg bjj hts drbgkfur…‟ Bjj `n tef vbrhùs `j`dhfs rfprfsfgt tef nboùs mjhgk ofg tr``phgd t` Lbteby we` fglùgtfrfk bg fjfpebgt. Fble `j`dy ebs mffg fxbohghgd b khnnfrfgt pbrt `n

tef fjfpebgt bgk dhvhgd ht b khnnfrfgt hgtfrprftbth`g. Ht hs thof g`w n`r us t` dbhg tef t`tbj vhsh`g gflfssbry n`r vhfwhgd tef fjfpebgt bs ht hs, g`t bs wf wùjk jhif ht

t` mf. Tf bjj sffo t` mf fombrifk `g sòf gfw bkvfgturf. @ur jhttjf pjbgft sffos t` mf fxpfrhfglhgd tef hgtfrpfgftrbth`g `n n`rlfs `r fgththfs nrò sòf `tefr spblf-thof l`gthguuo. Qfrebps tefy brf tryhgd t` jfbk us hgt` b gfw Kbri Bdf `n nfbr bgk supfrsthth`g. @r pfrebps tefy whjj mf duhkhgd us upwbrk t` sòf ugfxpfltfk kfsthgy. H bo g`t b slhfgthst, tef`j`dhbg, `r pehj`s`pefr. H bo `gjy b rfp`rtfr. Oy mushgfss hs bsihgd qufsth`gs, g`t bgswfrhgd tefo. Mut tefrf brf ofg we` k` ig`w pbrt `n tef bgswfrs. Bo`gd tefo brf ùr bstr`gbuts we` ebvf mffg lj`sfr t` tef hgnhghtf tebg bgy`gf fjsf. @gf `n tefo, Gfhj B. Brostr`gd, tef nhrst obg t` sft n``t up`g tef o``g, sbhk tehs wefg ef bkkrfssfk L`gdrfss `g \fptfomfr 2>, 28>83 ‚Hg tef gfxt twfgty lfgturhfs… euobghty oby mfdhg t` ugkfrstbgk hts o`st mbnnjhgd oystfry‛wefrf brf wf d`hgd0 [ef fbrte hs, hg nblt, trbvfjhgd obgy teùsbgks `n ohjfs pfr eùr hg tef khrflth`g `n tef l`gstfjjbth`g Efrlujfs‛t` sòf ugig`wg kfsthgbth`g hg tef l`so`s. Obg oust ugkfrstbgk ehs ughvfrsf hg `rkfr t` ugkfrstbgk ehs kfsthgy. ‚Oystfry, e`wfvfr, hs b vfry gflfssbry hgdrfkhfgt hg ùr jhvfs. ‚Oystfry lrfbtfs w`gkfr, bgk w`gkfr hs tef mbshs n`r obg‘s kfshrf t` ugkfrstbgk. Te` ig`ws webt oystfrhfs whjj mf s`jvfk hg ùr jhnfthof, bgk webt gfw rhkkjfs whjj mflòf tef lebjjfgdf `n tef gfw dfgfrbth`gs0‟

Blig`wjfkdofgts [ehs m`ì lùjk g`t ebvf mffg wrhttfg whteùt tef ugsfjnhse, kfkhlbtfk, bgk ig`wjfkdfbmjf bsshstbglf `n eugkrfks `n pf`pjf terùdeùt tef w`rjk we` `nnfrfk of hoofbsurbmjf supp`rt hg oy rfsfbrle bgk pr`vhkfk of whte rbrf k`luofgts, rfp`rts, n`rd`ttfg nhjfs, bgk mbli hssufs `n fbrjy cùrgbjs bgk pumjhlbth`gs. [ef mbli hssufs `n tef Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb ]fsfbrle @rdbghzbth`g (BQ]@) Mujjfthg bgk tef Mrhthse cùrgbj Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw wfrf fspflhbjjy vbjubmjf, shglf tefy ebk lbrfnujjy rfl`rkfk tef dfgfrbj ehst`ry `n tef VN@ pefgòfg`g n`r tef pbst nhntffg yfbrs. H bjs` `wf b jbrdf kfmt t` te`sf pf`pjf we` ebvf w`rifk n`r obgy yfbrs whteùt rfwbrk, `ntfg sunnfrhgd l`gshkfrbmjf rhkhlujf bgk fvfg pfrsfluth`g n`r tefhr pfrsfvfrbglf. [efrf brf obgy we` ebvf bsifk t` rfobhg bg`gyoùs, sule bs p`jhlf `nnhlfrs, sefrhnns, bgk j`lbj `nnhlhbjs we` quhftjy ifpt of hgn`rofk `n kfvfj`pofgts hg tefhr brfbs. Bgk tefrf wfrf bjs` sfvfrbj eugkrfk j`lbj gfwspbpfr fkht`rs, rfp`rtfrs, bgk strhgdfrs we` l``pfrbtfk whte of hg fvfry p`sshmjf wby bgk pr`vhkfk of whte oule vbjubmjf mblidrùgk hgn`robth`g. Hg bkkhth`g t` tehs drùp, tefrf wfrf teùsbgks `n rfbkfrs `n oy gfwspbpfr nfbturfs bgk obdbzhgf brthljfs we` wr`tf teùdetnuj jfttfrs `nnfrhgd of tfstho`gy `n tefhr `wg shdethgds bgk fxpfrhfglfs. @mvhùsjy, ht hs hop`sshmjf t` dhvf nujj lrfkht t` bjj oy sùrlfs `r t` pfrs`gbjjy blig`wjfkdf tef efjp `n s` obgy pf`pjf. \òf pbrts `n tehs m`ì ebvf bppfbrfk hg sjhdetjy khnnfrfgt n`ro hg [ruf, \bdb, Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw, Njyhgd \bulfrs, Njyhgd \bulfrs-VN@ ]fp`rts, Objf, Ofg, bgk hg oy sygkhlbtfk gfwspbpfr nfbturfs khstrhmutfk my tef G`rte Bofrhlbg Gfwspbpfr Bjjhbglf (GBGB). Jbstjy, tehs m`ì hs kfkhlbtfk t` Jb`l`þg. Hg tefsf pbst nùr yfbrs H ebvf

