OECD - The Sharing and Gig Economy - Effective Taxation of Platform Sellers Forum On Tax Administration (2019)

 

Pme Smbrjfd bf` Djd Ecafagy8 Eiiectjve Pbxbtjaf ai ^lbtiarg Sellers

IA_UG AF PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF

 

Pme Smbrjfd bf` Djd Ecafagy8 Eiiectjve Pbxbtjaf ai ^lbtiarg Sellers IA_UG AF PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF

 

Pmjs `acugeft, bs well bs bfy `btb bf` bfy gbp jfclu`e` merejf, bre wjtmaut prehu`jce ta tme stbtus ai ar saverejdfty aver bfy terrjtary, ta tme `eljgjtbt `eljgjtbtjaf jaf ai jfterfbtjafbl iraftjers bf` oauf`brjes oauf` brjes bf` ta tme fbge ai bfy terrjtary, cjty ar breb.

^lebse cjte tmjs puoljcbtjaf bs8 AEC@ (?>2:), Pme Smbrjfd bf` Djd Ecafagy8 Eiiectjve Pbxbtjaf ai ^lbtiarg Sellers 8 Iarug af Pbx  B`gjfjstrbtjaf , AEC@ ^uoljsmjfd, ^brjs. mttps8//`aj.ard/2>.24=4/540o92i=-ef

JSOF :4=-:?-90-995:?-4 (prjft) JSOF :4=-:?-90-=4000-? (p`i)

^mata cre`jts8 Caver © getbgarwarks/Smutterstack.cag.

Carrjdef`b ta AEC@ puoljcbtjafs puoljc btjafs gby oe iauf` af ljfe bt8 www.aec`.ar www.aec`.ard/boaut/puoljs d/boaut/puoljsmjfd/carrjdef mjfd/carrjdef`b.mtg `b.mtg.

© AEC@ ?>2: Zau cbf capy, `awflab` ar prjft AEC@ cafteft iar yaur awf use, bf` yau cbf jfclu`e excerpts irag AEC@ puoljcbtjafs, `btbobses bf` gultjge`jb pra`ucts jf yaur awf `acugefts, preseftbtjafs, olads, weosjtes bf` tebcmjfd gbterjbls, pravj`e` tmbt sujtbole bckfawle`degeft ai AEC@ bs saurce bf` capyrjdmt awfer js djvef. Bll requests iar puoljc ar caggercjbl use bf` trbfslbtjaf rjdmts smaul` oe suogjtte` ta rjdmtsNaec`.ard . _equests iar pergjssjaf ta pmatacapy partjafs ai tmjs gbterjbl iar puoljc ar caggercjbl use smbll oe b``resse` `jrectly ta tme Capyrjdmt Clebrbfce Cefter (CCC) bt jfiaNcapyrjdmt.cag  ar tme Ceftre irbfäbjs `‚explajtbtjaf `u `rajt `e capje (CIC) bt caftbctNcicapjes.cag.

 

^_EIBCE ┏ 3

 ^reibce    ^reibce

Pme `evelapgeft ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, ibcjljtbte` oy afljfe plbtiargs, cbf mbve b pasjtjve jgpbct af aur ecafagjes. Jt pravj`es few appartufjtjes ta smbre bssets, jfcrebse eiijcjefcy, lawer prjces bf` aiiers oetter servjces bf` gare cmajce iar oatm suppljers bf` cafsugers. cafsugers. Irag tme perspectjve ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs jt blsa rbjses b fugoer ai cmbllefdes bf` appartufjtjes8 af tme afe mbf` certbjf few bctjvjtjes gby fat blwbys oe vjsjole ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ar seli-reparte` oy tbxpbyers; af tme atmer mbf`, tecmfaladjcbl `evelapgefts cbf leb` ta drebter trbfspbrefcy bf` suppart sjgpljijcbtjaf ai tbx aoljdbtjafs ji leverbde` jf tme rjdmt wby. Pme oefeijts ai tmjs bpprabcm js tmbt bctjvjtjes bre oraudmt obck jfta tme tbx systeg wjtm gjfjgug our`ef af tbxpbyers bf` b`gjfjstrbtjafs bljke. Pme repart `egafstrbtes tmbt tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai tme users ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs js bf jssue tmbt gbfy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bre drbppljfd wjtm bf` tmbt, redbr`less ai bfy bctjaf tbkef `agestjcblly, strefdtmefe` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf js key ta gbkjfd tmese gebsures successiul. Pmere bre fa sjgple salutjafs ta tmjs jssue bf` tmjs repart sets aut b rbfde ai brebs tmbt tme jfterfbtjafbl caggufjty caul` cafsj`er tbkjfd iarwbr` ta oujl` af tme clase efdbdegeft tmbt mbs blreb`y tbkef plbce. Brebs ilbdde` jf tme repart iar iurtmer cafsj`erbtjaf bre8 explarjfd tme fee` iar b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` plbtiargs ta e`ucbte tbxpbyers ta oujl` bwbrefess ai tmejr aoljdbtjafs; tme passjole `evelapgeft, jf callboarbtjaf wjtm plbtiargs, ai b valuftbry ca`e ai caf`uct ta jfclu`e expectbtjafs af tbxpbyer e`ucbtjaf; bf` tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf oetweef tbx hurjs`jctjafs jf b stbf`br`jze` wby. Te oeljeve tmbt tme repart wjll bssjst jf tme `evelapgeft ai ledjslbtjve ga`els iar stbf`br`jze` repartjfd oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs bf` wjll pravj`e vblubole jfiargbtjaf bf` jfsjdmts ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` tbxpbyers, caftrjoutjfd ta efmbfce gutubl uf`erstbf`jfd bf` trust. Te waul` ljke ta tmbfk tme IPB Ourebu bf` tme AEC@ Secretbrjbt iar tmejr suppart bs well bs tme prahect tebg irag Ufjte` Kjfd`ag bf` Jtbly iar tmejr callboarbtjve wark af tme prepbrbtjaf ai tmjs jfiargbtjve repart. Aur drbtjtu`e blsa daes ta everyafe wma mbs  oeef jfvalve` jf pra`ucjfd tme repart, jf pbrtjculbr tme tebgs jf tme pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs tmbt mbve caftrjoute` tmejr tjge bf` expertjse, IPB cauftrjes tmbt respaf`e` ta tme requests iar jfiargbtjaf bs well bs plbtiargs tmbt pravj`e` evj`efce bf` jfsjdmts. Hjg Mbrrb (MG_C's @eputy Cmjei Executjve)

^bala Yblerja Obrobftjfj (Bdefzjb `elle eftrbte –  eftrbte –   @eputy @jrectar Deferbl) 

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

IA_ETA_@  ┏ 5

 Iarewar`  `    Iarewar

Bt tme ?>24 22tm ^lefbry geetjfd ai tme AEC@ Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB) jf Asla, IPB gegoers bdree` ta wark callboarbtjvely af b prahect ta melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai tmase ebrfjfd jfcage irag tme sble ai daa`s ar servjces jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy (blsa kfawf bs tme callboarbtjve ecafag ecafagy) y) (AEC@, ?>24[2W). B prahect draup, le` oy tme Jtbljbf _evefue Bdefcy bf` tme Ufjte` Kjfd`ag‚s Kjfd`ag ‚s Mer Gbhesty‚s _evefue bf` Custags, Custags, wbs set-up ta cbrry aut tme wark. Pme prahect draup mel` severbl geetjfds bf` tme prahect leb`s efdbde` wjtm selecte` smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiarg aperbtars. Pmjs repart suggbrjses tme ijf`jfd ai tme prahect draup. Jt js `jvj`e` jfta iaur cmbpters8

  Cmbpter 2 sets aut tme obckdrauf` ta tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` tme rale ai

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afljfe plbtiargs; ? pravj`es sage exbgples ai curreft bpprabcmes tmbt bre oejfd tbkef oy   Cmbpter IPB tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs tmbt pbrtjcjpbte` jf tmjs wark;

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  Cmbpter 3 sets aut b rbfde ai aptjafs tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs gby wjsm ta



cafsj`er ta melp efbole cagpljbfce jf tmjs sectar; bf`

  Cmbpter 0 sets aut recaggef`btjafs bf` cafsj`erbtjaf cafsj`erbtjafss iar passjole iurtmer wark.

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Tmjle tme bjg ai tme prahect wbs ta melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, prahect pbrtjcjpbfts bckfawle`de` tmbt tmjs smaul` oe `afe jf b wby tmbt `aes fat plbce uffecessbry our`efs af plbtiarg sellers, tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs ar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Pmese prjfcjples bre reilecte` jf tme recaggef`btjafs gb`e. Pmjs repart wbs bpprave` oy tme Caggjttee af Ijscbl Biibjrs af 9 Gbrcm ?>2: bf`  prepbre` iar puoljcbtjaf puoljcbtjaf oy tme AEC@ AEC@ Secretbrjbt. Secretbrjbt.

Cbvebt Pbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs aperbte jf vbrje` efvjrafgefts, bf` tme wby jf wmjcm tmey ebcm b`gjfjster tmejr tbxbtjaf systeg `jiiers jf respect ta tmejr paljcy bf` ledjslbtjve efvjrafgeft bf` tmejr b`gjfjstrbtjve prbctjce bf` culture. Bs sucm, b stbf`br` bpprabcm ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf gby oe fejtmer prbctjcbl far `esjrbole jf b pbrtjculbr jfstbfce. Pmereiare, tmjs repart bf` tme aoservbtjafs jt gbkes fee` ta oe jfterprete` wjtm tmjs jf gjf`. Cbre smaul` oe tbkef wmef cafsj`erjfd b cauftry‚s prbctjces ta iully bpprecjbte bpprecjbte tme cagplex ibctars tmbt mbve smbpe` b pbrtjculbr bpprabcm. Sjgjlbrly, redbr` fee`s ta oe mb` ta tme `jstjfct cmbllefdes bf` prjarjtjes ebcm b`gjfjstrbtjaf b`gjfjstrbtjaf js gbfbdjfd.

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

PBOLE AI CAFPEFPS ┏ 4

Pbole ai caftefts ^reibce .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 3  Iarewar` ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ 5 

Cbvebt .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 5  Boorevjbtjafs bf` bcrafygs ............................................................. ................................................................................................................ ................................................... :   Executjve Suggbry .................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ .......................................................... 22 

_eierefcess.......................................................................................................................................... _eierefce .......................................................................................................................................... 23  Cmbpter 2. Jftra`uctjaf ....................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ............................................... 25  

2.2. Scape ai tme prahect .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... 25  2.?. Scble ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` key tref`s ................................................... ................................................................ ............. 29  2.3. Appartufjtjes, cmbllefdes bf` rjsks ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ 2=    Fates ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ............. ?>  _eierefcess.......................................................................................................................................... _eierefce .......................................................................................................................................... ?>  Cmbpter ?. Curreft tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bpprabcmes bf` ljgjtbtjafs .............................................. ?2 

?.2. Deferbl jssues ................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. .......................................................... ?2  ?.?. E`ucbtjaf, efdbdegeft efdbdegeft bf` ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs .............................................................. .............................................................. ??   ?.3. Tjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts brrbfdegefts ......................................................... .......................................................................................................... ................................................. ?9   ?.0. J`eftjiyjfd plbtiarg sellers......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ?4    Fates ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ............. 33  _eierefcess.......................................................................................................................................... _eierefce .......................................................................................................................................... 33  Cmbpter 3. Cafsj`erbtjafs iar eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers .............................................. 35 

3.2. Jgpravjfd seli-repartjfd oy plbtiarg sellers .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 39   3.?. Ledjslbtjaf bpplyjfd ta plbtiargs pravj`jfd servjces jf b hurjs`jctjaf ....................................... 34  3.3. Gultjlbterbl butagbtjc excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf........................................................... ......................................................................... .............. 3:  

Cmbpter 0. _ecaggef`btjafs bf` cafsj`erbtjafs iar iurtmer wark .............................................. 03 

0.2. _ecaggef`btjaf 28 @evelapgeft ai b passjole Ca`e ai Caf`uct ............................................ ............................................ 03  0.?. _ecaggef`btjaf _ecaggef`btjaf ?8 Caftjfujfd `jscussjafs ta oujl` tme evj`efce obse ai tbx t bx rjsks bf` appartufjtjes iar re`ucjfd our`efs .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 03  0.3. _ecaggef`btjaf 38 @evelapgeft ai b ledjslbtjve ga`el iar stbf`br`jse` repartjfd ................ 00  Bffex B. @rbit ca`e ai caf`uct iar smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs ...................................... 05 

 Fates .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. .............. 04  Bffex O. Jfiargbtjaf ijel`s reparte` bs fee`e` oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs iar `jrect tbx purpases .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................ 0:  Bffex C. Cafsj`erbtjafs iar `agestjc ledjslbtjaf iar eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers iar `jrect tbx purpases ................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................. .............................. 52  PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

= ┏ PBOLE AI CAFPEFPS

Obckdrauf` ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................ ......................... 52  Scape ...................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................ 52  Jfiargbtjaf requjregefts requjregefts –   –  af-oabr`jfd .................................................................. ........................................................................................... ......................... 52   @ue `jljdefce `jl jdefce requjregefts ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 5?  Tjtmmal`jfd ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 5?  _epartjfd requjregefts requjregefts....................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ............................................... 53  Jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde gbtters ................................... .......................................................................................................... ....................................................................... 53 

Ijdures   Ijdure 2.2. Exbgples ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy sectars ................................................................... 29  Ijdure ?.2. Spectrug ai bpprabcmes / gebsures ta b``ress tbx jssues brjsjfd irag tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy ......................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ......................... ?2   Ijdure ?.?. @agestjc aiijce bf` `btb bvbjlbole jf cauftry .................................................................... .................................................................... 32  Ijdure ?.3. ^lbtiarg bf` `btb jf b tmjr` cauftry ........................................................... .................................................................................... ......................... 3? 

Oaxes  Oax 2.2. Scble ai tme t me smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` key ttref`s ref`s –   –  Cauftry exbgples ........................... 2=  Oax ?.2. @eijfjtjafs –  @eijfjtjafs –  Cauftry exbgple8 Farwby ................................................................................ ................................................................................ ??   Oax ?.?. E`ucbtjaf bf` efdbdegeft efdbdegeft –   –  Cauftry exbgples ................... .................................................................... ................................................. ?3  Oax ?.3. Ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs –  sjgpljijcbtjafs –  Cauftry exbgples ..................................................................... ?9  Oax ?.0. Tjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts brrbfdegefts –   –  Cauftry exbgples exbgples..................................................................... ?4  Oax ?.5. ^uoljc saurces ai jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf –   –  Cauftry exbgples ................................................................ ................................................................ ?:  Oax ?.9. Yaluftbry bdreegefts ta supply `btb –  `btb  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples..................................................... exbgples..................................................... 3>  Oax ?.4. Ledbl pawers ta bccess `btb –  `btb –  Cauftry exbgples ................................................................... 33 

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

BOO_EYJBPJAFS BF@ BC_AFZGS ┏ :

 Boorevjbtjafs btjafs bf` bcrafygs bcrafygs    Boorevj

BEBP 

Bdefcjb Estbtbl `e B`gjfjstrbc B`gjfjstrbcjóf jóf Prjoutbrjb (Spbfjsm Pbx Bdefcy)

B^J

Bppljcbtjaf ^radrbggjfd Jfteribce

BPA

Bustrbljbf Pbxbtjaf Aiijce

O?C 

Ousjfess-ta-Custager

O?O 

Ousjfess-ta-Ousjfess

OE^S 

Obse Erasjaf bf` ^raijt Smjitjfd

EU 

Eurapebf Ufjaf

EU_

Eura (currefcy)

IBR 

Irequeftly Bske` Ruestjafs

IPB

Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf

D?> 

Draup ai Pwefty (gbhar ecafagje ecafagjes) s)

DO^

Drebt Orjtbjf ^auf` (currefcy)

DSP 

Daa`s bf` Servjce Pbx

MG_C 

Mer Gbhesty‚s _evefue bf` Custags (Ufjte` Kjfd`ag)  Kjfd`ag)  

JB^_  

Jf`epef`eft Butmarjty iar ^uoljc _evefue (Dreece (Dreece))

JP 

Jfiargbtjaf Pecmfalady

AEC@ 

Ardbfjsbtjaf iar Ecafagjc Ca-aperbtjaf bf` @evelapg @evelapgeft eft

SKPSP 

Skbttestyrelsef Skbttestyrelsef (@bfjsm Pbx Bdefcy)

PJF

Pbx J`eftjijcbtjaf Fugoer

PJEB 

Pbx Jfiargbtjaf Jfiargbtja f Excmbfde Bdreegeft

UK  

Ufjte` Kjfd`ag

US 

Ufjte` Stbtes 

US@ 

Ufjte` Stbtes @allbr (currefcy) (currefcy)

YBP 

Yblue B``e` Pbx

]GL

Extefsjole Gbrkup Lbfdubde Lbfdubde

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E]ECUPJYE SUGGB_Z ┏ 22

Suggbry    Executjve Suggbry

Bt tme ?>24 22tm ^lefbry geetjfd ai tme AEC@ Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB) jf Asla, IPB gegoers bdree` ta wark callboarbtjvely af b prahect ta melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai tmase ebrfjfd jfcage irag tme sble ai daa`s ar servjces jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy (blsa kfawf bs tme callboarbtjve ecafag ecafagy) y) (AEC@, ?>24[2W). Jf tmjs repart, tme terg smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs js use` ta efcagpbss tmase  plbtiargs wmjcm gbjfly ibcjljtbte tme ouyjfd bf` selljfd ai daa`s bf` servjces oetweef jf`jvj`ubls, jfclu`jfd tme seli-egplaye`, out wmjcm blsa ibcjljtbte sage trbfsbctjafs  oetweef ousjfesses bf` cafsugers (bf` jf sage cbses ousjfesses ta ousjfess trbfsbctjafs). Pme repart blsa iacuses af jfcage tbxes bf` fat af Yblue B``e` Pbx (YBP). Tmjle sage ai tme jssues bre sjgjlbr oetweef jfcage tbxes bf` YBP, tme rjsks bs well bs paljcy bf` b`gjfjstrbtjve respafses respafses bre fat fecessbrjly fecessbrjly tme sbge. Pme IPB prahect wbs blsa `escrjoe` jf tme Gbrcm ?>2= AEC@ jfterjg repart ta tme D?> af Pbx Cmbllefdes Brjsjfd irag @jdjtbljsbtjaf (AEC@, ?>2=[?W). Pme rbtjafble iar gultjlbterbl callboarbtjaf jf tmjs breb js tmree-ial`. Ijrst, eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers, j.e. persafs selljfd daa`s ar servjces tmraudm b smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiarg, js b caggaf cafcerf iar gbfy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs jf tme ljdmt ai tme caftjfujfd rbpj` drawtm ai afljfe plbtiargs. Lebrfjfd irag bpprabcmes tbkef oy atmers cbf melp leb` ta oetter autcages. Secaf`, gbfy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs aperbte bcrass oar`ers wjtmaut b  pmysjcbl presefce jf ebcm gbrket jf wmjcm tmejr servjce js use`. Tmere tmjs js tme cbse, tmere cbf oe `jiijcultjes iar sage hurjs`jctjafs jf aotbjfjfd jfiargbtjaf irag tmase  plbtiargs bf` jf efiarcjfd bfy ledjslbtjve requjregefts requjregefts wjtmaut efmbfce` efmbfce` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf. Pmjr`, tmere caul` pateftjblly oe oefeijts jf hurjs`jctjafs tbkjfd stbf`br`jse` gultjlbterbl bpprabcmes, iar exbgple ta tme e`ucbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers bf` ta repartjfd bf` `ue `jljdefce requjregefts iar plbtiargs. Pmjs gjdmt melp ta gjfjgjse our`efs af oatm  plbtiarg sellers bf` smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs, wmjcm gjdmt atmerwjse brjse were hurjs`jctjafs ta bpply gultjple `jiiereft requjregefts. Stbf`br`jse` repartjfd requjregefts caul` blsa ibcjljtbte excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf oetweef hurjs`jctjafs jfclu`jfd af bf butagbtjc obsjs jf bppraprjbte cjrcugstbfces. Pme IPB prahect mbs tmereiare cafsj`ere` tme `jiiereft wbys tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs cbf  oest efdbde wjtm plbtiarg sellers, smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs bf` ebcm atmer ta efbole gare eiiectjve tbx cagpljbfce wjtmaut crebtjfd excessjve our`efs. Pme prahect mbs ef`ebvaure` ta set set aut tme pras bf` cafs ai `jiiereft bbpprabcmes. pprabcmes. Pmjs mbs jfclu`e`8

  laakjfd bt wbys ta jfcrebse uf`erstbf`jfd uf`erstbf`jfd bgafd plbtiarg sellers bs ta wmbt tmejr

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tbx ljbojljtjes bre bf` tmus ta melp jgprave seli-repartjfd ai jfcage;

  tme smbrjfd ai bpprabcmes tbkef ta j`eftjiy plbtiarg sellers wmjcm bllaw tbx

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cagpljbfce ta oe cmecke` ar bssesse`. Pmjs jfclu`es tmraudm tme use ai puoljc PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

2? ┏ E]ECUPJYE SUGGB_Z

jfiargbtjaf saurces bs well bs repartjfd bf` wjtmmal`jfd requjregefts plbce` af smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs; bf`

  cafsj`erjfd passjole salutjafs ta efbole tme eiiectjve callectjaf bf` excmbfde ai



jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers wma aperbte tmraudm plbtiargs lacbte` jf bfatmer  hurjs`jctjaf ta tmejr hurjs`jctjaf hurjs`jctjaf ai resj`efce. Pmjs repart js `jvj`e` jfta iaur cmbpters8 

2 sets aut tme obckdrauf` ta tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` tme rale ai   Cmbpter afljfe plbtiargs. Pmjs jfclu`es estjgbtes bs ta tme sjze bf` pre`jcte` drawtm ai tmese few iargs ai jfterge`jbtjaf bs well bs tme resultjfd cmbllefdes bf` appartufjtjes iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, oatm jf`jvj`ublly bf` callectjvely.

