Online Book Store

2009

SEBIZ INFOTECH www.sebiz.net Sebiz Square, C-6, IT Park Sector 67, Mohali

SASIIT&R, Mohali

PROJECT REPORT ON ONLINE BOOK STORE

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (SESSION 2006-2009)

SUBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY:

MR. PARMOD KUMAR

GURPREET SINGH KHOKHAR

SAS INSTITUE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH C-124, PHASE 8 (INDUSTRIAL AREA), MOHALI. www.sasiitmohali.com

CERTIFICATE 2

SASIIT&R, Mohali

To whom it may concern

This is to certify that the software product “ONLINE BOOK STORE” is the original work done by Gurpreet Singh Khokhar, student of MCA 6th for session 2006-2009 under my personal guidance and supervision. The completion of this project is due to pure dedication and hard work by him and put their maximum efforts in development of the software.

Wishing him good luck for the future.

Name of the Student

Roll number

Gurpreet Singh Khokhar

622211323

Ms. Mamta Bhandari (Project Guide, Sebiz Infotech)

3

Mr. Pramod Kumar (Asst. Professor, SASIIT&R)

SASIIT&R, Mohali

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr. Jack Dhariwal CEO, Sebiz Infotech Pvt. Ltd., Mohali for giving us the opportunity to carry out our project at Sebiz Infotech, and providing us environment to undertake a major project work in their organization and providing all necessary information and resources required for completion of the project.

I am grateful to Mr. Sushil Narang, Director SASIIT, Mohali, letting us go ahead with the project and being a constant source of inspiration and motivation.

I have great pleasure in expressing our profound gratitude and hearty thanks to him for his timely help and guidance throughout the project work.

I highly appreciate the efforts of Ms. Mamta Bhandari, Corporate Trainer (Sebiz Infotech) for her valuable guidance and support during entire project work.

I express our sincere thanks to all Team members for their valuable guidance, co-operation, suggestions and other help during the course of the project.

Gurpreet Singh Khokhar

4

SASIIT&R, Mohali

INDEX

SERIAL NUMBER

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

1

Company Profile

6

2

Introduction

11

3

System Development Life Cycle

12

4

The Waterfall Model

14

5

Manual System

18

6

Feasibility Study

21

7

Requirements

22

8

Introduction to ASP.NET 3.5

23

9

Introduction to CSS

26

10

Introduction to HTML

30

11

Online Book Store

32

12

Flow Charts

35

13

Business Logic

38

14

Database Design

51

15

Stored Procedures

61

16

Project Screenshots

87

17

Reports

92

18

Team Structure

93

19

Summary

94

20

Bibliography

95

5

SASIIT&R, Mohali

COMPANY PROFILE Who are we? We are Sebiz Infotech based in Rochester, U.S.A. We are an IT company with a fast growing global presence. Our global footprint spans 6 offices and 3 continents. We have development facilities both in the U.S. and India which means we can offer you a 24 hour development environment and speed to market that is truly amazing. Our offerings: Today, we have a well deserved reputation for providing exciting multimedia content and creating innovative Internet business applications, offering high quality, low cost solutions. Our professional IT services aim at empowering your enterprise. From getting e-businesses up, creating enticing and powerful

multimedia

content,

and

managing

technology

infrastructure, we are focused on helping your business do better. We help you bring defect-free products to market, on time and within budget. We address the specialized needs of this market to offer a complete business and technology offering. This includes Software Development, Web Solutions, Internet Marketing with a special focus on Search Engine Optimization, E- learning, Hosting, and Network Management. 400-strong and growing! Our team numbers over 400 and with its varied skill sets is a committed bunch of people who definitely know what they are doing. Quality is our prime focus, this is amply illustrated by our CMMi level 3 & ISO 9001-2000 certifications and our status as a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner. We approach our work with passion and enthusiasm. The Sebiz credo is, 'We deliver, no matter what - and have fun doing it!'

