Omicron Ebook - Fotografia Documental, Um - Guia - para - Iniciantes

 

JFQFMSKJOK AFLPE@BQKD PE MPOK WKSK OBOLOKBQ@ \

 

Kpr`s`btkíìf .................................................................................................1 Q`ek...............................................................................................................: Lrfbfmrkek ...................................................................................................? K. W`squosk .............................................................................................................;7 C. Hopüt`s` obolokd ....................................................................................................;; L. Lkptkíìf `xpdfrktü `xpdfrktürok rok ........................................................................................;3 A. Kbëdos` ak proe`ork lkptkíìf ..............................................................................;3 @. Lkptkíìf ............................................................................................................;1 J. Sft`orf ................................................................................................................;0 M. @aoíìf ...............................................................................................................;: H. Qrktke`btf .........................................................................................................;= O. Wucdolkíìf ...........................................................................................................3;

E`bskm`e ﬋bkd ............................................................................................31

Jftfmrkjok ak lkpk> Fsvkdaf \kbtfs Doek

 

KWS@\@BQKÍÌF   Kmrka`íf f s`u obt`r`ss` obt`r`ss` `e bfssf `-cffi. Q`bhf Q`bhf k l`rt`zk a` qu` `d` `d` sobkdozk kp`bks f obålof a` uek r`dkíìf cks`kak bk pkoxìf qu` t`efs p`dk jftfmrkjok aflue`btkd. \fu f prfj`ssfr Fsvkdaf \kbtfs Doek. Pe kpkoxfbkaf pfr jftfmrkjok `, `e `sp`lokd, pfr jftfmrkjok aflue`btkd. @e ;?8:, juba`o ue `stþaof lfe`rlokd `e Lurotock lfe f bfe` a` FEOLSFB ` lfe`l`o k e` obt`r`sskr p`dk jftfmrkjok aflue`btkd. @e ;??3, trkbsjfre`o f `stþaof `e uek `slfdk a` jftfmrkjok. Lfe f fcn`tov fcn`tovf f a` s`r ue dflkd fba` ks p`ssfks pua`ss`e lfepkrtodhkr lfbh`loe`btf jftfmrëjolf ` s` s`btoss`e `e suk s`mubak lksk, k FEOLSFB lr`sl`u ` s` tfrbfu uek aks ekofr`s `slfdks a` jftfmrkjok af pkå pkås. s. Bf e`sef p`råfaf, cusqu`o kprfjubakr kprfjubakr e`us `stuafs ` eobhk prfauíìf aflue`btkd. Joz e`strkaf `e Lfeubolkíìf ` Dobmukm`bs ` lro`o, lr o`o, bk PJWS - fba` ktu`o lfef prfj`ssfr pfr ;0 kbfs - ue Bþld`f a` Wrfauíìf Aflue`btkd. Lfef jftümrkjf, prfauzo aov`rsfs `bskofs afs qukos a`stklf> —K —K odhk e`dkblüdolk― j`otf `e Luck ` —Lroe` Keco`btkd― r`kdozkaf bks loaka`s eob`orks a` Cruekaobhf ` Ekrokbk. B`st` `cffi, pr`t`baf pksskr ue pfulf a`stk `xp`roîblok pkrk vflî. A` ekb`ork fcn`tovk, `xpdolf `xpdo lf f prfl`ssf kbt`rofr ç lkptkíìf lkptkí ìf jftfmrëjolk ` k ekb`ork dümolk a` trktkr f t`ek a` ue prfn`tf jftfaflue`btkd. Wfa`, a` pkr`l`rossf! qu` Pe `stkefs trktkbaf f s`u aflue`btërof pfr e`of a`kj`tfs, ue eïtfaf. tkdv`z s`nkobålof, `xktke`bt` eïtfaf pkrk afekr ks bfssks pkoxð`s, bfssfs bfssfs@ s`btoe`btfs `e r`dkíìf ç jftfmrkjok. Wfos s` vflî `slfdh`u s`r ue jftümrkjf aflue`btkd f j`z pfr kefr. kefr. @btìf, f eïtfaf f knuakrë k cuslkr f `quodåcrof b`l`ssërof pkrk trkbsjfrekr f s`u p`bske`btf `e ue lfblr`tf ` c`df `bskof aflue`btkd. Kh, ` t`e uek surpr`sk prk vflî dë bf jobkd!

Cfk d`oturk!  Wrfj`ssfr Es. Fsvkdaf \k \kbtfs btfs Doek

Jftümrkjf Jft ümrkjf Aflue`btkd

 

Q@EK

 Kbt`s a` ekos bkak ï pr`losf t`r `e e`bt` qu` k jftfmrk󿬋k aflue`btkd bkak ekos ï af qu`

lfbtkr uek hostürok.  K hostürok qu` vflî vflî a`s`nk lfbtkr ï f t`ek af s`u prfn`tf jftfmrëjolf aflue`btkd. \`baf kssoe, e`u proe`orf ` ekos oepfrtkbt` lfbs`dhf ï qu` vflî `slfdhk ue t`ek p`df qukd `st`nk kpkoxfbkaf. kpkoxfbkaf. 