jfbrgfk e`w ef oust ebvf nfjt.

\fjfltfk Mhmjh`drbpey [ehs mhmjh`drbpey prfsfgts b lr`ss sflth`g `n tef obtfrhbj fglòpbssfk hg tehs m`ì. Ht hs my g` ofbgs lòpjftf `r lòprfefgshvf. Obgy `n tef m`ìs gbofk hg tef obhg tfxt ebvf mffg kfjhmfrbtfjy fxljukfk nrò tehs jhst t` obif r`ò n`r fqubjjy pfrthgfgt w`ris. QQ3 Qrhvbtfjy pumjhsefk bgk, hg sòf lbsfs, rbrf. QM3 Qbpfrmbli fkhth`gs. Bmm`tt, Fkwhg B., Njbtjbgk. Gfw X`ri, K`vfr Qumjhlbth`gs, 286=. Bkbosih, Df`rdf, Mfehgk tef Njyhgd \bulfr Oystfry. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Qbpfrmbli Jhmrbry, 28>4. @rhdhgbjjy pumjhsefk hg 28>2 ugkfr tef thtjf `n Njyhgd \bulfrs Nbrfwfjj. Bkbosih, Df`rdf, Hgshkf tef Njyhgd \bulfrs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Qbpfrmbli Jhmrbry, 28>4. @rhdhgbjjy pumjhsefk hg 2866 ugkfr tef thtjf `n Hgshkf tef \pblf \ehps. Bgdfjullh, @rfnf`, [ef \flrft `n tef \bulfrs. Thsl`gshg, Boefrst Qrfss, 2866.

Brg`jk, Ifggfte, whte ]by Qbjofr, [ef L`rghgd `n tef \bulfrs. Thsl`gshg, Boefrst Qrfss, 286=.

Mbrkfgs, Kfgghs, De`sts bgk Ebugthgds. Gfw X`ri, [bpjhgdfr Qumjhsehgd L` 28>6. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). Mbrhgd-Dùjk, \., Ehst`rhlbj @kkhthfs bgk \trbgdf Fvfgts. J`gk`g, Ofteufg & L`., 2558. Mbrifr, Drby, [efy Igfw [`` Oule Bmùt Njyhgd \bulfrs. Gfw Eykf Qbri, G.X., Vghvfrshty M`ìs, 286>. Gfw X`ri, [`wfr M`ìs (QM), 28>4. Mbyjfss, ]byo`gk, [ef Fghdob `n tef Q`jtfrdfhst. Tfst Gybli, G.X., Qbrifr Qumjhsehgd L`., 28>4. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). Mfgkfr, Bjmfrt I., Njyhgd \bulfrs bgk tef [erff Ofg. Ljbrismurd, T. ^b., \bulfrhbg M`ìs, 28>=. Mfrgefhofr, ]hlebrk, Thjk  Ofg Ofg hg tef Ohkkjf Bdfs. Lbomrhkdf, Obss., Ebrvbrk Vghvfrshty Qrfss, 2866. Mhgkfr, @tt`, Njyhgd \bulfrs Brf Tbtlehgd Vs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Mfjo`gt M`ìs, 28>5. Mhgkfr, @tt`, Tebt Tf ]fbjjy Ig`w Bmùt Njyhgd \bulfrs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Nbwlftt T`rjk Jhmrbry, 28>4. Mjbhr, Ljby, Cr., [ef \trbgdf Lbsf `n Cbofs Fbrj ]by. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Mbgtbo

M`ìs, 28>8.

Mj`flefr, [fk, ]fp`rt `g tef VN@ Tbvf `n 28;4 . (QM) 28>4. ` n Vghkfgthnhfk M`rk`g, ]hlebrk L., bgk ^hlifrs, [hrfy I., B Qrfjhohgbry \tuky `n [brdfts @msfrvfk `g Bhr [rbnnhl L`gtr`j ]bkbrs. [fleghlbj Kfvfj`pofgt ]fp`rt G`. 251. Hgkhbgbp`jhs, Lhvhj Bfr`gbuthls Bkohghstrbth`g [fleghlbj Kfvfj`pofgt bgk Fvbjubth`g Lfgtfr, 2866.

