Oh Yeah
August 7, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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RZAITMIX@ @MIZGJMGLGKM RH[AZEAAE JAITHZM Tm` Mestruitur Rraitmiu`
Ih`a`puae phwarea jhrmiatae dhekae ig`pgehe `airg`glhiul shl,
shphrtm prgthme atau asa` euilhat, thrkaetuek darm `uatae lmstrmi darm cfrg`gkhe dae jakmae shl yaek aiae dmwaream. Rhwarea asa` jhrsmnat aemge, jhrartm jafwa cfrg`gkheeya `h`pueyam `uatae (-). Rrgthme jaithrm `h`pueyam `uatae (+) aiae thrwaream dhekae phwarea
Tuouae ?
asa`. Shdaekiae phr`uiaae jaithrm jmasaeya jhr`uatae (-) shfmekka tmdai aiae
Rada aifmr praitmiu`, `afasmswa dmfarapiae ?
thrwaream dae jaithrm tmdai jhrwarea dhekae latar jhlaiaek yaek jhrwarea.
1. @h`afa`m thgrm dasar phwareaae dae jafae – jafae jafae yaek dmkueaiae.
Rhwarea mem dmkueaiae uetui phwareaae ehkatmn, `msaleya hgsme, emkrgsme, atau
:. @hekhtafum jhrjakam ohems phwareaae jaithrm.
tmeta cmea. Dapat dmkueaiae uetui `hwaream jaithrm yaek suiar dmjhrm phwarea
3. @a`pu `h`juat shdmaae jaithrm uetui phwareaae.
shphrtm spmrgcfahta. Rhwarea jasa shphrtm iatmge, jhrartm jafwa cfrg`gkheeya
4. @a`pu `hlaiuiae phwareaae ? phwareaae Kra` dae phwareaae tafae asa`.
jhr`uatae (+) shfmekka shfmekka aiae jhrmiatae hrat dhekae dhekae jakmae shl yaek jhr`uatae (-), (-),
8. @a`pu `heohlasiae ka`jarae `grnglgkm jaithrm jhrdasariae phwareaae.
`msaleya asa` euilhat. Cgetgf phwarea mem adalaf `htfylhe jmru.
RHEDAFXLXAE RHEDAFXLXAE
1. Rhwareaae shdhrfaea ? `hekkueaiae jafae phwarea tuekkal. Rhwareaae mem
Jhjhrapa `aca` phwareaae malaf shjakam jhrmiut ? @hlmfat `mirgja dala` ihadaae fmdup saekatlaf sulmt, iarhea uiuraeeya
dmkueaiae uetui `heueouiiae `grnglgkm dae susueae
saekat ihcml, traesparae shrta tmdai jhrwarea. Xetui dapat `hlmfateya phrlu dmlaiuiae phwareaae. Shcara im`mawm, jafae phwarea thrdmrm darm cmecme jhezheh dmta`jaf cfrg`gpfgrh dae krup auxgcfrg`h. Jhezheh
jaithrm. :. Rhwareaae dmnnhrhesmal, dmkueaiae uetui ? a. @h`jhdaiae ihlg`pgi jaithrm, `msaleya phwarea Kra` dae phwarea tafae
? suatu phlarut grkaemi yaek tmdai jhrwarea.
Cfrg`gpfgrh ? suatu krup jafae im`mawm yaek dapat `h`jhrm warea ihpada jhezheh, yaek ihduaeya dmshjut dmshjut shjakam cfrg`gkhe, thtapm juiae jafae phwarea. phwarea.
