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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE ICA FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO ENFERMERÍA LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: SALUD PÚBLICA Y SATISFACIÓN CON LOS SERVICIOS DE SALUD
PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN TÍTULO: “FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA LA ANEMIA EN NIÑOS DE 3 A 5 AÑOS DE EDAD, QUE ASISTEN EN LA I.E.I 201 “ ANGELITOS ANGELITOS DE JESÚS” DEL DISTRITO DE SAN CLEMENTE, PROVINCIA DE PISCO, MARZO - JUNIO DEL 2019”
DOCENTE: MG. CANDELA AYLLON CARMEN
ALUMNO: MEDINA CARDENAS OMAR ENFERMERÍA VIII - CICLO
CHINCHA - 2018 i
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CAPÍTULO I: Planteamiento del Problema de investigación .................................... 5 1.1.
SITUACIÓN PROBLEMÁTICA ...........................................................................
1.2.
FORMULACIÓN FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA PRINCIPAL Y ESPECÍFICOS ............. 6
1.3.
JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................................... 7
5
CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEORICO DE LA INVESTIGACION ........................................ 8 2.1.
Antecedentes ........................................................................................................
8
Descripción general ......................................................................................................
12
Síntomas ..........................................................................................................................
13
Causas ..............................................................................................................................
14
Factores de riesgo .........................................................................................................
16
Edad. Las personas mayores de 65 años tienen mayor riesgo de anemia. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Complicaciones ..............................................................................................................
16
Prevención .......................................................................................................................
17
2.2.
Base Teórica ........................................................................................................ 17
2.3.
Marco conceptual ............................................................................................... 21
CAPÍTULO III: OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................. 23 3.1.
Objetivo general: ..................................................................................................
3.2.
Objetivo específicos: ............................................................................................ 23
23
CAPÍTULO IV: HIPOTESIS Y HIPOTESIS Y VARIABLES................. ................. .................. ................ 24 4.1. HIPÓTESIS ...............................................................................................................
24
4.2. VARIABLES: .............................................................................................................
24
4.3. OPERACIONALIZACION DE VARIABLES .......................................................... 25 5.1. Tipo y nivel de la investigación ............................................................................... 25 5.3. Población y Muestra: ...............................................................................................
26
5.4. Técnicas e Instrumento de recolección de información ..................................... 26 5.5. Técnica de análisis e interpretación de datos ...................................................... 27 CAPÍTULO VI: PRESUPUESTO............... .................. ................. ................. .................. .. 27 CAPÍTULO VII: MATRIZ DE CONSISTENCIA ............................................................... 29 CAPÍTULO VIII: CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES .................................................. 30
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FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN INFORMACIÓN..........................................................................................
31
INTRODUCCION Cuando se habla del tema de anemia, y más si está relacionada a la etapa de infancia, se pueden tomar en cuenta que 43,6% de niños presentan anemia entre las edades de 6 a 36 meses, siendo más recurrente entre las edades de 6 a 18 meses. En el 2016, la desnutrición infantil afecto al 13.1% de niños menores de 5 años; en la parte rural ru ral con 26.5% y en la parte urbana un 7.9%. La anemia es un tema de mucha preocupación para todas las personas interesadas sobretodo en el sector salud, ya que se conoce que las consecuencias en el desarrollo de nuestros niños niño s afectan negativamente tanto cognitivamente, como emocional y social. Los factores de riesgos debido a la deficiencia nutricional a nivel mundial son más recurrentes en mujeres fértiles y niños pequeños. El en Perú, estos casos mayormente se presentan en la etapa de gestación hasta antes que cumplan el primer año de edad, ya que estas son las etapas que es más necesaria una buena b uena nutrición debido a la desarrollo del feto y de l infante. Siendo este un problema debido al déficit en el consumo de hierro en nuestros alimentos en nuestros hogares. Los efectos negativos de la la anemia, durante el embarazo, está relacionada a los altos rangos de mortalidad de gestantes y/o neonatal o el bajo peso del recién nacido. Asimismo, afecta afecta en el desarrollo cognitivo e integral integral de los niños y su competitividad frente a los demás niños de su misma edad. Estas estipulaciones están vistas en el Programa Articulado Nutricional y Salud Materno Neonatal. Para el logro de resultados reconoce la urgente necesidad de fortalecer la prestación de las intervenciones estratégicas y el alineamiento a nivel del presupuesto nacional, regional y de los gobiernos locales.