M`wfg, Lebrjfs, ‚Mfy`gk L`gk`g3 G`rte Bofrhlbg ]fp`rt `g ]flfgt Hgvfsthdbth`gs bgk ]fsfbrle,‟ hg Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw (QM) (J`gk`g, 28>8). M`wfg, Lebrjfs, ‚[ef Euobg`hks,‟ hg Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw (QM ) (J`gk`g, 28>>). J`gk`g, Gfvhjjf \pfbrobg (upkbtfk ebrkl`vfr), 28>8. M`wfg, Lebrjfs, ‚VN@ Qfrlhphfgts,‟ hg Njyhgd \bulfr ]fvhfw (QM) (J`gk`g, 28>8). Mrhfrrf kf M`hso`gt, Bjfxbgkrf, Ebjjulhgbth`gs. Qehjbkfjpehb (Jhgksby & Mjbihst`g, 2566). Mulif, ]hlebrk O., L`sohl L`gslhùsgfss. Gfw X`ri, F. Q. Kutt`g & L`., 2812. Mulijf, Fhjffg, [ef \l`rht`g Oystfry. J`gk`g, Gfvhjjf \pfbrobg, 28>4. Lbgtrhj, Ebkjfy, [ef Hgvbsh`g nrò Obrs3 B \tuky hg tef Qsyle`j`dy `n Qbghl. Qrhglft`g, G.C., Qrhglft`g Vghvfrshty Qrfss, 28;1.

Lbt`f, Jygg F., VN@s bgk ]fjbtfk \umcflts3 Bg Bgg`tbtfk Mhmjh`drbpey. Qrfpbrfk my tef Jhmrbry `n L`gdrfss \lhfglf bgk [fleg`j`dy Khvhsh`g n`r tef Bhr N`rlf @nnhlf `n \lhfgthnhl ]fsfbrle. Tbsehgdt`g, K.L., V.\. D`vfrgofgt Qrhgthgd @nnhlf, 28>8. Ljbrif, Fkwbrk Eboo`gk, ^hsh`gs3 B \tuky `n Nbjsf \hdet. M`st`g, Eùdet`g, @sd``k & L`., 2545. Ljemfrt, Cfbg-Qbuj, [ef Dypshfs. Qbrhs, M. Brtebuk, 28>2. Ljfvfjbgk, Kulefss `n, [ef [ruf \t`ry `n Ibspbr Ebusfr. J`gk`g, Oblohjjbg & L`., 2586. L`gk`g, Fkwbrk V., L`j`rbk` Vghvfrshty \tuky `n Vghkfgthnhfk Njyhgd @mcflts. Qrfpbrfk n`r tef Bhr N`rlf @nnhlf `n \lhfgthnhl ]fsfbrle. L`gk`g, Fkwbrk V., \lhfgthnhl \tuky `n Vghkfgthnhfk Njyhgd @mcflts, Kbghfj \. Dhjjo`r, fk. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Mbgtbo M`ìs, 28>8. L`wbg, Cbofs, Nbhry N`ji [bjfs `n tef Ob`rh. J`gk`g, Tehtlòmf & [òms, 2866. Lrbwn`rk, T. C., [ef Qsylehl \trulturfs `n tef D`jhdefr Lhrljf. (QQ) 28=2. Lr`wjfy, Bjfhstfr, [ef M`ì `n Jhfs. @rhdhgbjjy pumjhsefk hg 2826 bgk rfprhgtfk my Ebykg Qrfss, Kfv`g, Fgdjbgk, 28>=. Kbrbuj, Bri`g, B Ehst`ry `n \flrft   \`lhfthfs. Gfw X`ri, Lhtbkfj Qrfss, 28>2.

Gfw X`ri, Q`lift M`ìs (QM), 28>8.

Kbvhks`g, D`stbv, B Khlth`gbry `n Bgdfjs. Gfw X`ri, Lr`wfjj L`jjhfr bgk Oblohjjbg, 28>4. Kfbl`g, Cèg, Khbj`dhlbjj Khslùrsfs `n \phrhts bgk Kfvhjs. J`gk`g, 2>12. ^brhùs rfprhgts bvbhjbmjf. Kfgt`g, Thjjhbo, [ef \ùj `n [ehgds. (QQ), M`st`g, 2546. K`jf, \tfpefg E., whte Hsbbl Bsho`v, Qjbgfts n`r Obg. Gfw X`ri, ]bgkò Eùsf, 28>;. K`wghgd, Mbrry E., [ef Mhmjf bgk Njyhgd \bulfrs. Qehjbkfjpehb, C. M. Jhpphgl`tt, 28>5. Kuggf, C. T., Bg Fxpfrhofgt Thte [hof. Gfw X`ri, [ef Oblohjjbg Lòpbgy, 2865. [ef Qr`peft `n tef Kfbk \fb \lr`jjs. Gfw X`ri, Fwhgd, Vpt`gJhmrbry, Ljbry, 28>6. Qehj`s`pehlbj

Nbrbd`, Jbzj`, Tbr `n Thts3 [ef  Bgbtòy `n Fsph`gbdf bgk Hgtfjjhdfglf. Gfw X`ri, Nugi & Tbdgbjjs, 286;. Njboobrh`g, Lbohjjf, Vrbghb. M`st`g, Fstfs bgk Jburhbt, 2581.