E`u s`mubaf lfbs`dhf ï> prflur` kssubtfs prüxoefs ` jkltåv`os.   Pek aks mrkba`s krekaodhks, qu` pua` fcs`rvkr `e kbfs akbaf kudk a` jftfmrkjok aflue`btkd, ï k `slfdhk a` t`eks aostkbt`s, lfepd`xfs ` a` aojålod r`kdozkíìf. Wfr `x`epdf> —S`domoð`s―. Ldkrf qu` ï ue kssubtf lkrf k tfafs, eks tkd t`ek ï a`eksokake`bt` vkstf `, pfssov`de`bt`, ekofr qu` k lkpkloaka` prfautov prfautovkk a` ue bfvf aflue`btkrostk `e prfl`ssf a` kpr`baozkm`e jkdkr sfcr` fs ekos aov`rsfs topfs a` lr`bíks.

E`u t`rl`orf lfbs`dhf ï> kjubod` s`u t`ek. Bìf `xost` `bskof jftfmrëjolf aflue`btkd s`e ue t`ek `sp`låjolf. Ï s`epr` s`autfr jkdkr sfcr` f eubaf a` jfrek kepdk ` qu`r`r kcfrakr fs —mrkba`s t`eks ubov`rskos―, lfef qu`stð`s sflokos kf r`afr af mdfcf. Wfrïe, qukbtf ekos kepdf jfr f s`u t`ek, pfssov`de`bt` ekos sup`r󿬋lokd s`rë f r`sudtkaf af s`u trkckdhf.   Kjubodkr f t`ek t`ek ï s`bsktf. \`baf kssoe, ue `x`epdf `x`epdf a` t`ek ke kepdf> pdf> r`domoð`s, ` ue ue a` t`ek `sp`låjolf> jftfmrkjkr fs joïos a` uek a`t`reobkak r`domoìf lfbl`btrka lfbl`btrkafs fs `e ue a`t`reobkaf t`epdf t`epd f ` dflkd `sp`låjolf.

E`u qukrtf lfbs`dhf ï> aî kt`bíìf ` lhkbl` kfs t`eks —e`bfr`s―. Lfe`l` kjkstkbaf ks ckrr`orks obvosåv`os qu` pr`nuaolke f obålof a` qukdqu`r trkckdhf. trkckdhf. K t`baîblok obolokd ï, a` ekb`ork suclfbslo`bt`, skcftkr f prfl`ssf pkrk a`pfos lfdflkr k ludpk bf eubaf. Lfe`l` soepd`s ` vë, kfs pfulfs, tr`obkbaf k suk lkpkloaka` l kpkloaka` a` lfepr``bsìf af jkz`r jftfmrëjolf. Lfef aoss` kbt`s, fs mrkba`s t`eks s`epr` sìf s`autfr`s. Eks qukbtf ekos s`autfr s`autfr,, tkecïe ekos lfepd`xk ï k suk r`kdozkíìf.

 

 Kjkst` `ssks ckrr`orks ckrr`orks psolfdümolks qu` d`vke ç jrustrkíìf kbt`s kbt`s e`sef a` s` obolokr k lkptkíìf. Bìf s` `blkbt` pfr —t`eð`s― qu` e`sef pkrk jftümrkjfs lfef \`ckstoìf \kdmkaf ` tfak k suk `xp`roîblok t`ba`e k flupkr ekos a` uek aïlkak aïl kak a` trkckdhf. Q`eks `xt`bsfs lfef —Qrkckdhkafr`s―, —Îxfafs― ` —Mîb`sos―, bfs a`rke kdmubs afs e`dhfr`s dovrfs aflue`btkos af \ïludf XX. Eks tkd jktf pfa` d`vkr k lr`r qu` f lkeobhf l keobhf af aflue`btërof `stë obtoeke`bt` r`dklofbkaf lfe fs —t`eks mrkba`s― mrkba`s―.. W`df lfbtrërof, k hostürok qu` ekos obt`r`ssk ï kqu`dk qu` `stë tìf prüx prüxoek oek a` vflî ` qu` pfr uek eofpok ludturkd vflî bìf lfbs`muou jflë-dk. Jkd` af qu` sfe`bt` vflî pfa` jkdkr! Lfepdolkaf6 Qkdv`z. Qkdv`z. Eks bobmuïe `btrk pkrk f eubaf af aflue`btkrosef s`e `sp`rkr mrkba`s a`skjofs.

Fs dovrfs a` \`ckstoìf \kdmkaf obsporkrke tfak uek m`rkíìf a` jftümrkjfs. Kekaf pfr ubs, lrotolkaf pfr futrfs, eks jubake`btkd lfef r`j`rîblok a` qukdoaka` a` prfauíìf aflue`btkd. [u`r skc`r ekos sfcr` s`u trkckdhf6 Z`nk e`us lfe`btërofs sfcr` suk fcrk b`st` våa`f våa`f..

S`lkpotudkbaf>  Cusqu` ue t`ek p`df qukd vflî `st`nk kpkoxfbkaf, qu` s`nk jkltåv`d - a`btrf a` suks r`kos pfssocodoaka`s a` r`kdozkíìf - ` qu` somk ue lrfbfmrkek prï-`stkc`d`loaf. prï-`st kc`d`loaf. Kdoës, lrfbfmrkek ï f kssubtf af bfssf prüxoef lkpåtudf! 9)

 

LSFBFMSKEK

Euotf c`e, kmfrk qu` vflî vflî në `slfdh`u f t`ek s` jkz b`l`ssërof k lrokíìf a` ue pdkbf a` kíìf. Oba`p`ba`bt` ak suk `slfdhk t`eëtolk ks `tkpks kckoxf f knuakrìf pkrk f a`s`bvfdvoe`btf a`s`bvfdvoe`btf a` ue prfn`tf aflue`btkd.