6

SASIIT&R, Mohali Our Products At Sebiz Infotech, we have developed a variety of products that promise to increase your business efficiencies and enhance your visibility online. From the extremely convenient PDF to Word conversion and multimedia proposal generation to website and logo creation, our products play diverse roles. We are providing a FREE Trial download for all our products, so please go ahead and try them out! Following are some of our products:  ProposalSmartz ProposalSmartz is a totally secure, comprehensive, Online Proposal Generation Software that helps you generate highly professional, customized business/sales proposals and letters in different formats - Adobe PDF, Macromedia Flash, and Microsoft Word. All this, you do in minutes, with lasting multimedia impact. Something you could never have dreamed of earlier! Besides this, you can integrate your contacts from other OMS like Act, Goldmine, and Outlook into ProposalSmartz. You can even include video feed into your proposal besides a host of relevant templates and wow your clients with well thought out, 'designer' proposals with matching animated intros.  DocSmartz Conversion Software Converts PDF files into Word documents and also preserves the layout as well as the graphics. Check out this phenomenal PDF to Word converter and get the incredible results in no time. The document is seemingly original and complete with all its formatting and graphics. Prior to the advent of the phenomenal DocSmartz, converting PDF to word was both dreary and difficult. DocSmartz provides a quick, easy, and a cost-effective way to convert PDF document into word document. Furthermore, it eliminates the need to reformat word documents, thus, saving both time and money. Howzzat!

7

SASIIT&R, Mohali

 The EmailSmartz Suite of products E-mailSmartz consists of a whole gamut of products - E-mail Tarantula, E-mail Sender Pro, E-mail Generator, E-mail Sender, E-mail Manager, and E-mail Spider. E-mail Tarantula is powerful target e-mail spider software. It is designed to collect e-mail addresses matching your query from the Internet. E-mail Sender Pro is high-speed mailing software meant for professionals who need to send information or notification to a large number of recipients within couple of minutes. E-mail Generator is designed to directly search e-mail addresses from e-mail servers. It can verify

all

user

names

that

you

specified

on

the

e-mail

server.

E-mail Sender is a direct e-mail sender program. It is ideal for newsletters, targeted marketing, and keeping in touch with clients. E-mail Manager is a power tool to make handling of e-mail address lists easier. E-mail Spider is a very professional, high-speed, and targeted e-mail extractor tool.  Smart ImageConverter The Smart ImageConverter is a stand-alone image editing and conversion application that allows you to speedily apply effects and export images to multiple formats simultaneously. With Smart ImageConverter, you can crop images, resize them, adjust brightness, and contrast settings besides applying exciting artistic effects. The library of effects includes filters like Gaussian Blur, Solarize, Raise, Border, Emboss, and Charcoal among others. You can view images in full size, zoom in and out, change the background color of the work area for better viewing, and maximize the application window to fit the entire screen. You can also apply image transformations like Rotate, Flip, Scale, Crop, and Mirror etc. to your images.  Websmartz WebSmartz is a stand-alone desktop application that allows you to create and customize great Flash intros for the web without knowing a word of Flash or without splurging on an expensive designer. WebSmartz lets you create intros that look as if they walked out of a professional design studio. Full of stunning graphics, animated effects and color, our intros

8

SASIIT&R, Mohali are not the mass produced variety you commonly find on the Web. They are the best, carefully selected from a multitude of intros produced by our design team.  FolioSmartz You can create your own multimedia Folio in FolioSmartz to showcase your company and products. A Folio comprises of a dynamic multimedia Flash intro followed by a host of attractive Flash templates that you can customize to suit your own needs. Templates like Company History, Products, and Business Strengths etc. are tailor made to display your data to advantage. Sets of templates have been further categorized into visual themes so that you can select the look and feel that appeals to you the most.  ImageSmartz ImageSmartz is an online application that allows you to show your images online with comprehensive Image Viewing Controls. ImageSmartz displays your pictures to perfection and allows for great viewing flexibility. This means, once you upload your images online through an ImageSmartz viewer, your customers can view these images by zooming in and out of the image, change brightness, contrast etc. of the image and what not!! Viewers can zoom into the image to an almost unlimited degree and see every detail in full clarity.

