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ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA ANALECTA ————— 205 —————

EGYPT AT ITS ORIGINS 3 Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, London, 27th July – 1st August 2008

edited by

RENÉE F. FRIEDMAN and PETER N. FISKE

UITGEVERIJ PEETERS en DEPARTEMENT OOSTERSE STUDIES LEUVEN – PARIS – WALPOLE, MA 2011

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CONTRIBUTORS .

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XI

PREFACE .

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XVII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

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XXIII

David A. ANDERSON, Evidence for early ritual activity in the Predynastic settlement at el-Mahâsna . . . . . . . . .

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Nathalie BUCHEZ, Adaïma (Upper Egypt): The stages of state development from the point of view of a ‘village community’

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Marek CH™ODNICKI, The Central Kom of Tell el-Farkha: 1000 years of history (c. 3600–2600 BC) . . . . . . . . . . .

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Grazia Antonella DI PIETRO, Miscellaneous artefacts from Zawaydah (Petrie’s South Town, Naqada) . . . . . . . . .

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Thomas HIKADE, Origins of monumental architecture: Recent excavations at Hierakonpolis HK29B and HK25 . . . . .

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CONTENTS

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A. SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY

Jane A. HILL & Tomasz HERBICH, Life in the cemetery: Late Predynastic settlement at el-Amra . . . . . . . . . . 109 Yann TRISTANT, Morgan DE DAPPER, Sandra AUSSEL & Béatrix MIDANT-REYNES, Cultural and natural environment in the eastern Nile Delta: A geoarchaeological project at Tell el-Iswid (South) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 B. MORTUARY ARCHAEOLOGY Renée F. FRIEDMAN, Wim VAN NEER & Veerle LINSEELE, The elite Predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis: 2009–2010 update . 157 Micha¥ KOBUSIEWICZ, Jacek KABACINSKI, Romuald SCHILD, Joel D. IRISH & Fred WENDORF, Burial practices of the Final Neolithic pastoralists at Gebel Ramlah, Western Desert of Egypt . 193

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Claudia M. LACHER, The tomb of King Ninetjer at Saqqara

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Angela Sophia LA LOGGIA, Egyptian engineering in the Early Dynastic period: The sites of Saqqara and Helwan . . . . 233 Joanna DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN, Sepulchral architecture in detail: New data from Tell el-Farkha . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Yasser MAHMOUD HOSSEIN, A new Archaic period cemetery at Abydos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Ahmed MOHAMED GABR, The new Archaic period cemetery at Abydos: Osteological report . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Ilona REGULSKI, Investigating a new necropolis of Dynasty 2 at Saqqara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Yann TRISTANT & Jane SMYTHE, New excavations for an old cemetery: Preliminary results of the Abu Rawash project on the M Cemetery (Dynasty 1) . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Sonia R. ZAKRZEWSKI & Joseph POWELL, Cranial variability and population diversity at Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . 333 C. OBJECT STUDIES Xavier DROUX, Twinned hippopotamus figurines of the Predynastic period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Merel EYCKERMAN & Stan HENDRICKX, The Naqada I tombs H17 and H41 at el-Mahâsna: A visual reconstruction . . . . . 379 with Appendix: Andreas HAUPTMANN & Alex VON BOHLEN, Aurian silver and silver beads from tombs at el-Mahâsna, Egypt 428 Gwenola GRAFF, Merel EYCKERMAN & Stan HENDRICKX, Architectural elements on Decorated pottery and the ritual presentation of desert animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Ulrich HARTUNG, Nile mud and clay objects from the Predynastic Cemetery U at Abydos (Umm el-Qa‘ab) . . . . . . . 467 Stan HENDRICKX & Merel EYCKERMAN, Tusks and tags: Between the hippopotamus and the Naqada plant . . . . . . . 497 Arthur H. MUIR, JR. & Renée F. FRIEDMAN, Analysis of Predynastic ostrich eggshells from Hierakonpolis and beyond . . . 571 Vera MÜLLER, A peculiar pottery shape from Abydos