asa`. j. @h`phrlmfatiae struitur jaithrm, `msaleya phwarea uetui nlakhlla, spgra, iapsul dae metm jaithrm. Rhwareaae dmnnhrhesmal yaek shrmek dmkueaiae dala` lajgratgrmu`
Auxgcfrg`h ? jafae im`mawm yaek `a`pu `hlaiuiae mgemsa mgemsasm sm darm cfrg`gkhe
`mirgjmglgkm ilmemi malaf phwarea Kra`, yaek phetmek dala` ilasmnmiasm jaithrm dae
(uetui `h`jhetui kara`) dae jhrmiatae dhekae shrajut atau
`hrupaiae tafapae awal uetui mdhetmnmiasm. Rhwareaae Kra` `hekkueaiae 4
@msaleya
oarmekae. Jhetui jaru darm ihtmka jafae mem jarulaf `hrupaiae
`aca` rhakhe yaek dmkueaiae shcara jhrurutae. Jafae phrta`a dmshjut shjakam
jafae phwarea. phwarea.
phwarea prm`hr ( prm`ary ( prm`ary stame), stame), uetui `h`jhrm warea sh`ua jakmae shl. Jafae
? jhezheh (tmdai (tmdai jhrwarea) + emtrmt (cfr (cfrg`gpfgrh) g`gpfgrh) `heoadm
ihdua dmshjut jafae phekuat (`grdaet) uetui `hekmiat phwarea prm`hr. Jafae
trmemtrgjhezheh (cfrg`gkhe) yaek jhrwarea iuemek dae +
ihtmka dmshjut jafae phlarut (dhcglgrmzme (dhcglgrmzmek k akhet ), ), thrkaetuek darm susueae im`mawm
auxgcfrg`h `aia `heoadm trmemtrgfydrgxyjhezheh (pmcrmc acmd)9
shl9 aiae `hlarutiae shjakmae atau shluruf phwarea prm`hr. Jafae ihh`pat dmshjut
suatu jafae phwarea yaek jhrwarea iuemek.
cguethrstame yaek `h`jhrmiae warea igetras thrfadap phwarea prm`hr. Jmla phwarea prm`hr tmdai luetur, `aia jakmae shl thrshjut tmdai aiae thrwaream lakm,
CASDMGZHSRMZATGZ]DMSGZDHZS :2:1
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shdaekiae jakmae yaek luetur yaek aiae thrwaream dhekae phwarea ihtmka shfmekka
- Metm (Nhulkhe)
aiae dmdapatiae igetras darm jakmae – jakmae – jakmae jakmae shl jaithrm.
- Nuekm (IGF, Tmeta Rarihr) - Kmh`sa - DEA (HtJr)
Jafae phrta`a
CAZA RH@JXATAE SHDMAAE XETXI RH[AZEAAE RH[AZEAAE Jafae ihdua
Jafae ihtmka
1. Kueaiae khlas gjyhi yaek ihrmek dae jhrsmf, `meyai dapat dmjhrsmfiae dhekae dmcucm `hekkueaiae sajue dae amr ih`udmae dmjmlas dhekae aligfgl =8% atau dapat dmlaiuiae dhekae dmatas apm la`pu spmrtus :-3 ialm dae dmlap dhekae ihrtas
Jafae ihh`pat
tmsu sa`pam lh`ai fmlaek. :. sthrmliae gsh (mechehratmge (mechehratmge)) dhekae cara `h`aeasiae dm atas eyala apm sa`pam
‖ Ka`jar 1. Rhwaraeaae Kra`
ILASMNMIASM RH[AZEAAE RH[AZEAAE 1. Rhwareaae shdhrfaea ( sm`plh stamemek ) ? a. Rhwareaae ehkatmn (ehkatmvh ( ehkatmvh stamemek )
- Jurrm (Tmeta Cmea/Tmeta Medma) - Emkrgsme - Cgekg rhd j. Rhwareaae pgsmtmn ( pgsmtmvh stamemek stamemek )
- @htfylhe jluh - Amr Nucfsme - Carjgl Nucfsme - Crystal vmglht :. Rhwareaae ig`plhis ? a. Rhwareaae dmnnhrhesmal
- Kra` - _mhfl Emhlshe j. Rhwareaae ifusus
- Spgra (Ilhme)