9

SASIIT&R, Mohali

LOCATIONS OF THE COMPANY

Head Quarters & Mailing Address: Sebiz Infotech 570 Willowbrook Office Park Rochester, New York 14450 Tel: +1-888-661-8967 Fax: +1-815-550-2295 E-mail: [email protected]

India Office: Sebiz Infotech Sebiz Square, IT - C6, Sector 67, Mohali - 160062, Punjab, India Tel: +91-172-3068070-73 Fax: +91-172-3068074 E-mail: [email protected]

Canada Office: 527 Ravenstone Court, Mississauga, ON, L5R 4A6 Tel: +1-905-481-2537 E-mail: [email protected]

10

SASIIT&R, Mohali

INTRODUCTION Man has invented many electronic devices but the computer has made a greater impact on society than any other devices. They have made a potentially significant contribution to the society during the last three decades. The areas of computer applications are literally too numerous to mention. Computers have become an integral part of man’s everyday life. They dominate every sphere of life be it entertainment, education, banking, insurance, research, medicine, design or manufacturing. They continue to grow and open new horizons of discovery and applications. One of the primary reasons for the immense popularity of computers is the speed with which they can accomplish specified tasks. However, computer applications are not always easy to use. Any application has two parts:  User Interface: This is the screen displayed by the application. We interact with an application via the interface. Every application has a user interface in one form or the other. The application asks for and we provide the necessary instructions using the interface.  Program: Computers need clear-cut instructions to tell them what to do, how to do, and when to do. A set of instructions to carry put a specified task is called a program. This is what goes on in the background. To prevent an analogy from the real world, consider how we use a television. We use ON/OFF switch channel etc. These controls represent the interface while what happens internally when we use any of the controls constitute the program. All interactions between the user and application are via the user interface. Thus, for any application to be successful it needs to have a good user interface. The user interface makes a program easy to use.  Easy to learn  Easy to use  Attractive

11

SASIIT&R, Mohali

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of developing information systems through a multi-step process from investigation of initial requirements through analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. There are many different models and methodologies, but each generally consists of a series of defined steps or stages. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is the entire process of formal, logical steps taken to develop a software product. The phases of SDLC can vary somewhat but generally include the following: 1.

Conceptualization

2.

Requirements and Cost/Benefits Analysis

3.

Detailed Specification of the Software Requirements

4.

Software design

5.

Programming

6.

Testing

7.

User and Technical Training

8.

And finally, Maintenance

A number of system development life cycle (SDLC) models have been created: waterfall, fountain, and spiral build and fix, rapid prototyping, incremental, and synchronize and stabilize. The oldest of these, and the best known, is the waterfall: a sequence of stages in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be characterized and divided up in different ways, including the following: 1.

Project planning, feasibility study: Establishes a high-level view of the intended project and determines its goals.

2.

Systems analysis, requirements definition: Refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs.

12

SASIIT&R, Mohali

3.

Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code and other documentation.

4.

Implementation: The real code is written here.

5.

Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability.

6.

Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business.

 Maintenance: What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction, additions, and moves to a different computing platform and more? This, the least glamorous and perhaps most important step of all, goes on seemingly forever.