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II. FINALIDAD su fin es hacer un aporte positivo a la salud y el desarrollo del país, y esencialmente a la población para tomar las medidas necesarias ante nuestros niños menores de tres años y mujeres gestantes. Establecer un sistema de control y seguimiento
para la reducción de de la anemia materno
infantil y DCI. III. METAS A NIVEL NACIONAL Se propone lograr las metas en Desnutrición Crónica Infantil y Anemia al 2021 que forman parte de los indicadores emblemáticos propuestos por la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros: Cuadro No. 1 Metas de reducción de Anemia y Desnutrición Crónica Infantil al 2021 Indicador 2016 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * 2020 * 2021 * Tasa de desnutrición crónica (menores de 5 años, OMS). 13.1% 13,0% 11,4% 9,7% 8,1% 6.4% Tasa de Anemia en niñas y niños n iños de 6 a 36 meses de edad. 43.6% 37,9% 33,2% 28,5% 23,8% 19% (*) Proyección Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. ENDES. Marzo 2017 IV.
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CAPÍTULO I: Planteamiento del Problema de investigación 1.1.
SITUACIÓN PROBLEMÁTICA
La anemia es una afección que se caracteriza por la falta de suficientes glóbulos rojos sanos para transportar un nivel adecuado de oxígeno a los tejidos del cuerpo. Los signos y síntomas cansancio y fatiga. Según los datos de la OMS la prevalencia pr evalencia mundial de la anemia en la población general es del 24,8 %, y se calcula que 1620 millones de personas presentan esta afección. Además el 47,4% de niños que se encuentran en edades prescolares, afectando así a 293 millones a nivel mundial. La OMS estima en 1620 000 000 personas afectadas en la actualidad a nivel mundial. El Boletín epidemiológico del Perú nos indica que la semana 22 -28 julio 2018, se han notificado que un 43.6%de niños menores de tres años son afectados con anemia. Esta situación se agrava en el grupo gru po entre 6 y 11 meses de edad, infantil en el Perú. 3 Las regiones con mayor prevalencia puno 76% Loreto 60.7%, Pasco 60,6%, Huancavelica 58.1%, Ucayali 57 %, cusco 56,6% junin56% madre de dios 55,6 % Apurímac 53.5% y Ayacucho 52,8. Sin embargo, lima metropolitana tiene mayor número de niños con anemia. Se notificaron, así mismo mismo puesto que son 19 regiones del país presentan anemia en más del 40% de su población infantil, según el reporte r eporte de institutito nacional de estadística e informática (INEI) Durante el 2017, nos dice que la pobreza monetaria sufrió un mayor incremento en tres regiones específicos cuzco Junín y Lambayeque Cuzco con 25.2% se ubica por encima del promedio del país, que es del 21,7%, mientras que el norte, Lambayeque presenta un 18,5%. Por otro lado la región Cajamarca sigue como la región con mayor pobreza monetaria. Según el sistema de información del estado de anemia reportado por el Ministerio de Salud de la Región Ica, determinó que, en la provincia, de Palpa el 50% de los niños preescolar de 3 a 5 años de edad tienen anemia, y en la
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provincia de Pisco un 14% de casos caso s se reportó en el 2017; donde enero e nero a junio 2018 se registra un 13 ,14 % casos con evaluados con anemia. Le sigue Chincha con 26,18%, Ica con 30,77% nazca con 35,17%. De los casos afectados, el 100% de los niños tienen anemia, el más alto de todos los distritos de la Región Guadalupe con 53,78%. La anemia infantil frecuentemente se da en niños en niños menores de 5 años de edad. Del distrito de San clemente de la provincia pr ovincia de Pisco, en el IEI 201 Angelito de Jesús, que es donde se realizara el estudio de investigación. La mayoría de los infantes, que presentan esta afección, debido al desconocimiento sobre alimentos ricos en Hierro .Por ello, están propenso a presentar anemia. Así mismo; en la IEI 201 Angelitos de Jesús del distrito de san clemente de la provincia de Pisco, donde se oriente y eduque a las madres sobre la alimentación ricos en Hierro, Hierro, ya que esta afección puede causar de muerte si no se logra frenar y contrarrestar. Se encuentran diversos factores que influyen enormemente al desarrollo de ese problema anemia .podemos mencionar los Factores culturales, nivel de conocimiento de la madre sobre alimentos ricos en hierro, religión. Factor biológico: parasitosis, LM prolongada, Factor alimentaria: suplementación con micronutrientes, Factor económico: económico: desempleado, baja remuneración. Al desconocer estos factores fa ctores los niños pueden terminar presentando cuadro crónico de anemia. Así como en retraso, en su crecimiento y desarrollo.