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G.J. TASSIE, What your hair says about you: Changes in hairstyles as an indicator of state formation processes . . . . . . 605 D. TECHNOLOGY: POTTERY AND LITHIC PRODUCTION Masahiro BABA, Pottery production at Hierakonpolis in the Naqada II period: Towards a reconstruction of the firing technique . . 647 Emmanuelle COURBOIN, Raw materials supply and lithic technology: A new look at de Morgan’s collection from Hierakonpolis (Musée d’Archéologie nationale, France) . . . . . . . 671 Kit NELSON & Eman KHALIFA, Nabta Playa Black-topped pottery: Technological innovation and social change . . . . . . 687 Heiko RIEMER, The lithic material from the Sheikh Muftah desert camp site El Kharafish 02/5, Western Desert of Egypt . . . 705 Izumi H. TAKAMIYA & Hitoshi ENDO, Variations in lithic production at Hierakonpolis: A preliminary report from the excavation of HK11C Squares A6–A7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 E. EARLY TEMPLES Richard BUSSMANN, Local traditions in early Egyptian temples

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Krzysztof M. CIA™OWICZ, The Early Dynastic administrative-cultic centre at Tell el-Farkha . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Nozomu KAWAI, An early cult centre at Abusir-Saqqara? Recent discoveries at a rocky outcrop in north-west Saqqara . . . 801 F. INTERACTIONS NORTH AND SOUTH Nathalie BUCHEZ & Béatrix MIDANT-REYNES, A tale of two funerary traditions: The Predynastic cemetery at Kom el-Khilgan (eastern Delta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Maria Carmela GATTO, Egypt and Nubia in the 5th–4th millennia BC: A view from the First Cataract and its surroundings . . . 859 Agnieszka MªCZYNSKA, The Lower Egyptian-Naqada transition: A view from Tell el-Farkha . . . . . . . . . . . 879

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G. CHRONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Stan HENDRICKX, The chronology workshop

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Rita HARTMANN, The chronology of Naqada I tombs in the Predynastic Cemetery U at Abydos . . . . . . . . . . 917 Nathalie BUCHEZ, A reconsideration of Predynastic chronology: The contribution of Adaïma . . . . . . . . . . . 939 Mariusz A. JUCHA, The development of pottery production during the Early Dynastic period and the beginning of the Old Kingdom: A view from Tell el-Farkha . . . . . . . . . 953 Eliot BRAUN, South Levantine Early Bronze Age chronological correlations with Egypt in light of the Narmer serekhs from Tel Erani and Arad: New interpretations . . . . . . . 975

H. POTMARK RESEARCH Edwin C.M. VAN DEN BRINK, The international potmark workshop. Progressing from Toulouse to London in the study of Predynastic and Early Dynastic potmarks . . . . . . . . . 1005 Gaëlle BRÉAND, The corpus of pre-firing potmarks from Adaïma (Upper Egypt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 Lisa MAWDSLEY, The corpus of potmarks from Tarkhan . . . . 1043 Anna WODZINSKA, Potmarks from Early Dynastic Buto and Old Kingdom Giza: Their occurrence and economic significance . 1073

I. SCRIPT AS MATERIAL CULTURE Alain ANSELIN, The phonetic intention: Ideograms and phonograms in potmarks of Dynasties 0–2 . . . . . . . . 1099 Josep CERVELLÓ-AUTUORI, The sun-religion in the Thinite age: Evidence and political significance . . . . . . . . . 1125 John Coleman DARNELL, The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A tableau of royal ritual power in the Theban Western Desert . . . 1151 Elise V. MACARTHUR, Hieroglyphic writing through the reign of Aha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195

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J. THEORETICAL APPROACHES Branislav AN∑ELKOVIC, Factors of state formation in Protodynastic Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219 Marcelo CAMPAGNO, Kinship, concentration of population and the emergence of the state in the Nile Valley . . . . . . . 1229 Juan José CASTILLOS, The development and nature of inequality in early Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243 Frédéric GUYOT, Primary and secondary social evolutions from the Nile Valley to the northern Negev in the mid-4th millennium BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 Patricia PERRY, Sources of power in Predynastic Hierakonpolis: Legacies for Egyptian kingship . . . . . . . . . . 1271

