OIA-SA-H Cat Muscles Megatable

MUSCLE Platysma

ORIGIN Cervical mid-dorsal fascia

CUTANEOUS MUSCLES INSERTION ACTION skin of ears, eyelids, lips, etc. Moves/shakes the skin of the neck and face

• •

Panniculus carnosus (cutaneous maximus)

Outer surface of the latissimus dorsi; Linea alba; Axilla of cat; Various points of the ventral thorax

MUSCLE External oblique

ORIGIN Lumbo-dorsal fascia;

Internal oblique

2nd sheet of lumbo-dorsal fascia Border of the pelvic girdle

Posterior ribs by several slips

skin

Moves/shakes the skin of the trunk

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES (HYPAXIAL MUSCLES) INSERTION ACTION Linea alba, pubis Constricts the abdomen Linea alba Compresses the abdomen

Transverse Oblique

• • • • • • • •

NOTES In man, the platysma are the muscles of facial expression Outgrowth of the branchial muscles, derived specifically the 2nd hyoid arch (source is the hyoid constrictor) Innervated by the 7th cranial nerve Germ layer origin is hypomere Thicker anteriorly Outgrowth of the latissimus dorsi Innervated by spinal nerves Germ layer origin is epimere (myotomes) Degenerate in man Covers entire lateral surface of thorax & abdomen

NOTES outermost layer; fibers downward and backward fibers downward and forward S: Transversus oblique, Rectus abdominis A:  Multifidus spinae fibers ventrally and posteriorly S: Internal oblique; Rectus abdominis A: Multifidus Spinae

Rectus abdominis

Anterior end of the pubic symphysis

MUSCLE Multifidus spinae

ORIGIN lumbar pleurapophyses

Semispinalis

Last 4 thoracic vertebrae

Longissimus

Sacral and caudal vertebrae

Iliocostalis

Separate muscle bundles of the lower thoracic ribs

MUSCLE Pectoantibrachialis

ORIGIN Manubrium

Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Xiphihumeralis

Sternum & midventral raphe Sternum & midventral raphe Xiphoid process of sternum

Sternum, costal cartilage

Compresses the abdomen Retracts ribs and sternum

EPAXIAL MUSCLES (covered by shining fascia)   INSERTION ACTION Neural spine of the vertebra singly: flexes vertebral craniad to the origin column/back laterally; together: extends vertebral column/back Sacrospinalis Thoraco-cervical vertebrae; Extends the vertebral column supernuchal line Transverse process of Extends the vertebral column Thoraco-cervical vertebrae 3 ribs craniad to the origin of Draws ribs together the bundle/lateral surface of anterior ribs PECTORAL MUSCLES INSERTION ACTION Flat tendon on the fascia of the forearm draws arm toward chest Humerus (adductors)

S: internal intercostals (retracts ribs); internal oblique & transversus oblique A: multifidus spinae, sacrospinalis, iliocostalis which draws the ribs together ribs together (adductor) - internal to it: coelom NOTES Represents the transversospinalis system of reptiles

A: rectus abdominis

NOTES

All are synergists

  MUSCLE Sternomastoid

ORIGIN Manubrium; Median raphe

MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND THROAT INSERTION ACTION Mastoid process Singly, turns the head Together, lowers the head onto the neck

NOTES Passed by the external jugular vein Passes into the submaxillary salivary gland (large bag-like glands), parotid gland Homologous to the cucullaris of the shark S: Cleidomastoid A: Splenius (raises head) A: Geniohyoid All homologous to: - Coracohyoid in sharks - Rectus cervicis of lower A: Sternothyroid tetrapods A: Thyrohyoid A: Sternohyoid

Sternohyoid

1st costal cartilage

Body of hyoid

Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid Geniohyoid

Thyroid cartilage 1st costal rib of sternum Mandible

Posterior horn of hyoid Thyroid cartilage Body of hyoid

Mylohyoid

Mandible

Median raphe

Digastric

Jugular process & Mastoid process

Mandible

Masseter

Zygomatic arch

Posterior half of the lateral surface of the mandible

Elevator of Lower Jaw

Homologous to the adductor mandibulae of shark S: Temporalis A: Digastric

Temporalis

zygomatic proces of the frontal bone; zygomatic arch

Coronoid process of mandible

Elevator of Lower Jaw

Homologous to the adductor mandibulae of shark

Cleidomastoid

Clavotrapezius Clavodeltoid/ Clavobrachial

Mastoid process (or clavicle)