1.2.
FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA PRINCIPAL Y ESPECÍFICOS
Problema principal ¿Cuáles son los principales factores de riesgo, asociados a la anemia en niños de 3 a 5 años de edad de la I.E.I. Nº 201 “ Angelitos Angelitos de Jesús”, del Distrito de San clemente Provincia de Pisco, Marzo – Junio 2019?
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Problema especificos Problema Específico 1: ¿Cuáles son los factores biológicos que se encuentran asociada a la anemia? Problema Específico 2: ¿Cuáles son los factores culturales que se encuentran asociada a la anemia? Problema Específico 3: ¿Cuáles son los factores alimentarios que se encuentran asociada a la anemia? Problema Específico 4: ¿Cuáles son los factores económicos que se encuentren asociada a la anemia?
1.3.
JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
El proyecto de investigación propuesto a través de su teoría y las definiciones dadas acerca de anemia, busca detectar las causas y los factores de riesgo que afectan a los niños menores de 5 años de edad. Ello permitirá ser un complemento teórico de investigación en nuestra institución. Para lograr los objetivos de estudio, se emplea diseñar establecer estrategias en promoción y prevención de la salud, en relación a la anemia, como un
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Mediante los resultados obtenidos, se establecerá posibles estrategias que mejorarán y reducirán los casos de la anemia, anemia, y así contrarrestar posibles complicaciones los casos de niños entre 3 y 5 años de edad, en etapa escolar. La población que se beneficiara con el presente estudio serán los niños entre 3 a 5 años en etapa escolar. Así mismo las madres de familia de la IEI que permitirá mejorar el estado nutricional y calidad ca lidad de vida de sus hijos en la I.E.I. La investigación es viable, porque se dispone de tiempo, recursos materiales y tecnológico además de un presupuesto, pues se trata de un tema muy importante en la salud pública, tiene relevancia clínica, es factible de realizarse ya que se tiene el apoyo apoyo de los profesionales de la salud, además contamos con la autorización de la I.E.I. Es factible lograr la participación del grupo en estudio y acompañantes, necesarios para la investigación. La limitada información específica sobre los factores de riesgo asociados a la anemia, no obstante existen estudios que reportan información por separada cada variable estudiada que sirve de referente. Dado que el estudio no revierte mayores implicancias que violen la privacidad de los alumnos de la I.E.I., no se tendría limitaciones mayores para la participación voluntaria previo consentimiento informado
CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEORICO DE LA L A INVESTIGACION
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2.1.1. A nivel internacional: En Venezuela se realizará realizar á la investigación titulada: estado nutricional de hierro y parasitosis intestinal en niños de valencia, estado Carabobo Venezuela. Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, se obtuvieron 264 casos de niños en edad pre escolar, que present5aban un estado asintomático con edades que varían entre los 3 y 5 años. Los investigadores concluyeron que después del estudio que estuvo basada en mejorar la educación y su desarrollo cognitivo, sin un déficit en el consumo de hierro, para evitar la anemia y la parasitosis intestinal en estos niños.(2)
Eva H. realizó en el 2014 en Ecuador la investigación titula: relación entre niveles de hemoglobina y estado nutricional en niños y niñas de 3 a 5 años beneficiados del proyecto compasión internacional 2014.Se realizó una investigación no experimental con diseño observacional de corte transversal para evaluar el estado nutricional y niveles de hemoglobina.El estudio incluyo 60 niños y niñas de los cuales se aplicó ap licó una encuesta de los resultados el 65% fueron de sexo masculino y el 35% femenino de 31 años de edad ,el ,el estado nutricional el 25% desmero y el 23.33% tiene bajo peso el 68 normal, 1,67% sobrepeso y el 6.67% 6.67% son obesos. Entre Entre los niveles de hemoglobina, el 40% tiene anemia y el 60% no presenta anemia.(3)
ZAMORA M.; SUAREZ D.; en su estudio titulado “Caracteri zación de lactantes
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REALPE J. realizaron en el 2016, en ecuador la investigación titulada: estrategias preventivas de factores de riesgo de anemia ferropénica en niños entre 6 y 24 meses de edad que acuden al centro de salud rural Santa Rosa de Cuzubamba de Cayambe. Cayambe . Su estudio fue descriptivo, cuali-cuantitativo y de campo.Los resultados obtenidos fueron: el 57% de la población infantil tiene anemia ferropénica, los factores que se encontraron condicionados para la anemia fueron: los el 21%, con gestantes con anemia, 40%, pesos menores de 2500 gramos al nacer, el 48%, empleo alimentos artificiales, y el 65%, su alimentos no contiene hierro.(5)