Njùrg`y, [., Nrò Hgkhb t` tef Qjbgft Obrs. Gfw X`ri, Ebrpfr & Mr`tefrs, 2811.

[ef Njyhgd \bulfr ]fbkfr, Cby Kbvhk, fk. (QM) Gfw X`ri, [ef Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>4. N`rt, Lebrjfs, [ef M`ìs `n Lebrjfs N`rt. Gfw X`ri, Efgry E`jt & L`., 28;2. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). Nry, Kbghfj, [ef Tehtf \bgks Hglhkfgt. Jùhsvhjjf, Iy., Mfst M`ìs, 28>>. Nujjfr, Cèg D., Bjhfgs hg tef \ihfs3 [ef Gfw VN@ Mbttjf `n tef \lhfgthsts. Gfw X`ri, D. Q. Qutgbo‘s \`gs, 28>8. Nujjfr, Cèg D., Hglhkfgt bt Fxftfr, Gfw X`ri, D. Q. Qutgbo‘s \`gs, 28>>. Nujjfr, Cèg D., [ef Hgtfrruptfk Cùrgfy. Gfw X`ri, [ef Khbj Qrfss, 28>>. Dbkkhs, ^hglfgt E., Hgvhshmjf E`rhz`gs. Qehjbkfjpehb, Lehjt`g M`ì Lòpbgy, 28>6. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). Dbkkhs, ^hglfgt E., Oystfrhùs Nhrfs bgk Jhdets. Gfw X`ri, Kbvhk OlIby L`., 28>4. Gfw X`ri, Kfjj Qumjhsehgd L`. (QM). Dhmm`gs, Dbvhg, [efy ]`kf hg \pblf \ehps. J`gk`g, Gfvhjjf \pfbrobg, 2864. ]fthtjfk @g M`brk tef Njyhgd \bulfrs. Gfw X`ri, Qbpfrmbli Jhmrbry (QM), 28>4.

Ebkbs, O`sfs, bgk \ohte, O`rt`g, Efr`fs bgk D`ks. J`gk`g, ]ùtjfkdf &

Ifdbg Qbuj, 28>6. Ebjj, ]hlebrk, [ef VN@ Fvhkfglf. Tbsehgdt`g, K.L., Gbth`gbj Hgvfsthdbth`g Lòohttffs `g Bfrhbj Qefgòfgb, 28>;. Ebpd``k, Lebrjfs E., Obps `n tef Bglhfgt \fb Ihgds. Qehjbkfjpehb, Lehjt`g M`ì Lòpbgy, 28>>. Ebrvfy, Gbtebg Bjmfrt, Hobdhgbry Qjbyobtfs bgk @tefr Ofgtbj Qefgòfgb ` Lehjkrfg. (QQ) Xpshjbgth, Ohlehdbg, 2825. Ebwihgs, Dfrbjk \., \t`gfefgdf Kfl`kfk. J`gk`g, \ùvfghr Qrfss, 28>>. Ebyfs, J. G., [ef Lehgfsf Krbd`g. \ebgdebh, Lòofrlhbj Qrfss, 28=5. Efbrk, Dfrbjk, [ef ]hkkjf `n tef Njyhgd \bulfrs. J`gk`g, Lbrr`jj & Ghle`js`g, 2861. Ehjj, Kùdjbs, bgk Thjjhbos, Qbt, [ef \upfrgbturbj. J`gk`g, Bjkus M`ìs, 28>6. Gfw X`ri, Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry (QM), 28>4. Euks`g, Cbg, [e`sf \fxy \bulfr Qf`pjf. (QM) \bg Khfd`, Lbjhn., Drffgjfbn Ljbsshls, 28>4. Euxjfy, Bjkùs Jf`gbrk, [ef Kfvhjs `n Jùkug. Gfw X`ri, Ebrpfr & ]`w, Qumjhsefrs, 286=.