`hraf `h`jara, oaufiae darm apm tuekku sa`pam dmekme, shthlaf dmekme `hekkueaiae gsh thrshjut. 3. Rhwareaae A. Darm jmaiae jaithrm camr (susphesm), shcara ashptms a`jml satu atau dua thths lhtaiiae pada phr`uiaae klas gjohi, rataiae 1x1 c`/ ϴ 1 c` dae lhtaiiae dmatas `hoa pgrslhme fmekka ihrmek. J. Darm jmaiae iglgem jaithrm pada `hdma akar, dhekae cara lhtaiiae 1 thths EaCl sthrml dmthekaf klas gjohi, dae a`jml jaithrm `hekkueaiae `hekkueaiae uouek gsh sthrml ih`udmae dmlarutiae pada EaCl Nmsmglgkm 2,= % pada klas gjohi. 4. Rhwareaae JTA A`jml Sphsm`he sputu` jakmae yaek `hekku`pal `hekkueaiae jataek lmdm dae lhtaiiae pada gjohi klass, ih`udmae dmrataiae dhekae cara `h`utar gsh/jataek lmdm sa`pam :/3 gjohi klass thrpheufm (uetui phwareaae JTA) 8. Nmisasm shdmaae dhekae cara `hlaluiae shdmaae (yaek sudaf ihrmek dm udara) : : – – 3 ialm dm atas eyala apm. Nueksm nmisasm uetui `hlhiatiae jaithrm pada gjohi klass (dhekae throadm igakulasm prgthme) dae `h`atmiae jaithrm. >. Shdmaae smap dmjhrm warea
- Nlakhlla (Kray) - Kraeula (Ehmsshr) - Iapsul (Kme Jurrm)
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CASDMGZHSRMZATGZ]DMSGZDHZS :2:1
3. Dhekae uouek khlas gjyhi yaek lame lhtaiiae dm dhpae ththsae phwarea dhekae
RH[AZEAAE SHDHZFAEA SHDHZFAEA Jafae phwarea ?
sudut 32², juatlaf prhparat shphrtm `h`juat prhparat daraf apus sa`pam
1. Rhwarea Lgnnlhr @htfylhe jluh yaek thrdmrm darm ?
thrjhetui prhparat yaek rata dae tmpms. Jmariae dm udara sa`pam ihrmek. Oaekae
Larutae A ? `htfylhe jluh 2,3 k dae htfyl aligfgl 32 `l. Larutae J ? IGF 2,21 k dae aquadhst 122 `l. Ihdua larutae dm atas ih`udmae dmca`pur. Dapat ouka `hekkueaiae phwarea
dmnmisasm. 4. Shthlaf ihrmek phrmisa dhekae `mirgsigp `hekkueaiae `meyai h`hrsm (ph`jhsarae lhesa gjyhitmn 122x).
yaek lame yamtu ? :. Carjgl nucfsme atau
RH[AZEAAE KZA@
3. Crystal vmglht
Rhwarea phrta`a yaek dmpaiam adalaf crystal vmglht yaek `h`jhrm warea jmru – jmru – ihuekuae ihuekuae ( purplh – jluh). jluh). Dhekae phea`jafae larutae mgdmeh yaek jhrnueksm
Cara Ihroa ?
shjakam `grdaet, aiae thrjhetui miatae crystal vmglht – vmglht – mgdmeh mgdmeh yaek jhrwarea fmta`
1. Lhtaiiae shdmaae dm atas rai phwareaae, kheaekm dhekae phwarea shla`a waitu
– ihuekuae ihuekuae ( purplh – jlaci jlaci ) yaek `hlhiat pada ig`pgehe `akehsmu` – `akehsmu` – euclhmc euclhmc acmd darm dmedmek jaithrm yaek sulmt lhpas. @grdaet jhrartm dapat `h`juat jhetui
thrthetu. Jmla `hekkueaiae ? 1 – : : `hemt. - @htfylhe jluh shla`a 1 –
tai thrlarut (mesglujlh (mesglujlh)) iarhea jhrmiatae dhekae phwarea phrta`a. Aligfgl ashtge
- Carjgl nucfsme shla`a 18 – 18 – 32 32 dhtmi.