Pe `-ekod a` rfepoe`btf r`l`coaf p`dk krtostk lfbl`otukd jrkbl`sk, \fpho` Lkdd`, s`rv` a` eft` k Luoa` a` vflî, fcrk kpr`s`btkak p`dk proe`ork v`z bk 03ª Co`bkd a` Z`b`zk (377=). K lfbvot` a` Lkdd`, ekos a` uek l`bt`bk a` eudh`r`s, aks ekos aov`rsks flupkíð`s, kbkdoske ` obt`rpr`tke k e`bskm`e s`mubaf k ütolk a` suk ktovoaka` prf﬋ssofbkd prf﬋ssofbkd.. @st` `bskof ï ue cfe `x`epdf `x`epdf.. a` kepdokíìf af lfbl`otf a` jftfmrk﬋k aflue`btkd. \`mu` k dobhk lfbt`epfrãb`k afs —aflue`btërofs pfïtolfs―.

@QKW @Q KWK\ K\ WKSK WSFAPÍÌF A@ WSFN@QF JFQFAFLPE@BQKD>  K. W`squosk. C. Hopüt`s` obolokd L. Lkptkíìf `xpdf `xpdfrktürok rktürok A. Kbëdos` ak proe`ork vosukdozkíìf @. Lkptkíìf

 

J. Sft`orf M. @aoíìf H. Qrktke`btf O. Wucdolkíìf

K. W@\[PO\K  K proe`ork ` l`rtke`bt` k ekos oepfrtkbt` oepfrtkbt` `tkpk ï k ak p`squosk. [ukbtf ekos objfrekíð`s vflî r`ubor sfcr` f t`ek `slfdhoaf e`dhfr s`rë k suk kcfrakm`e jftfmrëjolk. Wfrtkbtf, ï b`l`ssërof qu` vflî  cusqu` f eëxoef a` objfrekíð`s objfrekíð`s sfcr` f t`ek.

Fsvkdaf \kbtfs Doek

Cusqu` skc`r f qu` k dot`rkturk në prfauzou sfcr` k t`eëtolk9 qukos sìf fs trkckdhfs aflue`btkos qu` në kcfrakrke tkd kssubtf9 s` `xost`e jode`s, p`íks a` t`ktrf t`ktrf,, aoss`rtkíð`s fu t`s`s klkaîeolks, pf`soks fu t`xtfs t`xt fs nfrbkdåstolfs sfcr` f lfbt`þaf9 lfef f eubaf aks krt`s vosukos r`trktfu k `sp`lojoloaka` af t`ek `slfdhoaf9 s` futrf jftümrkjf aflue`btkrostk t`e kdmue trkckdhf bk ër`k `, lksf soe, qukd jfo k kcfrakm`e j`otk ` qukd f prfautf jobkd fj`r`loaf (dovrf, `xpfsoíìf, obstkdkíìf krtåstolk `tl.).

 K lkak p`squosk r`kdozkak, vflî vflî `stkrë ekos pr`pkrkaf pkrk obolokr a` jktf jktf k lkptkíìf. @ssk  cuslk mkrkbt` qu` vflî vflî bìf vë ç r`kdoaka` a` jfrek jfrek obmîbuk. Mkrkbtk qu` s`u lrfbfmrkek p`reotk t`epf sujolo`bt` pkrk fct`r ks r`spfstks b`l`ssëroks pkrk s`us qu`stofbke`btfs ` kbëdos` kl`rlk af t`ek. F aflue`btërof bìf kaeot` k obm`buoaka`.  Z  Zflî flî pr`losk `stkr c`e objfrekaf pkrk fdhkr fdhkr pkrk kdïe ak sup`rjålo` af t`ek.

 

AOLK FEOLSFB BÌF LFBJO@ @E \PK E@EÜSOK. JKÍK KBFQKÍÐ@\ \FCS@ K \PK W@\[PO\K @E PE LKA@SBF, CDFLF A@ BFQK\ AF L@DPDKS FP LFEWPQKAFS LFE K\ OBJFSEKÍÐ@\ EKO\ OEWFSQKBQ@\ WKSK ZFLÎ LFB\PDQKS \@EWS@ [PKBAF B@L@\\ËSOF. LK\F K\ KBFQKÍÐ@\ \@NKE BF L@DPDKS FP LFEWPQKAFS, P\@ WKDKZSK\-LHKZ@ @ AKQK\ WKSK JKLODOQKS \@P KL@\\F KF\ AKAF\.