Superior nuchal line Clavicle, Fibers of the clavotrapezius

Clavicle (or Mastoid process)

Clavicle Ulna

Draws the hyoid posteriorly (depressor) Raises larynx (levator) Pulls larynx posteriorly (depressor) Pulls hyoid anteriorly (levator); Draws hyoid forward Raises floor of mouth Brings hyoid forward Depresses the lower jaw (depressor)

Singly, pulls clavicle craniad and turns the head Together, lowers head onto the neck Draws clavicle dorsad and crania Flexes the forearm

Homologous to the intermandibularis of shark S: Geniohyoid anterior part is innervated by 5th nerve, homologous to intermandibularis; posterior belly is innervated by 7th nerve, homologous to interhyoideus A: Masseter, temporalis

S: Masseter A: Digastric Origin and insertion are interchangeable S: Sternomastoid A: Splenius (raises head) with clavodeltoid called cephalobrachial S: Biceps brachii A: Triceps brachii, epitrochlearis

  MUSCLE

ORIGIN

Clavotrapezius

Superior nuchal line; median dorsal line of neck

Acromiotrapezius

Neural spines of cervical vertebrae and 1st thoracic vertebra

Spinotrapezius

Neural spines of thoracic vertebrae

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER BACK AND NECK INSERTION ACTION Trapezius muscles Inside surface of Clavicle Draws clavicle dorsad and craniad Metacromion process Spine of scapula Fascia of spinotrapezius Fascia of scapula

Draws scapula dorsad Holds scapulae together Draws scapula dorsad and caudad

NOTES S: Cleidomastoid (pulls clavicle craniad)

derived from cucullaris of lower tetrapods

MUSCLE Clavodeltoid

ORIGIN

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER BACK AND NECK INSERTION ACTION Deltoid muscles Ulna Flexes the forearm

Acromiodeltoid

Clavicle Fibers of the clavotrapezius Acromion process

Spinodeltoid

Spine of scapula

Levator scapulae ventralis Rhomboideus

Metacromion process; neighboring fascia Vertebral border of the scapula

Rhomboideus capitis

Transverse process of the atlas Occipital bone of the skull Neural spine of vertebrae; adjacent ligaments Superior nuchal line

Splenius

Middorsal line and fascia

Superior nuchal line

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres major

Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Axillary border of the scapula; fascia of neighboring muscles

Teres minor

Spinodeltoid; surface of shoulder muscles Deltoid ridge of humerus

Scapula

Greater tuberosity of humerus Medial surface of the humerus

axillary border of scapula

Greater tuberosity of humerus

Subscapularis

Subscapular fossa

Lesser tuberosity of humerus

Serratus dorsalis

Slips of the last 4 thoracic ribs

Neural spines of lumbar vertebrae; median dorsal line by aponeurosis

Serratus ventralis

Slips of the first 9 or 10 thoracic ribs; transverse process of the last 5 cervical vertebrae Posterior margin of rib

Vertebral border of the scapula

External intercostals

Anterior margin of adjacent rib

Raises and rotates the humerus Raises and rotates the humerus Draws the scapula craniad

NOTES

Draws scapula dorsad

Like the cucullaris, it also elevates the scapular process A: Levator Scapulae Ventralis

Draws scapula craniad Rotates the scapula Raises or turns the head

S: Sternomastoid, cleidomastoid

Extends the humerus Rotates the humerus Rotates the humerus and lowers it assists infraspinatus (rotates humerus) Draws humerus medially (adductor) Draws ribs forward Draws the scapula craniad, ventrad, and against the thoracic wall Protracts ribs (draws ribs together)

no homologue in reptiles Probable common origin supracoracoideus of reptiles

scaphohumeralis group in reptiles

S: Scalenes, external intercostals A: Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis A: Rhomboideus, acromiotrapezius, spinotrapezius S: Iliocostalis, serratus dorsalis, scalenes A: Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis Fibers run obliquely downward and backward