  Cmbpter ? pravj`es sage exbgples ai curreft bpprabcmes tmbt bre oejfd tbkef.



Pmjs js obse` af survey respafses irag IPB tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs tmbt pbrtjcjpbte` jf tmjs wark. Bgafd atmer tmjfds, tmjs laaks bt tme pravjsjaf ai duj`bfce ta  plbtiarg sellers bs ta tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs bs well bs repartjfd bf` wjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts brrbfdeg efts requjre` ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs.

  Cmbpter 3 ai tme repart sets aut b rbfde ai aptjafs tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs gby



wjsm ta cafsj`er ta melp efbole drebter cagpljbfce wjtm tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pmese caver

   hajft e`ucbtjafbl jfjtjbtjves, jfclu`jfd jf caaperbtjaf wjtm plbtiargs, ta

a

gbke plbtiarg sellers gare bwbre ai tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs

  tme stbf`br`jsbtjaf ai repartjfd requjregefts plbce` af plbtiargs

a

  efmbfce` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf  oetweef tbx butmarjtjes ta efsure

a

cagpljbfce wjtm repartjfd aoljdbtjafs

  jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf  oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs af

a

 plbtiarg sellers resj`eft jf afe hurjs`jctjaf out aperbtjfd tmraudm b plbtiarg lacbte` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf.

  Cmbpter 0 sets aut recaggef`btjafs bf` cafsj`erbtjaf cafsj`erbtjafss iar passjole iurtmer wark.



Tmjle tme bjg ai tme prahect js ta melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, tme jfteftjaf js tmbt tmjs smaul` oe `afe jf b wby tmbt `aes fat plbce uffecessbry our`efs af plbtiarg sellers, tme plbtiargs ar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Obse` af tmese prjfcjples tme repart tmereiare j`eftjijes tmree recaggef`b recaggef`btjafs tjafs bf` brebs iar iurtmer cafsj`erbtjaf cafsj`erbtjaf oy IPB b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Pmese bre iar8

  Hajft wark oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` plbtiargs af pravj`jfd



jfiargbtjaf bf` suppart ta plbtiarg sellers   af tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs wmjle gjfjgjsjfd cagpljbfce our`efs. Pmjs jfclu`es iurtmer cafsj`erbtjaf ai b passjole ga`el Ca`e ai Caf`uct.

  Jgpravjfd tme evj`efce obse ta efmbfce uf`erstbf`jfd ai tme tbx bt rjsk   jf



relbtjaf ta plbtiargs, oy sectar, bf` tme rbfde ai aptjafs iar efboljfd cagpljbfce. Pmjs jfclu`es cafsj`erbtjaf ai efmbfce` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf bs well bs caftjfue` excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af successiul prbctjces bf` ledjslbtjve bpprabcmes.

  Bssjstjfd jf tme passjole `evelapgeft ai b ledjslbtjve ga`el iar stbf`br`jse`



repartjfd oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs ai tme cafteft, iargbttjfd bf` PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

E]ECUPJYE SUGGB_Z ┏ 23

verjijcbtjaf ai jfiargbtjaf jf relbtjaf ta plbtiarg sellers. Pmjs waul` melp bvaj` requjregefts oejfd plbce` af plbtiargs ta repart jf gultjple iargbts ta `jiiereft tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

_eierefces

AEC@ (?>2=), Pbx Cmbllefdes Brjsjfd irag @jdjtbljsbtjaf –  @jdjtbljsbtjaf  –  Jfterjg  Jfterjg _epart ?>2=8 Jfclusjve  Irbgewark af af OE^S , AEC@/D?> Obse Erasjaf bf` ^raijt Smjitjfd ^rahect, AEC@ mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?:3>=3-ef..  ^uoljsmjfd, ^brjs, mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?:3>=3-ef

[?W 

AEC@ (?>24), Caggufjquê ai tme 22tm Geetjfd ai tme AEC@ Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB), Asla, Farwby, ?: Septegoer ?>24 , mttp8//www.aec`.ard/tbx/iarug-af-tbxb`gjfjstrbtjaf/evefts/iarug-afb`gjfjstrbtjaf/ev efts/iarug-af-tbx-b`gjfjstrbtjaftbx-b`gjfjstrbtjaf-caggufjquecaggufjque-?>24.p`i  ?>24.p`i  (bccesse`  (bccesse` af 25 Hbfubry ?>2:).

[2W 

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

2. JFP_A@UCPJAF ┏ 25

Cmbpter 2. Jftra`uctjaf 

2.2. Scape ai tme prahect 2.  Pme iacus ai tme Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB) (IPB) prahect js ta t a melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai tmase selljfd daa`s ar servjces tmraudm smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy  plbtiargs, b suoset ai gultj-sj`e` afljfe plbtiargs (AEC@, ?>25[2W).2  Pmese plbtiargs  pravj`e “ef`-ta“ef`-ta-ef` ef` servjces‗ iar tmejr custagers bf`, tmereiare, mbve electrafjc recar`s ai tme pbygefts gb`e ta plbtiarg sellers bs well bs sage iarg ai j`eftjiyjfd jjfiargbtjaf. fiargbtjaf. ?.  Pme rbpj` drawtm ai gultj-sj`e` plbtiargs mbs oeef afe ai tme gbhar cmbfdes ta ? tme ecafagy ibcjljtbte` oy `jdjtbljsbtjaf  `jdjtbljsbtjaf (AEC@, ?>2=[?W).  Sucm plbtiargs aitef ibcjljtbte trbfsbctjafs tmbt accur autsj`e ai trb`jtjafbl ousjfess structures oy8

  Jf`jvj`ubl (jfclu`jfd seli-egplaye`) sellers ai daa`s bf` servjces ta jf`jvj`ubl



cafsugers. (Pme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy.)

  Ousjfess sellers ai daa`s bf` servjces ta jf`jvj`ubl cafsugers  –   ousjfess-ta-



custager (O?C)

  Ousjfess sellers ai daa`s bf` servjces ta ousjfess cafsugers  –   ousjfess-ta-



 ousjfess (O?O) 3.  Pme smbrjfd ecafagy js usublly ljfke` wjtm bssets bf` tme djd ecafagy wjtm servjces. Ai caurse, bssets bf` servjces bre aitef pravj`e` tadetmer (sucm bs b `rjver bf` b cbr). Ibgjljbr exbgples bre tme tegparbry reftbl ai b spbre oe`raag, ufuse` bpbrtgeft ar  pbrkjfd spbce, ar tme pravjsjaf ai b servjce sucm bs `eljvery ai daa`s, accbsjafb accbsjafbll mausemal` servjces ar tme pravjsjaf ai trbfspart ar tbxj servjces. Pmese tergs mbve blsa  oeef expbf`e` jf sage hurjs`jctjafs ta efcagpbss efcagpbss autrjdmt sbles ai bssets vjb afljfe  plbtiargs. 0. 

Sage ai tme trbfsbctjafs ibcjljtbte` oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs mbve

lafd oeef cbrrje` aut tmraudm atmer gecmbfjsgs, iar exbgple oy war`-ai-gautm recaggef`btjafs ar tmraudm caggufjty b`vertjsjfd bf` fetwarkjfd. Jf tmjs caftext, jt mbs trb`jtjafblly oeef `jiijcult iar tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ta gafjtar bf` bssess tme bgauft bf` vblue ai sucm trbfsbctjafs bf` ta j`eftjiy tme jf`jvj`ubls jfvalve`. Bs b result, sage sucm bctjvjty mbs aitef tbkef plbce autsj`e ai tme iargbl ecafagy. 5.  @jdjtbljsbtjaf bf` tme suosequeft egerdefce ai tme plbtiarg ecafagy mbs gbrke`ly jfcrebse` tme scble bf` scape ai tmjs jssue oy efboljfd lbrde fugoers ai ouyers bf` sellers ta qujckly bf` relbtjvely cmebply caffect bf` trbfsbct, jfclu`jfd bcrass  hurjs`jctjafs bf` jf bf bf jfcrebsjfd rb rbfde fde ai brebs. brebs. 9.  Pme rbtjafble iar iacussjfd af tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy js tmbt plbtiarg sellers gby aitef fat oe kfawf ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bf` gby oe less ljkely tmbf trb`jtjafbl ousjfesses ta uf`erstbf` tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs, ar tmbt tmey evef mbve tbx aoljdbtjafs. Bs b result, ji eiiectjve tbxbtjaf js fat bssure`, tmef djvef tme rbpj` drawtm bf` praljierbtjaf ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, tmjs gby leb` ta b suostbftjbl drawtm jf PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

29 ┏ 2. JFP_A@UCPJAF

tme jfiargbl ecafagy aver tjge, wjtm `etrjgeftbl jgpbcts af cagpetjtjaf bf` puoljc revefues. Bltmaudm tme scble ai faf-cagpljbfce js fat yet well gebsure` bf` `eserves iurtmer btteftjaf (jfclu`jfd af b sectar-oy-sectar obsjs), sage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve `jscavere` mjdm levels ai faf-cagpljbfce jf sage sectars. 4.  Tmjle aitef plbtiarg sellers jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy wjll oe jf`jvj`ubls, jfclu`jfd tme seli-egplaye`, tmjs wjll fat blwbys oe tme cbse. Bf exbgple gjdmt oe bf jfcarparbte` ousjfess tmbt refts aut gultjple bpbrtgefts tmraudm b plbtiarg wmjcm gby oe use` prjgbrjly plbtiargsellers sellersjfiar prapertjes Mawever, tryjfdoytajf`jvj`ubl sedgeft plbtiarg tmereftjfd smbrjfdaut bf`sjfdle djd ecafagy afartmeraags. obsjs ai tmejr tbxbole stbtus (bf` cbrvjfd tmeg jf ar aut ai scape ai pbrtjculbr requjregefts) caul` pra`uce `jiijcult oauf`bry jssues iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` jf`jvj`ubl plbtiargs, sucm bs wmef bf jf`jvj`ubl cmbfdes stbtus ta oecage jfcarparb jfcarparbte`. te`. =.  Pme jssues explare` jf tmjs prahect gby blsa oe useiul jf cafsj`erjfd maw tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs cbf oest jfterbct wjtm b wj`er set ai plbtiargs oeyaf` tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, bf` jf relbtjaf ta jf`jrect bs well bs `jrect tbx, ta efsure eiiectjve bf` eiijcjeft eiijcjeft tbx cagpljbfce. cagpljbfce. Ijdure 2.2. Exbgples ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy sectars

2.?. Scble ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` key tref`s :.  Pme sjze ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy js fat yet well gebsure`. gebsure`. Jt curreftly mbs b relbtjvely sgbll smbre ai tme ecafagy af gast estjgbtes. Mawever, jt mbs oeef drawjfd rbpj`ly bf` jf sage hurjs`jctjafs gby mbve b sjdfjijcbft jgpbct af sage pbrts ai tme trb`jtjafbl ecafagy. 2>.  Pbkef tadetmer tme iebtures ai tmjs ousjfess ga`el suddest tmbt jts smbre gby caftjfue ta draw strafdly iar b fugoer ai rebsafs, jfclu`jfd8

  tme scble ai pbrtjblly utjljse` bssets jf prjvbte mbf`s, wmjcm cbf jfclu`e b wj`e



vbrjety ai bssets

  tme passjole ufget `egbf` iar `jiiereft warkjfd pbtterfs, wmetmer iar gare pbrt-



tjge, tegparbry ar b``jtjafbl wark PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

2. JFP_A@UCPJAF ┏ 24

  tme cafvefjefce ai use iar pbrtjcjpbfts, wjtm law sebrcm bf` b`vertjsjfd casts bf`



wjtm electrafjc cafijrgbtjaf bf` pbygefts

   pateftjblly lawer casts wmere `jiiereftjbl `jiiereftjbl redulbtary requjre requjregefts gefts bre jf plbce, iar



exbgple wmere bctjvjty js cbrrje` aut af b seli-egplaye` obsjs rbtmer tmbf bs bf egplayee ar wmere tmere bre `jiiereft mebltm-bf`-sbiety ar jfsurbfce requjregefts. (Pmjs cbf rbjse wj`er puoljc paljcy jssues)

  strafd trust-efmbfcjfd gecmbfjsgs sucm bs `jspute resalutjaf gecmbfjsgs,



jfsurbfce scmeges, scmeges, rbtjfds ai atmer users etc. 22.  Ybudmbf bf` Mbwkswartm (Ybudmbf bf` Mbwkswartm, ?>20[3W) cblculbte` tmbt af b dlaobl obsjs tme callboarbtjve ecafagy wbs wartm US@ 25 ojlljaf jf ?>20 bf` caul` rebcm US@ 335 ojlljaf oy ?>?5. Tjtmjf tme EU, Ybudmbf bf` @bverja (Ybudmbf bf` @bverja, ?>29[0W) estjgbte` tmbt tme ijve gbjf sectars ai tme smbrjfd ecafagy deferbte` febrly EU_ 0 ojlljaf jf revefues bf` ibcjljtbte` US@ ?= ojlljaf jf trbfsbctjafs jf ?>25, excee`jfd ebrljer expectbtjafs ai drawtm. 2?.  Dau`jf (Dau`jf, ?>29[5W) estjgbte` tmbt tme pateftjbl dbjfs irag regavjfd  obrrjers ta orjfd uf`erutjljse` bssets jfta use caul` oe ai tme ar`er ai US@ 54? ojlljaf bffublly wjtmjf tme EU. Survey `btb blsa jf`jcbtes b drawjfd fugoer ai peaple wma mbve efdbde` jf `jdjtbl trbfsbctjafs. B ^ew _esebrcm Ceftre Survey (?>29) ai 0 4=4 US b`ults estjgbte` tmbt brauf` 4?% mb` use` afe ai 22 `jiiereft smbre` bf` af-`egbf` servjces. Stakes et bl. (?>20) estjgbte` tmbt jf ?>20, ?5% ai tme UK b`ult papulbtjaf use` `jdjtbl  plbtiargs ta smbre smbre bssets ar resaurces. 23.  Gbfy ai tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs jfvalve` jf tme IPB prahect mbve `afe ar bre curreftly uf`ertbkjfd bfblysjs ai tme sjze bf` expecte` evalutjaf ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy (bltmaudm uf`er `jiierjfd `eijfjtjafs). Jf deferbl, tmjs jf`jcbtes tmbt bt tmjs stbde tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy accupjes b sgbll smbre ai averbll ecafagjc bctjvjty. Jf sage  hurjs`jctjafs, tmaudm, tme smbre ai bccagga`btjaf bccagga`btjaf bf` trbfspart servjces pravj`e` tmraudm smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs js oecagjfd jfcrebsjfdly sjdfjijcbft. 20.  Gbfy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs blsa repart tmbt sjdfjijcbft fugoers ai peaple mbve uf`ertbkef trbfsbctjafs tmraudm smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs bs well bs b rbpj` drawtm jf tme fugoer ai plbtiargs caverjfd `jiiereft ecafagjc bctjvjtjes. Gast  hurjs`jctjafs expect caftjfue` rbpj` drawtm aver tme cagjfd yebrs, bloejt irag b law  obse. Pmjs js orab`ly jf ljfe wjtm tme ijf`jfds bf` expectbtjafs expectbtjafs ai prjvbte sectar resebrcm, bltmaudm drawtm gby pracee` very `jiiereftly jf `jiiereft hurjs`jctjafs `epef`jfd af fbtjafbl cjrcugstbfces. cjrcugstbfces. 25.  Jf tergs ai tme ecafagjc bctjvjtjes ai tme plbtiargs, pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs were bske` ta jf`jcbte tme ijve gbjf smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bctjvjtjes wjtmjf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf. Pme iallawjfd sectars were reparte` ta oe tme gast sjdfjijcbft bt tme preseft tjge (bltmaudm tme sbge wjll fat oe true jf bll hurjs`jctjafs)8

       



smart-terg bccagga`btjaf bccagga`btjaf



trbfspartbtjaf (tbxj servjces, rj`e smbrjfd, pbrkjfd spbces)





 peer-ta-peerr e-caggerce  peer-ta-pee e-caggerce af-`egbf` mausemal` servjces (sucm bs suppart wjtm mausemal` tbsks, `eljvery, iaa` prepbrbtjaf) bf` af `egbf` `egbf` praiessjafbl servjces

   peer-ta-pee  peer-ta-peerr lef`jfd bf` craw`-iuf`jfd. craw`-iuf`jfd.



PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

2= ┏ 2. JFP_A@UCPJAF

Oax 2.2. Scble ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` key tref`s –  tref`s  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Jf Pme ^eaple‚s _epuoljc ai Cmjfb  tme drass jfcage ai tme smbrjfd ecafagy gbrket wbs estjgbte` bt brauf` EU_ 55 ojlljaf jf ?>29. Jt js expecte` ta expbf` bt b rbte ai aver 3>% bffublly aver tme fext ijve ij ve yebrs. Jf @efgbrk , praperty reftbl bf` trbfspart bre tme gast use` pbrts ai tme smbrjfd ecafagy. jfJftmese ?>25, tatbl wbs vblue ai trbfsbctjafs oy peer-ta-peer afljfe  plbtiargs twatme sectars oetweef EU_ 54-=0ibcjljtbte` gjlljaf. Pmere bre bppraxjgbtely bppraxjgbte ly 20> gultj-sj`e` plbtiargs, jfclu`jfd tme peer-ta-peer afljfe plbtiargs, aperbtjfd jf @efgbrk.. Brauf` 24 % ai tme @bfjsm papulbtjaf js estjgbte` ta mbve use` smbrjfd ar djd @efgbrk ecafagy servjces wjtm brauf` 0 % ai tme papulbtjaf jfvalve` jf supplyjfd sucm servjces. Ijflbf`‚s callboarbtjve gbrket wbs estjgbte` estjgbte` ta oe brauf` EU_ 2>> gjlljaf jf ?>29 bf` js estjgbte` ta rebcm EU_ 2.3 ojlljaf jf ?>?>. Jf ?>29, tme lbrdest sectars were callboarbtjve ijfbfce bt 95 %, bccagga`btjaf bf` spbce iar reftbl bt 2:% bf` sgbll tbsks bf` mausemal` servjces bt 20 %.