  C. HOWÜQ@\@ OBOLOKD

 K oa`ok klkaîeolk a` uek —hopüt`s` —hopüt`s` obolokd― ï kssustkafrk6 Joqu` Joqu` trkbqu trkbquodf odf ` p`bs` qu` kpüs `slfdh`r f kssubtf ` r`kdozkr suk p`squosk, ï bfrekd qu` vflî t`bhk jfrekaf ue jfrt` lfbnubtf a` lfbsoa`rkíð`s sfcr` f t`ek.  Z  Zkefs kefs vfdtkr kf ``x`ep x`epdf df a` ue jftümrkjf qu` qu` a`s`nk trkckdhkr lkptkbaf uek lfeuboaka` lfeuboaka` r`domofsk. Oekmob` qu` `dk s` `blfbtrk osfdkak m`fmrkjolke`bt` ` qu`, pfr rkzð`s a` suk lr`bík, bìf jkík usf a` t`lbfdfmoks efa`rbks tkos lfef l`dudkr ` tv. Kf r`kdozkr k p`squosk f jftümrkjf pfa` lfblduor qu` fs nfv`bs a`stk lfeuboaka` bìf lfbsfe`e eþsolk —pfp― fu sïro`s. \`rok uek hopüt`s` obolokd rkzfëv`d trkckdhkr lfe k bfíìf a` kdtf osfdke`btf ludturkd afs nfv`bs. Qkd prfpfsoíìf obolokd l`rtke`bt` orë objdu`blokr lfef f jftümrkjf s` r`dklofbkrë lfe k lfeuboaka`.  Kssoe f jftümrkjf, jftümrkjf, oecuåaf a` tkd prfpüsotf prfpüsotf - v`rak v`raka`orf a`orf fu bìf - a`t`re a`t`reobk obk k jfrek a` lkptkíìf aks oekm`bs. K suk oepfrtãblok `stë `e fro`btkr ks proe`orks oekm`bs. K prïlfbl`píìf jublofbk lfef f mës obolokd pkrk f a`s`bvfdv a`s`bvfdvoe`btf oe`btf af prfn`tf eks bublk lfef —lh`j`―. @dk bìf pfa` s` trkbsjfrekr `e uek t`oefsok ` euotf e`bfs `e uek —v`raka` kcsfdutk― k s`r oepfstk bf aoëdfmf qu` f jftümrkjf trkvkrë lfe k r`kdoaka`. S`sueobaf S`sueobaf,, t`bhk uek prfpfstk a` kcfrakm`e obolokd, eks k sun`ot` k uek r`vosìf cks`kak cks` kak bfs jktfs qu` fcs`rvk aurkbt` k lkptkíìf. Wfrtkbtf, oekmob` s` f jftümrkjf `e qu`stìf `btrk bk lfeuboaka`, lfbquostk k b`l`ssërok Wfrtkbtf, obtoeoaka` pkrk uek kprfxoekíìf `j`tovk ` a`slfcr` qu` fs ekos nfv`bs lfbsfe`e, `slfbaoaf afs pkos, eþsolk, sïro`s ` jode`s `e s`us l`dudkr`s lfbtrkckba`ka lfbtrkckba`kafs fs pkrk a`btrf ak

 

lfeuboaka`. K hopüt`s` obolokd a` osfdke`btf s` r`v`dkrë `rrkak ` f trkckdhf mkbhkrë ue bfvf  voïs> r`trktkr uek m`rkíìf m`rkíìf qu` a`sklr`aotk, p`df e`bfs `e pkrt pkrt`, `, fs afmeks r`domofsfs a` s`us pkos.  K hopüt`s`, pfrtkbtf, pfrtkbtf, kpfbtk kp`bks ue lkeobhf pkrk f obålof ak lkptkíìf. @dk bìf pr`losk pr`losk `stkr —l`rtk―, —l`rtk―, eks a`v` s`r lf`r`bt` lfe f r`sudtkaf a` suk p`squosk. Or ç r`kdoaka` s`e ue prfpüsotf pfa` m`rkr ue t`epf a`eksokake`bt` a`eksokake`bt` mrkba` pkrk k kssoeodkíìf af eubaf k s`r r`trktkaf.

L. LKWQKÍÌF @XWDFSKQÜSOK

 Kpüs k p`squosk ` k lrokíìf a` uek hopüt`s` hopüt`s` obolokd lh`mfu f mrkba` ef efe`btf e`btf a` or ç r`kdoaka`. \uk p`squosk a`v`rë a`s`bhkr f jfrektf a` suk lkptkíìf> l kptkíìf> lfr fu pr`tf ` crkblf, l`dudkr l`dudkr,, lãe`rk lfepkltk, A\DS, eorrfrd`ss, kbkdümolk `tl. Quaf `stë kekrrkaf çs suks lfbaoíð`s `lfbñeolks, kf s`u qu`r`r bkrrktovf ` ç `xp`roîblok af proe`orf lfbtktf. B`bhue trkckdhf trkckdhf orë ruor s` lkptkaf lfe `quopke`btfs lfef ue l`dudkr. Zflî ï k  mrkba` aoj`r`bík pfos pfr e`of af t`u t`u jodtrf ludturkd ï qu` v`r`efs k r`kdoaka`. Lfbjo` `e s`us lfbl`otfs ` `e suk p`squosk eks s`epr` aospfstf k p`rl`c`r sobkos lfbtrërofs. Z  Zëë ç r`kdoaka` eubolokaf a` uek kdek lurofsk `

hueoda`.

 K lkptkíìf `xpdfrktürok `xpdfrktürok ï ue proe`orf ` rëpo rëpoaf af lfbtktf lfe s`u t`ek. Qkt`kr k r`kdoaka` a`btrf aks lfbaoíð`s kc`rtks a` kcfrakm kcfrakm`e `e ` `stodåstolk. A` eëquobk `e pubhf vflî orë prfauzor oekm`bs qu` pfsske knuaë-df k `bt`ba`r a` jktf k pft`blokdoaka` af t`ek.

A . K B Ë D O \ @ A K W S O E @ O S K L K W Q KÍ Ì F

 

F —lfpoìf― fu tork lfbtktf kuxodokvke f jftümrkjf k `aotkr bk `rk kbkdümolk.