Internal intercostals

Anterior margin of rib

Posterior margin of adjacent rib

Longissimus dorsi

Sacral and caudal vertebrae

Sacrospinalis Thoraco-cervical vertebrae

Iliocostalis

Separate muscle bundles on the lower thoracic ribs

3 ribs craniad to the origin of the muscle bundle

Semispinalis dorsi

Last 4 thoracic ribs

Thoraco-cervical vertebrae

Latissimus dorsi

Neural spines of the last thoracic and most of the lumbar vertebrae; lumbodorsal fascia Ribs

Tendon on the medial surface of the humerus Cervical vertebrae pleurapophyses

Scalenes

   

Retracts ribs (draws ribs apart)

Extends the vertebral column Draws the ribs together

Extends the vertebral column Abducts the forelimb dorsally and posteriorly Flexes/bends neck Draws ribs together

S: Rectus abdominis A: Iliocostalis, serratus dorsalis, scalenes Fibers run obliquely downward and forward

S: Splenius, external intercostals, serratus dorsalis A: Rectus cervicis, internal intercostals Semispinalis cervicis et capitis: Biventer head and complexus head A: Pectoralis major, pectorails minor, xiphumeralis, pectoantibrachialis

  MUSCLE

ORIGIN

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER ARM INSERTION

ACTION

NOTES

Triceps brachii Long head Lateral head Medial head Anconeus

Axillary border of the scapula Greater tuberosity of the humerus Dorsal surface of Humerus Distal end of humerus

Epitrochlearis Biceps brachii

Latissimus dorsi Glenoid fossa

Brachialis

Lateral surface of the humerus

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Semilunar notch of ulna Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitorum communis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Pronator teres

Lateral supracondyloid ridge of humerus above lateral epicondyle Lateral supracondyloid ridge of humerus (near other extensors) Lateral epicondyle of humerus (near other extensors) Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Olecranon

Extends forearm

Lateral surface of ulna

Strengthens the elbow joint; rotates ulna Rotates the ulna Flexes forearm

Olecranon Radius Ulna MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM Proximal end of 5th metacarpal Tendons of 3 to 4 digits

2nd or 3rd metacarpal

Extends the hand

Radius

Rotates the hand to a prone position Flexes the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals Flexes the digits

Medial epicondyle of humerus

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris ulnar head Flexor carpi ulnaris humeral head Flexor profundus digitorum Supinator longus/ Brachioradialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process of the ulna

Pads of palm; phalanges

         

Extends the 5th digit & ulnar side of the wrist Extends 3 or 4 digits

Misnomer because it does not really have two heads S: Clavodeltoid A: Flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral and ulnar head)

Tendons internal to wrist ligaments

Flexor carpi radialis

 

Flexes forearm

The three heads of the triceps brachii

A: Supinator longus

S: Flexor profundus digitorum

Pisiform

Flexes the ulnar side fo the wrist

Humerus, ulna

Basal phalanges

General flexor of the digits

S: Palmaris longus

Medial surface of the humerus

Lower end of radius and adjacent ligaments

Rotates the hand to supine position

A: Pronator teres

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

MUSCLE Gluteus medius

MUSCLES OF THE THIGH INSERTION

ORIGIN

ACTION Abducts the thigh

Adjacent fascia Transverse process of first caudal and last sacral vertebrae Crest and lateral surface of ilium Transverse process of last sacral and first caudal vertebrae; fascia Transverse process of 2nd and 3rd caudal vertebrae

Fascia Greater trochanter of femur

Greater trochanter of femur; fascia lata Patella

Abducts the thigh

Tensor fascia latae

Ilium; neighboring fascia

Fascia lata

Biceps femoris

Ischiac tuberosity

Tenuissimus

Transverse process of 2nd caudal vertebrae

Fascia of shank Patella and tibia by a tendon Fascia of shank

Tightens the fascia lata Flexes the shank Abducts the thigh Flexes the shank

Gluteus maximus Caudofemoralis

Sartorius

Gracilis Adductor longus Adductor femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis MUSCLE Gastrocnemius

Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Plantaris Peroneus

Crest and vertebral border of ilium

Pubic and ischial symphysis

derivative of iliofemoralis

proximal end of tibia; patella; fascia and ligaments between

Tibia

Abducts the thigh Extends the shank

Rotates thigh Adducts thigh Extends the shank

Extends the shank; Adducts the leg

Pubis

Femur

Ischial tuberosity Ischium

Tibia Flexes the shank Proximal end of tibia Extends the thigh Medial epicondyle of femur Quadriceps femoris (same as with reptiles)