13

SASIIT&R, Mohali

THE WATERFALL MODEL

This is also known as Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. It involves a series of steps to be undertaken in the development of information systems as follows: 1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling 2. Software Requirements Analysis 3. Systems Analysis and Design 4. Code Generation 5. Testing 6. Maintenance

14

SASIIT&R, Mohali

1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling As software is always of a large system or business, work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases, to extract the maximum output, the system should be re-engineered and spruced up. Once the ideal system is engineered or tuned, the development team studies the software requirement for the system. 15

SASIIT&R, Mohali 2. Software Requirement Analysis This is also known as feasibility study. In this phase, the development team visits the customer and studies their system. They investigate the need for possible software automation in the given system. By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates. The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specially on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the system engineer ("analyst") must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance and interfacing. The essential purpose of this phase is to find the need and to define the problem that needs to be solved. 3. System Analysis and Design In this phase, the software development process, the software's overall structure and its nuances are defined. In terms of the client/server technology, the number of tiers needed for the package architecture, the database design, the data structure design etc is all defined in this phase. A software development model is created. Analysis and Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase. 4. Code Generation The design must be translated into a machine-readable form. The code generation step performs this task. If the design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished without much complication. Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters; Debuggers are used to generate the code. 5. Testing Once the code is generated, the software program testing begins. Different testing methodologies are available to unravel the bugs that were committed during the previous

16

SASIIT&R, Mohali phases. Different testing tools and methodologies are already available. Some companies build their own testing tools that are tailor made for their own development operations. 6. Post implementation and Maintenance Software will definitely undergo change once it is delivered to the customer. There are many reasons for the change. Change could happen because of some unexpected input values into the system. In addition, the changes in the system could directly affect the software operations. The software should be developed to accommodate changes that could happen during the post implementation period.

17

SASIIT&R, Mohali

MANUAL SYSTEM Manual system is the oldest and still the most prevalent form of data processor. Despite the fantastic growth of computer application, manual information systems still outnumber them in quantity of system and information handled. People receive input data by seeing or hearing them. These data are then stored in the files, which also act as a control and logic unit. The outputs obtained from this type of information processing are oral or written reports and in some cases, even a variety of physical operations the human mind, acting as control and logic unit can perform many operation data: adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, sorting values repeating the operations different set of data; comparing two items, outputting result in a pre-arranged manner, revising the processing operation as result of change instruction. In spite of wide activity performed by a human, the human remains an unreliable processor. Human mind is slow in performing arithmetical calculation and is rather erratic in applying unit of logic’s fatigue and boredom are among human frailties that cause 1% to 10% of an error in computation and clerical task where judgment is require human mind is expansible to make decisions in data processing systems because of the difficulty of planning and handle all eventualities. In summary, human being alone are inefficient data processors but they become a vital component of all data processing system because of the need for decision and judgments.

DISADVANTAGES OF MANUAL SYSTEM 18

SASIIT&R, Mohali

 Being a manual system, the probability of error is high.  Many of the tasks are repetitive and hence tedious.  Data retrieval may be time consuming and may not easily convey information.  Searching of records based on certain criteria is almost impossible.  There is always a possibility of losing records.  Lesser flexibility.  Less user friendly.  More working hours than as demanded by computerized system.

19

SASIIT&R, Mohali ADVANTAGES OF THE COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM  Provides more flexibility.  It takes comparatively lesser time to access the information.  Provides user-friendly environment.  Requires less working labor.  It removes any redundancy that may occur in physical solutions to the problem as various checks can be incorporated to check the redundancy.

20

SASIIT&R, Mohali

FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility study is a test of the system proposal according to its workability, impact on organization, ability to meet user needs, and effective use of resources. The feasibility study depends upon the result on initial investigation, and the survey is expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. It focuses on major three questions:  What resources are available for the given candidate systems? Is the problem worth solving?  What are the user’s demonstratable needs and how does a candidate system meet them?  What are the likely impacts of the candidate system on the organization?  Is there a new and better way to do the job that will benefit the user?  What are the costs and saving of the alternatives?  What is recommended? The objective of feasibility study is not only to solve the problem but to acquire the sense of its scope. The result of the feasibility study is a formal proposal. This is the simple report – a formal document detailing the nature and scope of proposed solution. The proposal summarizes what is known and what is going to be done. It consists of the following:  Statement of the problem: a carefully worded statement of the problem that lead to the analysis.  Summary of finding and recommendations: a list of the major findings and recommendations of the study. It is ideal for the user who requires quick access to the results of the analysis of the system under study.  Details of findings: an outline of the methods and procedures undertaken by the existing system, followed by the coverage of the objectives and procedures of the candidate system.  Recommendations and conclusions: specific recommendations regarding the candidate system, including personnel assignments, costs, project schedules, and target dates. 21