8% shjakam jafae phlarut jhrnueksm shjakam phlarut lh`ai dae prgthme dhfydratmek
- Crystal vmglht shla`a : – >2 >2 dhtmi.
akhet . Aitmnmtaseya thrkaetuek darm ihjhradaae lmpmd. Rada jaithrm Kra` (+)
:. Cucm dhekae amr sa`pam jhrsmf, dmtmrmsiae (lhtaiiae dala` pgsmsm `mrmek) s upaya chpat ihrmek atau dmihrmekiae `hekkueaiae ihrtas sarmek. 3. Shthlaf ihrmek phrmisa dhekae `mirgsigp `hekkueaiae `meyai h`hrsm
dmedmekeya `hekaeduek shdmimt lmpmd (1-4%) shfmekka thrlarutiae ouka shdmimt dae thrjhetui lujaek ihcml yaek dapat dmtutup glhf prgthme yaek `hekala`m dhfmdrasm, shfmekka warea phrta`a thtap. Shdaekiae pada jaithrm Kra` (-), dmedmekeya `hekaeduek jaeyai lmpmd (11-::%) shfmekka yaek dmlarutiae ouka jaeyai dae
(ph`jhsarae lhesa gjyhitmn 122x).
thrjhetui lujaek yaek jhsar yaek tmdai dapat dmtutup glhf prgthme yaek dhfmdrasm. Shlame lmpmd ihjhdaae phptmdgklmiae yaek ada pada dmdmek shl jaithrm `hrupaiae pheohlasae dasar yaek lame pada phwareaae Kra`. Dmedmek shl jaithrm Kra` (-)
RH[AZEAAE EHKATMN EHKATMN Rada phwareaae mem tmdai dmphrluiae ph`aeasae dae nmisasm pada khlas
`hekaeduek phdtmdgklmiae yaek tmpms (12-18 e`) yaek `hekaimjatiae miatae
gjyhi shfmekka tmdai `h`phekarufm `grnglgkm. Iarheaeya `grnglgkm dae uiurae
smlaek yaek iuraek histhesmn dmjaedmekiae dhekae jaithrm Kra` (+) yaek lhjmf
shjheareya dapat dmlmfat dhekae cara mem.
thjal (18-62 e`). Fal-fal thrshjut `hekaimjatiae phlhpasae warea phrta`a
Jafae phwarea
shfmekka jaithrmeya `heoadm tmdai jhrwarea. Tafapae palmek irmtmial adalaf
? Tmeta Cmea.
tafapae
dhiglgrmsasm
mem
iarhea
ialau
jhrlhjmfae
aiae
`heyhjajiae
Cara Ihroa
gvhrdhcglgrmzatmge.. Cguethrstame yaek dmkueaiae dapat sanraeme atau amr nucfsme, gvhrdhcglgrmzatmge
1. Ththsiae jafae phwarea pada salaf satu uouek khlas gjyhi.
yaek aiae `h`jhrmiae warea `hraf.
:. Shcara ashptms `hekkueaiae gsh sthrml, a`jml jaithrm dala` jmaiae susphesm atau jmaiae cglgem dae dae lhtaiiae dm th`pat phwarea phwarea thrshjut dae ca`pur ca`pur sa`pam rata.
CASDMGZHSRMZATGZ]DMSGZDHZS :2:1
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_MHFL EHHLSHE ) RH[AZEAAE TAFAE ASA@ ( _MHFL
Jafae phwarea Kra` A. Crystal vmglht ? Crystal vmglht
12 `l.
J. Larutae lukgl ? Mgdmda
1 k.
thjal shfmekka suiar shialm dmth`jus glhf phwarea, ihcualm cara tafae asa`. Thtapm
Ialmu` ]gdmda
: k.
shialm phwarea dapat `asui aiae sulmt shialm dmlarutiae dhekae aligfgl asa`,
Aquadhst
322 `l.
dmshjut shjakam jaithrm tafae aligfgl asa` (acmd ( acmd nast ). ). Shdaekiae jaithrm lame, aiae
@migjaithrmu` @migjaithrmu ` `h`pueyam dmedmek `heyhrupam lmlme (waxy 0 lmpgmdal) yaek
C. Aligfgl ashtge 8%
`udaf dmlarutiae dhekae aligfgl asa` shfmekka dmshjut shjakam tmdai tafae asa`
D. Larutae sanraeme atau amr nucfsme
aligfgl (ege (ege acmd nast ). ).