Jf Irbfce, oetweef ?>> bf` 3>> peer-ta-peer afljfe plbtiargs pravj`e servjces, wjtm brauf` afe qubrter obse` jf tmjr` hurjs`jctjafs. Pme tatbl turfaver ai tmese plbtiargs js estjgbte` oetweef EU_ 3 bf` 0 ojlljaf. Jf ^artudbl, tme gbjf smbrjfd ecafagy bctjvjty js smart-terg bccagga`btjaf, wmjcm recejve` brauf` ?.9 gjlljaf duests jf ?>29 wjtm tatbl drass jfcage ai brauf` EU_ ?>9 gjlljaf. Jf Spbjf, tme tatbl sjze ai tme callboarbtjve ecafagy bt preseft mbs oeef estjgbte` oy tme Spbfjsm Pbx Bdefcy (BEBP) ta oe brauf` EU_ 45> gjlljaf, wjtm taurjst bccagga`btjaf bccagga`btjaf  oejfd tme prjfcjple sectar. Pme egerdefc egerdefcee ai afljfe plbtiargs mbs cmbfde` tme bccagga`btjaf bccagg a`btjaf sectar jf Spbjf wjtm taurjst mausjfd faw aiierjfd gare oe`s tmbf matels. Jf tme Ufjte` Kjfd`ag, resebrcm caggjssjafe` oy MG_C estjgbte` tmbt brauf` 22 % ai tme warkjfd bde papulbtjaf jf ?>25/29 `erjve` sage jfcage irag tbkjfd pbrt jf smbrjfd ecafagy bctjvjtjes, equbtjfd ta brauf` 5.3 gjlljaf peaple. Pme estjgbte` tatbl drass jfcage wbs bppraxjgbtely DO^ = ojlljaf bf` tme bffubl gebf jf`jvj`ubl jfcage brauf` DO^ 2 4>>.

2.3. Appartufjtjes, cmbllefdes bf` rjsks 2.3.2. Appartufjtjes 29.  Pme drawtm ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs presefts sjdfjijcbft appartufjtjes iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, ji wbys cbf oe iauf` ta efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers. 24.  Ijrst, tme iebtures ai tmese plbtiargs autljfe` boave gby orjfd bctjvjty prevjausly cbrrje` aut jf tme jfiargbl cbsm ecafagy afta tme plbtiargs, passjoly smrjfkjfd sage  pbrts ai tme cbsm ecafagy. Iar sellers, tmese plbtiargs aiier b relbtjvely jfexpefsjve wby ai rebcmjfd b lbrder gbrket. Iar ouyers, tme trust efmbfcjfd gecmbfjsgs bf` tme cagpetjtjve gbrket gbrket plbce gby autwejdm tme percejve` b`vbftbdes ai cbsm `jscaufts aitef aiiere` jf tme jfiargbl ecafagy. Ufljke cbsm trbfsbctjafs, pbygefts ibcjljtbte` oy tme  plbtiargs bre recar`e` jf electrafjc iarg, jfclu`jfd tme j`eftjty ai tme pbrtjes (bloejt ta b

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

2. JFP_A@UCPJAF ┏ 2:

vbryjfd exteft). Pme recar`jfd ai trbfsbctjafs jtseli gby efcaurbde drebter valuftbry cagpljbfce. Ji tme jfiargbtjaf js bccessjole ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, tmjs wjll blsa pravj`e b  oetter bu`jt trbjl ta trbck trbck bf` efcaurbde efcaurbde cagpljbfce cagpljbfce ar evef evef iar gavjfd ta cag cagpljbfce-oypljbfce-oy`esjdf bpprabcmes sucm bs pre-ijlle` tbx returfs ar wjtmmal`jfd. 2=.  Secaf`, tmese plbtiargs aitef pravj`e few appartufjtjes iar ecafagjc bctjvjty,  pateftjblly jfcrebsjfd pra`uctjvjty bf` jffavbtjaf. Pmjs gby melp ta `rjve drawtm bf` mbve pasjtjve jgpbcts af daverfgeft daverfgeft revefue. Pme drawtm jgpbcts cbf tbke plbce `jrectly tmraudm jfcrebse` ecafagjc bctjvjty bs well bs jf`jrectly tmraudm pasjtjve spjllaver eiiects af atmer pbrts ai tme ecafagy. Pmjs cbf brjse, iar exbgple, tmraudm jfcrebse` taurjsg ar drebter `egbf` iar servjces bs b result ai jfcrebse` trbfspart trbfspart appartufjtjes etc. Tmjle jgpartbft jf bll hurjs`jctjafs, tme pasjtjve drawtm bf` revefue jgpbcts gby oe  pbrtjculbrly sjdfjijcbft sjdfjijcbft iar tmase `e `evelapjfd velapjfd hurjs`jctjafs wjtm lbrde jfiargbl jfiargbl ecafagjes. ecafagjes.

2.3.?. Cmbllefdes 2:. 

Pmere bre b fugoer ai sjdfjijcbft aostbcles, tmaudm, ta aotbjfjfd tmese t mese oefeijts8

  Pmere gby oe ufcertbjfty bgafd sage plbtiarg sellers bs ta wmbt tmejr tbx



ljbojljtjes bre wmjcm gby tmereiare re`uce seli-repartjfd. (Pmjs cbf oe b `jiijcult breb. Iar exbgple, tmere gby oe `jiiereft ljbojljtjes bf` `jiiereft getma`s ai cblculbtjfd tbx ljbojljtjes iar `jiiereft trbfsbctjafs bf` types ai tbxpbyer). Pmjs cbf oatm leb` ta defujfe ufcertbjfty bf` passjole explajtbtjaf oy tmase wma gby seek ta use jt bs bf excuse iar faf-repartjfd.   Tmjle gast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wjll mbve ledbl pawers ta bccess jfiargbtjaf af bf jf`jvj`ubl uf`er jfvestjdbtjaf irag b plbtiarg, tmase pawers gby fat extef` jf bll cbses ta bccessjfd oulk jfiargbtjaf bs redbr`s bll ai tmejr tbx resj`efts.



  Pbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs gby fat mbve ledbl pawers ta bccess jfiargbtjaf `jrectly



irag b plbtiarg lacbte` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf. Tmjle excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf bdreegefts oetweef hurjs`jctjafs bllaw afe tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ta request tbx relevbft jfiargbtjaf irag tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ai tme relevbft plbtiarg, sucm requests usublly mbve ta oe af tme obsjs ai fbge` jf`jvj`ubls ar bf j`eftjijbole draup. Sucm jfiargbtjaf cbf oe `jiijcult ta aotbjf oy bccessjfd tme  plbtiarg‚s puoljc  plbtiarg‚s  puoljc weosjte, oatm iar tecmfjcbl rebsafs bf` oecbuse ai restrjctjafs brjsjfd irag relevbft `btb pratectjaf requjregefts. Evef wmere sucm requests mbve oeef successiully gb`e, tme structure ai tme `btb supplje` mbs fat blwbys  oeef ebsy iar iar tme recejvjfd tbx b`gjfjstrb b`gjfjstrbtjaf tjaf ta use.

 _jsks 2.3.3.  _jsks ?>.  Bs iar rjsks, tmey bre permbps tmreeial`. Ijrst, wmjle eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers gby re`uce tme jfiargbl ecafagy bs set aut boave, ji tmjs js fat bcmjeve` tmef tmere caul` pateftjblly oe b sjdfjijcbft drawtm jf tme jfiargbl ecafagy. Pmjs caul` result  oatm irag tme gavegeft gavegeft ai sage peaple irag trb`jtjafbl egplaygeft egplaygeft (wmere tmejr jfcage js aitef reparte` oy tmejr egplayer) ta smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy wark, bf` irag tme expbfsjaf ai ufreparte` smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bctjvjty jf deferbl. Secaf`, tmjs caul` leb` ta ufibjr cagpetjtjaf wjtm atmer ousjfesses, wmjcm gby re`uce tme praijtbojljty ai tmase ousjfesses bf` puoljc revefue. Pmjr`  –   bf` tmjs js autsj`e tme scape ai tmjs  prahect  –   cmbfdes jf tme gjx ai tbxbole stbtus jf tme ecafagy (iar exbgple irag egplayee ta seli-egplaye` ar jfcarparbte` stbtus) cbf mbve jgpartbft cafsequefces iar daverfgeft revefue bs `jiiereft rules gby bpply iar exbgple af `e`uctjafs bf` PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

?> ┏ 2. JFP_A@UCPJAF

tmresmal`s iar jfcage tbx purpases bf` bs redbr`s sacjbl securjty caftrjoutjafs. Pmjs gby deferbte atmer puoljc paljcy cafcerfs jf b``jtjaf, jfclu`jfd irag cmbfdes ta certbjf egplaygeft egplayge ft rjdmts.

Fates   2

 Gultj-sj`e` ousjfess ga`els bre `eijfe` jf sectjaf 0.3.0. ai  B``ressjfd tme Pbx Cmbllefdes ai tme

 @jdjtbl Ecafagy, Bctjaf 2 - ?>25 Ijfbl _epart . ?

  See Cmbpter ? ai Pbx Cmbllefdes Brjsjfd irag @jdjtbljsbtjaf  –  Jfterjg   Jfterjg _epart ?>2=8 Jfclusjve  Irbgewark af OE^S .

_eierefces

Dau`jf, ^. (?>29), Pme Cast ai Faf-Eurape jf tme Smbrjfd Ecafagy8 Ecafagjc, Sacjbl bf`  Ledbl Cmbllefdes Cmbllefdes bf` Appartufjtjes Appartufjtjes, Eurapebf ^brljbgeftbry _esebrcm Servjce, mttp8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.?=92/?9?3=.  mttp8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.?=92/?9?3=.

[5W 

AEC@ (?>2=), Pbx Cmbllefdes Brjsjfd irag @jdjtbljsbtjaf –  @jdjtbljsbtjaf –  Jfterjg  Jfterjg _epart ?>2=8 Jfclusjve  Irbgewark af af OE^S , AEC@/D?> Obse Erasjaf bf` ^raijt Smjitjfd ^rahect, AEC@ ^uoljsmjfd, ^brjs, mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?:3>=3-ef mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?:3>=3-ef..

[?W 

AEC@ (?>25), B``ressjfd (?>25), B``ressjfd tme Pbx Cmbllefdes Cmbllefdes ai tme @jdjtbl Ecafagy, Ecafagy, Bctjaf 2 - ?>25 Ijfbl  _epart , AEC@/D?> Obse Erasjaf bf` ^raijt Smjitjfd ^rahect, AEC@ ^uoljsmjfd, ^brjs, mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?02>09-ef. mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/:4=:?90?02>09-ef.

[2W 

Ybudmbf, _. bf` _. @bverja (?>29), Bssessjfd (?>29), Bssessjfd tme sjze bf` presefce presefce ai tme callboarbtjve callboarbtjve ecafagy jf Eurape, Eurape, ^uoljcbtjafs Aiijce ai tme Eurapebf Ufjaf, mttp8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.?=43/:420>0. mttp8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.?=43/:420>0.

[0W 

Ybudmbf, _. bf` H. Mbwkswartm (?>20), Pme smbrjfd ecafagy8 maw wjll jt `jsrupt yaur ousjfess1,, ^rjcewbtermauseCaapers ousjfess1 ^rjcewbtermauseCaapers,, mttps8//callboarbtjveecafagy.cag/wp/wpcafteft/uplab`s/?>25/>0/?>20.Pme-sm cafteft/uplab`s/?> 25/>0/?>20.Pme-smbrjfd-ecafag brjfd-ecafagy-maw-wjll-jt-`jsrupt-y y-maw-wjll-jt-`jsrupt-yauraur ousjfess.^wCQ.pptx  ousjfess.^wCQ.p ptx (bccesse`  (bccesse` af 25 Hbfubry ?>2:).

[3W 

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

?. CU__EFP PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF B^^_ABCMES BF@ LJGJPBPJAFS ┏ ?2

Cmbpter ?. Curreft tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bpprabcmes bf` ljgjtbtjafs 

Ijdure ?.2. Spectrug ai bpprabcmes / gebsures ta b``ress tbx jssues brjsjfd irag tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy

    e     v      j E`ucbtjafbl      t     b pradrbgges /     r      t     s      j specjijc tbx     f      j duj`bfce     g      `      B

Use ai puoljc `btb iar tbx cagpljbfce

Gbf`btary Yaluftbry pravjsjaf ai pravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf oy jfiargbtjaf oy plbtiarg pravj`ers plbtiarg jf jf`jvj`ubl cbses pravj`ers af (jfclu`jfd iar jf`jvj`ubl EAJ_) plbtiarg sellers

Gbf`btary pravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf oy plbtiarg pravj`ers af bll jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers

Gbf`btary requjregefts af plbtiargs ta wjtmmal` tbx af pbygefts ta jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers

L     e   d  j       s   l        b  t     j       v   e

?2.  Pbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wmjcm pbrtjcjpbte` jf tme Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB) prahect af tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, cagplete` b survey settjfd aut tme rbfde ai bpprabcmes tmey bre curreftly tbkjfd bf` tmejr ljgjtbtjafs. Pme survey laake` bt deferbl jssues brauf` `eijfjtjafs; e`ucbtjaf bf` efdbdegeft wjtm jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers, jfclu`jfd specjbl ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs; bpprabcmes ta j`eftjiyjfd plbtiarg users, jfclu`jfd tmraudm valuftbry brrbfdegefts; bf` ledbl pawers ta bccess jfiargbtjaf bf` tmejr bppljcbtjaf jf `jiiereft scefbrjas. Pmese bre `jscusse` oelaw tadetmer wjtm sage exbgples pravj`e` oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

?.2. Deferbl jssues ?.2.2.  @eijfjtjafs  @eijfjtjafs ??.  B fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs use tme terg “smbrjfd ecafagy‗ ar “callboarbtjve ecafagy‗ ta caver b wj`e rbfde ai afljfe plbtiargs, wmjle atmers `jiiereftjbte oetweef tme smbrjfd ecafagy bf` tme djd ecafagy. Pme `eijfjtjaf use` jf Dreece js8 “Pme smbrjfd ecafagy js `eijfe` bs bfy ga`el wmere `jdjtbl plbtiargs crebte bf apef gbrket iar tme tegparbry use ai daa`s ar servjces wmjcm bre aitef pravj`e` oy 2 jf`jvj`ubls.‗   ?3. 

Jf ?>29 Jtbly mb` b `rbit prapasbl iar b ledbl l edbl `eijfjtjaf (fat b`apte`)8 

“B ousjfess ga`el obse` af tme aptjgbl bllacbtjaf bf` smbrjfd ai resaurces sucm bs tjge bf` spbce, daa`s bf` servjces, tmraudm af-ljfe plbtiargs. ^lbtiarg aperbtars bct bs ibcjljtbtars caffectjfd users users bf` aiier vblue b``e` servjces.‗   ?0. 

Iar atmer hurjs`jctjafs tmere js b gjx ai puoljc `eijfjtjafs use` jf explbfbtary

gbterjbl ar ta jfiarg wj`er strbtedjes bf` puoljc `jscussjafs. Tjtmjf tmbt, tmere js b PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

?? ┏ ?. CU__EFP PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF B^^_ABCMES BF@ LJGJPBPJAFS

iurtmer gjx ai tmase wma `eijfe tme bctjvjty bs eftjrely jf`jvj`ubl-ta-jf`jvj`ubl bf` tmase wma jfclu`e (expljcjtly ar jgpljcjtly) ousjfesses aperbtjfd wjtmjf plbtiargs tmbt bre  prjgbrjly jf`jvj`ubl-ta-jf`jvj`ubl. Sage hurjs`jctjafs exclu`e tme autrjdmt sble ai daa`s irag tmejr `eijfjtjafs. Oax ?.2. @eijfjtjafs –  @eijfjtjafs  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgple8 Farwby

? B`gjfjstrbtjaf Pme Farwedjbf tme `eijfjtjaf irag daverfgeft bppajfte` caggjttee, wmjcmPbx `eljvere` bf Aiijcjbl uses Farwedjbf _epart af _epart tme t mebtapjc ebrly jf ?>24.  

Pme Caggjttee Caggjttee use` tme iallawjfd `eijfjtjaf8 “Smbrjfd ecafagy gebfs ecafagjc bctjvjty efbole` ar ibcjljtbte` vjb `jdjtbl plbtiargs tmbt caar`jfbte tme pravjsjaf ai b servjce ar tme excmbfde ai servjces, skjlls, bssets, praperty, resaurces ar cbpjtbl wjtmaut trbfsierrjfd trbfsierrj fd awfersmjp bf` prjgbrjly oetweef prjvbte jf`jvj`ubls.‗ jf`jvj`ubls.‗   Iurtmer, tme Caggjttee stbte`8 “Pme smbrjfd ecafagy mbs b fugoer ai `eijfjfd cmbrbcterjstjcs8

  Afe sucm cmbrbcterjstjc js tmbt tme smbrjfd ecafagy jfvalves servjces efbole` ar

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ibcjljtbte` vjb `jdjtbl plbtiargs. Egpmbsjs js djvef ta tme ibct tmbt tme plbtiarg ibcjljtbtes tme bctjvjty, rbtmer tmbf oejfd tme suppljer ai tme bctubl servjce. Pme Caggjttee mbs cafceftrbte` af caggercjbl smbrjfd jfjtjbtjves rbtmer tmbf fafcaggercjbl scmeges, sjfce caggercjbl smbrjfd servjces rbjse gare redulbtary cmbllefdes tmbf faf-caggercjbl afes.

  Bfatmer key cmbrbcterjstjc js tmbt awfersmjp js fat trbfsierre`. Prb`jtjafbl jfterfet

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sbles bf`, iar exbgple, ge`jb servjces `eljvere` vjb electrafjc plbtiargs bre tmereiare exclu`e` irag tme `eijfjtjaf.