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SEPULCHRAL ARCHITECTURE IN DETAIL: NEW DATA FROM TELL EL-FARKHA JOANNA DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Excavations at Tell el-Farkha are shedding new light on sepulchral architecture in Early Dynastic Lower Egypt. All of the burials from the necropolis can be dated from Dynasty 0 into early Old Kingdom times and have been divided into categories, which represent changes in the terms not only of chronology, but also adapted technology. A significant number of burials are simple pit graves; however, others contain a number of interesting features. Especially noteworthy are the variety of forms in which the superstructures were built and the use of diverse materials (mud, sand, mats and wood) in their construction. The wide variety of data collected during years of work on the site allows us to resume an old but still open discussion about the ways burials were marked above ground. It seems that some types of burial structures were hidden, while others were quite visible, as confirmed by preserved traces of rituals celebrated on the spot, which appear to be unconnected to looting or other unauthorised disturbance.

Eight seasons of fieldwork in the cemetery in Tell el-Farkha1 have resulted in the discovery and excavation of 94 graves and a few more that have been registered, but are as yet unexplored. The amount of new data coming from this work has caused us to change some of our earlier opinions about the necropolis (Dπbowska-Ludwin 2007: 94–96). The northern and western extent of the cemetery has been determined, while the eastern and southern limits are still undefined (Fig. 1). The dating of the graves, based mainly on the pottery and other grave goods deposited with the deceased, has enabled us to distinguish three general groups of burials; that is, three separate phases in which the cemetery was used. The oldest group is dated to the end of Dynasty 0 / the beginning of Dynasty 1 to the middle of Dynasty 1. The second group dates from the middle of Dynasty 1 to the end of Dynasty 1 or early Dynasty 2 (see Jucha this volume). The youngest group is the poorest and dates to the Old Kingdom (probably Dynasties 3 and 4). 1 For more detailed information on the excavated graves, see Ab¥amowicz et al. 2004; Dπbowska 2004, 2008; Dπbowska-Ludwin 2006, 2009, in press.

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Fig. 1. Plan of the necropolis at Tell el-Farkha in 2008.

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The two earlier groups were accompanied by interesting structures erected in mud-brick. In many cases, the structures can rightly be called examples of sepulchral architecture.

Graves of the first group Grave no. 9 Grave no. 9 (Fig. 2) represents a type that is common in the Delta for wealthy, middle class burials from the end of Dynasty 0 and the beginning of Dynasty 1. It is composed of a brick-lined pit over 1 m deep,

Fig. 2. Grave no. 9.

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measuring 2.04 ≈ 0.96 m in dimensions. Above it was a perfectly preserved mud-brick superstructure over 1 m high. This burial deserves special attention for the diverse set of offerings it contained: 27 pottery vessels, a number of stone bowls, carnelian and faience beads, geometric schist palettes, a bone spoon and some ochre. The splendid preservation of its matting is also worth mention, but most remarkable is its superstructure. The superstructure was oriented along a north–south axis with a small declination to the east. It was erected directly above the thin brick walls lining the burial chamber, but extended beyond the limits of the substructure. A kind of central recess is visible in the lower part of the superstructure. It seems to be the remains of the mound of earth created when the soil removed during the digging out of the burial pit was filled back after the body had been interred. After the mound was erected, it was then encased with bricks to help to secure the burial. The superstructure is rectangular in shape (4 ≈ 2 m) and its outer walls are entirely covered with a plaster of light-coloured mud. At some point in time, the eastern face of the structure was enlarged by the addition of a wall with a wavy outline, which is clearly separated from the main body of the superstructure by a light joint. The superstructure is massive, very regular in its form, carefully constructed and significantly tall. For these reasons, it should be treated as the functional counterpart of a tombstone — a structure visibly marking the burial place. Grave no. 63 Grave no. 63 (Fig. 3) is a typical mastaba grave (4 ≈ 2.5 m in maximum dimensions). It also had a brick superstructure with light-coloured mud plaster applied to its exterior walls. Unfortunately, only a part of the structure is preserved to a maximum height of c. 30 cm, and its southern portion is particularly damaged. A significant difference between this grave and Grave no. 9 is that the superstructure of Grave no. 63 was built precisely on the top of the walls lining the burial chamber, so both the superstructure and substructure have the same measurements. The walls of the superstructure are the most intriguing detail of the grave’s construction. They are significantly thick and massive and plastered like the others with a light-coloured mud, but in addition, the façade of the eastern wall was decorated with four two-step niches. The added accents at the two northern corners also deserve mention as does a small, short wall added to the western façade, which appears to be an attempt to repair a