SASIIT&R, Mohali

REQUIREMENTS 1. Personal Edition:  CPU Speed:

P4

 RAM:

1 GB (2 GB recommended)

 Hard Disk Space:

500 MB of available (1 GB recommended)

 Operating System:

WinXP, Vista

 Other:

Microsoft Word recommended

2. Network Edition: a) Server:  CPU Speed:

P4

 RAM:

1 GB (2 GB recommended)

 Hard Disk Space:

500 MB of available(1 GB recommended)

 Operating System:

For users less than 10: Win 9x, NT, 2000 or XP For users more than 10: Win NT Server, Win 2003 Server, or Win 2008 Server.

b) Client:

22

 CPU Speed:

P4

 RAM:

1 GB (2 GB recommended)

 Hard Disk Space:

500 MB of available(1 GB recommended)

 Operating System:

Win XP, Vista

 Others:

Microsoft word recommended

SASIIT&R, Mohali

INTRODUCTION TO ASP.NET

Microsoft released ASP.NET 3.5 on November 19, 2007. Along with it, was released Visual Studio 2008. This evolution from ASP.NET 2.0 to ASP.NET 3.5 is quiet gradual. ASP.NET 3.5 uses the same engine as that of ASP.NET 2.0, with some extra features added on top of it. In this article, we will explore the new features added to ASP.NET 3.5. This article assumes that you have been working on ASP.NET 2.0. NEW FEATURES IN ASP.NET 3.5 ASP.NET AJAX In ASP.NET 2.0, ASP.NET AJAX was used as an extension to it. You had to download the extensions and install it. However in ASP.NET 3.5, ASP.NET AJAX is integrated into the .NET Framework, thereby making the process of building cool user interfaces easier and intuitive. The integration between webparts and the update panel is much smoother. Another noticeable feature is that you can now add ASP.NET AJAX Control Extenders to the toolbox in VS2008. Even though this is an IDE specific feature, however I feel it deserves a mention over here for developers, who had to add extenders using source view earlier. It is also worth noting that Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) now supports JSON along with other standard protocols like SOAP, RSS and POX. LINQ LINQ (Language Integrated Query) adds native data querying capability to C# and VB.NET along with the compiler and Intellisense support. LINQ is a component of .NET 3.5. LINQ defines operators that allow you to code your query in a consistent manner over databases, objects and XML. The ASP.NET LinqDataSource control allows you to use LINQ to filter, order and group data before binding to the List controls. NEW CONTROLS The ListView and DataPager are new controls added along with a new DataSource controls called the LinqDataSource. 23

SASIIT&R, Mohali

 ListView The ListView control is quiet flexible and contains features of the Gridview, Datagrid, Repeater and similar list controls available in ASP.NET 2.0. It provides the ability to insert, delete, page (using Data Pager), sort and edit data. However one feature of the ListView control that stands apart, is that it gives you a great amount of flexibility over the markup generated. So you have a complete control on how the data is to be displayed. You can now render your data without using the tag. You also get a rich set of templates with the ListView control.  DataPager DataPager provides paging support to the ListView control. The best advantage is that you need not have to keep it ‘tied’ with the control on which the paging is being done. You can keep it anywhere on the page. DataPager gives you a consistent way of paging with the controls that support it. Currently only ListView supports it as it implements the IPageableItemContainer. However support is likely to be added to other List controls as well. ASP.NET MERGE TOOL ASP.NET 3.5 includes a new merge tool (aspnet_merge.exe). This tool lets you combine and manage assemblies created by aspnet_compiler.exe. This tool was available earlier as an add-on. NEW ASSEMBLIES The new assemblies that would be of use to ASP.NET 3.5 developers are as follows: •

System.Core.dll - Includes the implementation for LINQ to Objects

•

System.Data.Linq.dll - Includes the implementation for LINQ to SQL

•

System.Xml.Linq.dll - Includes the implementation for LINQ to XML

•

System.Data.DataSetExtensions.dll - Includes the implementation for LINQ to Data Set.