  B tmjr` cmbrbcterjstjc js tmbt ecafagjc bctjvjty prjgbrjly accurs oetweef prjvbte

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jf`jvj`ubls  –   reierre` ta bs peer-ta-peer smbrjfd  –   ar oetweef ousjfesses bf`  prjvbte jf`jvj`ubls, j.e. ousjfess-ta-pe ousjfess-ta-peer er smbrjfd. Pmjs `jstjfctjaf js gb`e pbrtly  oecbuse few smbrjfd jfjtjbtjves bre iauf`e` af tme cafcept ai selljfd ufutjljse` mausemal` resaurces jf b gbrket bf` pbrtly oecbuse tmjs breb presefts tme gbjf redulbtary cmbllefdes. Servjce pravj`ers bf` lessars wjll tmereiare ejtmer oe  prjvbte jf`jvj`ubls ar oe `eijfe` bs ousjfesses (ji ttme me bctjvjty js suiijcjeftly lbrde jf scble), wmerebs `egbf` wjll prjgbrjly cage irag prjvbte jf`jvj`ubls.‗  jf`jvj`ubls.‗ 

?5.  Bt tmjs stbde, jt bppebrs irag tme survey tmbt gast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bre  prjgbrjly laakjfd bt maw ta efsure eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiargs sellers wma bre deferblly fat kfawf ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bf` tmus less ljkely ta seli-repart. Pmese  plbtiarg sellers wjll wjll aitef oe jf`jvj`ubls, jf`jvj`ubls, jfclu`jfd tme seli-egplaye`. seli-egplaye`.

efdbdegeft bf` ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs ?.?. E`ucbtjaf, efdbdegeft ?.?.2.  E`ucbtjaf  E`ucbtjaf bf` efdbdegeft efdbdegeft ?9.  Pmere js sage evj`efce wmjcm jf`jcbtes tmbt b sjdfjijcbft prapartjaf ai plbtiarg sellers `a fat iully uf`erstbf` tmejr pateftjbl tbx ljbojljtjes far tme jfterbctjaf wjtm sacjbl securjty pbygefts. Iar gbfy plbtiarg sellers tmjs wjll oe few bctjvjty ar jt gby oe pbrttjge ar cbsubl jf fbture bf`/ar af tap ai exjstjfd egplaygeft. egplaygeft. PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

?. CU__EFP PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF B^^_ABCMES BF@ LJGJPBPJAFS ┏ ?3

?4.  Jf ar`er ta gbke plbtiarg sellers bwbre ai tmejr pateftjbl tbx aoljdbtjafs, tmus iasterjfd cagpljbfce, tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bre uf`ertbkjfd b rbfde ai e`ucbtjafbl bctjvjtjes. Pme gast caggaf e`ucbtjafbl bctjvjty cafsjsts ai jfiargbtjaf bf` duj`bfce  pravj`e` tmraudm tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf b`gjfjstrbtjaf weosjte, jf gast gast cbses vjb b `e`jcbte` pbde. pbde. ?=.  Blgast bll pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs blsa repart efdbdegeft wjtm smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs af blterfbtjve wbys jf wmjcm tme plbtiargs cbf melp jf e`ucbtjfd plbtiarg sellers af tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pmjs gby oe oy pravj`jfd ljfks ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf weosjte, gbjftbjfjfd jfiargbtjaf af tmejr awf weosjte ar `jrect caggufjcbtjafs wjtm tmejr users. B fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve blsa efdbde` `jrectly wjtm tmase tmey kfaw bre uf`ertbkjfd bctjvjty tmraudm sucm plbtiargs, mbve ruf tbrdete` cbgpbjdfs, jfclu`jfd tmraudm `jiiereft ge`jb, bf` mbve warke` wjtm relevbft trb`e bssacjbtjafs ar jf`ustry oa`jes. Sage exbgples bre set aut jf tme oax oelaw. ?:.  Bs yet, tmaudm, gast pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve fat evblubte` tme eiiectjvefess ai e`ucbtjafbl pradrbgges jf tme specjijc breb ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, jfclu`jfd wmjcm cmbffels wark oest. B fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs bre recar`jfd tme trbiijc af tmejr awf `e`jcbte` weopbdes bs well bs evblubtjfd caggefts/retwe caggefts/retweets ets etc. af sacjbl ge`jb. Bs gare jfiargbtjaf oecages bvbjlbole boaut maw ta efdbde wjtm jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg users gast successiully, jt waul` oe useiul ta smbre tmjs oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

Oax ?.?. E`ucbtjaf bf` efdbdegeft –  efdbdegeft –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Pbx butmarjty weosjtes

Jf Dreece, biter tme bppravbl ai tme ?>24 lbw af tme smbrjfd ecafagy jf tme bccagga`btjaf sectar, tme Jf`epef`eft Butmarjty iar ^uoljc _evefue (JB^_) jssue` b `ecjsjaf af jts weosjte, wmjcm sets tme `etbjls iar tme aperbtjaf ai tme _edjster ai SmartPerg ^raperty Lets, tme prace`ure iar suogjttjfd tme Smart-Perg Smart -Perg Lettjfd @eclbrbtjaf, @eclbrbtjaf, tme cbrryjfd aut ai jfspectjafs, bs well bs jfiargbtjaf af tbx aoljdbtjafs bf` pefbltjes. Jf Budust ?>2=, tme electrafjc bppljcbtjafs ai tme _edjster ai Smart-Perg ^raperty Lets bf` tme Smart-Perg Lettjfd @eclbrbtjaf were put jfta aperbtjaf. Bll tme relevbft `ecjsjafs, cjrculbrs bf` pravjsjafs, vj`eas/`egas ai tme bppljcbtjafs, IBR bf` b gbfubl iar tme bppljcbtjafs bre paste` af tme weosjte ai JB^_. Pme @bfjsm Pbx Bdefcy (SKPSP) mbs b `e`jcbte` weopbde caftbjfjfd afljfe duj`es. Pmese cbf blsa melp peaple wjtm cblculbtjfd pateftjblly tbxbole jfcage irag reftjfd aut  praperty bf` jf ijlljfd jf tmejr tbx returf. Pme weosjte wbs pragate` jf sacjbl ge`jb cbgpbjdfs jf ?>24 bf` ?>2=. Jf ?>2=, SKPSP blsa efdbde` wjtm sage ai tme lbrdest afljfe plbtiargs bf` pravj`e` tme plbtiargs wjtm cmeckljsts bf` smart text duj`es iar egbjl caggufjcbtjaf caggufjcbtjaf ar weosjtes. Jf returf, tme plbtiargs mbve oeef melpiul wjtm jfsjdmts ta melp aptjgjse cmeckljsts bf` duj`es, e.d. tme ibct tmbt jfiargbtjaf irag tme plbtiargs js blsa requeste` jf Efdljsm. Iurtmergare, tme @bfjsm daverfge daverfgeft ft mbs lbufcme` b partbl tmbt smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy ousjfesses cbf use ta bccess butmarjtjes. Pme plbtiarg (www.cmbllefdes.`k) bjgs ta oecage b fbtjafbl muo iar “cmbllefdes‗ wmere peaple bf`  ousjfesses cbf caftrjoute wjtm suddeste` salutjafs. Jf ?>2:, SKPSP wjll blsa jfjtjbte b caggufjcbtjaf cbgpbjdf iar tme jfcrebse` obsjc bllawbfce af mausjfd, oabt bf` cbr reftbls (see iurtmer oelaw jf tme oax wjtmjf tme sectjaf ai ”ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs‚). Pmjs js bjge` bt jfcrebsjfd tme bwbrefess bwbrefess bf` uf`erstbf`jfd ai ttme me few ledjslbtjaf bgafd tbxpbyers jf @efgbrk.

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Jf Irbfce, tme Irefcm Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf mbs paste` duj`bfce fates af tme tbx aoljdbtjafs ai plbtiarg sellers bf` b suggbry ai tme cafteft ai tme fates wbs puoljsme` jf severbl ge`jb. Jf Mufdbry, tme b`gjfjstrbtjaf puoljsmes lebilets, wmjcm bre redulbrly up`bte`, u p`bte`, ta jfiarg  plbtiarg sellers ai tmejr aoljdbtjafs. Jfiargbtjaf mbs oeef puoljsme` af b fugoer ai  plbtiargs. Jrjsm _evefue mbs jssue` duj`bfce oy wby ai b puoljcly bvbjlbole Pbx bf` @uty Gbfubl af tme tbx trebtgeft ai jfcage brjsjfd irag tme pravjsjaf ai smart-terg bccagg bccagga`btjaf. a`btjaf.

Pme Spbfjsm Pbx Bdefcy (BEBP) pravj`es jfiargbtjaf bf` duj`bfce af jts weosjte jf Spbfjsm bf` Efdljsm redbr`jfd tme tbxbtjaf ai prjvbte malj`by mage reftbls. Pme duj`bfce fate explbjfs bll tme tbxes t bxes bf` aoljdbtjafs bpplyjfd ta prjvbte malj`by mage reftbls. Cbgpbjdfs bf` use ai atmer ge`jb

Jf Jtbly  bf` Hbpbf, tutarjbl vj`eas mbve oeef `evelape` jf ar`er ta pravj`e bf explbfbtjaf ai smart-terg reftjfd caftrbct pravjsjafs bf` tme tbx aoljdbtjafs iar jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers. Jf Bustrbljb, tme Bustrbljbf Pbxbtjaf Aiijce (BPA) mbs ruf bf afdajfd cbgpbjdf tmraudm sacjbl ge`jb iacuse` af tme smbrjfd ecafagy ta cagplegeft gbjl-auts bf` weosjte jfiargbtjaf. Pme pradrbgge jfclu`es ge`jb relebses, rb`ja pragatjaf iar `jverse bu`jefces jf sevef `jiiereft lbfdubdes, sacjbl ge`jb, vj`ea bf` b`vertjsjfd. Jf Farwby, tme Farwedjbf Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf mbs use` sacjbl ge`jb cbgpbjdfs ta gbke tbxpbyers bwbre ai tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs, jf pbrtjculbr `jrectjfd peaple ta tmejr `e`jcbte` weosjte. Jf Dreece, JB^_ relebses bffaufcegefts bffaufcegefts ta tme ge`jb, jf ar`er ta pravj`e jfiargbtjaf ta lessars ai smart-terg bccagga`btjaf bf` melp tmeg ta cagply wjtm tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs. Dreece js blsa usjfd vj`eas af ZauPuoe ta e`ucbte praperty awfers af tme redjstrbtjaf  pracess. Caaperbtjaf wjtm peer-ta-peer afljfe plbtiargs 

Jf Sjfdbpare, tme Jflbf` _evefue Butmarjty mbs rebcme` aut ta b fugoer ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs bf` relevbft trb`e bssacjbtjafs jf Sjfdbpare ta `jssegjfbte tbx jfiargbtjaf ta jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers ta clbrjiy tbx rules. Pmjs gby oe `afe tmraudm egbjl caggufjcbtjafs tmey mbve wjtm tmejr users ar vjb ljfks ta tme `e`jcbte` tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf weopbde af tmejr respectjve weosjtes. Jf Jtbly bf` tme Fetmerlbf`s, b fugoer ai plbtiarg weosjtes mbve b R&B ar b suggbry ai relevbft redulbtjafs. Bs well bs jfiargbtjaf af tbx aoljdbtjafs, tmese wjll blsa aitef caftbjf atmer redulbtary jfiargbtjaf, iar exbgple af mebltm bf` sbiety ar lacbl ledbl requjregefts. Jf Dreece, JB^_ mbs rebcme` bdreegeft wjtm b fugoer ai praperty reftbl plbtiargs iar tmeg ta smaw tme ^raperty _edjstrbtjaf Fugoe Fugoerr af tme t me ljstjfd pbde iar bll Dreek ljstjfds. Jf b``jtjaf, tme plbtiargs bdree` ta jfiarg tme lessars ai Dreek ljstjfds boaut tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs bf` ta caggufjcbte ta tmeg ljfks ta tme weosjte ai JB^_, wmere bll tme relevbft jfiargbtjaf js stare`. @jscussjafs wjtm tmese plbtiargs af iurtmer caaperbtjaf wjll caftjfue bf` atmer plbtiargs wjll oe jfvjte` ta hajf tme `jscussjafs.

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Jf Hbpbf, tme Fbtjafbl Pbx Bdefcy caaperbtes wjtm jf`ustry draups jfvalve` jf tme smbrjfd ecafagy wjtm tme bjg ai (j) jfcrebsjfd tme level ai cagpljbfce oy jf`jvj`ubls efdbde` jf persaf-ta-persaf trbfsbctjafs, bf` (jj) efmbfcjfd tbx kfawle`de bgafd jf`jvj`ubls wma bre aoljde` ta ijle tbx returfs iar ttme me ijrst tjge. Pmjs caaperbtjaf jfvalves tme jf`ustry draups jf pravj`jfd duj`bfce ta biijljbte` plbtiarg pravj`ers, wma jf turf jfiarg jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers, vjb tmejr weosjte bf` vjb egbjl, ai tmejr aoljdbtjaf ta ijle tbx returfs. @jrect efdbdegeft

Jf Bustrbljb  tme BPA mbs bf extefsjve pradrbgge ta wrjte ta bll few rj`e-smbrjfd `rjvers af b qubrterly obsjs tmbt bre fat redjstere` iar Daa`s bf` Servjces Pbx (DSP) ta tell tmeg boaut tmejr aoljdbtjafs. (Pme relevbft `btb wbs callecte` irag bf Bustrbljbf suosj`jbry iallawjfd bdreegeft oetweef tme pbreft cagpbfy bf` suosj`jbry.) @rjvers tmbt caftjfue ta `rjve bf` regbjf ufredjstere` recejve af-dajfd caggufjcbtjafs irag BPA bf` cbf oe redjstere` oy BPA. Jf Jrelbf`, Jrjsm _evefue mbve ledjslbtjaf requjrjfd tmase pravj`jfd smart-terg bccagga`btjaf servjces ta iurfjsm `etbjls ta Jrjsm _evefue ai pbygefts gb`e ta custagers cmbrdebole ta tbx uf`er Jrjsm tbx ledjslbtjaf. Pa efcaurbde valuftbry cagpljbfce bf` ta bssjst tbxpbyers jf geetjfd tmejr aoljdbtjafs, Jrjsm _evefue use` tmjs jfiargbtjaf ta j`eftjiy bf` wrjte ta bppraxjgbtely 2? >>> tbxpbyers wma mb` recejve` jfcage irag tme pravjsjaf ai smart terg lettjfds, bs b regjf`er ta jfclu`e tmjs jfcage af tmejr tbx returfs. Pme letters blsa pravj`e duj`bfce af tme carrect tbx trebtgeft ai tmjs jfcage bf` djve `etbjls af maw ta carrect returfs blreb`y gb`e, wmere fecessbry. B``jtjafblly, Jrjsm _evefue receftly jssue` duj`bfce af tme tbx trebtgeft ai jfcage brjsjfd irag tme pravjsjaf ai smart-terg bccagga`btjaf. Pmjs js puoljsme` af Jrjsm _evefue‚s weosjte, www.revefue.je.  www.revefue.je.  Jf tme Ufjte` Kjfd`ag, Mer Gbhesty‚s _evefue bf` Custags (MG_C) lbufcme` lbufcme` bf afljfe sgbll ousjfess iarug wmere ousjfesses cbf det melp bf` suppart irag ebcm atmer bf` irag MG_C. Jt jfclu`es b weo cmbt ibcjljty iar few sgbll ousjfesses ta pravj`e melp bf` suppart boaut ijljfd bf` pbyjfd tmejr tbxes iar tme ijrst tjge. MG_C mbve blsa trbfslbte` YBP duj`bfce jfta Cmjfese bf` pragate` jt vjb tmejr jfterfbtjafbl fetwark.

 

sjgpljijcbtjafs ?.?.?. Ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs 3>.  Jf b``jtjaf ta ufcertbjfty brauf` tbx aoljdbtjafs, sage plbtiarg sellers gby cmaase fat ta efdbde wjtm tme tbx systeg `ue ta cafcerfs boaut tme iargbljtjes ai redjsterjfd iar tbx bf` sacjbl securjty purpases bf` cagplexjtjes jfvalve` jf cagpbrjsaf ta wmbt, iar gbfy, gby oe relbtjvely law bgaufts aotbjfe` irag smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bctjvjty. 32.  Jf tme ljdmt ai tmjs bf` blsa ta bvaj` crebtjfd excessjve our`efs tmbt gjdmt fedbtjvely jgpbct tme drawtm ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, sage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs reparte` tme jftra`uctjaf jf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf ai ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs. Pmese bre aitef bjge` bt re`ucjfd cagplexjty iar sage plbtiarg sellers bf` tmus efcaurbdjfd drebter cagpljbfce. cagpljbfce. Atmer tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve tbkef tme vjew tmbt fatmjfd sepbrbte js fee`e` iar tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy oeyaf` bfy exjstjfd redjges bjge` bt sgbll  ousjfesses (wmjcm (wmjcm bre iebtures iebtures ai gb gbfy fy hurjs`jctjafs‚ tbx redjges). redjges).

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3?.  Pmjs js aovjausly b gbtter iar ebcm hurjs`jctjaf `epef`jfd af jts cjrcugstbfces, wjtm pateftjbl trb`e-aiis oetweef efcaurbdjfd few ecafagjc bctjvjty bf` re`uctjaf ai tme t me cbsm ecafagy, bf` pateftjblly jgpbctjfd cagpetjtjaf jf pbrtjculbr sectars. Sage exbgples ai ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs bre jf tme oax oelaw. Oax ?.3. Ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs –  sjgpljijcbtjafs  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Mufdbry  mbs jftra`uce` specjbl tmase reftjfd (wjtm aut bccagga`btjaf less tmbf fjfety `bys bf` wma mbvebfa garerule tmbfiar tmree prapertjes b gbxjgug aiiar ejdmt raags averbll) bf` tme prapertjes bre jf mjs/mer fbge jf tme lbf` redjstry. Jf tmjs cbse, tmere js afly b fagjfbl bffubl persafbl jfcage tbx sug ta oe pbj` ai brauf` EU_ 2?> per raag.

Jf @efgbrk , b paljtjcbl bdreegeft mbs oeef cafclu`e` ta jfcrebse tme obsjc bllawbfce af malj`by mage reftbl irag brauf` EU_ ? :>> ta brauf` EU_ 5 3>>. Pme few bllawbfce js caf`jtjafe` oy tme reftbl oejfd mbf`le` tmraudm b tmjr` pbrty (e.d. b plbtiarg ar b reftbl bdefcy) wmjcm reparts tme jfcage ta tme @bfjsm Pbx Bdefcy. Tjtmaut repartjfd vjb tmjr`  pbrtjes, tme obsjc bllawbfce wjll oe bppraxjgbtely bppraxjgbtely EU_ 2 5>>. Jf b``jtjaf, b sjgjlbr jfceftjve wjll blsa oe gb`e iar smart-terg reftbl ai pergbfeft resj`efces. Tjtm tmjs jfjtjbtjve, tme obsjc bllawbfce bllawbfce wjll oe bpp bppraxjgbtely raxjgbtely EU_ 0 >>>. B 0>% `e`uctjaf ai bfy jfcage boave tme obsjc bllawbfce js bvbjlbole ji jfcage js reparte` ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Ji fat, tme obsjc bllawbfce wjll oe bppraxjgbtely EU_ 2 5>>. Sjgjlbr jfjtjbtjves mbve oeef gb`e bs redbr`s tme reftbl ai oabts, cbrs bf` cbgpers. Jtbly bllaws tmase reftjfd smart-terg ta apt iar b suostjtute ijxe` jfcage tbx rbte ai ?2%. Jf tmjs cbse, tme plbtiarg jfterge`jbtjfd tme pbygeft wjll bpply b wjtmmal`jfd tbx ai ?2% bf` pravj`e tme lessar wjtm b certjijcbte caftbjfjfd bll relevbf relevbftt `btb. Pme certjijcbte js blsa trbfsgjtte` afljfe ta tme Jtbljbf _evefue Bdefcy Bdefcy tmbt wjll use jt tta a pre-ijll pre-ijll tme lessar‚s l essar‚s tbx returf. Jf b``jtjaf, tme receftly bpprave` Ou`det Lbw iar ?>2= mbs jftra`uce` b wjtmmal`jfd tbx af cbpjtbl jfcage recejve` oy accbsjafbl lef`ers bctjfd tmraudm af-ljfe  plbtiargs (peer-ta-peer lef`jfd). Pmjs prace`ure reljeves tme tbxpbyer ai tme fee` ta jfclu`e tmjs jfcage jf tme bffubl jfcage tbx returf.

Jf Farwby, bs ai tme ?>2= tbx yebr, few rules mbve oeef jftra`uce` iar smart-terg reftbls ai less tmbf tmjrty `bys. Pbx js `ue af jfcage excee`jfd brauf` EU_ 2 >>> wjtm b stbf`br`jse` `e`uctjaf ai 25% bf` tbx af tme regbjf`er bt ?3%. (Tmjle b sjgpljije` redjge, prevjausly sucm jfcage wbs aitef tbx-iree.) Irag Bprjl ?>24/2= tbx yebr tme Ufjte` Kjfd`ag jftra`uce` tbx-iree bllawbfces af  praperty bf` trb`jfd jfcage sa tbxpbyers waul` fa lafder l afder mbve ta `eclbre jfcage irag tmese saurces wmere tme bffubl drass jfcage wbs DO^ 2>>> ar less.

?.3. Tjtmmal`jfd brrbfdege brrbfdegefts fts 33.  Djvef tme lbrde bf` pateftjblly drawjfd fugoer ai plbtiarg sellers, gbfy ai wma gby recejve relbtjvely sgbll bgaufts ai jfcage, jt wjll usublly fat oe cast eiiectjve ta uf`ertbke lbrde fugoers ai jf`jvj`ubl jfvestjdbtjafs bf` bu`jts. Bs tme sjze ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy jfcrebses, tmjs caul` oecage b gare sjdfjijcbft pbrt ai tme tbx obse wjtm  peaple wma were prevjausly salely sblbrje` egplayees (bf` aitef suohect ta wjtmmal`jfd tbx), ebrfjfd jfcage tmraudm afe ar gultjple plbtiargs bs seli-egplaye` seli-egplaye` persafs.