  Bft` qu` f r`sudtkaf a`st` proe`orf lfbtktf a`v` s`r fcs`rvkaf lfe r`sskdvks. K proe`ork lkptkíìf ï ekrlkak p`dk lkrîblok l krîblok a` obtoeoaka` lfe r`trktkafs, r`trktkafs, lfe f t`ek ` lfe fs `spkífs r`mostrkafs. Futrf prfcd`ek prfcd`ek ï kde`nkr r`sudtkafs pr`ekturfs qu` bìf a`v`e s`r lfepkrkafs ç qukdoaka` a` futrfs `bskofs në j`otfs sfcr` f t`ek. E`dhfr ue fdhkr kludturkaf af qu` obmîbuf. @voa`bt` qu` kf jftfmrkjkr ue pka`orf s` tfrbk oepfssåv @voa`bt` oepfssåv`d `d bìf d`ecrkr a` ue afs ekrkvodhfsfs r`trktfs a` Kumust Kumust \kba`r9 fu kf jftfmrkjkr f llkrbkvkd krbkvkd a` ruk lkroflk d`ecrkr af `bskof —lkrbkvkd —lkrbk vkd bk dfbk― a` Sfmïrof S`os. Ossf ï bfrekd ` bìf a`v` s`rvor a` ãblfrk kf a`s`bvfdvoe`btf a`s`bvf dvoe`btf a` suk `xpr`ssìf p`ssfkd. Bìf ï nustk k lfepkrkíìf `btr` k suk proe`ork lkptkíìf, qu` tov`rke kp`bks s`u obålof, lfe `bskofs qu` `stìf jobkdozkafs, `struturkafs ` pucdolkafs. Cusqu` lfepr``ba`r lfepr``ba`r qu` k proe`ork lkptkíìf lkptkí ìf a`v` s`rvor a` ue efe`btf a` r`jd`xìf a` suk ka`rîblok `eflofbkd lfe f t`ek ` a` lfeprfvkíìf, lfeprfvkíìf, fu bìf, a` suk hopüt`s` obolokd.

—@ s` `u bìf mfstkr a` bkak fu bìf e` s`btor ç vfbtka` lfe f t`ek6― Wfos c`e, eua` a` t`ek! E`dhfr kmfrk af qu` a`pfos a` euotks ` euotks lkptkíð`s. A`sostîbloks A`sos tîbloks pfbtukos pfa`e kpfbtkr t`eks ekos r`d`vkbt`s r`d`vkbt`s ` mrktojolkbt`s.

 

AOLK FEOLSFB \@NK HPEODA@ @ EF\QS@ \@P QSKCKDHF WKSK PE JFQÜMSKJF EKO\ @XW@SO@BQ@. FPQSK FWOBOÌF \@EWS@ Ï C@E-ZOBAK. O\\F WFA@ EKLHPLKS @MF\ EKO\ \@B\ÅZ@O\, EK\ \@SË KDQKE@BQ@ @APLKQOZF @ WFA@SË KQÏ KWFBQKS BFZF\ @ EKO\ OBQ@S@\\KBQ@\ LKEOBHF\ WKSK \@P WSFN@QF.

@. LKWQKÍÌF

\`e sfecrk a` aþvoak `st` ï f l`rb` a` s`u prfn`tf. Quaf a`p`ba` a` uek lkptkíìf lkptkí ìf lfbslo`bt` ` kss`rtovk. F aflue`btërof t`ba` k lr`sl`r qukbtf ekos t`epf s` a`aolkr k `stk jks`. @btr`tkbtf, d`ecr` qu` b`bhue t`ek pfa`rë s`r lfc`rtf `e suk tftkdoaka` e`sef qu` s`nk aftkaf a` pkrtoludkroaka`s `xtr`eks. Oepfssåv`d kcfrakr tuaf, aoz`r tuaf, cuslkr tfaks ks p`rsp`ltovks sfcr` s`u t`ek.

 Kssoe, bìf klr`aot` obm`buke`bt` obm`buke`bt` q qu` u` f t`ek s` `smftfu. `smftfu.  F qu` `smftk ï k bfssk pkloîblok. Wfr ekos aurf qu` ossf pfssk pkr`l`r, pkr`l`r, tfaf trkckdhf `blfbtrk s`u pfbtf jobkd `e bfssk lkpkloaka` l kpkloaka` prfautovk. F eubaf ï ekos kepdf af qu` bfssks ksporkíð`s. Jkík f s`u e`dhfr ` f eubaf r`sp`otkrë f s`u trkckdhf.

Ï s`epr` obaolkaf lfdflkr uek aktk doeot` pkrk k lkptkíìf.

Ossf knuakrë k ekbt`r s`u jflf bk hostürok qu` a`s`nk lfbtkr lfbtkr.. Lro` uek pdkbodhk soepd`s aks `tkpks b`l`ssëroks pkrk lfbtkr k hostürok. Bìf s` pr`bak `e a`tkdh`s a`sb`l`ssërofs ` bìf t`bt` pr`v`r pr`v`r tfaks ks aojoludaka`s qu` vorìf. Pe aflue`btkrostk pr`losk s`r d`v` f sujolo`bt` pkrk p`rl`c`r fs v`btfs ` euakr a` rftk rkpoake`bt`. @ `ssk ï uek mrkba` vkbtkm`e ak jftfmrkjok ` suk d`v`zk a` `quopke`btfs.