Cara ihroa
phwarea nhegl yaek larut dala` jafae lmpgmdal yaek dapat `heh`jus dmedmek
1. Lhtaiiae shdmaae dm atas rai phwareaae/ `hoa pgrslhme, Shdmaae dmththsiae
jaithrm tujhriulgsms, yaek lhjmf dmphr`udaf dmphr`udaf lakm phehtrasmeya dhekae ph`aeasae. ph`aeasae.
Rhwarea tafae asa` thrdmrm darm 3 `aca` jafae. Carjgl nucfsme adalaf
Crystal vmglht `hekkueaiae pmpht fmekka `heutupm shdmaae/`hekkheaek
Shdaekiae cara taepa ph`aeasae dhekae phea`jafae jafae ph`jasaf ( whttmek
shla`a 1-: `hemt.
akhet ) shphrtm turkmtgl, yaek jhrnueksm `heurueiae thkaekae phr`uiaae aetara
:. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr.
dmedmek jaithrm dae phwarea. Asa` aligfgl thrdmrm darm FCl 3% dae htfaegl =8%,
3. Shdmaae dmththsiae shdmae dhekae larutae Kra`”s mgdmeh `hekkueaiae mgdmeh `hekkueaiae pmpht
shdaekiae shjakam phwarea ihdua dmkueaiae `htfylhe jmru/`alacfmth krhhe
fmekka `heutupm shdmaae/`hekkheaek shla`a 32 dhtmi. 4. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr.
.
8. Shdmaae dmththsiae aligfgl ashtge 8% (dhiglgrmsasm) fmekka Crystal vmglht tmdai thrlarut lakm. Fatm – Fatm – fatm fatm oaekae sa`pam gvhrdhcglgrmzh (gvhr dhiglgrmsasm) >. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr. ;. Shdmaae dmththsiae dhekae larutae sanraeme `hekkueaiae pmpht fmekka `heutupm shdmaae/`hekkheaek shdmaae/`hekkheaek shla`a 1-: `hemt.
acmd nast
Ege acmd nast
6. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr. =. Shdmaae dmihrmekiae dhekae `hlhtaiiae `mrmek gjohi klass dmatas ihrtas sa rmek dae shthlaf ihrmek dma`atm dhekae `mirgsigp pada ph`jhsarae lhesa gjyhitmn
Ka`jar :. Rhwareaae _mhfl Ehhlshe
122x `hekkueaiae `meyai `meyai h`hrsm.
Jafae phwarea Carjgl nucfsme ?
Jasmc nucfsme
4 k.
Larutae nhegl 8% (dala` amr)
1222 `l.
Aligfgl ajsglut
122 `l.
Larutae aligfgl asa` 3% (FCl dala` aligfgl ajsglut). @htfylhe Jluh 1%.
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CASDMGZHSRMZATGZ]DMSGZDHZS :2:1
`hrata, ihthjalae prhparat tmdai shlalu sa`a shfmekka ih`uekimeae thrdapat
Cara ihroa
ihsalafae. [alaupue dh`mimae, smsth` mem aiae dapat dmkueaiae uetui `hlmfat
1. Kheaekm shdmaae dhekae carjgl nucfsme, paeasiae dm atas eyala apm sa`pam
ihchedhruekae ihchedhruek ae jaithrm yaek dmihluari dmihluariae ae glhf shtmap pasmhe.
jhruap (tmdai `hedmdmf) shla`a 8 `hemt. Xsafaiae oaekae sa`pam phwarea ihrmek, ialau phrlu phwarea dmta`jaf shrta oaekae sa`pam `hedmdmf. :. Tuekku sa`pam shdmaae dmekme, ih`udmae dmcucm dhekae amr.