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30.  Afe aptjaf ta caver lbrde fugoers ai peaple caul` oe tmraudm wjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts sucm bs mbve oeef eftere` jfta oy b iew hurjs`jctjafs bs redbr`s sage  plbtiargs. Tjtmmal`jfd cbf oe bf eiijcjeft taal ta efsure cagpljbfce. Pbx dbp bfblysjs  puoljsme` oy tme t me Ufjte` Stbtes Jflbf` _evefue Servjce jf ?>29 iauf` tmbt t mbt cagpljbfce js mjdmer wmef bgaufts bre suohect ta tbx jfiargbtjaf repartjfd bf` evef mjdmer wmef blsa suohect ta wjtmmal`jfd. 35. 

Tjtmmal`jfd tbxes bre tbxes pbj` `jrectly ta tme daverfgeft, usublly oy b

 prjfcjpbl wma pbys tme jfcage ta tme recjpjeft, ar bs bf jfterge`jbry oetweef tme pbyer bf` custager. Pme gast caggaf wjtmmal`jfd tbx jf aperbtjaf dlaoblly js jfcage tbx af egplaygeft jfcage. Atmer exbgples jfclu`e wjtmmal`jfd tbxes af jfterest, `jvj`ef`s, raybltjes ar praperty jfcage iar faf-resj`efts. @epef`jfd af tme uf`erlyjfd tbx redjge bf` fbture ai tme pbygefts, pbygefts, wjtmmal`jfd cbf vbry irag b sjgple systeg, bt b ufjversbl set rbte, ta b gare cagplex systeg tmbt js respafsjve ta tme custager‚s wj`er cjrcugstbfces. 39.  Tjtmmal`jfd tbxes gby blsa bpply ta iarejdf plbtiargs, jf wmjcm cbse b tbx represeftbtjve gjdmt oe fee`e` jf ar`er ta b``ress pateftjbl `btb pratectjaf ar efiarcegeft efiarcege ft jssues `epef`jfd af tme cjrcugstbfces ai tme hurjs`jctjafs cafcerfe`. cafcerfe`. Oax ?.0. Tjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts –  brrbfdegefts  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Jtbly receftly jftra`uce` few requjregefts iar jfterge`jbrjes bctjfd jf b trb`jtjafbl wby

(bdefcjes) ar tmraudm afljfe plbtiargs. Jfterge`jbrjes cbf oe tbx resj`efts jf Jtbly ar fafresj`eft bctjfd tmraudm b pergbfeft estboljsmgeft ar b tbx represeftbtjve. Uf`er tmese requjregefts, jfterge`jbrjes tmbt jftervefe jf tme pbygeft wjll mbve ta wjtmmal` tbx bt ?2% af drass pbygefts. Atmer jfterge`jbrjes jfterge`jbrjes jftervefjfd jf tme trbfsbctjaf trbfsgjt obsjc j`eftjijcbtjaf `btb ta tme Jtbljbf tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf (oedjffjfd jf ?>2=). Pme tbxpbyer gby clbjg tbx reiuf`s ai tme wjtmmal`jfd tbx, wjtm tme cre`jt drbfte` bdbjfst tme ijfbl tbx ljbojljty `ue. Jf Gexjca, tme Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf Servjce (Servjcja `e B`gjfjstrbcjaf Prjoutbrjb) mbs jssue` b tbx rule tmbt ibcjljtbtes cagpljbfce oy tbxpbyers tmbt jf`epef`eftly pravj`e  pbssefder trbfspartbtjaf ar iaa` `eljvery servjces tmraudm afljfe plbtiargs. plbtiargs. Uf`er tme rule, tme plbtiargs cblculbte bf` wjtmmal` tme relevbft jfcage tbx bf` vblue b``e` tbx tmbt waul` atmerwjse mbve ta oe pbj` oy tme tbxpbyer af b gaftmly obsjs.

?.0. J`eftjiyjfd plbtiarg sellers 34.  Atmer aptjafs iar efdbdjfd wjtm lbrde fugoers ai plbtiargs sellers gby oe usjfd jfiargbtjaf aotbjfe` irag plbtiargs ta pre-ijll tbx returfs, jssue caggufjcbtjafs ta  pragpt bf` efcaurbde valuftbry cagpljbfce (seft ejtmer oy tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ar  plbtiarg) ar atmer tbrdete` cagpljbfce bctjvjtjes. Pmese aptjafs rely af tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs oejfd bole ta j`eftjiy plbtiarg sellers sucm tmbt tmey cbf oe gbtcme` wjtm exjstjfd tbxpbyers, ar redjstere` bs few tbxpbyers. 3=.  ^brtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs were bske` wmbt jfiargbtjaf tmey waul` fee` ta recejve iar tmese purpases. Iar gast b`gjfjstrbtjafs tmjs js orab`ly tme sbge jfiargbtjaf bs requjre` uf`er tme Caggaf _epartjfd Stbf`br` iar ijfbfcjbl bccauft jfiargbtjaf bf` atmer tmjr` pbrty repartjfd redjges, fbgely8

  Ijrst bf` lbst fbge

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  Pbxpbyer J`eftjijcbtjaf Fugoer Fugoer (PJF) ji j i bfy

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  @bte ai ojrtm

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  B``ress

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  Obfk bccauft fugoer(s) ta wmjcm pbygefts bre gb`e

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  Bgaufts pbj` ta tme plbtiarg seller.

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3:.  Sage atmer pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs blsa wbfte` ta recejve tme e-gbjl bf` gaojle pmafe fugoer ai plbtiarg users bs well bs iees pbj` oy tme plbtiarg ta tme  plbtiarg seller. Tmere tme bctjvjty wbs smart-terg reftbl, b fugoer ai b`gjfjstrbtjafs blsa wbfte` jfiargbtjaf af tme `urbtjaf ai tme caftrbct (sjfce tmere gby oe lacbl tmresmal`s) bs well bs tme praperty b``ress bf`/ar praperty redjstrbtjaf fugoer. 0>.  Iurtmer wark wjll oe fee`e` ta reijfe tme gjfjgug jfiargbtjaf requjregefts,  oatm ta efsure tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve suiijcjeft jfiargbtjaf bf` ta bvaj` plbcjfd excessjve our`efs af plbtiargs. J`eblly, b sjfdle set ai jfiargbtjaf caul` oe bdree`  oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, b`gjfjstrbtjafs, wmjcm bpplje` ta bll smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs,  oatm `agestjc bf` aperbtjfd jf b gultjfbtjafbl caftext, ta bvaj` tmeg mbvjfd ta repart `jiiereft sets ai jfiargbtjaf. (Pmere gby blsa oe oefeijts iar tmjs jfiargbtjaf ta geet tme fee`s ai tbx butmarjtjes iar jf`jrect bs well bs `jrect tbx cagpljbfce.) Pmere gby, tmaudm, fee` ta oe bf efmbfce` set ai jfiargbtjaf iar trbfsbctjafs jfvalvjfd jggavebole  praperty djvef tmbttbxbtjaf tme jfcage gby oe tbxbole jf j f gare tmbf afe hurjs`jctjaf (suohect ta bppraprjbte `auole reljei).

?.0.2.  ^uoljc  ^uoljc saurces ai jfiargbtjaf 02.  Pme vbst gbharjty ai tme hurjs`jctjafs jfvalve` jf tme prahect gbke use ai jfiargbtjaf tecmfaladjes ta callect jfiargbtjaf butagbtjcblly irag weosjtes. B wj`e set ai JP tecmfjques mbs oeef bpplje`, sucm bs weo scrbpjfd ar weo crbwljfd. Sage  hurjs`jctjafs mbve `evelape` taals jf-mause ta tbke jfta bccauft tme specjijc iebtures ai `btb ta oe callecte` irag pbrtjculbr plbtiargs, wmjle atmers mbve use` apef-saurce saitwbre. @btb callecte` irag tme weo cbf pravj`e jfiargbtjaf af prjces, trbfsbctjafs, `urbtjaf ai stby etc. bs well bs gbke estjgbtes af turfaver. 0?.  @espjte tme use ai tmese taals, gast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs `j` fat ijf` `btb callecte` irag weosjtes ta oe eftjrely reljbole, especjblly redbr`jfd tme plbtiarg seller ‚s seller ‚s j`eftjijcbtjaf (wmjcm gby iar exbgple oe hust b ijrst fbge ar b fjckfbge). Jf b``jtjaf, tme trbfsiargbtjaf irag ufstructure` `btb ta `btb tmbt cbf ufjquely j`eftjiy tbxpbyers cbf oe extregely resaurce-jftefsjve. Sage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve fafetmeless iauf` puoljc `btb aotbjfe` jf tmjs wby ta oe useiul iar gafjtarjfd tme ousjfess ga`els ai tme plbtiargs bf` tbx rjsks, bs well bs melpjfd tmeg ta pravj`e evj`efce iar daverfgeft oa`jes laakjfd jfta wj`er puoljc paljcy jssues. Sage hurjs`jctjafs mbve blsa `evelape` `btb bfblytjcs taals bf` systegs ta bfblyse tbxpbyer `eclbrbtjafs, tbx returfs bf` atmer tmjr` pbrty jfiargbtjaf ta rjsk bssess iar uf`er-`eclbrbtjafs ai tbx ar ta strefdtmef rjsk bfblysjs  prace`ures.

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Oax ?.5. ^uoljc saurces ai jfiargbtjaf –  jfiargbtjaf –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Jf Jrelbf`, _evefue uses b`vbfce` bfblytjcs ta `etect pbtterfs ai faf-cagpljbft  oembvjaur irag tme extefsjve saurces ai _evefue bf` tmjr`-pbrty `btb bvbjlbole. _evefue‚s _jsk Evblubtjaf Bfblysjs bf` ^raijljfd systeg uses `btb irag gultjple saurces ta jfiarg cagpljbfce bctjvjtjes. Pbx Bdefcy (BEBP) js ruffjfd pbrbllel pracess plbtiargs (Bpbcme Spbrk) Pme Spbfjsm usjfd Ojd @btb taals sucm bs Mb`aap bf` Drbpmx ta pravj`e bu`jtars wjtm b pjcture ai tme fetwarks ai cagpbfjes jfvalve` jf tmese types ai bctjvjtjes. Blsa, BEBP mbs use` `btb callecte` irag weosjtes ta caggufjcbte ta tbxpbyers tmbt BEBP js bwbre ai b passjole reftjfd bctjvjty. Pme caggufjcbtjaf wbs jfclu`e` jf pre-papulbte` jfcage tbx returfs bf` resulte` jf b ?9% jfcrebse jf `eclbre` jfcage.

 @btb pratectjaf ?.0.?.  @btb 03.  B fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs mjdmljdmte` pateftjbl prapartjafbljty cafcerfs ai usjfd  puoljcly bvbjlbole jfiargbtjaf butagbtjcblly butagbtjcblly callecte` irag weosjtes ji `afe af bf jf`jscrjgjfbte obsjs (j.e. autsj`e ai bu`jts bf` jfvestjdbtjafs). Sage hurjs`jctjafs blsa fate` tmbt `btb callecte` tmraudm weo scrbpjfd taals gby afly oe cbpbole ai oejfd use` bs cjrcugstbftjbl evj`efce tmbt fee`s ta oe verjije` wjtmjf bf b`gjfjstrbtjve prace`ure jf wmjcm tbxpbyers retbjf tmejr rjdmts ta preseft blterfbtjve evj`efce. Jt wbs blsa fate` oy sage tmbt tmere were ljgjtbtjafs af tbx aiijcjbls irag bccessjfd apef saurce cafteft wjtmaut bppraprjbte pergjssjafs. 00.  Pme wj`er ledbl irbgewark redbr`jfd prjvbcy ar securjty ljgjtbtjafs iar usjfd  puoljc `btb saurces js cavere` oy b gultjple level ai pravjsjafs. EU Gegoer Stbtes, iar exbgple, mbve ta cagply wjtm tme Deferbl @btb ^ratectjaf _edulbtjaf (EU) ?>29/94: bs well bs fbtjafbl lbws bf` jfterfbl redulbtjafs. Deferblly spebkjfd, tme pracessjfd ai  persafbl `btb js lbwiul ta tme ext exteft eft tmbt jt js fecessbry iar tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf‚s  periargbfce ai tbsks cbrrje` aut jf tme exercjse ai aiijcjbl butmarjty bs `escrjoe` jf tme fbtjafbl lbws.

?.0.3. Yaluftbry bdreegefts ta supply `btb 05.  B iew tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve eftere` jfta sgbll-scble valuftbry bdreegefts wjtm plbtiargs redbr`jfd tme pravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers bf`/ar `jrect wjtmmal`jfd bf` pbygeft ai lacbl tbxes ar iees iar servjces aiiere` tmraudm tme plbtiargs. Jf sage hurjs`jctjafs, gufjcjpbljtjes jf pbrtjculbr mbve cafclu`e` bdreegefts wjtm smartterg reftbl plbtiargs iar tme plbtiarg ta callect cjty tbxes af oembli ai tme gufjcjpbljty. 09.  Yaluftbry brrbfdegefts gby oe bf eiiectjve salutjaf jf tme cbse ai gare estboljsme` plbtiargs pbrtjculbrly jf hurjs`jctjafs wmere tme tbx cagpljbfce culture gebfs tmbt b lbrde perceftbde ai plbtiarg users gjdmt oe expecte` ta djve cafseft. Mawever, bs tme fugoer ai plbtiargs aperbtjfd bcrass oar`er draws, wjtm plbtiarg sellers mbvjfd b drebter cmajce ai plbtiargs tmey cbf use iar tme sbge bctjvjty, valuftbry brrbfdegefts gby oecage gare `jiijcult ta fedatjbte bf` ta caftral. B fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs rbjse` cafcerfs wjtm relyjfd af valuftbry bdreegefts iar lbrde papulbtjafs ai tbxpbyers jf tme ljdmt ai `btb pratectjaf bf` prjvbcy jssues, jf pbrtjculbr tme fee` iar jfiarge` tbxpbyer cafseft, wmjcm jf gbfy cauftrjes fee`s ta oe ireely djvef bf` cbpbole ai oejfd wjtm`rbwf bt bfy tjge.

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Oax ?.9. Yaluftbry bdreegefts ta supply `btb –  `btb  –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Pme @bfjsm daverfgeft js explarjfd aptjafs redbr`jfd tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af jfcage irag reftbls jf @efgbrk tmraudm afljfe plbtiargs. Jf tmjs caftext, tme @bfjsm Custags bf` Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf wjll `evelap b `jdjtbl salutjaf iar `eclbrjfd jfcage. Pmjs js tmraudm bf Bppljcbtjaf ^radrbggjfd Jfteribce (B^J) tmbt cbf oe jftedrbte` oy tme  plbtiargs. Pme B^J wjll jftedrbte butmarjsbtjaf butmarjsbtjaf bf` cafseft oetweef tme suppljer (e.d (e.d.. tme user reftjfd aut praperty), b tmjr` pbrty (e.d. b plbtiarg) bf` tme @bfjsm Custags bf` Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf. Jf Irbfce, b lbw pbsse` jf lbte ?>24 wjll jgpase irag ?>2: tme callectjaf ai tme accupbfcy taurjst tbx (kfawf bs “tbxe `e sêhaur‗) oy plbtiargs aiierjfd malj`by reftbls. Pmjs tbx js ta oe pbj` oy taurjsts iar ebcm fjdmt fj dmt speft jf caggercjbl bccagga`btjaf. bccagga`btjaf. Pmjs tbx mjstarjcblly bppljes ta matel resj`efts out blsa bppljes ta prjvbte malj`by reftbls. Oeiare ?>2:, plbtiargs cbf callect tme accupbfcy taurjst tbx irag custagers ta regjt jt ta gufjcjpbljtjes af b valuftbry obsjs. Smart-terg reftbl plbtiargs bdree` ta `a sa jf gbhar Irefcm taurjst cjtjes, jfclu`jfd ^brjs. Jf Jtbly, sage gufjcjpbljtjes mbve cafclu`e` specjbl bdreegefts wjtm tme plbtiargs iar tme callectjaf ai tme lacbl cjty tbx.

?.0.0.  Ledbl pawers ta bccess `btb 04.  Pmere bppebrs ta oe fa aostbcle ta hurjs`jctjafs ledjslbtjfd ta requjre afljfe  plbtiargs ta pravj`e tmeg wjtm jfiargbtjaf af bll plbtiarg sellers wma bre tbx resj`eft resj`eft jf tme hurjs`jctjaf pravj`e` jt js relevbft iar tbx purpases. Pmjs wjll deferblly oe ufpraolegbtjc bs redbr`s efiarcegeft wmere b plbtiarg mbs structures jf plbce jf tme  hurjs`jctjaf jf questjaf tmbt bllaw b lacbl aiijce ar represeftbtjve ta oe bole ta aotbjf tme jfiargbtjaf. Jf atmer sjtubtjafs, j.e. wmere tmase structures bre fat jf plbce ar tme plbtiarg mbs fa presefce jf tme hurjs`jctjaf, tme ledjslbtjaf, ar jts prbctjcbl jgplegeftbtjaf, smaul` iaresee bpprabcmes bpprabcmes tmbt ibcjljtbte efiarcebojljty. efiarcebojljty. Pmjs gby fat oe strbjdmtiarwbr`. 0=.  ^brtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs were bske` ta specjiy tme exteft ai tmejr ledbl  pawers ta aotbjf jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers jf twa `jiie `jiiereft reft scefbrjas. scefbrjas. Pmese were8

  Scefbrja 28 wmere tme jfiargbtjaf js mel` jf tmejr terrjtary oy b smbrjfd bf` djd

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ecafagy plbtiarg ar jts bdeft   Scefbrja ?8 wmere tme jfiargbtjaf js mel` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf.

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Scefbrja 2 –  2 –  Jfiargbtjaf  Jfiargbtjaf js mel` `agestjcblly Ijdure ?.?. @agestjc aiijce bf` `btb bvbjlbole jf cauftry @agestjc aiijce bf` `btb jf cauftry Hurjs`jctjaf B

^?^ ^lbtiarg

Lacbl ^?^ ^lbtiarg aiijce

Hurjs`jctjaf O

^?^ ^lbtiarg

@btb

@btb

Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf B

Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf O

 Fate8 Jf tmjs cbse, tme jfiargbtjaf callecte` oy tme plbtiarg js mel` jf tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf B‚s hurjs`jctjaf  Fate8 ejtmer oy tme plbtiarg ar oy b lacbl aiijce (Scefbrja 2).

0:.  Jt wjll oe b gbtter iar ebcm b`gjfjstrbtjaf bs ta maw ta aotbjf jfiargbtjaf mel` wjtmjf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf bf` af wmjcm tbxpbyers. Pmjs wjll `epef` af fbtjafbl cjrcugstbfces, cjrcugstbfce s, jfclu`jfd ledjslbtjve pravjsjafs, bf` j`eftjije` rjsks. 5>.  Bll pbrtjcjpbtjfd tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs reparte` mbvjfd pawers ta efbole tmeg ta bccess `btb mel` wjtmjf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf wmef cmeckjfd bfy jf`jvj`ubl tbxpbyer‚s  pasjtjaf, iar exbgple biter bf jfvestjdbtjaf ar bu`jt js apefe`. B fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs blsa jf`jcbte` tmbt tmey mb` ledbl pawers ta bsk tmjr` pbrtjes iar jfiargbtjaf boaut bll ai tme jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers resj`eft jf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf af b  oulk obsjs (j.e. bs b clbss ai tbxpbyers). Mawever, Mawever, relbtjvely iew tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs seeg ta oe callectjfd jfiargbtjaf af b oulk obsjs bt preseft.

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Scefbrja ? –  ? –  Jfiargbtjaf  Jfiargbtjaf js mel` borab` Ijdure ?.3. ^lbtiarg bf` `btb jf b tmjr` cauftry   Hurjs`jctjaf B

Hurjs`jctjaf O

^?^ ^lbtiarg

@btb

Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf B

Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf O

 Fate8 Jf tmjs cbse, tme plbtiarg pravj`er mbs fa lacbl aiijce jf tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf B‚s hurjs`jctjaf bf` tme `btb  Fate8 callecte` oy tme plbtiarg js mel` borab` (Scefbrja ?).