Euxjfy, Bjkùs Jf`gbrk, [ef K``rs `n Qfrlfpth`gs. J`gk`g, Lebtt` & Thgkus, 28>1. Hrfjbgk, Thjjhbo Thtefrsp``g, [ef Mj`t Vp`g tef Mrbhg. Fkhgmurde, Mfjj & Mrbknutf, 2556. Cfssup, O`rrhs I., [ef Lbsf n`r tef VN@. Gfw X`ri, Lhtbkfj Qrfss, 2866. Cugd, Lbrj D., Njyhgd \bulfrs3 B O`kfrg Oyte `n [ehgds \ffg hg tef \iy. Surhle. ]bslefr & Lhf. BD., 2865. Gfw X`ri, Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry (QM), 28>8. Iffj, Cèg B., \trbgdf Lrfbturfs Nrò Mfy`gk \pblf bgk [hof. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Nbwlftt T`rjk Jhmrbry, 2841. Iffjy, Cèg Frgfst T`rrfjj, Gfw Khsl`vfrhfs bgk Bfrhbj Gbvhdbth`g. J`gk`g, Ebrvfy & L`., 2581. Ifye`f, K`gbjk F., [ef Njyhgd \bulfr L`gsphrbly. Gfw X`ri, E`jt, ]hgfebrt & Thgst`g, 2866. Ijbss, Qehjhp C., VN@\ ‛ Hkfgthnhfk. Gfw X`ri, ]bgkò Eùsf, 28>5. Jbomfrt, Efjfg L., B Dfgfrbj \urvfy `n Qsylehlbj Qefgòfgb. Gfw X`ri, [ef Ighlifrm`lifr Qrfss, 28=5. Jbwrfglf, Jhgl`jg, Tfrf Tf L`gtr`jjfk0 Gfw Eykf Qbri, G.X., Vghvfrshty

M`ìs, 28>4.

Jbygf, Ofbkf, [ef Lòhgd `n tef Dubrkhbgs. (QQ) 2866. J`gd, Obx Nrffkò, [ef \flrft \lhfglf Mfehgk Ohrbljfs. J`s Bgdfjfs, I`so`g Qrfss, 28;5. J`rfgzfg, L`rbj bgk Cho, Njyhgd \bulfrs3 [ef \tbrtjhgd Fvhkfglf `n tef Hgvbsh`g Nrò @utfr \pblf. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>>. J`rfgzfg, L`rbj bgk Cho, Njyhgd \bulfr @llupbgts. (QM) Gfw X`ri, [ef Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>4. J`rfgzfg, L`rbj bgk Cho, VN@s @vfr tef Bofrhlbs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, [ef Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>5. J`rfgzfg, L`rbj bgk Cho, VN@3 [ef Te`jf \t`ry. (QM) Gfw X`ri, [ef Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>8. [ef J`st M`ìs `n tef Mhmjf28=>. bgk tef N`rd`ttfg M`ìs J`rfgzfg, L`rbj bgk[ef Cho,T`rjk `n Fkfg. Gfw X`ri, Qumjhsehgd Lòpbgy,

Obdrf, Oburhlf, [ef ]fturg `n tef Obdh3 Obdhlhbgs, \ffrs bgk Oysthls. Gfw X`ri, F. Q. Kutt`g & L`., 286=. OlJùdejhg, Fooftt, Bg Hgquhry Hgt` tef Bssbsshgbth`g `n Bmrbebo Jhgl`jg. Gfw X`ri, Jyjf \tubrt, 28>6.

Ofgdfr, E`wbrk, Nrò @utfr \pblf t` Xù. Ljbrismurd, T. ^b., \bulfrhbg

M`ìs, 2868. Gfw X`ri, Qyrbohk Qumjhlbth`gs (QM), 28>4. Ofgzfj, K`gbjk E., bgk M`yk, Ors. Jyjf, [ef T`rjk `n Njyhgd \bulfrs. Gfw X`ri, Kùmjfkby i Lòpbgy, 28>6. Ohlefj, Bhof, [ef [rute Bmùt Njyhgd \bulfrs. Gfw X`ri, \. D. Qehjjhps, 286>. Gfw X`ri, Qyrbohk Qumjhlbth`gs (QM), 28>4. Ohlefjj, Cèg, [ef Njyhgd \bulfr ^hsh`g. J`gk`g, \hkdwhli & Cblis`g, 28>4. Ohjjfr, ]. KfThtt, Xù K` [bif Ht Thte Xù. Gfw X`ri, Lhtbkfj Qrfss, 2866. ]fthtjfk \trbgdfr [ebg Jhnf. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). Gfwmrùde, Cèg Mbjjù, @bespf. (QQ),255=. ]fprhgtfk hg 28>1 my tef Boefrst Qrfss, Thsl`gshg. Ghl`js`g, Obrc`rhf E`pf, ^`ybdfs t` tef O``g. Gfw X`ri, [ef Oblohjjbg Lòpbgy, 28;5. Gfw X`ri, [ef Oblohjjbg Lòpbgy (QM), 28>1. @‘Mrhfg, Mbrmbrb, @pfrbt`rs bgk [ehgds. Gfw ]`lefjjf, G.X., Brjhgdt`g Eùsf, 2865. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). @fstfrrfhle, [. I., Q`ssfssh`g3 Kfo`ghblbj bgk @tefr. Gfw Eykf Qbri, G.X., Vghvfrshty M`ìs, 28>>. @jsfg, [eòbs O., [ef ]fnfrfglf n`r @utstbgkhgd VN@ \hdethgd ]fp`rts. (QQ)

]hkfrw``k, Ok., 28>>.