 

J. SFQ@OSF

Lro` ue rft`orf cësolf pkrk suks skåaks jftfmrë 󿬋lks. F rft`orf ï ue muok pkrk qu` vflî> 2 Lkpt` fs a`tkdh`s oekmïtolfs qu` s`u prfn`tf pr`losk, 2 \` a`sdfqu` lfe e`bfs b`l`ssoaka`. Wfr `x`epdf> s` s`u prfn`tf `bvfdv` `bvfdv` vokm`bs, ossf `votk lustfs a`sb`l`ssërofs9 2 Joqu` e`bfs kbsofsf aurkbt` f prfl`ssf a` lkptkíìf ` bìf sobtk qu` f prfn`tf bìf t`e prfmr`aoaf9 2 @ t`bhk aoks prfautovfs qukbaf jfr jftfmrkjkr fu mrkvkr.  Z  Zkefs kefs k ue `x `x`epdf `epdf rëpoa rëpoaf f a` rft`orf> Oekmob` qu` f t`ek ï k —r`dkíìf `btr` ks kíð`s a` pkos ` jodhfs a` uek a`t`reobkak lfeuboaka`――. \`baf kssoe, vflî a`aolk e`bskde`bt` < aoks pkrk f prfn`tf> lfeuboaka`

Aok 7;> Lkptkr r`trktfs aks lrokbíks `e suks croblka`orks bk `slfdk9 Aok 73> Jftfmrkjkr Jftfmrkjkr fs pkos `e suks ktovoaka`s prfjossofbkos9 Aok 7 @aotkr f ekt`rokd r`dklofbkbaf ks oekm`bs afs afos aoks a` lkptkíìf.

Cuslkbaf f voïs a` s`e`dhkbíks a` ktfs - croblka`ork ` trkckdhf - `btr` `btr` f pko/ pko/eì` eì` ` k lrokbík. F lob`ek aflue`btkd `bsobk qu` f rft`orf fj`r`l` ue bfrt` s`murf pkrk f a`s`bvfdvoe`btf a`s`bvfdvoe`btf af trkckdhf. [u`r euakr a` rftk6 Ütoef. Zflî t`e obt`ork doc`raka` pkrk jkzî-df. Wfrïe, sü pfa` kdt`rkr k rftk qu`e skcok pkrk fba` `stkvk obaf. \`bìf, pfssf morkr lfbtkr k hostürok. Wfrtkbtf, f a`skjof ak `aoíìf ï r`ubor ue mrupf a` oekm`bs qu` `strutur` uek bkrrkto Wfrtkbtf, bkrrktovk vk qu` lfrr`spfbak ç p`rsp`ltovk af bkrrkafr `e r`dkíìf kf eubaf fcs`rvkaf. Mrkíks ç j`rrke`btks t`lbfdümolks - lfef f Domhtrffe ` f Whftfshfp, Whftfshfp, kecfs ak Kafc` -, lfbs`muoefs trkckdhkr lfe eodhkr`s a` jftfs a` jfrek frmkbozkak. F Domhtrffe pfa` l`btrkdozkr tfaks ks oekm`bs ` oba`xë-dks pfr t`eks ` suct`eks, jklodotkbaf kssoe f `xkustovf trkckdhf a` `aoíìf. Wfrïe, klfbs`dhf qu` k `aoíìf 󿬋bkd s`nk j`otk lfe ks lhkekaks lüpoks a` trkckdhf> Oekm`bs oepr`ssks `e tkekbhf pfstkd qu` pfsske s`r

 

ekbopudkaks ` vostks `e lfbnubtf. Qkd Qkd eïtfaf jklodotk k vosìf m`rkd af trkckdhf ` f tfrbk ekos prfautovf.

Lfbt` lfe knuak `xt`rbk bf prfl`ssf a` `aoíìf. Wfr s`r a`slfeprfe`toaf lfe ks aojoludaka`s fu `efíð`s ak lkptkíìf, f fdhkr a` futrf prfjossofbkd t`ba` k s`r ekos romfrfsf bk hfrk a` s`d`lofbkr fu a`slkrtkr kdmueks oekm`bs.

H. QSKQKE@BQF

Lfe k pfpudkrozkíìf a` prfmrkeks a` trktke`btf tfafs jfrke kdíkafs k trktkafr`s a` oekm`e.  K a`eflrktozkíìf ak jftfmrkjok jobkde`bt` jobkde`bt` lh`mfu ç püs-prfauíìf lfe k `rk aomotkd. @stk a`eflrktozkíìf ak püs-prfauíìf, qu` vov`blokefs hfn`, ï jrutf a` futrfs efe`btfs hostürolfs. Wroe`orf, k jftfmrkjok p`reotou qu` bìf-krostflrktks tov`ss`e kl`ssf k p`rekbîblok a` r`trktfs. A`v`efs A`v`efs d`ecrkr qu` kbt`s ak obv`bíìf ak jftfmrkjok sfe`bt` k krostflrklok tobhk kl`ssf kf pobtfr qu` `rk lkrf `, pfrtkbtf, `dotozkaf. @e ;888, lfe k obv`bíìf ak proe`ork lãe`rk l ãe`rk a` ckoxf lustf - k —Ifaki buec`r buec`r fb`― -, k jftfmrkjok a`oxfu a` s`r ktovoaka` sfe`bt` prfjossofbkd. \urm` f e`rlkaf kekafr ` lfe `d` k jftfmrkjok domkak kf lftoaokbf aks jkeådoks.