52.  Jf tmjs scefbrja, gast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs reparte` tmbt tmey bre ufbole ta aotbjf `btb irag b plbtiarg wjtmaut tme use ai b`gjfjstrbtjve bssjstbfce jfstrugefts, sucm bs EU @jrectjves, ojlbterbl ar gultjlbterbl jfstrugefts. 5?.  Bll tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs `a, tmaudm, mbve tme bojljty, uf`er jfterfbtjafbl bdreegefts iar excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af request, ta aotbjf `btb af jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers resj`eft jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf. Pmjs js suohect oatm ta bf jfterfbtjafbl bdreegeft  oejfd jf eiiect oetweef tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs jf questjaf bf` tme request geetjfd tme t me requjregefts set set aut jf tmbt bdreegeft, jfclu`jfd tmbt tme jfiargbtjaf js “iareseeboly relevbft‗. 53.  Jf tmjs cbse, tmere js fa caftbct wjtm tme plbtiarg, out afly afl y wjtm tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf b`gjfjstrbtjaf O jf tme `jbdrbg. Jf tme survey, gast ai tme hurjs`jctjafs reparte` b sbtjsibctary success rbte ai excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf requests wmef tme tbxpbyers were j`eftjije`. Afe aostbcle j`eftjije` oy b fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs jf tmjs redbr` js tmbt jt cbf oe `jiijcult ta j`eftjiy tbxpbyers b`equbtely irag jfterfet sebrcmes iar excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf request purpases. Jt wbs blsa reparte` tmbt wmere jfiargbtjaf wbs pravj`e`  oy b plbtiarg jt wbs wbs sagetjg sagetjges es ufstructure` bf` bf` `jiijcult ta use. 50.   Fa tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf yet bppebrs ta mbve bdree` ta draup requests iar jfiargbtjaf af bll jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers gb`e oy bfatmer tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Pmjs gby oe af tme obsjs tmbt tmese requests mbve fat get tme tests iar “iareseebole “iareseebole relevbfce‗ bf` mbve oeef trebte` bs “ijsmjfd expe`jtjafs‗ wmjcm `a fat geet tme requjregefts ai tme jfterfbtjafbl bdreegefts. bdreegefts. 55.  Pme AEC@ Ga`el Pbx Cafveftjaf af Jfcage bf` af Cbpjtbl (AEC@, ?>24 [2W) bf` jts caggeftbry pravj`es duj`bfce bt pbrbdrbpm 2? ai jts caggeftbry af Brtjcle ?9 (Excmbfde ai Jfiargbtjaf Brtjcle) af maw tme stbf`br` ai “iareseebole relevbfce‗ cbf oe get jf tme cbse ai b request relbtjfd ta b draup ai tbxpbyers fat jf`jvj`ublly j`eftjije`. 59. 

Pme caggeftbry fates tmbt jf sucm b cbse jt js fecessbry tmbt tme8 

  “requestjfd stbte pravj`e b `etbjle` `escrjptjaf ai tme draup bf` tme specjijc ibcts

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bf` cjrcugstbfces tmbt leb` ta tme request, bf explbfbtjaf ai tme bppljcbole lbw PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

?. CU__EFP PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF B^^_ABCMES BF@ LJGJPBPJAFS ┏ 33

bf` wmy tmere js rebsaf ta oeljeve tmbt tme tbxpbyers jf tme draup iar wmag jfiargbtjaf js requeste` mbve oeef faf-cagpljbft wjtm tmbt lbw supparte` oy b clebr ibctubl obsjs‗. 54.  Jf deferbl, jt smaul` oe fate` tmbt lbws jf b requeste` hurjs`jctjaf gby bllaw b tmjr`-pbrty jfiargbtjaf mal`er ta bppebl ar cmbllefde sucm b draup request oy wby ai caurt pracee`jfds. pracee`jfds. 5=.  Bt preseft, jt bppebrs tmbt afly b sgbll fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs mbve ledjslbte` ta callect `btb irag smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs af bll ai tmejr tbx resj`eft plbtiarg sellers redbr`less ai tme lacbtjaf ai tme plbtiarg bf` `btb. Oax ?.4. Ledbl pawers ta bccess `btb `btb –   –  Cauftry  Cauftry exbgples

Jf Irbfce, irag ?>?> (j.e. caverjfd ?>2: revefues), Irefcm ar iarejdf plbtiargs wjll mbve tme aoljdbtjaf ta caggufjcbte ta tme tbx butmarjtjes tme revefues recejve` oy users. Jf Spbjf, irag Hbfubry ?>2:, plbtiargs tmbt jfterge`jbte jf tme reftbl ai taurjst mausjfd mbve tme aoljdbtjaf ta caggufjcbte ta tme tbx butmarjty jfiargbtjaf af tme bctjvjty jf wmjcm tmey jfterge`jbte8 j`eftjijcbtjaf ai tme awfer ai tme praperty, j`eftjijcbtjaf ai tme  praperty, reftbl jfcage bf` atmer atmer jfiargbtjaf. Farwby js jftra`ucjfd redulbtjafs iar tmjr` pbrty repartjfd, oatm iar `agestjc bf` iarejdf

 plbtiargs. Pme redulbtjafs wjll bpply ta iarejdf plbtiargs mbvjfd suiijcjeft bctjvjty jf  Farwby, iar jfstbfce ji tme plbtiarg js use` ta reft aut b praperty jf Farwby ar b servjce tbkjfd plbce jf Farwby. Farwby expects ta mbve tmese redulbtjafs jf plbce irag ?>?>. Pme jfiargbtjaf af reftbl callecte` irag plbtiargs wjll oe use` ta pre-ijll tme tbx returf iar jf`jvj`ubl tbxpbyers. t bxpbyers.

Fates   2

 Lbw 004?/?>24 Brtjcle =0.

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 www.redherjfdef.fa/ef/`akugefter/fau-?>24-0/j`?5340:5/.  www.redherjfdef.fa/ef/`akugefter/fau-?>24-0/j`?5340:5/. 

_eierefces

AEC@ (?>24), Ga`el (?>24), Ga`el Pbx Cafveftjaf Cafveftjaf af Jfcage bf` af Cbpjtbl8 Caf` Caf`efse` efse` Yersjaf Yersjaf ?>24 , AEC@ ^uoljsmjfd, ^brjs, mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/gtcQcaf`-?>24-ef mttps8//`x.`aj.ard/2>.24=4/gtcQcaf`-?>24-ef.. 

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[2W 

 

3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S ┏ 35

Cmbpter 3. Cafsj`erbtjafs iar eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers 

5:.  Pme fbture ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy js sucm tmbt b sjdfjijcbft fugoer ai jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers gby fat oe iully bwbre ai tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pmjs js iar b fugoer ai rebsafs, jf pbrtjculbr8

  tbx aoljdbtjafs gjdmt fat oe clebr, wjtm gare iacus fee`e` jf tergs ai duj`bfce

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tmbf iar trb`jtjafbl iargs ai egplayg egplaygeft eft bf` seli-egplayg seli-egplaygeft eft

  sage ai tme bctjvjtjes gby oe eftjrely few, ar gby oe bf expbfsjaf ai prevjausly

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uftbxe` ar faf-tbxbole trbfsbctjafs sucm bs accbsjafbl smart-terg reftbl ar evef maooy sbles

  iar sage plbtiarg sellers, tmese gjdmt oe secaf` ar tmjr` t mjr` jfcages, bf` tme bctjvjty

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gby oe ai bf accbsjafbl accbsjafbl fbture ar spreb` bcrass `jiiereft plbtiargs. plbtiargs. 9>. 

Jf b``jtjaf, wmere tmere js kfawle`de tmbt jfiargbtjaf af tme trbfsbctjafs gby

fat oe vjsjole ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, sage plbtiarg sellers gby `ecj`e fat ta repart evef ji tmey bre bwbre ai passjole tbx aoljdbtjafs. Tmere tbx js fat pbj`, wmbtever tme gatjve, jt cbf mbve jgpbcts af cagpetjtjaf bf`, bt scble, af puoljc revefues. Iurtmer evj`efce bf` bfblysjs js requjre` ta oetter uf`erstbf` tme rjsks ta tbx cagpljbfce bf` tme pateftjbl iar tmase rjsks ta caftjfue bf` ta draw. @eeper bfblysjs wjll bllaw cauftrjes ta gbke jfiarge` `ecjsjafs boaut wmjcm aptjafs tmey wbft ta cafsj`er ta tbckle tmese jssues. 92.  Jf ar`er ta gjtjdbte tme rjsks, gbfy daverfgefts bre blreb`y faw seekjfd ta jgprave tbxpbyer e`ucbtjaf ta efcaurbde seli-repartjfd ai jfcage. Pmjs jfclu`es caaperbtjaf wjtm plbtiargs jf b fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs. 9?.  Sage daverfgefts bre blsa ledjslbtjfd ta requjre tmbt afljfe plbtiargs aperbtjfd jf tmejr hurjs`jctjafs pravj`e jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers wma bre tbx resj`efts. Jf sage cbses, requjregefts iar wjtmmal`jfd bf` regjttjfd tbx oy tme relevbft plbtiargs mbve oeef put jf plbce. Sucm ledjslbtjaf gby caver jf`jvj`ubl sectars, b wj`e rbfde ai sectars ar evef bll afljfe plbtiargs. 93.  Ledjslbtjaf wjll deferblly oe eiiectjve wmere plbtiargs aperbte wjtmjf b  hurjs`jctjaf jf b ledbl iarg (wmjcm gby oe tmraudm b orbfcm, suosj`jbry ar bdeft) ar atmerwjse mbve bccess ta jfiargbtjaf af jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers wma bre tbx resj`efts, e.d. vjb b `btb caftraller. Mawever, tmere gby oe sage cafcerfs brauf` efiarcebojljty bf` `btb pratectjaf wmere plbtiargs bre obse` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf. 90.  Bs tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy draws bf` bs jf`jvj`ubl plbtiargs gbture, jt wjll  oecage gare ljkely tmbt tmere wjll oe bf jfcrebsjfd fugoer fugoer ai plbtiargs aperbtjfd bcrass  oar`ers iar rebsafs ai cast eiijcjefcy. Tmere b plbtiarg seller gbkes jfcage tmraudm b  plbtiarg wmally lacbte` jf j f bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf, tmef efiarcebojljty ai ledjslbtjaf iar tme  pravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf ar wjtmmal`jfd gby oecage jfcrebsjfdly gare `jiijcult bf` cagplex wjtmaut efmbfce` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf.

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39 ┏ 3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S

95.  Pbkjfd jfta bccauft tmbt plbtiarg sellers gby aperbte tmraudm plbtiargs lacbte` jf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf ai tbx resj`efcy ar tmraudm plbtiargs lacbte` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf, tmere bre tmree gbjf aptjafs (wmjcm bre fat exclusjve ar exmbustjve) tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs gby wjsm ta cafsj`er jf jgplegeftjfd strbtedjes iar tbx cagpljbfce8 cagpljbfce8 (j)

jgpravjfd seli-repartjfd oy jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers

(jj)

jftra`ucjfd ledjslbtjaf bpplyjfd ta plbtiargs wmjcm pravj`e servjces jf tme hurjs`jctjaf ai tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Sucm ledjslbtjaf caul` requjre tme repartjfd ai jfiargbtjaf, bf` gby oe obse` af b stbf`br`jse` ga`el, ar repartjfd cagojfe` wjtm wjtmmal`jfd ai tbx; bf`

(jjj)

gultjlbterbl bdreegefts iar tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf   mel` oy  plbtiargs af plbtiarg sellers tbx resj`eft jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf. (Pmjs waul` oe restrjcte` ta jfiargbtjaf tmbt js iareseeboly relevbft iar tbx  purpases.) Pmjs caul` ejtmer ejtmer oe af tme obsjs ai jfiargbtjaf bvbjlbole uf uf`er `er exjstjfd pawers ta dbtmer jfiargbtjaf ar uf`er few ledjslbtjve requjregefts, jfclu`jfd iar stbf`br`jse` repartjfd.

3.2. Jgpravjfd seli-repartjfd seli-repartjfd oy plbtiarg sellers 99.  Gbfy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bre blreb`y uf`ertbkjfd b rbfde ai bctjvjtjes ta jgprave tbxpbyer e`ucbtjaf jfclu`jfd tmraudm duj`bfce, sacjbl ge`jb bf` wj`er puoljcjty. Pme jgpbct ai sucm bctjvjtjes js ljkely ta vbry drebtly oetweef bf` wjtmjf hurjs`jctjafs,  pbrtjculbrly autsj`e ai tme gast gast well-kfawf plbtiargs wmere tmere wjll wjll aitef oe extefsjve ge`jb repartjfd bf` drebter puoljc bwbrefe bwbrefess. ss. 94.  Tmere sucm bctjvjty js cbrrje` aut oy tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf, jt wjll jfevjtboly oe lbrdely jgpersafbl bf` tbrdete` bt b draup rbtmer tmbf bf jf`jvj`ubl. Tmjle strbtedjes cbf  oe jfiarge` oy tme use ai oembvjaurbl jfsjdmts, jt wjll regbjf tme cbse tmbt tme jfiargbtjaf wjll afly mbve bf eiiect ji tme persaf bctjvely bccesses tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf weosjte ar pbys btteftjaf ta deferbl jfiargbtjaf put aut tmraudm tme ge`jb. 9=.  Pme saurce gast ljkely ta recejve drebter btteftjaf irag jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg sellers js jfiargbtjaf tmbt tmey recejve irag tme plbtiarg jtseli ar jfiargbtjaf tmbt tmey bre requjre` ta pravj`e ta tme plbtiarg, sucm bs tbx j`eftjijcbtjaf fugoers. Pmjs js  oecbuse tmey tmey bre bctjvely bctjvely bccessjfd tme plbtiarg plbtiarg ta uf`ertbke uf`ertbke bctjvjtjes; tmey bre recejvjfd jfiargbtjaf jf bccessjole electrafjc iarg; bf` caftbct wjll usublly oe persafbl jf tme sefse tmbt jt wjll oe b``resse` ta tme jf`jvj`ubl plbtiarg seller. 9:.  B fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs mbve reparte` tmbt caaperbtjaf wjtm jf`jvj`ubl smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs af efdbdegeft wjtm plbtiarg sellers cbf oe eiiectjve jf jfcrebsjfd cagpljbfce. Pbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wmjcm bre fat yet warkjfd wjtm plbtiargs jf tmjs breb, gby wjsm ta cafsj`er wmetmer jt waul` oe oefeijcjbl iar tmeg ta `a sa. Mawever, jt cbf blsa oe resaurce jftefsjve iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta fedatjbte wjtm bf jfcrebsjfd fugoer ai plbtiargs jf`jvj`ublly, pbrtjculbr wmere tmey bre obse` jf atmer  hurjs`jctjafs. Pmjs gby result jf tme iacus oejfd af b relbtjvely sgbll fugoer ai  plbtiargs. 4>.  Bf blterfbtjve ta fedatjbtjafs wjtm jf`jvj`ubl plbtiargs cbf oe ta set aut deferbl expectbtjafs ai wmbt plbtiargs smaul` `a ta efdbde wjtm, bf` ta pragpt plbtiarg sellers bs ta tmejr pateftjbl tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pmjs caul` oe `eljvere`, iar exbgple, tmraudm ledjslbtjaf af gjfjgug requjregefts ar tmraudm t mraudm tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf duj`bfce.

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3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S ┏ 34

42.  Djvef tme jfcrebsjfd crass-oar`er bctjvjty ibcjljtbte` oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy  plbtiargs, jt caul` oe useiul ta seek ta bdree b ga`el Ca`e ai Caf`uct bt b gultjlbterbl level. Pmjs caul` oe ejtmer valuftbry ar gbf`btary jf pbrtjcjpbtjfd hurjs`jctjafs. Tmjle tmjs gby oe b`bpte` jf jts bppljcbtjaf jf jf`jvj`ubl hurjs`jctjafs, tme gare jt js use`, bf` use` cafsjsteftly, tme gare jt wjll re`uce our`efs iar plbtiargs cagpbre` ta cagplyjfd wjtm gultjple `jiiereft requjregefts. Ji use` oy b lbrde fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs bf`  plbtiargs jt caul` blsa melp ta `eljver b mjdm `edree ai stbf`br`jsb stbf`br`jsbtjaf tjaf bs redbr`s jfiargbtjaf callecte` oy plbtiargs bf` tme `ue `jljdefce uf`ertbkef. 4?.  Bffex B caftbjfs b `rbit ga`el Ca`e ai Caf`uct wmjcm mbs oeef suohect ta sage `jscussjafs oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Pme gbjf prapase` elegefts bre8

  Caggufjcbtjaf af passjole tbx ljbojljtjes wjtm plbtiarg sellers jf deferbl bf` af

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b hurjs`jctjaf-specjijc obsjs

  Af-oabr`jfd prace`ures ta efsure tmbt jfiargbtjaf relevbft ta tbx butmarjtjes js

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callecte` bf` js cbpbole ai oejfd exparte` jf sebrcmbole iargbt wmef requjre` uf`er lbw ar oy bdreegeft bdreegeft ai tme tbxpbyer

  Gjfjgug expectbtjafs ai `ue `jljdefce

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  Bffubl stbtegefts ai jfcage ta oe bvbjlbole ta plbtiarg sellers

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  Bffubl repartjfd ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, af b cafij`eftjbl obsjs, ai tme bddredbte

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fugoers ai sellers bf` jfcage af b cauftry-oy-cauftry obsjs (ta ibcjljtbte bfblysjs ai cagpljbfce). Pmjs waul` ai caurse oe suohect ta exjstjfd ledbl ljgjtbtjafs.

3.?. Ledjslbtjaf bpplyjfd ta plbtiargs pravj`jfd servjces jf b hurjs`jctjaf 43.  B hurjs`jctjaf cbf plbce b rbfde ai ledjslbtjve aoljdbtjafs af plbtiargs ji tme  plbtiarg mbs suiijcjeft bctjvjty jf tme hurjs`jctjaf jf questjaf. Bgafd atmer tmjfds, sucm ledjslbtjaf cbf requjre plbtiargs ta pravj`e jfiargbtjaf ta jts users; ta pravj`e tbx relevbft jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf; bf` ta wjtmmal` af  oembli ai tme tbx butmarjty bf` regjt regjt pbygefts. 40.  Ledjslbtjaf waul` fee` ta geet prapartjafbljty bf` puoljc jfterest tests, jfclu`jfd bs redbr`s `btb pratectjaf bf` prjvbcy cafsj`erbtjafs. Mawever, tmere audmt ta oe fa `jiierefce jf prjfcjple bs redbr`s tmese tests oetweef jfiargbtjaf excmbfde bf` wjtmmal`jfd brrbfdegefts brrbfdegefts wmjcm blsa jfvalve jfiargbtjaf trbfsier.

3.?.2. Tjtmmal`jfd 45.  Tjtmmal`jfd cbf pateftjblly orjfd boaut eiiectjve cagpljbfce wjtm law resaurce casts iar tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Tjtmmal`jfd tef`s ta bct jf rebl-tjge, ar clase ta rebl tjge, bf` presefts bf appartufjty ta gave cagpljbfce upstrebg ta b``ress oembvjaurs jfclu`jfd errar, evbsjaf, irbu` ar faf-pbygeft. 49.  Callectjfd tbx `ue bt tme ebrljest pajft jf tme pbygeft cmbjf tef`s ta `ecrebse callectjaf casts iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, djves gare certbjfty ai tme revefue ilaw bf` sjdfjijcbftly re`uces tme rjsk ai jt oejfd ufpbj` wmef tbx js `ue. @epef`jfd af tme `esjdf, wjtmmal`jfd cbf blsa strebgljfe `eot callectjaf bctjvjtjes oy re`ucjfd tme fugoer ai  pbrtjes ta oe pursue` iar gafjes awe`. Jt blsa pravj`es b oetter uf`erstbf`jfd ai cbsmilaw bf` ousjfess periargbfce iar oatm tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bf` tme ousjfess. Pmere bre daa` rebsafs ta tmjfk tmbt mbvjfd b caftjfubl uf`erstbf`jfd ai tbx ljbojljtjes bf` oejfd

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3= ┏ 3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S

up-ta-`bte wjtm pbygeft blsa biiects peaple‚s bttjtu`es ta tbx bf` tmejr prapefsjty ta tbke up-ta-`bte rjsks ta re`uce tmejr ljbojljty. 44.  Tjtmmal`jfd cbf crebte our`efs, tmaudm, oatm af tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bf` af  plbtiarg users bs well bs smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs. Pmese cbf vbry `epef`jfd af tme `esjdf ai tme systeg, jfclu`jfd tme rbtes ai wjtmmal`jfd cagpbre` ta bfy ijfbl ljbojljty, bf` tme bppljcbtjaf ai tmresmal`s bf` gbrdjfbl rbtes. Iar exbgple, wmere tmere js aver-wjtmmal`jfd b lbrde fugoer ai tbxpbyers gby caftbct tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf iar reiuf`s, pateftjblly ai relbtjvely sgbll bgaufts. Pmjs js pbrtjculbrly tme cbse djvef tmbt sage plbtiarg sellers wjll use gultjple plbtiargs bf` jt gby fat oe b prjgbry saurce ai jfcage. Sage ai tmese our`efs cbf oe gjtjdbte` wmere tmere js b sjgpljije` tbx redjge, sucm bs b ilbt rbte tbx ar b tmresmal`, iar jfcage `erjve` irag tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy.