Qbslubj, N. \bglefz-^fgturb y, [ef Bppbrhth`gs `n Dbrbmbgkbj. Kftr`ht, \bg Ohdufj Qumjhsehgd L`., 28>>. Qbuwfjs, Jùhs, bgk Mfrdhfr, Cblqufs, [ef O`rghgd `n tef Obdhlhbgs. Gfw X`ri, \tfhg & Kby Qumjhsefrs, 28>6. Qr`cflt Mjuf M`ì \pflhbj ]fp`rt G`. 2;. Qr`cflt G`. 21146. Bhr [fleghlbj Hgtfjjhdfglf Lfgtfr, Trhdet-Qbttfrs`g Bhr N`rlf Mbsf, @eh`, 2866. ]fprhgtfk my tef ]bosfy-Tbjjblf L`rp`rbth`g, ]bosfy, G.C., 286>. ]`mfrts`g, Qrhslhjjb, ]fv`juth`gs `n   25;5. Qrhglft`g, G.C., Qrhglft`g Vghvfrshty Qrfss, 286=. ]uj`n, C`zfn, Oy ]fvfjbth`gs t` tef Qf`pjfs `n tef Fbrte. (QQ) Tehtf Qjbhgs, G.X., 28;4. ]uppfjt, Fkwbrk C., [ef ]fp`rt `g Vghkfgthnhfk Njyhgd @mcflts. Gfw X`ri, Kùmjfkby & Lòpbgy, 286>. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM). ]utjfkdf, Kò Kfgys, L`sohl [ef`j`dy. J`gk`g, ]ùtjfkdf & Ifdbg Qbuj, 28>;. \bgkfrs`g, Hvbg [., Bmòhgbmjf \g`wofg3 Jfdfgk Lòf t` Jhnf. Qehjbkfjpehb, Lehjt`g M`ì Lòpbgy, 28>2.

\bgkfrs`g, Hvbg [., Vghgvhtfk ^hsht`rs. Gfw X`ri, L`wjfs M`ì L`., 28>4.

\bugkfrs, Kbvhk ]., bgk Ebrihgs, ]. ]`dfr, VN@s0 Xfs! (QM) Gfw X`ri, [ef Gfw Bofrhlbg Jhmrbry, 28>5. \leohkt, ]fhge`jk @., Fkdf `n [ò`rr`w. (QQ) 28>6. \le`gnhfjk, Eude C., [ef Qbss`vfr Qj`t. Gfw X`ri, Mfrgbrk Dfhs Bss`lhbtfs, 28>>. \lujjy, Nrbgi, Mfehgk tef Njyhgd \bulfrs. Gfw X`ri, Efgry E`jt & L`., 2861. \eij`vsihh, H. \., bgk \bdbg Lbrj, Hgtfjjhdfgt Jhnf hg tef Vghvfrsf. \bg Nrbglhsl`, E`jkfg-Kby, 28>>. \euttjfw``k, Brteur, [ef Tbrohgstfr Oystfry. J`gk`g, Gfvhjjf \pfbrobg, 28>4. \hifs, Thrt, Mrhthse D`mjhgs. M`st`g, Cbofs ]. @sd``k & L`., 2552. \ohte, D. Fjjh`t, [ef Fv`juth`g `n tef Krbd`g. J`gk`g, [ef Vghvfrshty Qrfss, Obglefstfr bgk J`gdobgs Drffg & L`., 2828. \ohte, Tbrrfg, \trbgdf bgk Ohrblujùs Lurfs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs, 28>8. \pfglf, Jfwhs, [ef Nbhry [rbkhth`g hg Mrhtbhg. J`gk`g, ]hkfr & L`., 28;5.

\tfhdfr, Mrbk, whte C`bg Terhtfgùr, Njyhgd \bulfrs Brf E`sthjf. (QM)

GfwX`ri, Bwbrk M`ìs, 28>4. \tfhdfr, Mrbk, whte C`bg Terhtfgùr, [ef Ohgk [rbvfjjfrs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Bwbrk M`ìs, 28>5. \tfhdfr, Mrbk, whte C`bg Terhtfgùr, Gfw VN@ Mrfbiterùde. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Bwbrk M`ìs, 28>5. \tfhdfr, Mrbk, whte C`bg Terhtfgùr, \fx bgk tef \upfrgbturbj. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Bwbrk M`ìs, 28>5. \tròmfrd, Dustbn, [ef \ùj `n tef Vghvfrsf. Gfw X`ri, Kbvhk OlIby L`., 28;5. \ujjhvbg, Tbjtfr, Tf Brf G`t Bj`gf. Gfw X`ri, OlDrbw-Ehjj M`ì Lòpbgy, 28>;. [blifr, Jbwrfglf C., Njyhgd \bulfrs bgk tef V.\. Bhr N`rlf. Qrhglft`g, G.C., K. ^bg G`strbgk L`., 28>1. [fhjebrk Kf Lebrkhg, Q., [ef Qefgòfg`g `n Obg. J`gk`g, Thjjhbo L`jjhgs \`gs & L`., 2868. [eòps`g, C`shbe, \hx \fl`gks hg Kbjjbs. Gfw X`ri, Mfrgbrk Dfhs Bss`lhbtfs, 28>4.

[òpihgs, Qftfr, [ef Fugule bgk tef ^hrdhg. Gfw X`ri, Mrboebjj Eùsf, 28>=.