Bìf `rk ekos b`l`ssërof lhkekr ue prfjossofbkd. @rk pfssåv`d lfeprkr uek lãe`rk Ifaki, lfe ue jode` `e rfdf a` ;7 pfs`s, jftfmrkjkr ` ekbakr r`v`dkr `e ue afs bfvfs dkcfrktürofs ak `epr`sk. Qkdv`z Qkdv`z tkd r`vf r`vfduíìf duíìf sü `blfbtr` pkrkd`df bk obv`bíìf ak jftfmrkjok aomotkd. F `lfssost`ek aomotkd - lfeputkafr p`ssfkd, prfmrkeks a` trktke`btf, oepr`ssfrks oepr`ssfrks ` dkcfrktürofs dkcfrktüro fs aomotkos kdïe ak obt`rb`t - r`v`dfu pkrk f e`rlkaf kekafr fs e`kbarfs af püstrktke`btf.. F qu` `rk kbt`s j`otf a`btrf af Akrirffe pkssk k s` r`kdozkr p`df Domhtrffe. trktke`btf J`rrke`btks lfef f Whftfshfp J`rrke`btks Whftfshfp jfrke r`spfbsëv`os p`dk euakbík a` e`btkdoaka` af s`bsf lfeue `e r`dkíìf ç püs-prfauíìf. F qu` kbt`s `rk ue eostïrof, eos tïrof, r`strotf kf ubov ubov`rsf `rsf `slurf af

 

K r`vfdulofbërok —Ifaki buec`r fb`― ` f jkefsf sdfmkb a` s`u dkbíke`btf (;888)> Zflî kp`rtk f cftìf, büs jkz`efs f r`stf.― dkcfrktürof pr`tf ` crkblf, tfrbfu-s` prëtolk lftoaokbk a` eodhð`s ` eodhð`s a` p`ssfks qu` tîe dkcfrktürof kl`ssf k ue prfmrkek a` trktke`btf.

Eks t`r kl`ssf kf e`of bìf mkrkbt` a`str`zk lroktovk fu afeåbof a` dobmukm`e. F ekofr p`romf domkaf kf trktke`btf a` tfaf ue lfbnubtf a` jftfmrkjoks, qu` pr`t`ba` bkrrkr uek hostürok, ï lkor bks lhkekaks —efaobhks―. —efaobhks―. Fu s`nk, ak akrr ks suks jftfmrkjoks ue trktke`btf qu` bìf t`bhk dfbm`voaka`, qu` qu` `st`nk domkaf k uek `stïtolk efe`btãb`k ` jkakaf kf `bv`dh`loe`btf `bv`dh `loe`btf pr`lfl`. Wfr ossf, akr çs oekm`bs ue trktke`btf qu` bìf ks ubk `e ue lfbnubtf lf`r`bt` ï tìf ruoe qukbtf jftfmrkjkr k `sef. Oekmob` lfe`íkr k d`r ue pfrtjüdof, a` ue a`t`reobkaf jftümrkjf, jftümrkjf, ` p`rl`c`r qu` k proe`ork oekm`e t`e ue trktke`btf skturkaf, kv`re`dhkaf, kv`re`dhkaf, a`bsf ` ks a`ekos sìf sukv`s ` kzudkaks! K qu`stìf qu` s` lfdflk kquo ï s` tkd trktke`btf knuak k lfbtkr k hostürok pr`t`baoak p`df bkrrkafr.. Bkak lfbtrk ks jftfmrkjoks hop`r-skturkaks fu ks oekm`bs ekos bkrrkafr eko s sukv`s qukbaf tkd a`losìf `stïtolk `blfbtrk lkdíf bkrrktovf. Kf lfbtrërof `stkr`efs ç jr`bt` a` ue trkckdhf qu` t`rë k suk d`oturk pr`nuaolkak p`df ruåaf af trktke`btf trktke`btf.. F trktke`btf af s`u trkckdhf aflue`btkd a`v` s`r tìf oep`rl`ptå oep`rl`ptåv`d v`d qukbtf k cfk jftfmrkjok a` ue mrkba` jode` lob`ektfmrëjolf. \` vflî p`rl`c` k tfaf efe`btf k jftfmrkjok a` ue jode` ï pfrqu`` `dk `stë s` sfcr`pfbaf ç hostürok. pfrqu

 

Kj﬋boty Whftf ue sfjtwkr` qu` prfe`t` lfblfrrîblok a` omukd pkrk omukd lfe f Whftfshfp. [u`r skc`r ekos6 Z`nk kquo kquo!!  K cfk jftfmrk󿬋k, kssoe lfef f cfe trktke`btf, trktke`btf, bìf a`v` s`r k prftkmfbostk af trkckdhf. Mfstf a` p`bskr a`btrf af lfbl`otf a` c`d`zk ak obvosocodoaka`. obvosocodoaka`. Wfrtkbtf, cusqu` `bt`ba`r qu` k püs-prfauíìf ï pkrt` sombojolktovk af s`u trkckdhf. Q`st`, Wfrtkbtf, p`squos`, fus`, eks trkckdh` lkak oekm`e t`baf `e e`bt` qu` `dk jkz pkrt` a` ue t`loaf lfeubolktovf ekofr. Fu s`nk, `dk ï uek pkdkvrk a`btrf a` ue mrkba` t`xtf qu` p`rt`bl`, pfr suk v`z, k ue lfbt`xtf ekofr.

 

Jftfmrk﬋k tfekak bks ruks a` Hkvkbk - Luck - qu` s`rvou lfef lkpk pkrk `st` `st ` `-cffi ` lhkekak a` bfssf Lursf fb-dob` a` Jftfmrk﬋k Aflue`btk Aflue`btkd. d. K —\tr``t Whftfmrkphy― ï ue afs sucmîb`rfs ekos lfbh`loafs p`df mrkba` pþcdolf.