Ilium, near the acetabulum Greater trochanter of femur Surface of femur Surface of femur Femur

Tibia Fibula Proximal part of the tibia and fibula Lateral epicondyle of femur Fibula Patella Femur Fibula

Adducts the thigh

S: Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris A: Sartorius, gracilis, biceps femoris, adductor longus, adductor femoris derivative of iliofemoralis homologous to iliofibularis S: Biceps femoris; semitendinosus A: Gracilis, sartorius, quadriceps femoris Homologous to iliofibularis of reptiles S: Gracilis, adductor longus, adductor femoris, quadriceps femoris, caudofemoralis A: Caudofemoralis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius Derived rom ambiens of reptiles Longest muscle in the body S: Gracilis, sartorius, quadriceps femoris A: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, tenuissimus homologous to adductor magnus and brevis of other mammals Most caudal of thigh muscles corresponds to adductor magnus and brevis in mammals derived from extensor iliotibialis of reptiles

Patella; adjacent ligaments

MUSCLES OF THE SHANK INSERTION

ORIGIN Surface fascia Tendon and fascia of the plantaris Femur Tibia; Fibula; fascia

NOTES

Calcaneus

Extends the shank

ACTION Extends the foot

Homologous to femorotibialis of reptiles

NOTES lateral head is divisible into 4 heads S: Soleus, tibialis posterior

Scaphoid and medial cuneiform of the ankle Digits

Extends the foot

S: Gastrocnemius, soleus

Flexes digits

S: Plantaris Corresponds to the flexor hallucis longus in man

1st metatarsal four tendons inserted on each digit

Flexes the foot Extends digits

Calcaneus Digits

Extends the foot Flexes digits

S: Gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior S: Flexor digitorum longus

Metatarsals and digits

Extends & flexes the foot

Antagonist & synergist of all muscles in the shank

SUMMARY OF SYNERGISTS & ANTAGONISTS   Action

Muscles

Compresses abdomen

External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Multifidus spinae (together) Semispinalis dorsi Semispinalis cervicis et capitis Longissimus dorsi Pectoantibrachialis Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis Sternomastoid (together) Cleidomastoid (together) Sternomastoid (singly) Cleidomastoid (singly) Splenius Sternohyoid

Extends vertebral column

Adducts arm toward chest

Depresses head on neck

Turns head

Draws hyoid posteriorly Draws clavicle craniad Elevates lower jaw Draws scapula dorsad Draws scapula craniad

Raises humerus Rotates humerus

Draws ribs together Draws ribs forward Flexes forearm

 

Cleidomastoid Clavotrapezius Masseter Temporalis Spinotrapezius Acromiotrapezius Rhomboideus Levator scapulae ventralis Rhomoideus capitis Serratus ventralis Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid Infraspinatus Teres major Teres minor Rectus abdominis Iliocostalis Serratus dorsalis Scalenes External intercostals Clavobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis

Antagonistic action -

Muscles

Action

Muscles

-

Rotates ulna

Triceps brachii Epitrochlearis Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor digitorum communis Extensor carpi radialis

Extends digits of hand Flexes vertebral column (laterally)

-

Multifidus spinae (singly)

Extends ulnar side of wrist Abducts thigh

Latissimus dorsi Extends shank

Raises head

Splenius

-

-

Brings hyoid forward -

Mylohyoid Geniohyoid -

Depresses lower jaw Draws scapula ventrad

Digastric

Draws scapula caudad

Spinotrapezius

Serratus ventralis

Extends foot

Extends digits of foot  

         

Lowers humerus

Teres major

-

-

-

-

Draws ribs backward

Internal intercostals

-

-

Biceps femoris Caudofemoralis Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Tenuissimus Caudofemoralis Sartorius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Peroneus Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Extensor digitorum longus

Antagonistic action -

Muscles

Flexes digits

Palmaris longus Flexor profundus digitorum

Flexes ulnar side of wrist Adducts thigh

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes shank

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Tenuissimus

Flexes foot

Peroneus Tibialis anterior

Flexes digits

Plantaris Flexor digitorum longus

-

Sartorius Adductor longus Adductor femoris