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Fig. 3. Graves nos. 63 and 71.

failing part of the structure. All these features suggest that the structure was free-standing. The grave was richly furnished with 73 pottery vessels, five stone vessels, a copper axe and a flint knife. Excavations beneath the burial chamber revealed a fragment of wall and a post hole, which came as a great surprise. We must await future

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seasons for confirmation, but it is possible that these are remains of an enclosure belonging to the largest construction on the tell, named Mastaba no. 10 (Cia¥owicz 2008: 505–510). Apart from its possible relationship with this massive mastaba, the fact that Grave no. 63 dates to Dynasty 0 or the very beginning of Dynasty 1 makes it an interesting example of sepulchral architecture, especially in the context of niche-façade development. Grave no. 86 The upper part of the superstructure of Grave no. 86 (Fig. 4) has not survived, probably due to later human activity on the site and a few younger graves cut into its walls. Nevertheless, massive brick walls (over 1 m thick) have survived to mark the rectangular outline (5 ≈ 3 m) of the superstructure, probably of a small mastaba type. Its outer walls had also

Fig. 4. Grave no. 86.

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been plastered with light-coloured, sandy mud, but, unlike the other Tell el-Farkha tombs, the superstructure had in its centre a rectangular room measuring 1.2 ≈ 2.4 m, which was full of pottery fragments and hundreds of animal bones. Preliminary results have identified a wide variety of fauna within these remains: fish, birds, 30–40 pigs, five to six sheep/ goats, cattle, aurochs, a hippopotamus, two to three dogs, three to four cats and a donkey (R. Ab¥amowicz pers. comm. 2008). Work on the faunal material is still in progress. Directly beneath this deposit, which appears in part to be the remains of a rich funerary feast, the substructure of the grave was discovered. Surprisingly, the deceased was given only ten pottery vessels, two stone vessels, a fragment of a flint knife and some beads of agate. The whole burial was carefully arranged and covered with beautifully preserved mats, the edges of which were found by the top of the thin brick walls lining the chamber, on the ancient ground level beneath the massive superstructure. The limited number of offerings is remarkable when compared to the impressive funerary feast that was held over the burial. Graves of the second group Grave no. 71 Grave no. 71 (Fig. 3) belongs to the second group of burials at Tell el-Farkha. It was oriented almost exactly along a north–south axis, which seems to be a feature typical for the burial structures of the second group, which date from mid-Dynasty 1 to the end of Dynasty 1 or early Dynasty 2. This tomb overlays and intersected with Grave no. 63 of the first group (Fig. 3). It was rather small (1.8 ≈ 1.2 m) and plain in its form, although it consisted of two chambers and was equipped with 18 pottery vessels. Unfortunately, it was erected on the slope of the tell, which is an area badly damaged, thus any possible superstructure has completely vanished. Grave no. 50 The superstructure of Grave no. 50 was preserved to the height of approximately 0.9 m. It was a massive construction of very regular rectangular shape, composed of a compact cover of light-coloured bricks made of a mixture of sand and mud. As other graves of the second group, it was orientated almost exactly along the ideal north–south axis. Matting was

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Fig. 5. Grave no. 50 (on left) in relation to Grave no. 9.

inserted at intervals between the very regular courses of brick, probably to strengthen and stabilise the brick mass. A layer, measuring c. 0.4 m high, could clearly be observed between the superstructure and the top of the substructure walls, separating the two. The substructure (Fig. 5) was slightly dislocated to the east, but there is no doubt that both parts belong to the same tomb. In the middle of the layer separating the superand substructure, there was a deposit of five pottery objects, which are interpreted as granary models (Ko¥odziejczyk 2009). The offerings in this two-chambered grave consisted of 37 pottery vessels, a deposit of 11 stone vessels and a few counters, beads and seal impressions, which were grouped mostly in the smaller southern chamber. Grave no. 55 Grave no. 55 (Fig. 6) is currently the only fully excavated burial complex at Tell el-Farkha. It is comprised of a four-chambered tomb with a brick superstructure and is surrounded by a perimeter wall and probably one subsidiary burial. This large complex measures 9.16 ≈ 6.77 m, and the superstructure was preserved to the impressive height of over 1.5 m. It was constructed of dark-coloured mud-bricks arranged in regular layers for the core of the structure, which were then covered with an extra adjusting