 

 

O. WPCDOLKÍÌF

Ï lh`mkak k hfrk a` efstrkr f s`u trkckdhf kf eubaf! Bkak ï pofr af qu` a`stobkr ue trkckdhf ç mkv`tk. J Jfrke frke mkstks euotks hfrks a` p`squosk, r`jd`xìf, r`jd`x ìf, lkptkíìf, `aoíìf ` trktke`btf. @btìf, ï a` s` `sp`rkr qu` vflî qu`ork lfepkrtodhkr f s`u fdhkr.

Eks pfr qukd e`of vflî `btr`mkrë k suk e`bskm`e6  Kbfs ktrës t`råkefs sfe`bt` sfe`bt` k pfssocodoaka` a` pu pucdolkr cdolkr ue dovr dovrf, f, jkz`r uek ``xpfsoíìf xpfsoíìf fu a` t`r f `bskof bks pëmobks a` r`vostks ` nfrbkos. F pkp`d `rk f supfrt` ekos ücvof ` jfo kcsfdutf bfs proe`orfs ;87 kbfs ak hostürok ak jftfmrkjok.

 

 K `rk aomotkd - lfe fs lfeputkafr`s lfeputkafr`s p`ssfkos, ks proe`orks lãe`rks aomotkos, k obt`rb`t ` f l`dudkr - kdt`rfu sombojolktovke`bt` sombojolktovke`bt` k prfauíìf ` aojusìf afs `bskofs jftfmrëjolfs. K ktukd `s `slkdk lkdk a` lfepkrtodhke`btf a` oekm`bs bublk jfo `xp`roe`btkak. \ot`s, jftfdfms, jftfdfms, Obstkmrke, Wobt`r`st, 077px., sìf kdmubs `x`epdfs `x`epdfs a` lkbkos a` ao aostrocuoíìf strocuoíìf a` oekm`bs. Wfrtkbtf, s`rok obskbf oekmobkr,, lfef supfrt` pkrk f s`u trkckdhf aflue`btkd, kp`bks dovrfs, r`vostks, nfrbkos fu oekmobkr `xpfsoíð`s. Orok lfbtrk ç dümolk ak a`eflrktozkíìf a` kl`ssf ç oekm`e. Kdoe`btkrok uek p`qu`bk `dot` obt`d`ltukd ` aoeobuorok f oepkltf a` suks oa`oks. F e`sef rkloflåbof d`vk k lr`r qu` f l`dudkr ï uek j`rrke`btk `x `xl`d`bt` l`d`bt` pkrk k lkptkíìf a` ue `bskof aflue`btkd. K qu`stìf qu` s` lfdflk kquo ï a` qu` jfrek qu` s` fro`btkrë k bkrrktovk a` klfraf lfe f supfrt` `slfdhoaf. Wfos f qu` jublofbk c`e `e ue sot` fu `e ue cdfm pfa` bìf jublofbkr bf Obstkmrke. Kssoe lfef, f qu` jublofbk bks pkr`a`s a` uek mrkba` skdk a` `xpfsoíìf bìf orë jublofbkr `e r`a`s sflokos lfef f jkl`cffi. \kc`r trkbspfrtkr f s`u trkckdhf pkrk aoj`r`bt`s lkbkos a` lfeubolkíìf ï ue mrkba` a`skjof af troptålf `aoíìf-trktke`btfpucdolkíìf.

E`u lfbs`dhf, pkrk v`bl`r `st` a`sk 󿬋f, ï lfe`íkr k prfauzor f `bskof d`vkbaf `e lfbsoa`rkíìf ue fcn`tf oa`kdozkaf. Oekmobkr tkd fcn`tf, s`nk ue dovrf, `xpfsoíìf `tl., lfbauz e`dhfr fs `sjfrífs lroktovfs. Wfr bfrek p`ssfkd, klfbs`dhf lfe`íkr oekmobkbaf ue dovrf qu` p`dk lfepd`xoaka` a` prfauíìf s`rvorë a` mrkba` kpr`baozkm`e.

 

E@B\KM@E JOBKD

@u lro`o `st` `-cffi `- cffi pkrk vflî, pfrqu pfrqu`` qukbaf obolo`o eobhk llkrr`ork krr`ork bk ër`k tkecïe sfjro lfe k jkdtk a` objfrekíìf fcn`tovk a` lfef s` tfrbkr ue(k) jftümrkjf( jftümrkjf(k) k) aflue`btkrostk. Kquo, lfepkrtodh`o fs pfbtfs lrulokos af qu` kpr`bao bfs e`us ekos a`

[P@SF \@S WKSQ@ AF LKBKD AF Q@D@MSKE  

@ s` vflî `stë `st ë p`bskbaf `e lfe`íkr k a`s`bvf a`s`bvfdv`r dv`r ue prfn`tf aflue`btkd, ` qu`r lfbv`rskr lfeomf, t` lfbvoaf k pkrtolopkr a` bfssf Lursf a` Jft Jftfmrkjok fmrkjok Aflue`btkd Fb-dob` qu` lfbtk lfe ekos a` 07 kudks ` fro`btkíð`s obaovoaukdozkaks. Ï sü ldolkr bf cftìf kckoxf qu` vflî s`rë aor`lofbkaf pkrk k pëmobk af lursf.

[P@SF \KC@S EKO\ \FCS@ F LPS\F

\kuakíð`s jftfmrëjolks, Fsvkdaf \kbtfs Doek  Doek 

Jftümrkjf Aflue`btkrostk Jftümrkjf A flue`btkrostk Gfsvkdafskbtfsdoek

 

Lfpyromht Fsvkdaf \kbtfs Doek Feolrfb @slfdk a` Jftfmrkjok

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