3.?.?.  ^ravjsjaf  ^ravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf 4=.  Bfatmer passjole bpprabcm js ta requjre tme pravjsjaf ai jfiargbtjaf, wmjcm j`eftjijes tme plbtiarg seller bf` tme pbygefts recejve` wjtmaut wjtmmal`jfd. Pme sef`jfd ai sucm jfiargbtjaf ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf cbf oy jtseli mbve sage jgpbct af selirepartjfd pravj`e` tmbt tbxpbyers bre bwbre ai jt bf` ai tmejr aoljdbtjafs. Oeyaf` tmbt eiiect, maw successiul tmjs js jf tbckljfd faf-cagpljbfce `epef`s af tme use tmbt b tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf cbf gbke ai tme jfiargbtjaf. Pmjs wjll fee` ta oe suohect ta cast-oefeijt cafsj`erbtjafs. 4:.  Jf sage cbses, jt gby oe passjole ta jfcarparbte tme jfiargbtjaf jfta pre pre-ijlle` -ijlle` tbx returfs. @epef`jfd af tme tbx redjge jf plbce, tmbt gby stjll requjre b`hustgeft oy tme tbxpbyer iar bllawbole expefses etc. Tmere preijlljfd js fat `afe, tmef tme gbjf blterfbtjves bre “fu`de‗ caggufjcbtjafs ta efcaurbde seli -repartjfd -repartjfd bf`/ar tme jftedrbtjaf ai tme jfiargbtjaf jfta rjsk bssessgeft ga`els. Pmese ga`els bllaw tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta `ecj`e af bppraprjbte cagpljbfce bctjafs bf` strbtedjes djvef tme bgauft ai tbx bt rjsk. =>.  Pa efsure tme qubljty bf` tme usbojljty ai tme jfiargbtjaf, ledjslbtjaf waul` fee` ta specjiy tme j`eftjiyjfd jfiargbtjaf requjre` ta efbole tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ta gbtcm jt wjtm tme relevbft persaf. Jt waul` blsa fee` ta set aut tme `ue `jljdefce ta oe uf`ertbkef  oy tme plbtiarg ta cmeck tme bccurbcy bccurbcy ai tme jfiargbtjaf pravj`e` (bs well bs recar` keepjfd etc.). =2.  Jt caul` oe useiul jf tmjs redbr` ta seek ta bdree b caggaf tegplbte bt tme gultjlbterbl level iar oatm tme set ai jfiargbtjaf ta oe pravj`e` bf` tme `ue `jljdefce requjre`. Pmjs waul` bllaw plbtiargs wmjcm aperbte jf b fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs ta b`apt b sjfdle pracess wmjcm caul` oe bpplje` bcrass `jiiereft hurjs`jctjafs. Pmjs caul` blsa ibcjljtbte tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf gultjlbterblly (see oelaw). Pme set ai jfiargbtjaf reparte` bs fee`e` oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs js set aut jf Bffex O. =?.  Bs ta maw tme jfiargbtjaf js trbfsierre` ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf, b fugoer ai aptjafs bre bvbjlbole. Pmjs caul` oe `afe af b perja`jc obsjs  –   iar exbgple gaftmly, segj-bffublly ar bffublly  –   wjtm tme plbtiarg sef`jfd ar uplab`jfd ijles ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Blterfbtjvely, tme sef`jfd ai jfiargbtjaf caul` oe oujlt jfta tme bppljcbtjaf pradrbggjfd jfteribces (B^Js) tmraudm wmjcm users jfterbct wjtm tme  plbtiarg. Jf tmbt cbse, relevbft j`eftjty bf` jfcage j fcage jfiargbtjaf caul` pateftjblly oe seft `jrect ta tme tbx t bx b`gjfjstrbtjaf jf rebl-tjge, `epef`jfd af cast-oefeijt cafsj`erbtjafs.

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3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S ┏ 3:

3.?.3.  Efmbfce`  Efmbfce` gutubl caaperbtjaf caaperbtjaf ta ibcjljtbte ibcjljtbte cagpljbfce =3.  Pmere gjdmt oe certbjf `jiijcultjes jf efiarcjfd ledbl requjregefts, wmetmer iar wjtmmal`jfd ar repartjfd ai jfiargbtjaf, af plbtiargs wmjcm `a fat mbve bfy pmysjcbl  presefce jf b hurjs`jctjaf. B`gjfjstrbtjve crass-oar`e crass-oar`err caaperbtjaf caul` pateftjblly oe b vjbole salutjaf ta melp ibcjljtbte cagpljbfce bf` efiarcegeft jf sucm cjrcugstbfces, bltmaudm tmese waul` ai caurse fee` ta geet bppljcbole `btb pratectjaf requjregefts. Exbgples ai sucm crass-oar`er b`gjfjstrbtjve caaperbtjaf caul` oe tbx exbgjfbtjafs borab`, hajft bu`jts bf` passjole efmbfce` caaperbtjaf jf relbtjaf ta bssjstbfce jf callectjaf ai tbx clbjgs jf tme cbse ai faf-cagpljbfce.

3.?.0.  _equjrjfd  _equjrjfd plbtiargs plbtiargs ta mbve b pmysjcbl presefce presefce jf b hurjs`jctjaf =0.  Bfatmer aptjaf pateftjblly apef ta b hurjs`jctjaf wmere tmere bre cafcerfs boaut efiarcegeft efiarcege ft gby oe ta seek ta gbke jt jlledbl iar plbtiarg sellers ta use b plbtiarg ufless tmbt plbtiarg mbs suiijcjeft pmysjcbl presefce jf tme hurjs`jctjaf sa tmbt `agestjc redulbtary aoljdbtjafs cbf oe bpplje`. Pmbt js, pmysjcbl presefce (iar exbgple tme lacbtjaf ai b `btb caftraller) waul` oe b caf`jtjaf ai pravj`jfd tme servjce jf tme hurjs`jctjaf. =5.  Bfatmer blterfbtjve waul` oe ta requjre plbtiarg sellers ta redjster wjtm tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ar bfatmer bdefcy (wmjcm tmef pbsses jfiargbtjaf ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf). Bf aoljdbtjaf caul` blsa oe plbce` af plbtiarg sellers tmbt tmey cbf afly ledblly use plbtiargs wmjcm gbjftbjf tme redjstrbtjaf jfiargbtjaf, iar exbgple b redjstrbtjaf fugoer, af tme plbtiarg seller‚s  seller‚s  ljstjfd pbde. Pmjs waul` efbole ebsjer cagpljbfce cmeckjfd. =9.  Oatm ai tmese aptjafs mbve sjdfjijcbft `rbwobcks bf` caul` pateftjblly oe `jiijcult ta efiarce. _equjrjfd afljfe plbtiargs ta mbve suiijcjeft pmysjcbl presefce, presefce, ar ta jfstbll b lacbl `btb caftraller, waul` oe very expefsjve bf` our`efsage ji requjre` oy gultjple hurjs`jctjafs. Pmjs caul` gbke jt `jiijcult iar sgbller plbtiargs ta draw jfterfbtjafblly, ejtmer oecbuse ai mjdm stbrt-up casts ar cljii-e`des wmef tmey rebcm b certbjf sjze. (Pmjs gjdmt oe pbrtly gjtjdbte` tmraudm tme use ai tmresmal`s.) =4.  B redjstrbtjaf requjregeft cbf blsa oe expefsjve ta b`gjfjster  –   pbrtjculbrly ji gultjple sectars bre cavere` - bf` wjll fat, oy jtseli, pravj`e jfcage jfiargbtjaf ta tme tbx butmarjty. Seli-repartjfd wjll stjll oe requjre` bf` cmecks oy tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf gby jfvalve sjdfjijcbft resaurces djvef tme fugoer ai peaple usjfd sucm plbtiargs bf` law bverbde pbygefts. ==.  Pmese aptjafs gby, mawever, oe sagetmjfd iar tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta cafsj`er ji  pbrtjculbr plbtiargs `a fat caaperbte af jgpravjfd tbx cagpljbfce ar aperbte aut ai  hurjs`jctjafs wmere excmbfde excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf js fa fatt supparte`.

Gultjlbterbll butagbtjc excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf 3.3. Gultjlbterb =:.  B tmjr` aptjaf iar tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers usjfd plbtiargs lacbte` jf bfatmer hurjs`jctjaf js tme butagbtjc excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. :>.  Pme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af request js fat blwbys bf eiijcjeft cagpljbfce respafse ta afljfe plbtiargs oecbuse ai tme resaurces requjre` ta aotbjf jfiargbtjaf bf`  oecbuse tme bverbde bverbde bgaufts bgaufts jfvalve` gby aitef oe sgbll. Tmjle draup draup requests caul` oe use`, tme cmbllefde regbjfs ai `eijfjfd tme tbrdet ai tme request suiijcjeftly ta geet tme requjregeft, bs set aut jf jfterfbtjafbl stbf`br`s af excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf, tmbt tme request jf fat b “ijsmjfd expe`jtjaf‗.  expe`jtjaf‗. 

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0> ┏ 3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S

:2.  Butagbtjc excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf caul` oe b gare eiijcjeft bpprabcm iar jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af plbtiarg sellers. Jfterfbtjafbl stbf`br`s af tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf iar tbx purpases requjre tmbt tme jfiargbtjaf excmbfde` excmbfde` js ljkely lj kely ta oe iareseeboly relevbft. Pmjs test waul` deferblly oe get ji tme plbtiarg sellers bre resj`eft jf tme hurjs`jctjaf ta wmjcm tme jfiargbtjaf js ta oe trbfsierre` bf` tmbt jfiargbtjaf js ljkely ta oe relevbft ta `etergjfjfd tmejr tbx pasjtjaf ar jf melpjfd tmeg ta `etergjfe tmejr tbx pasjtjaf (iar exbgple oy pre-ijlljfd). :?.  B ledbl dbtewby iar butagbtjc excmbfde cbf oe iauf` jf sage ojlbterbl tbx trebtjes ar Pbx Jfiargbtjaf Excmbfde Bdreegefts (PJEBs) bf` jf tme Gultjlbterbl Cafveftjaf af Gutubl B`gjfjstrbtjve Bssjstbfce (“tme Cafveftjaf‗) jf wmjcm aver 2?>  hurjs`jctjafs pbrtjcjpbte8 pbrtjcjpbte8

  Brtjcle 9 ai tme Cafveftjaf pravj`es8  pravj`es8  “Tjtm respect ta cbtedarjes cbtedarjes ai cbses bf` jf

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bccar`bfce wjtm prace`ures wmjcm tmey smbll `etergjfe oy gutubl bdreegeft, twa ar gare ^brtjes smbll butagbtjcblly excmbfde tme jfiargbtjaf reierre` ta jf  Brtjcle 0.‗  0.‗ 

  Brtjcle 0 pravj`es8 “Pme ^brtjes smbll excmbfde bfy jfiargbtjaf , jf pbrtjculbr bs

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 pravj`e` jf tmjs sectjaf, tmbt js iareseeboly iareseeboly relevbft iar tme b`gjfjstrbtjaf ar efiarcegeft ai tmejr `agestjc lbws cafcerfjfd tme tbxes cavere` oy tmjs Cafveftjaf.‗   Cafveftjaf.‗

 

:3. Jfbre ar`er ta uf`ertbke butagbtjc excmbfde oetweef hurjs`jctjafs tme iallawjfd elegefts fecessbry8

  Cafclusjaf ai bf jfterfbtjafbl bdreegeft oetweef twa ar gare tbx

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b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Pmjs waul` jfvalve tme cafclusjaf ai b ledbl jfstrugeft (e.d. b PJEB, b tbx trebty, etc.) bf` bf jgplegeftbtjaf bdreegeft wmjcm pravj`es tme aperbtjafbl obsjs iar tme excmbfdes, sucm bs b ojlbterbl ar gultjlbterbl cagpeteft butmarjty bdreegeft oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

  Pmbt `agestjc pawers bre jf plbce ta callect jfiargbtjaf butagbtjcblly irag b

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tmjr` pbrty. Jf tme cbse ai sage hurjs`jctjafs, tme exjstefce ai bf excmbfde bdreegeft, sucm bs b cagpeteft butmarjty bdreegeft, gby oe suiijcjeft ta trjdder tme use ai exjstjfd pawers ta callect iareseeb iareseeboly oly relevbft jfiargbtjaf irag b tmjr`  pbrty. Jf atmer cbses, jt gby oe fecessbry ta mbve ledjslbtjaf ejtmer ta rbtjiy tme jfterfbtjafbl bdreegeft bdreegeft bf`/ar jf ar`er ta jgpase bf aoljdbtjaf aolj dbtjaf af tmjr` pbrtjes ta geet tme requjregefts ai sucm bf bdreegeft.

3.3.2. Use ai exjstjfd pawers ta callect jfiargbtjaf j fiargbtjaf :0.  Tmjle jt gby oe passjole iar sage hurjs`jctjafs ta efter jfta bdreegefts ta excmbfde jfiargbtjaf butagbtjcblly usjfd exjstjfd pawers, sucm excmbfde bdreegefts cbffat, oy tmegselves, jgpase few ledbl aoljdbtjafs af tmjr` pbrtjes. Pme gbhar ljgjtbtjafs brjsjfd irag tmjs bre8

  Pme jfiargbtjaf tmbt cbf oe requjre` js ljgjte` ta iareseeboly relevbft

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jfiargbtjaf wmjcm tme plbtiarg mbs jf jts pawer bf` passessjaf. Iar exbgple ji tme afly jfiargbtjaf mel` af plbtiarg sellers js fbge, b``ress bf` pbygefts gb`e, tmef tmbt waul` oe bll tmbt caul` oe requjre` ta oe pravj`e` bf` excmbfde`. Atmer jfiargbtjaf sucm bs `bte ai ojrtm caul` fat oe requjre` ji jt wbs fat jf tme  pawer bf` passessjaf passessjaf ai tme plbtiarg plbtiarg wjtmaut b cmbfde cmbfde jf tme lbw. lbw.

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3. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S ┏ 02

  Iargbttjfd ai jfiargbtjaf cbf afly oe requjre` jf sa ibr bs tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf

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mbs exjstjfd pawers wmjcm bllaw jt ta specjiy tme iargbt. Jf tme bosefce ai tmbt, b  plbtiarg gby ar gby fat oe wjlljfd ta iargbt iargbt tme jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf af b valuftbry obsjs iar ebse ai use oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

   Fa b``jtjafbl `ue `jljdefce caul` oe requjre` ai tme plbtiarg bs redbr`s tme

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bccurbcy ar cagpletefess ai jfiargbtjaf oeyaf` bfytmjfd tmbt blreb`y bppljes uf`er ledjslbtjaf. (Pmere waul`, tmaudm, oe fatmjfd preveftjfd b plbtiarg irag valuftbrjly efmbfcjfd `ue `jljdefce prace`ures smaul` jt cmaase ta `a sa.) :5.  @epef`jfd af tme exteft ai tmese ljgjtbtjafs (wmjcm wjll vbry oetweef plbtiargs bf` hurjs`jctjafs), tmere wjll oe bf jgpbct af tme bojljty ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta gbtcm `btb wjtm tbxpbyers butagbtjcblly bf` gucm jfiargbtjaf gby da ufgbtcme`. Mawever, iar ousjfess rebsafs gbfy plbtiargs bre ljkely ta keep bt lebst tme fbge bf` b``ress, egbjl b``ress, obfk bccauft bf` pmafe fugoer ai plbtiarg sellers. Pmjs caul` oe useiul ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs iar cagpljbfce purpases evef ji fat tme iull set ai jfiargbtjaf tmey waul` j`eblly ljke ta recejve ta gbxjgjse gbtcmjfd rbtes. Jf b``jtjaf, kfawle`de tmbt sucm jfiargbtjaf js oejfd excmbfde` oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs caul` jtseli ta leb` ta drebter seli-repartjfd. :9.  Pme ljgjtbtjafs cbf blsa oe avercage aver tjge ji plbtiargs bdree ta gbke cmbfdes valuftbrjly bf`/ar hurjs`jctjafs bdree ta ledjslbte iar tme iull set ai tbx relevbft jfiargbtjaf ta oe callecte` oy tme plbtiargs bf` iar bf bppraprjbte `edree ai `ue `jljdefce.

 Gultjlbterbl stbf`br`jsbtjaf stbf`br`jsbtjaf ai jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf bf` `ue `jljdefce `jljdefce 3.3.?.  Gultjlbterbl requjregefts :4.  Jt js passjole tmbt stbf`br`jsbtjaf caul` brjse drb`ublly irag iurtmer ledjslbtjaf oy jf`jvj`ubl hurjs`jctjafs. Mawever, b qujcker bf` gare ufjiarg pracess iar bcmjevjfd sucm stbf`br`jsbtjaf caul` oe tmraudm gultjlbterbl bdreegefts rebcme` jf tme relevbft iarb. Pmjs pracess caul` `evelap b stbf`br` repartjfd ga`el iar hurjs`jctjafs ta use wmef jftra`ucjfd ledjslbtjaf wmjcm caul` oe tme iauf`btjaf oatm iar `agestjc repartjfd bf` iar repartjfd uf`er jfterfbtjafbl butagbtjc excmbfde bdreegefts. :=.  Jf b``jtjaf ta stbf`br`jsbtjaf ai repartjfd requjregefts bf` `ue `jljdefce requjregefts, iurtmer paljcy `jscussjafs af b gultjlbterbl obsjs caul` oe melpiul ta j`eftjiy tme scape bf` ga`bljtjes ai bfy excmbfde bdreegeft bdreegeft jfclu`jfd8

  tme types ai plbtiarg ta oe jfclu`e`. Iar exbgple8 tmase wmjcm bre pbygeft

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jfterge`jbrjes; tmase wmjcm bre fat jfterge`jbrjes out mal` jfiargbtjaf af  pbygefts gb`e; tmase wmjcm bre fat jfterge`jbrjes out mbve j`eftjty j `eftjty jfiargbtjaf af tmase wma mbve eftere` jfta caftrbctubl brrbfdegefts brrbfdegefts etc.

  sjze tmresmal`s jf tergs ai crass-oar`er ousjfess   wmetmer jfiargbtjaf relevbft iar persafbl jfcage tbx bf` carparbte jfcage tbx bs

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well bs vblue b``e` tbx smaul` oe callecte` bf` excmbfde` excmbfde`

  `eijfjfd tme jfiargbtjaf ta oe excmbfde` excmbfde`   settjfd aut tme tjge bf` gbffer ai tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf, jfclu`jfd tme

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relevbft scmegb

   pravjsjafs af cagpljbfce cagpljbfce bf` efiarcege efiarcegeft ft   cafij`eftjbljty bf` `btb sbiedubr`s

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caggefcegeft, tergjfbtjaf ar bgef`gefts bgef`gefts etc.   `eijfjtjafs, pravjsjafs af caggefcegeft,

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0. _ECAGGEF@BPJAFS BF@ CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ IU_PME_ TA_K  ┏ 03

Cmbpter 0. _ecaggef`btjafs bf` cafsj`erbtjafs iar iurtmer wark  

::.  Jt js clebr irag `jscussjafs oetweef gegoers ai tme AEC@ Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf (IPB) tmbt tmere js b strafd `esjre ta ijf` callboarbtjve gecmbfjsgs iar jgpravjfd tme eiiectjvefess ai tme tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, wmjle keepjfd our`efs bt b gjfjgug. Pmjs cafcerfs maw oest ta melp efbole cagpljbfce oy plbtiarg sellers ejtmer usjfd plbtiargs estboljsme` jf tmejr hurjs`jctjaf ai resj`efcy ar plbtiargs estboljsme` jf tmjr` hurjs`jctjafs. Pmjs repart gbkes tmree recaggef`btjafs recagg ef`btjafs iar iurtmer wark.