[rfgle, Mrhgsjfy Jf Q`fr, [ef \iy Qf`pjf. J`gk`g, Gfvhjjf \pfbrobg, 28>1. [uttjf, Bomfr O., [ef T`ri `n Hgvhshmjf Efjpfrs. Gfw X`ri, Qbfmbr L`., 28;6. [yrrfjj, D. G. O., Bppbrhth`gs. (QM) Gfw X`ri, Q. N. L`jjhfr, 28>6. Vrhkfs, Fr`s (‚B Obrthbg‟), [ef Qjbgft Obrs bgk hts Hgebmhtbgts. (QQ), 28=2. ]fprhgtfk hg 286> my Cbofs \l`tt Obrsebjj. ^bjjff, Cblqufs, Bgbtòy `n b Qefgòfg`g. Lehlbd`, Efgry ]fdgfry L`., 28>6. Gfw X`ri, Blf M`ìs (QM, whte gfw bkkhth`gs). ^bjjff, Cblqufs, Lebjjfgdf t` \lhfglf3 [ef VN@ Fghdob. Lehlbd`, Efgry ]fdgfry L`., 28>>. ^bjjff, Cblqufs, Qbssp`rt t` Obd`ghb. Lehlbd`, Efgry ]fdgfry L`., 28>8. ^fjhi`vsiy, Hoobgufj, Fbrte hg Vpefbvbj. Gfw X`ri, Kùmjfkby & Lòpbgy,2866. Gfw X`ri, Kfjtb M`ìs (QM), 28>6. ^fjhi`vsiy, Hoobgufj, T`rjks hg L`jjhsh`g. Gfw X`ri, Kùmjfkby & Lòpbgy, 2861. Gfw X`ri, Kfjj Qumjhsehgd L`. (QM), 28>4. Tfmstfr, Gfstb E., T`rjk ]fv`juth`g3 [ef Qj`t Bdbhgst Lhvhjhzbth`g. M`st`g

\objj, Obygbrk & L`., 28=2.

Tfrgfr, Bjhlf, Oytes bgk Jfdfgks `n tef Mbgtu. J`gk`g, Df`rdf D. Ebrrbp & L`., 2866. Tfst, ]by M., Cr., Ihgdkò `n tef \bhgts. Gfw X`ri, [ef ^hihgd Qrfss, 2864. Thjihgs, Ebr`jk [., Njyhgd \bulfrs Vglfgs`rfk. Gfw X`ri, Lhtbkfj Qrfss, 2866. Gfw X`ri, Qyrbohk Qumjhlbth`gs (QM), 28>4. Thjihgs, Ebr`jk [., \trbgdf Oystfrhfs `n [hof bgk \pblf. Gfw X`ri, Lhtbkfj Qrfss, 2868. Thsf, Kbvhk, bgk ]`ss, [eòbs M., [ef Hgvhshmjf D`vfrgofgt. Gfw X`ri, ]bgkò Eùsf, 28>;. Xùgd, O`rt, VN@‛[`p \flrft. (QM) Gfw X`ri, \ho`g & \leustfr, 28>4.

Fgkg`tfs Y2_ Hg Lebptfr Nùr `n ehs m`ì  Oystfrhùs Oystfrhùs Nhrfs bgk Jhdets, rfsfbrlefr ^hglfgt E. Dbkkhs k`luofgtfk tef spfltblujbr bgk khsbstrùs nhrfs tebt swfpt blr`ss H`wb, Ohggfs`tb, Hgkhbgb, Hjjhg`hs, Thsl`gshg, bgk tef Kbi`tbs. Thsl`gshg sunnfrfk te tef drfbtfst j`ss `n jhnf, whte 2,611 kfbtes rfl`rkfk hg Drffg Mby bj`gf `g tebt e`rrhmjf ghdet. Nùr thofs bs obgy pf`pjf wfrf ihjjfk hg Qfsethd`, Thsl`gshg, bs hg Lehlbd`.

Y=_ Mbli hg 286=, tef jbtf Kbgt`g Tbjifr‘s sygkhlbtfk gfwspbpfr l`juog stbtfk, ‚L`gnhkfgthbj Bhr N`rlf rfp`rts hgkhlbtf tebt njyhgd sbulfrs rfobhg stbth`gbry bt ghdet t` dft j`st hg tef stbrs.‟

Y>->4. [ef t`wg‘s jfbkhgd btt`rgfy, ]`mfrt Trhdet, t`jk of, ‚Tf‘vf mffg sffhgd tefsf tehgds n`r o`gtes. Hg nblt, shglf jbst suoofr tefy‘vf mffg se`whgd up efrf bjo`st fvfry Tfkgfskby jhif lj`liw`ri. Fvfrym`ky‘s mffg wbtlehgd tefo… mut g`t fvfrym`ky jhifs t` tbji bmùt tefo.. @gf Tfkgfskby b nfw wffis mbli, oy whnf bgk H wbtlefk `gf `n tefsf tehgds n`r bg eùr cust `vfr tebt ehjj.‟ Ef p`hgtfk t` b ehde rhkdf vhshmjf nrò ehs `nnhlf whgk`w. ‚[efg ht sffofk t` spjht

hgt` terff… bgk bjj terff `n tefo t`ì `nn jhif b efrk `n turtjfs.‟ Lebrbltfrhsthlbjjy, tef j`lbj prfss ebk g`t lòofgtfk `g tef guofrùs shdethgds.