MARCIA C. GUERREIRO DOS REIS, ANA MARÍA MARÍA SPANO se realizaron en 2016, en Brasil Sao pablo, cuál era la prevalencia de anemia en niños de 3 a 12 meses de vida; teniendo como objetivo objetivo ver el estado nutricional de los niños en esa edad, siendo las variables más comunes la edad , sexo, peso al nacer, edad gestacional, uso de suplemento de hierro. Según los resultados los de este estudio tuvieron prevalencia mayor de anemia de en niños de 3 a 12 meses atendido en esta ciudad de
VIRGINIA lo cual
utilizaron un estándar para detectar la anemia, 20.2% para el total de 69 niños, 3 a 5 meses de 52 niños, de 6 a 12 meses. (6)
2.1.2. A NIVEL NACIONAL: FAJARDO M., Se realizó la investigación titulada: factores asociados en la
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la población.Entre las las incidencia de los casos de anemia anemia obtuvo resultados como que
62,5% de niños con edades menores de tres años se les
diagnostico anemia leve (10,9 - 10g/dl), el 35.2% de los niños mayores de 3 años presentaron una anemia moderada (9,9 - 7,0g/dl) y el 2,3% de niños de 3 años anemia severa (>7,0g/dl).Los resultados a las que se concluyo es que los factores de riesgo son la edad de la gestante adolescente, la instrucción de la gestante gestante y los los antecedentes de anemia de la gestante afectan a los niños menores a tres años.(7)
GUIZADO E. En el año 2015, se realizó la investigación titulada: factores de riesgo de anemia ferropenia en niños menores de 5 años atendidos en el consultorio de control de crecimiento y desarrollo del hospital
Tingo
María.La finalidad de este estudio es establecer cuáles son los factores de riesgo de anemia ferropenia en niños menores de 5 años atendidos en Cred. del hospital Tingo María 2015.Estudio descriptivo analítico transversal, retrospectivo del enfoque cuantitativo, en donde pretende determinar cuáles son los factores de riesgo en anemia ferropenia en niños menores de 5 años. Los resultados el 59,5% de los niños son menor de un año, el 66,0% sexo masculino, el 51% familias con ingresos mínimos y el 100,0% procedían de la zona urbana de tingo María; factor del riesgo prenatal y neonatal el 51,4%de las madres son primerizas y 48,6% son multíparas. Además en general el 83,8% de los niños presentan un IMC de delgadez, factores de riesgo nutricionales el 79,7% ha inicio su alimentación suplementaria antes del año de edad, el 54,1% no ha completa con suplemento ricos en hierro.Factores de
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RAMOS G., G., Realizaron Realizaron la investigación investigación titulada: factores asociados a la anemia por deficiencia de hierro en los niños escolares de la IEI N 0 32896 Alejandro Sánchez Arteaga, Artea ga, san Luis sector 4 - Huánuco 2017.El objetivo fue determinar los factores de riesgo que están es tán ligados a las deficiencias de hierro y que conllevan a la anemia a niños en edad escolar I.E.I. Nº 32896 Alejandro Sánchez Artega, san Luis sector 4 - Huánuco 2017.Estudio analítico en una muestra poblacional de 89 niños en edad escolar. Se obtuvieron resultados como que el 60,7% de niños en edad escolar muestran signos signos de anemia debido a la deficiencia de hierro. Los investigadores investigadores concluyen las familias, el arraigo socioeconómico, la dieta alimenticia, están asociadas a la anemia por deficiencia de hierro, siendo estas sus principales factores de riesgo.(9)
2.1.3. A NIVEL LOCAL Según las investigaciones, se concluye que entre los años 2016-2017 hubo una disminución de un 50% a un 14.1% en el porcentaje de la anemia infantil en la provincia de Pisco, región Ica; Este resultado se alcanzó gracias al programa “Lucha contra la anemia” que ejecuta el Fondo Social del Terminal
Portuario Paracas en dicha jurisdicción de Ica. Se precisó que para alcanzar la meta , se asignó un equipo de personas y
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La anemia se puede definir definir como una deficiencia de glóbulos rojos presentes en nuestra sangre, que son necesarios para transportar cantidades adecuadas de oxigeno todo nuestro cuerpo. Existen distintos tipos t ipos de anemia, de los que se pueden mencionar a la anemia temporal o prolongada y se puede variar a una anemia leve y grave. La forma de tratar este déficit, puede darse desde el suministro de suplementos por diagnostico medico hasta los procedimientos necesarios por indicación de un especialista.