•

System.Web.Extensions.dll: Includes the implementation for ASP.NET AJAX (new enhancements added) and new web controls as explained earlier.

24

SASIIT&R, Mohali

Some Other Important Points •

ASP.NET 3.5 provides better support to IIS7. IIS7 and ASP.NET 3.5 modules and handlers support unified configuration.

•

You can have multiple versions of ASP.NET on the same machine.

•

For those who are wondering what happened to ASP.NET 3.0, well there isn’t anything called ASP.NET 3.0.

•

VS 2002 worked with ASP.NET 1.0, VS 2003 worked with ASP.NET 1.1, and VS 2005 worked with ASP.NET 2.0. However VS 2008 supports multi-targeting, i.e it works with ASP.NET 2.0, and ASP.NET 3.5.

ENHANCED FEATURES

25

•

Security

•

Password

•

Web service protocol

•

Connection string

•

Ado.Net

•

Data reader

•

Namespace

•

Side-by-side execution

•

Mobile control

SASIIT&R, Mohali

INTRODUCTION TO CSS Cascading Style Sheets: Language used to describe how an HTML document should be formatted. •

CSS, short for Cascading Style Sheets, a new feature being added to HTML that gives both Web site developers and users more control over how pages are displayed. With CSS, designers and users can create style sheets that define how different elements, such as headers and links, appear. These Style Sheets can then be applied to any Web page.

•

It is a standard for specifying the appearance of text and other elements. CSS was developed for use with HTML in Web pages but is also used in other situations, notably in applications built using XPFE. CSS is typically used to provide a single "library" of styles that are used over and over throughout a large number of related documents, as in a web site. A CSS file might specify that all numbered lists are to appear in italics.

•

Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 (CSS2) is a style sheet language that allows authors and users to attach style (eg, fonts, spacing, and aural cues) to structured documents (eg, HTML documents and XML applications). By separating the presentation style of documents from the content of documents, CSS2 simplifies Web authoring and site maintenance. CSS2 builds on CSS1 and, with very few exceptions; all valid CSS1 style sheets are valid CSS2 style sheets. CSS is a simple mechanism for adding style (eg fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents.

•

A Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) provides the ability to separate the layout and styles of a web page from the data or information. Styles such as fonts, font sizes, margins, can be specified in one place, and then the Web pages feed off this one master list, with the styles cascading throughout the page or an entire site.

26

SASIIT&R, Mohali •

A method of coding that allows users to define how certain HTML, DHTML, or XML structural elements, such as paragraphs and headings, should be displayed using style rules instead of additional markup.

•

A Web page derived from multiple sources with a predetermined order where the definitions of any style element conflict.

•

Cascading Style Sheets are a big breakthrough in Web design because they allow developers to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, when you want to make a change, you simply change the style, and that element is updated automatically wherever it appears within the site. Data Center - This is where all the servers are located. Technicians are in the same building for administration and technical support.

•

These are used to design web pages. They are web pages derived from multiple sources with a defined order of precedence where the definitions of any style element conflict. CSS gives more control over the appearance of a web page to the page creator than to the browser designer or the viewer. Since it's likely that different browsers will choose to implement CSS

•

Somewhat differently, the web page creator must test the page with different browsers. Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, are a series of instructions that specify how text should appear on a Web page. You can use CSS to set styles for text, borders, and other elements, and apply these styles to your entire Web site. •

A style language that can control the appearance of HTML and XML documents by defining display features such as font types, color and size, as well as text formatting features such as indentions, margins, and tabular presentation. See also Style sheet.