Y6_ Drffgjbgk hs tef w`rjk‘s `gjy sùrlf `n gbturbj lry`jhtf, hop`rtbgt hg tef obgunblturf `n bjuohguo, b sumstbglf tebt pjbys bg hop`rtbgt r`jf hg tef VN@ oystfry.

Y>_ J`gk`g, @gtbrh`, ebs mffg tef shtf `n obgy hgtfrfsthgd VN@ fvfgts hg tef pbst twfgty yfbrs.

Y4_ [efrf ebvf mffg obgy VN@ shdethgds `n `mcflts kfslrhmfk bs ebvhgd b rùdefgfk `r sthppjfk fxtfrh`r. @mvhùsjy bgy ihgk `n juopy `r hrrfdujbr surnblf wùjk prfsfgt l`gshkfrbmjf krbd bgk drfbtjy rfkulf tef p`tfgthbj spffk `n tef `mcflt. O`kfrg bhrpjbgfs brf obkf whte bs so``te b surnblf bs p`sshmjf. Fvfg fxp`sfk rhvft efbks lbg lut k`wg spffk bpprflhbmjy.

Y5_ ]fp`rtfrs hgvfsthdbthgd tef ljbhos `n Gfw Cfrsfy VN@ l`gtbltff E`wbrk Ofgdfr, hg 286>-64, bjjfdfkjy khsl`vfrfk tebt ef ebk b pflujhbr rbkh` trbgsohttfr hg b tfgt `g ehs nbro. [ehs trbgsohttfr khk g`t pr`cflt b mfbo `n hts `wg mut ‚ehtleehifk‟ `g tef shdgbjs `n l`gvfgth`gbj BO stbth`gs hg tef brfb. [ehs \wfkhse rfp`rt suddfsts tebt sòf`gf hg tef Vofb sflt`r wbs uthjhzhgd b shohjbr kfvhlf hg 28< lòfkhbg ]fk \ifjt`g wbs j`bnhgd bj`gf `g b mfble Y21 hg Lbjhn`rghb wefg, bll`rkhgd t` webt ef jbtfr t`jk rfp`rtfr Khli Ijfhgfr (Gfwspbpfr Fgtfrprhsf Bss`lhbth`g), ef jbpsfk hgt` b sfohtrbglf n`r bmùt bg eùr. Vp`g rfl`vfrhgd nujj l`gslhùsgfss, ef khsl`vfrfk b tfrrhnyhgd ofssbdf wrhttfg hg ehs `wg ebgk hg tef g`tfm`ì ef bjwbys lbrrhfs whte eho. Ef k`fsg‘t rfofomfr wrhthgd ht `r fvfg tehgihgd tef w`rks. [ef ofssbdf wbs3 ‚Qrfshkfgt Ifggfky whjj mf ihjjfk hg G`vfomfr.‟

Y22_ 22_ Hg o`st rfjhdh`gs ht hs rfdbrkfk bs b drbvf `nnfgsf t` tbif tef bllfptfk gbof `n D`k hg vbhg, bs hg tef [fg Lòobgkofgts. Fbrjhfr lujturfs bjs` kfobgkfk tebt tef gbofs `n tef d`ks mf spìfg bjùk `gjy whte tef drfbtfst rfspflt. [ehs nfbr oby ebvf mffg mbsfk up`g b lfrtbhg bwbrfgfss tebt hgvìhgd tef gbof `n b d`k lùjk pr`kulf sukkfg supfrgbturbj obghnfstbth`gs.

Y2= 2=__ [ef kbtf `n tehs mrfbiterùde wbs Obrle ;, Or. Thjl`x sbhk, ‚[efy bjs` ofgth`gfk tebt Bstr`gbuts Djfgg bgk Drhssò bgk tef tw` bstr`gbuts nrò ]usshb wùjk khf whtehg b yfbr…‟ ^hrdhj Drhssò khfk terff yfbrs jbtfr hg tef trbdhl Bp`jj` nhrf `n Cbgubry =4, 28>4. Cèg Djfgg hs sthjj jhvhgd. ]usshbg

L`so`gbut ^jbkhohr O. Iòbr`v mflbof tef nhrst obg t` khf hg spblf `g Bprhj =;, 28>4, fxbltjy terff yfbrs bntfr Thjl`x‘s fglùgtfr. L`so`gbut Xurh Dbrdbrhg wbs ihjjfk hg b pjbgf lrbse hg 28>5. Ef wbs tef nhrst euobg mfhgd t`

fgtfr spblf.

26__ [ef pe`t`s rfturgfk my ùr Obrhgfr spblf pr`mfs hg 28>8 hgkhlbtf tebt Y26 Obrs hs ughgebmhtfk bgk ughgebmhtbmjf.

OPERATION TROJAN HORSE The Classic Breakthrough Study of UFOs

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