Síntomas Existen ciertos síntomas, aunque aunque estos pueden ser variables:
Fatiga o cansancio.
Tez amarillenta o pálida.
El pulso no es continuo.
Respiración agitada.
Mareos o aturdimiento.
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bajo de hemoglobina, si ese es el caso se debería consultar con el médico especialista.
Causas Entre las causas que se han podido notar son:
Que el organismo no produce lo0s suficientes glóbulos rojos Una hemorragia es la causante una gran pérdida de glóbulos rojos que son difíciles de recuperar rápidamente. El cuerpo destruye glóbulos rojos.
Qué hacen los glóbulos rojos En el cuerpo humano existen tres tipos de células sanguíneas: el primero son glóbulos blancos encargados de luchar contra las infecciones que atacan a nuestro organismo , las plaquetas que ayudan en la coagulación de la sangre en caso de un corte y los glóbulos rojos que se encargan del transporte del oxígeno por nuestro organismo. La hemoglobina es una proteína que contiene un alto nivel de hierro, que es la encargada de dar el color rojo a la sangre. Esta proteína es la que le permite
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producir hemoglobina por ser una proteína importante para los glóbulos rojos.
Mayormente este tipo de anemia suele darse en mujeres embarazadas que no consumen los suplementos de hierro. hierro . Sucede también caos como una hemorragia, un periodo menstrual abundante, cáncer y el consumo continuo de analgésicos como la aspirina.
Anemia por deficiencia de vitaminas. En conjunto con el hierro, nuestro organismo necesita de otros nutrientes como el ácido fólico y la vitamina B-12, para contribuir a la producción de glóbulos rojos sanos. Pero existe caso, que algunas personas no asimilen la vitamina B-12, aunque esta sea consumida en los alimentos diarios, esta puede ser la causante de la anemia perniciosa.
Anemia por enfermedad crónica. Es posible que las enfermedades como el cáncer, VIH/sida, artritis reumatoide, algunas enfermedades renales, la enfermedad de Crohn y otras enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. Puedan ser las causantes del déficit en la producción de glóbulos rojos. Anemia aplásica. Este tipo de anemia es poco usual pero resulta resu lta mortal, se da cuando nuestro organismo no puede producir cantidades suficientes de glóbulos rojos.
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a los glóbulos rojos a tomar una forma como como de media luna (falciforme), ocasionando que las células sanguíneas mueran prematuramente.
Factores de riesgo
Consumo de Alimentos con déficit de vitaminas. Se refiere una dieta alimenticia con bajo nivel de vitaminas B 12 y fosfato, aumenta el riesgo de anemia. Problemas de trastorno trastorno en el intestino. intestino. Cuando se produce problemas en el funcionamiento de absorción de los nutrientes que se encarga el intestino delgado (enfermedad de Crohn), siendo un riesgo causante de la anemia. su edad Menstruación. Este se da en mujeres que de acuerdo a su deberían estar en la etapa de la menopausia, causando así un mayor riesgo de tener anemia, debido a la deficiencia de hierro, debido a que en la menstruación hay pérdidas de glóbulos rojos.
Embarazo. en caso que estuvieras embarazada deberías tomar las medidas para evitar la anemia, es necesario el consumo de ácido fólico que es un suplemento multivitamínico. Afecciones crónicas. Esto sucede en caso, de detectarse cáncer,
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Cansancio intenso. Este se produce es caso que se presente una anemia grave. Complicaciones en el embarazo. Debido al poco consumo de ácido fólico, la gestante toma más riesgos de contraer anemia, causando un parto prematuro. Problemas cardíacos cardíacos.. Una persona que sufre de anemia, produce un poco más de trabajo al corazón ya que este debe bombear más sangre de lo normal, debido a la falta de oxígeno en la sangre. A la larga este proceso hace que el corazón se crezca más del tamaño normal, causando así la arritmia. Muerte. En caso de tener una hemorragia descontrolada puede conllevar a una anemia aguda grave, ocasio0nando la muerte.