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wall of bricks made of a sand and mud mixture. In the core, spaces between the bricks were filled with soil and rarely bonded with mud mortar. Matting was interleaved after every third layer of bricks, most probably to stabilise the construction. It is probably for the same reason that the walls were built with a combination of two different types of bricks. The eastern façade of the superstructure was decorated with two niches, one close to the northern corner, the second close to the southern one. An extremely large amount of rough pottery (mostly bread moulds) was concentrated by the niches, but within the perimeter wall, and suggests that the niches were of significance in the cult of dead. The perimeter wall is c. 30 cm thick and much lower than the main structure. Its corners are clearly rounded, and an entrance leading into the enclosure is visible on the south. The space between the perimeter wall and the main façade is about 30 cm, but on the eastern side it is c. 40 cm. The main body of the superstructure (7.96 m ≈ 5.44 m) and the perimeter wall were well-formed and carefully built and plastered. All of these features indicate that this part of the burial was intended to be visible above the level of the cemetery. Beneath the superstructure, there was again a separation layer of plain earth, c. 40 cm thick, covering the substructure, as observed in Grave no. 50.

Fig. 6. Grave no. 55.

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The subterranean portion of Grave no. 55 is also interesting. It was composed of four chambers containing beautifully preserved mats and approximately one hundred items deposited as offerings, amongst them 21 stone vessels (Pryc 2009) and two copper harpoons. Most of the stone objects were made of alabaster, all of them full-size items in forms typical for the period: cylinders, jugs, bowls and a vase. Only two vessels are miniature in size and one of them is a unique bowl of agate. Also of interest is a small, poor structure, labelled Grave no. 64, which is located adjacent to the perimeter wall of Grave no. 55. The grave is a small (0.95 ≈ 0.7 m), single chamber brick structure that contained the burial of a child with no offerings save a single bead of agate. The body was covered with a mat. The unusual spatial relationship of the two structures and the striking difference in their size suggest that the smaller burial should be regarded as a subsidiary one. Graves no. 55 and 64, therefore, belong to one funerary complex.2 Summary and observations To summarise, the use of diverse materials for constructing graves at Tell el-Farkha is especially noteworthy. The most significant role was played by mud-bricks made of dark-coloured mud or mixed with sand. Interestingly, the dark bricks were always bonded with sandy mortar, while the sandy bricks were bonded with dark mortar. These two materials probably had different static qualities, which is why they were often combined when extra stabilisation was needed. Plaster applied to the outer façades was always light-coloured, made of sand and mud, and was most probably applied because of its decorative value. Matting was also a popular material in the structures at Tell el-Farkha. Mats were most commonly used for flooring chambers and covering burials to separate them from contact with the earth when the pits were backfilled. Mats also had structural importance; they appear in the massive superstructures between layers of bricks to help to stabilise the whole construction. Wood was also used, but unfortunately, it is only rarely preserved in the soil conditions at Tell el-Farkha. There are some indications that it 2 The presence of subsidiary graves at Tell el-Farkha is not limited to the case of Grave no. 55. Another interesting example is Grave no. 100, with which four subsidiary burials were found in its southern wall. These subsidiary graves were simple in shape and contained the tightly contracted bodies of children with no offerings. The entire structure labelled Grave no. 100 requires further study; it is one of the most recent discoveries and will be soon published in Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 14.