4. Siala [FG Rh`hrmisaae dmlaiuiae dhekae `h`hrmisa pada 4 karms `heurut jakae dm jawaf mem, yaek dmphrimraiae sudaf `hwaimlm shluruf slmdh.
3. Shdmaae dmththsiae aligfgl asa` 3% (dhiglgrmsasm) fmekka tmdai thrlarut lakm. 4. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr. 8. Shdmaae dmththsiae dhekae larutae `htfylhe jluh `hekkueaiae pmpht fmekka
DANTAZ RXSTAIA
`heutupm shdmaae/`hekkheaek shdmaae/`hekkheaek shla`a : `hemt. >. Shdmaae dmcucm dhekae amr `hekalmr. ;. Ihrmekiae dhekae ihrtas sarmek dae shthlaf ihrmek dmphrmisa dhekae `mirgsigp `hekkueaiae `meyai m`hrsm (ph`jhsarae lhesa gjyhitmn 122x).
Fasml pheka`atae `mirgsigpms dmwaream dae dmfmtuek jhrapa jaithrm tmap lapaekae paedaek, `msaleya thrdapat 12 jasml dala` 122 lapaekae paedaek `aia
Dwmdogshputrg, D. :228. Dasar-dasar `mirgjmglgkm `mirgjmglgkm.. Rhehrjmt Doh`jatae. Oaiarta Oawhtz, @hlemci, Adhljhrks. :22;. @hdmcal `mcrgjmglgky? `ycgjacthrma. :4tf hd. Tfh @cKraw-Fmll cg`paemhs. cg`paemhs. Rhlhzar,cfae. :226. Dasar-Dasar @mirgjmglgkm. XM Rrhss? Oaiarta [grld Fhaltf Grkaemzatmge. 1==6. Lajgratgry 1==6. Lajgratgry Shrvmchs Shrvmchs me Tujhrculgsms Cgetrgl ? @mcrgscgpy Rart MM. [FG [mllhy, O. @, L. @. Sfhrwggd, C. O. [gglvhrtge. :226. @mcrgjmglgky @mcrgjmglgky.. ;tf hd. @cKraw Fmll Cg`paemhs Mec., Ehw ]gri
dmtulms 12/122. Ada jhjhrapa cara phecatatae/phekigdhae phecatatae/phekigdhae ph`hrmisaae jasml tafae asa` atas dasar siala thrthetu. 1. Siala MXAT ( Methreatmgeal Xemge Akamest Akamest Tujhrculgsms). Tujhrculgsms). Rh`hrmisaae mem dmlaiuiae shpaeoaek satu karms pada slmdh yaek dmphrimraiae `hlmputm 122 lapaekae paedaek. Jmla fasmleya ehkatmn `aia dmiathkgrmiae shjakam ehkatmn. Fasml jhrmiuteya lmfat pada siala dm jawaf mem? 1. 1-= JTA dala` 122 lapaek paedaek, dmtulms ou`laf iu`ae yaek dmth`ui dmth`uiae. ae. :. 12-== JTA dala` 122 lapaek paedaek dmshjut + atau (1+). 3. 1-12 JTA dala` 1 lapaek lapaek paedaek, dmshjut ++ atau atau (:+). 4. 5 12 JTA dala` 1 lapaek paedaek, dmshjut +++ atau (3+). :. Siala ETA ( Eatmgeal Tujhrculgsms Assgcmatmge Assgcmatmge gn XSA). XSA). @hrupaiae igdmek uetui ph`jacaae slmdh j.t.a. 3. Siala Kanniy Dm smem lhjmf jhrsmnat iuaetmtatmn darm pada dua s iala dm atas, shrmek dmkueaiae dm Ohpaek. Jaeyai irmtmi thetaek siala mem, dmaetaraeya jafwa yaek dmphrmisa faeyalaf shjakmae ihcml darm sputu`, dmstrmjusm jaithrm dm dala` sputu` tmdai
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CASDMGZHSRMZATGZ]DMSGZDHZS :2:1
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