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2.2.1. Fundamentos de la Anemia La enfermedad de la anemia es heredara mediante un patrón autosómico recesivo, el tipo de anemia más común es la falciforme, siendo los casos más frecuentes que hayan sido registrados es entre los africanos y su descendencia. Métodos: es el del tipo descriptivo, con una muestra de 270 fetos de parejas portadoras de los alelos S y/o C, nativas de Cuba y provincias, enviadas desde los Centros Provinciales Pr ovinciales de Genética al laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Centro Nacional de Genética Médica. Los resultados del estudio es que del total de la muestra existieron 60 fetos que contrajeron la enfermedad. Conclusiones: según estos resultados se las madres de los fetos que sufrirían anemia falciforme recibieron asesoramiento, y la oportunidad de una terminación electiva de su embarazo si esa fuese su decisión, o en otro caso, que su bebé tenga un trato diferente y adecuado desde que nace.
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Existe una reducción en la cantidad de hematíes en la sangre, producida por la insuficiencia de folato, también llamado ácido fólico. Anemia hemolítica: Se caracteriza por la destrucción de los glóbulos rojos en la sangre dada mayormente en persona de sexo masculino. Anemia drepanocítica: Hace referencia a que este tipo de anemia es transmitida de padres a niños, ( hereditaria.)
Anemia ferropenia: Es la falta de minerales en el organismo.
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la Incapacidad del cuerpo para absorber bien el hierro, por más que el niño consuma suficientes cantidades de este alimento.
2.2.4. Tratamiento:
Vitamina B12: Es un nutriente que ayuda a mantener sanas las neuronas y los glóbulos sanguíneos. Ayuda a previene un tipo de anemia, denominada anemia megaloblástica, que provoca cansancio y debilidad en las personas. Ácido fólico: Es importante para el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño. niño . Tener una dieta variada y balanceada. Consumir ensalada de verdura cruda una vez al día y 2 frutas diarias. Consuma menestras 2 ó 3 veces por semana. Agregue levadura seca o germen de trigo a los jugos, ensaladas. Ácido fólico encontramos en la espinaca cruda, castaña, hígado cocido de pollo, acelga cruda, germen de trigo, col cruda, palta, avena instantánea, espárragos cocidos, kiwi, semillas de girasol tostadas, maní seco tostado y
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2.2.6. Prevención: Lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses. Alimentación complementaria con micronutrientes. Consumir una dieta rica en hierro (sangrecita, bazo, hígado, vísceras, menestras, cítricos.) La práctica del lavado de mano es importante la higiene para evitar cualquier tipo de infección estomacal, ya que el niño tiene la costumbre de comer los alimentos sin lavarse las manos.
2.2.6. Factores de riesgo: Factor cultural.- Se refiere a las costumbres, creencias y a los conocimientos
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Es la disminución de la concentración de la hemoglobina y hematocrito por debajo de los niveles normales hemoglobina entre los 3 y 5 años, 12 a 14 gr/dl.
Factor cultural: Conjunto de modos de vida, conocimientos y costumbres que adquiere la madre en relación a los alimentos
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Debido la baja remuneración: cuando no les alcanza el dinero para cubrir sus necesidades alimenticias.
CAPÍTULO III: OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 3.1.
Objetivo general:
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CAPÍTULO IV: HIPOTESIS Y HIPOTESIS Y VARIABLES 4.1. HIPÓTESIS HIPOTESIS GENERAL
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4.3. OPERACIONALIZACION DE VARIABLES VARIABLE INDEPENDIENTE
DIMENSIÓN
INDICADORES INDICADORES
Factor cultural Factor biológico Factor alimentario
Desempleo baja remuneración
Factores de riesgo de la anemia La variable dependiente fue la existencia o la ausencia de anemia en niños de 3 a 5 años de edad,, la cual se daba por confirmada cuando la edad
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Analítica: ya que se pretende estudiar y analizar la relación o asociación entre las 2 o más variables que se van a utilizar en el estudio. Retrospectivo: ya que partimos del efecto hacia la causa, evaluando de manera retrospectiva los factores de riesgo. Casos y controles: en el cual los sujetos son seleccionados sobre la base de la presencia de una enfermedad o efecto (casos) o no (controles) y, posteriormente, se compara la exposición de cada uno de estos grupos o más
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CAPÍTULO VII: MATRIZ DE CONSISTENCIA
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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