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was an important material for constructing ceilings. A good example is Grave no. 67, where mats covering the burial leaned against a beam. The beam did not survive, but its shape was preserved thanks to the matting. The superstructures themselves were built in two different ways. They could encase the mound of earth heaped up over the subterranean portion of the grave or they could be built on a 30–50 cm-thick layer of plain earth that separated the subterranean portion of the grave from the portion appearing above ground. Superstructures were constructed over burials of various sizes, but as a rule, only over those that were furnished with grave goods. Graves with substructures lined with thin brick walls were usually covered by superstructures that were much larger than their subterranean portion, while those with massively thick substructure walls usually had superstructures matching them in size. The presence of superstructures not only proves the desire to secure the burials against intrusion, but also the desire to mark their position in the cemetery in an impressive way with constructions of significant height, regular shape and plaster coatings. The burials of the poor were devoid of any above-ground features that can be archaeologically recognised. It is therefore likely that simple pit graves without offerings were probably left unmarked, while the brick superstructures of richer graves played the role of tombstones. The decoration of the eastern façades is an intriguing issue. The examples from the first group of graves at Tell el-Farkha are more elaborate. The presence of such decoration on Grave no. 9 is questionable, but in the case of Grave no. 63, the four niches are clear. Grave no. 55 is a quite late example and only two niches are present; however, this structure provides evidence for long-term human activity after the structure was erected. Most probably these niches were of cultic importance, as the large amount of broken bread moulds found in their vicinity suggests. There is one final remark concerning these two latter structures. When taking the relatively late date of Grave no. 55 into consideration, the form of the grave could be considered a copy of a royal funerary enclosure on a reduced and provincial scale, but Grave no. 63 is too early to be similarly interpreted, because at the time of its construction no mastabas with this kind of decoration are known in Lower Egypt. The subterranean portions of the more elaborate graves were mainly single-chambered, but two- and even four-chambered substructures occur. Sometimes a kind of passage can be distinguished between the actual burial chamber and the side chambers. In Grave no. 69, a passage was clearly visible. Whether this is of cultic significance or a reference to

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domestic architecture remains uncertain, but further field work will surely bring more data to bear on this issue. Finally, the new data from the site now confirm our previous findings. The change in the orientation of the graves between group 1 and group 2 clearly indicates that we are actually dealing with two different groups of people, albeit of the same cultural origin, who inhabited Tell el-Farkha one after the other.

Bibliography AB™AMOWICZ, R., DºBOWSKA, J. & JUCHA, M., 2004. The graves of Tell el-Farkha (Seasons 2001–2002) [in:] HENDRICKX, S., FRIEDMAN, R.F., CIA™OWICZ, K.M. & CH™ODNICKI, M. (eds.), Egypt at its origins. Studies in memory of Barbara Adams. Proceedings of the international conference ‘Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt’, Kraków, 28th August–1st September 2002. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138. Leuven: 399–419. CIA™OWICZ, K.M., 2008. The nature of the relation between Lower and Upper Egypt in the Protodynastic period. A view from Tell el-Farkha [in:] MIDANTREYNES, B. & TRISTANT, Y. (eds.), ROWLAND, J. & HENDRICKX, S. (coll.), Egypt at its origins 2. Proceedings of the international conference ‘Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt’, Toulouse (France), 5th– 8th September 2005. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 172. Leuven: 501–513. DºBOWSKA, J., 2004. Cemetery at the Eastern Kom [in:] CH™ODNICKI, M. & CIA™OWICZ, K.M., Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta. Preliminary report 2002–2003. Archeologia 55: 66–68. DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN, J., 2006. The Graves [in:] CH™ODNICKI, M. & CIA™OWICZ, K.M., Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta. Preliminary report 2004–2005. Archeologia 57: 94–96. DºBOWSKA, J., 2008. Burial customs and political status of local societies. A view from Tell el-Farkha [in:] MIDANT-REYNES, B. & TRISTANT, Y. (eds.), ROWLAND, J. & HENDRICKX, S. (coll.), Egypt at its origins 2. Proceedings of the international conference ‘Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt’, Toulouse (France), 5th–8th September 2005. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 172. Leuven: 1107–1117. DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN, J., 2009. The catalogue of graves from Tell el-Farkha. L’Université Jagellonne de Cracovie, Recherches Archéologiques ns 1: 457–486. DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN, J., in press a. Works at the necropolis [in:] CH™ODNICKI, M. & CIA™OWICZ, K.M., Tell el-Farkha 2005–2006. Preliminary report. Archeologia. DºBOWSKA-LUDWIN, J., in press b. The cemetery [in:] CH™ODNICKI, M. & CIA™OWICZ, K.M., Tell el-Farkha 2007–2008. Preliminary report. Archeologia. KO™ODZIEJCZYK, P., 2009. Granary models from Tell el-Farkha. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 13: 49–54. PRYC, G., 2009. Stone vessels from Tell el-Farkha site. Season 2007. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 13: 55–65.

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