•

Cascading Style Sheets provide a method of controlling how HTML documents appear. Replacing a web site's style sheet can radically alter the

27

SASIIT&R, Mohali way it appears. This can make it easier to rebrand a website or target different display types, such as: print, mobile phones and projectors. •

A technology used to control the presentation (and often the layout) of a Web page. CSS controls colors, font faces, text sizes, etc.

•

The Cascading Style Sheet recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C) defines the derivation of web page contents from multiple sources, with a hierarchical order of precedence. This makes it possible, for example, to change just on format page in order the change the appearance of many derived content pages. CSS 1 is implemented in the current versions of the Netscape and Microsoft browsers.

•

CSS is a style sheet format for HTML documents endorsed by the World Wide Web Consortium. CSS1 (Version 1.0) provides hundreds of layout settings that can be applied to all the subsequent HTML pages that are downloaded. CSS2 (Version 2.0) adds support for XML, oral presentations for the visually impaired, downloadable fonts and other enhancements.

•

A style sheet is made up of style rules that tell a browser how to present a

document. There are various ways of linking these style rules to your HTML documents, but the simplest method for starting out is to use HTML's STYLE element. This element is placed in the document HEAD, and it contains the style rules for the page. •

Note that while the STYLE element is a good method of experimenting with style

sheets, it has disadvantages that should be considered before one uses this method in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed in the section on linking style sheets to HTML. •

Each rule is made up of a selector--usually an HTML element such as BODY, P, or EM--and the style to be applied to the selector.

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SASIIT&R, Mohali

•

There are numerous properties that may be defined for an element. Each property takes a value, which together with the property describes how the selector should be presented.

Style rules are formed as follows: Selector {property: value} Multiple style declarations for a single selector may be separated by a semicolon: selector {property1: value1; property2: value2} As an example, the following code segment defines the color and font-size properties for H1 and H2 elements: CSS Example H1 {font-size: x-large; color: red} H2 {font-size: large; color: blue} The above style sheet tells the browser to show level-one headings in an extra-large, red font, and to show level-two headings in a large, blue font. Grouping In order to decrease repetitious statements within style sheets, grouping of selectors and declarations is allowed. For example, all of the headings in a document could be given identical declarations through a grouping: H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 {color: red; font-family: sans-serif}

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SASIIT&R, Mohali

INTRODUCTION TO HTML Hypertext Markup Language is the authoring software language used on the Internet's World Wide Web. HTML is used for creating World Wide Web pages. Hyper Text Mark-Up Language (HTML), a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide Web. Hypertext Markup Language (html) is a language in which web pages are written. It is the coding syntax used to write WWW documents, which are read by browsers. Short for Hypertext Markup Language, the authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web. In practical terms, HTML is a collection of platform-independent styles (indicated by markup tags) that define the various components of a World Wide Web document. Hypertext Markup Language, the coding language used to create hypertext documents for the World Wide Web. In HTML, a block of text can be surrounded with tags that indicate how it should appear (for example, in bold face or italics). Also, in HTML a word, a block of text, or an image can be linked to another file on the Web. HTML files are viewed with a World Wide Web browser. Hypertext Markup Language is the basic language used to write web pages. HTML is a markup language and not a full-blown programming language so is therefore essentially static in nature. HTML is parsed by your web Browser when a web page downloads and consists of tags (commands to tell the browser how to render the text, where to load in graphics etc on the web page) as well as the actual text. (Short for Hyper Text Mark-up Language), is a set of codes that are displayed over a web browser. It is guide for the browser with instructions on how the page is set-up, where and how text and graphics should be placed.

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SASIIT&R, Mohali WWW documents are normally written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the native language of the WWW. HTML enables links to be specified, and also the structure and formatting of Web documents to be defined. HTML documents are written in plain text, but with the addition of tags which describe or define the text they enclose. For example, a link is defined by the ANCHOR tag placed around the hyperlinked text. It specifies the URL of the 'linked to' document, eg