0.2. _ecaggef`bt _ecaggef`btjaf jaf 28 @evelapgeft ai b passjole Ca`e ai Caf`uct 2>>.  Djvef tmbt gbfy pbrtjcjpbfts jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy gjdmt mbve ufcertbjfty boaut tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs, e`ucbtjaf bf` duj`bfce bre jgpartbft bspects ai jgpravjfd tbx cagpljbfce. Pmjs cbf oe gare eiiectjve ji plbtiargs bre blsa pravj`jfd jfiargbtjaf jf tmjs breb, pbrtjculbrly wmere jt js gare `jrect bf` persafbljse`. Jf tmjs respect, stbf`br`jsbtjaf ai bpprabcmes tbkef oy `jiiereft tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs cbf mbve  pasjtjve eiiects jf re`ucjfd re`ucjfd our`efs, jfclu`jfd oy bllaw bllawjfd jfd plbtiargs ta `evelap salutjafs wmjcm bre wj`ely bppljcbole jf `jiiereft hurjs`jctjafs. 2>2.  Bffex B caftbjfs b `rbit Ca`e ai Caf`uct, wmjcm mbs oeef suohect ta jfjtjbl `jscussjaf oy IPB tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs. Jt js recaggef`e` tmbt hajft wark oe uf`ertbkef  oy b warkjfd draup ai IPB gegoers gegoers jf cafsultbtjaf wjtm smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy  plbtiargs af `evelapjfd tme `rbit Ca`e ai Caf`uct, jfclu`jfd cafsj`erjfd tme  prbctjcbljtjes ai gbf`btjfd gbf`btjfd jt bs appase` ta b valuftbry ga`el, bs well bs exb exbgjfjfd gjfjfd atmer aptjafs iar efboljfd plbtiarg sellers ta oetter uf`erstbf` tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs.

_ecaggef`btjaf jaf ?8 Caftjfujfd `jscussjafs ta oujl` tme evj`efce obse ai tbx 0.?. _ecaggef`bt rjsks bf` appartufjtjes iar re`ucjfd our`efs 2>?.  Tmjle cagpljbfce jssues mbve oeef j`eftjije` oy b fugoer ai tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, b`gjfjstrbtjafs, tme evj`efce obse bt preseft bs ta tme scble bf` fbture ai faf-cagpljbfce js relbtjvely uf`evelape`. Bs b result, tmere gby oe blterfbtjve aptjafs iar efboljfd cagpljbfce, wmetmer tmraudm seli-repartjfd ar cagpljbfce-oy-`esjdf brrbfdegefts, wmjcm regbjf ta  oe explare`. Pmjs js pbrtjculbrly jgpartbft djvef tmbt tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, ecafagy, bf` tme afljfe plbtiarg ecafagy gare deferblly, js expecte` ta draw rbpj`ly aver cagjfd yebrs. 2>3.  Jt js tmereiare recaggef`e` tmbt b warkjfd draup ai IPB tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs seeks ta `evelap b oetter uf`erstbf`jfd ai tme scble ai tbx rjsks, jfclu`jfd irag tme expecte` `evelapgeft ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy, bf` tme rbfde ai aptjafs iar efboljfd cagpljbfce. Pmjs caul` blsa laak bt aptjafs iar efmbfce` jfterfbtjafbl caaperbtjaf bs well bs caftjfujfd excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf af successiul prbctjces bf` ledjslbtjve bpprabcmes. bpprabcmes.

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00 ┏ 0. _ECAGGEF@BPJAFS BF@ CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ IU_PME_ TA_K

0.3. _ecaggef`bt _ecaggef`btjaf jaf 38 @evelapgeft ai b ledjslbtjve ga`el iar stbf`br`jse stbf`br`jse` ` repartjfd 2>0.  Stbf`br`jsbtjaf ai repartjfd bf` `ue `jljdefce requjregefts bcrass hurjs`jctjafs cbf melp gjfjgjse our`efs af plbtiargs wmjcm mbve, ar gby jf tme iuture mbve gultjfbtjafbl presefce tmraudm melpjfd ta bvaj` tme praljierbtjaf ai `jiiereft repartjfd requjregefts. Iar stbf`br`jsbtjaf ta oe bcmjeve` jf b ufjiarg bf` tjgely gbffer, gultjlbterbl `jscussjafs waul` oe fecessbry. stbf`br`jsbtjaf blsa ibcjljtbte tmepaljcy `evelapgeft ai jfterfbtjafbl butagbtjc Sucm excmbfde bdreegefts gby iar tmase  hurjs`jctjafs wjsmjfd ta tbke tbke up tmbt aptjaf. 2>5.  Smaul` wark af b ledjslbtjve ga`el iar stbf`br`jse` repartjfd oe tbkef iarwbr`  oy paljcy gbkers, tmef jt js recaggef`e` recaggef`e` tmbt b warkjfd draup ai IPB tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs smaul` pravj`e jfput irag tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf perspectjve. Pmjs wjll melp ta j`eftjiy tme iull set ai jfiargbtjaf bf` `ue `jljdefce requjre` oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs iar oatm `jrect bf` jf`jrect tbx. Jt wjll blsa melp ta efsure tmbt b stbf`br`jse` ga`el bllaws iar tme use ai passjole few tecmfalady salutjafs, iar exbgple tme use ai Bppljcbtjaf ^radrbggjfd Jfteribces (B^Js), ta gjfjgjse our`efs bf` tmbt cagpljbfce-oy-`esjdf cagpljbfceoy-`esjdf aptjafs bre efbole` wmere passjole bf` prbctjcbole. prbctjcbole.  

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BFFE] B. @_BIP CA@E AI CAF@UCP IA_ SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ ^LBPIA_GS  ┏ 05

Bffex B. @rbit ca`e ai caf`uct iar smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs

Smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs bre crebtjfd few ecafagjc appartufjtjes iar sellers bf` cafsugers ai gbfy daa`s bf` servjces, expbf`jfd tme rbfde ai ecafagjc bctjvjty bf` cafsuger cmajces. cmajces. Pmjs js ta oe welcage` pravj`e` pravj`e` tmbt sucm bctjvjty `a `aes es fat leb` ta ufibjr cagpetjtjaf bf` atmer puoljc paljcy cafcerfs, jfclu`jfd brauf` tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai jfcage recejve` oy plbtiarg sellers.  ^lbtiarg sellers mbve aoljdbtjafs ta repart tbxbole jfcage ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf wmere tmey bre tbx resj`eft bf`, jf sage cbses, ta tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf wmere tme bctjvjty tbkes plbce.  Mawever, gbfy plbtiarg sellers gby oe ufbwbre ai tmese aoljdbtjafs wmjle sage atmers gby cmaase ta jdfare tmeg. Pmjs Ca`e ai Caf`uct sets aut care elegefts ai caaperbtjaf oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs. Jts purpase purpase js ta melp plbtiarg sellers uf`erstbf` tmejr aoljdbtjafs, ta bssjst tmeg jf repartjfd tbxbole jfcage bf` ta ibcjljtbte excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf wjtm tbx butmarjtjes wmere requjre` oy lbw ar wmere requeste` oy tme plbtiarg seller. Pme Ca`e ai Caf`uct Caf`uct afly cafcerfs bctjafs wmjcm wmjcm bre bre fat blreb`y requjre` oy lbw bf` wmjcm bre cagpbtjole wjtm atmer ledbl requjregefts.  Jf tmjs Ca`e ai Caf`uct tme terg “mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf‗ js `eijfe` bs tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf wmere wmere tme plbtiarg js estboljsme`. estboljsme`. Pme terg “plbtiarg‗ “plbtiarg‗ js `eijfe` bs bfy  smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiarg wmjcm mbs bdree` ta bpply tmjs Ca`e ai Caf`uct. Pme terg “plbtiarg seller‗ js `eijfe` bs b persaf persaf selljfd  selljfd daa`s ar servjces tmraudm b smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiarg. ^raper bppljcbtjaf ai tmjs Ca`e ai Caf`uct smaul` fat oe tbkef ta requjre `jsprapartjafbte `jsprapartjafbte eiiarts. [B ljst ai plbtiargs, wmjcm mbve bdre bdree` e` ta bpply tme Ca`e wjll oe puoljsme`.W ^rebgole   ^rebgole

Pme plbtiarg bf` tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf smaul` gbjftbjf bf apef bf` trbfspbreft relbtjafsmjp jf relbtjaf ta gebsures ta jgprave tbx cagpljbfce bf` bssjst plbtiarg sellers jf uf`erstbf`jfd tmejr passjole tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pme plbtiarg smaul` mbve b `acugefte` strbtedy iar settjfd aut tme care elegefts ai caaperbtjaf wjtm tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta melp plbtiarg sellers uf`erstbf` tmejr aoljdbtjafs, ta bssjst tmeg jf repartjfd tbxbole jfcage bf` ta ibcjljtbte excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf wjtm tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wmere requjre` oy lbw. l bw. 2.  Pbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs, wmjcm wjsm plbtiargs ta efdbde wjtm plbtiarg sellers af tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs, wjll pravj`e jfiargbtjaf af tmejr respectjve weosjtes ar atmer bppljcbtjafs settjfd aut tme cjrcugstbfces wmef plbtiarg sellers gby oe ljbole ta tbx. Pmjs gby jfclu`e jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf boaut bppraprjbte bppraprjbte tmresmal`s bf` exegptjafs, repartjfd requjregefts, bllawbole expefses bf` recar` keepjfd aoljdbtjafs.

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09 ┏ BFFE] B. @_BIP CA@E AI CAF@UCP IA_ SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ ^LBPIA_GS

?.  Pme plbtiarg wjll sef` ebcm plbtiarg seller b deferbl stbtegeft bdree` wjtm tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf wmef b plbtiarg seller ijrst sjdfs up ta b plbtiarg bf` jf  perja`jc egbjls, texts, pap-up gessbdes gessbdes ar blterfbtjve gebfs ai caggufjcbtjaf caggufjcbtjaf (preierboly jf bccar`bfce wjtm plbtiarg sellers respectjve `eb`ljfes iar repartjfd tbxbole jfcage jf tme hurjs`jctjaf ai tbx resj`efcy). 3.  Pmjs stbtegeft wjll gbke clebr tmbt tme plbtiarg seller wjll oe respafsjole ta geet tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs. Pme plbtiarg smaul` blsa `jrect plbtiarg sellers wma bre resj`eft elsewmere ta cafsult duj`bfce jssue` oy tmejr mage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf 2. Jf b``jtjaf, wmere tme bctjvjty jfvalves rebl estbte, tme plbtiarg smaul` `jrect  plbtiarg sellers ta cafsult duj`bfce jssue` oy tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf wmere tme rebl estbte js lacbte`. 0.  B deferbl stbtegeft wjll blsa oe jfclu`e` jf tme plbtiarg‚s tergs bf` caf`jtjafs bs ta tme respafsjojljty ai plbtiarg sellers ta geet tmejr tbx aoljdbtjafs ai tmejr  hurjs`jctjaf ai resj`efce bf`, jf cbse ai reftbls, jf tme hurjs`jctjafs wmere tme rebl estbte js lacbte`. 5.  Pme plbtiarg wjll bdree ta bgef` jts af-oabr`jfd prace`ures iar exjstjfd bf` iuture custagers wjtmjf b rebsafbole tjge-irbge, tbkjfd bccauft ai atmer ousjfess fee`s, jf ar`er ta ta cbpture jfiargbtjaf jfiargbtjaf relevbft iar iar tbx purpases. purpases. Pme set ai jfiargbtjaf wjll oe bdree` wjtm tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf. Pmjs jfiargbtjaf smaul` blsa oe cbpbole ai oejfd exparte` jf b sebrcmbole iargbt. 9.  Pme plbtiarg wjll bdree wjtm tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ta uf`ertbke rebsafbole bf` prapartjafbte `ue `jljdefce cafcerfjfd tme verjijcbtjaf ai tme tbx j`eftjijcbtjaf fugoer (PJF), fbge, `bte ai ojrtm, fbtjafbljty bf` b``ress ai  plbtiarg sellers, bf` tmbt jfiargbtjaf recar`e` oy tme t me plbtiarg js cafsjsteft wjtm `acugeftbry evj`efce pravj`e` (iar exbgple pbsspart jfiargbtjaf). 4.  Tmere tme jfiargbtjaf js fat blreb`y bvbjlbole ta plbtiarg sellers, tme plbtiarg wjll pravj`e ebcm plbtiarg seller b stbtegeft ai pbygefts recejve` irag tme  plbtiarg af bf bffubl bffubl obsjs biter biter tme ef` ai tme tme tbx yebr jf tme mast hurjs`jctjaf. =.  Pme plbtiarg wjll put jf plbce brrbfdegefts ta repart bffublly ta tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf tme bddredbte fugoers ai plbtiarg sellers bf` jfcage af b cauftry-oy-cauftry obsjs [wmere tmere bre gare tmbf 2 >>> plbtiarg sellers jf b  pbrtjculbr hurjs`jctjafW. Pmjs wjll oe smbre` wjtm relevbft tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs tmraudm bppraprjbte ledbl dbtewbys bf` use` ta ibcjljtbte bfblysjs ai tbxpbyer cagpljbfce. :.  Pme plbtiarg wjll repart ta tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf bffublly bf` jf deferbl tergs af maw jt mbs get tme elegefts ai tmjs Ca`e. 2>. Jf hurjs`jctjafs wmere jt js requjre` oy lbw tmbt plbtiargs iarwbr` tbx-relbte` jfiargbtjaf ta tme mast tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf, tme plbtiarg wjll jf jts terg bf` caf`jtjafs jfiarg plbtiarg sellers tmbt sucm jfiargbtjaf wjll oe sa iarwbr`e`. 22. Tmere bppraprjbte uf`er tmjs Ca`e, tme plbtiarg wjll bllaw jts egplayees ta caaperbte wjtm tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta ijf` salutjafs tadetmer, jfclu`jfd bt tme tecmfjcbl level, wmjcm wjll oe sustbjfbole iar oatm tme plbtiarg bf` tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs.

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BFFE] B. @_BIP CA@E AI CAF@UCP IA_ SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ ^LBPIA_GS  ┏ 04

Fates 2

 Iar exbgple, b stbtegeft gjdmt sby8 “Zau gby oe ljbole iar tbx af tme jfcage tmbt yau recejve. Jt js yaur respafsjojljty ta pby bfy tbxes `ue bf` yau gby oe ljbole iar pefbltjes ji yau `a fat. Jfiargbtjaf iar [mast hurjs`jctjafW cbf oe iauf` bt [mast hurjs`jctjaf weosjteW. Ji yau bre resj`eft elsewmere, yau smaul` cmeck wjtm yaur mage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf.‗

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BFFE] O. JFIA_GBPJAF IJEL@S _E^A_PE@ BS FEE@E@ OZ PB] B@GJFJSP_BP B@GJFJSP_BPJAFS JAFS ┏ 0:

Bffex O. Jfiargbtjaf ijel`s reparte` bs fee`e` oy tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs iar `jrect tbx purpases

Pbole O.2. Care jfiargbtjaf iar bll smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs

Lbst fbge

Ijrst fbge

^raperty b``ress

Care jfiargbtjaf iar bll smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs Pbx j`eftjijcbtj j`eftjijcbtjaf af @bte ai ojrtm B``ress Obfk bccauft  Bgaufts pbj` pbj` ta tme fugoer (ji bfy) `etbjls plbtiarg seller Extrb jfiargbtjaf iar reftbls ^raperty redjstrbtj redjstrbtjaf af fugoer (ji bfy) @urbtjaf ai tme caftrbct

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BFFE] C. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ @AGESPJC LEDJSLBPJAF  ┏ 52

Bffex C. Cafsj`erbtjafs iar `agestjc ledjslbtjaf iar eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers iar `jrect tbx purpases

Obckdrauf` Afe aptjaf ta oaast tbx cagpljbfce jf tme breb ai smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy js ta jftra`uce specjijc ledjslbtjaf bs js blreb`y tme cbse jf b fugoer ai hurjs`jctjafs. Hurjs`jctjafs gby wjsm ta cafsj`er tme iallawjfd elegefts tmbt caul` oe jfcarparbte` jfta `agestjc ledjslbtjaf iacuse` af efmbfcjfd tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai plbtiarg sellers bs well bs pravj`jfd ilexjojljty ta b`bpt ta bfy iuture jfterfbtjafbl stbf`br`jsbtjaf ar jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf.

Scape Ledjslbtjaf caul` oe `esjdfe` ta caver bll sectars ai tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy ar ta b``ress tmase sectars wmere tmere gby oe b drebter rjsk ai tbx faf-cagpljbfce ar mjdmer levels ai tbx bt rjsk. Tmere afly sage plbtiargs bre jfclu`e` wjtmjf scape, cafsj`erbtjaf fee`s ta oe djvef ta cagpetjtjaf jssues. Tmere ledbl aoljdbtjafs bre plbce` af faf-resj`eft plbtiargs, cafsj`erbtjaf fee`s ta oe djvef ta maw ta t a efiarce tmase aoljdbtjafs. Jf ar`er ta efsure ilexjojljty iar iuture `evelapgefts, cafsj`erbtjaf smaul` oe djvef ta retbjfjfd ilexjojljty jf ledjslbtjaf ta cmbfde tme scape ai ledjslbtjve requjregefts, jfclu`jfd tme bojljty ta callect jfiargbtjaf af oembli ai atmer tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wmere bf jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde bdreegeft bdreegeft js jf plbce.

Jfiargbt Jfiargbtjaf jaf requjregefts requjregefts –   –  af-oabr`jfd  af-oabr`jfd Smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs mbve jf plbce af-oabr`jfd prace`ures oy wmjcm tmey callect `btb af plbtiarg sellers upaf redjstrbtjaf. Ledjslbtjaf caul` requjre afljfe  plbtiargs ta bcqujre specjijc specjijc `btb wmjcm caul` tmef oe caggufjcbte` caggufjcbte` ta tbx butmarjtjes jf bf bppraprjbte iargbt. Iar exbgple, plbtiargs efdbdjfd jf tme cafclusjaf ai tme reftbl caftrbct caul` oe requjre` ta callect tme iallawjfd `btb8 fbge bf` lessar‚s PJF, lessar‚s b``ress (jfclu`jfd tme cauftry ai resj`efce), `bte ai ojrtm, `urbtjaf ai caftrbct, b``ress ai tme jggavbole praperty, drass bgauft ai reftbl bf` obfk bccauft fugoer. Jf ar`er ta efsure ilexjojljty oatm iar i ar iuture `evelapgefts jf tme plbtiarg ecafagy bf` ta respaf` ta passjole iuture i uture stbf`br`jzbtjaf ai requjregefts, cafsj`erb cafsj`erbtjaf tjaf smaul` oe djvef ta retbjfjfd ilexjojljty jf ledjslbtjaf ta b`` ta, ar b`bpt iuture jfiargbtjaf recar`jfd requjregefts.

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5? ┏ BFFE] C. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ @AGESPJC LEDJSLBPJAF

@ue `jljdefce requjregefts Ledjslbtjaf cbf pravj`e iar gjfjgug `ue `jljdefce requjregefts oy tme plbtiarg ta efsure b mjdm `edree ai reljbojljty reljbojljty ai tme jfiargbtjaf pravj`e` oy plbtiarg se sellers. llers. Pmese waul` fee` ta oe jf ljfe wjtm `btb pratectjaf rules cafcerfjfd tme pracessjfd ai persafbl `btb. Ruestjafs ta oe cafsj`ere` jfclu`e8

  wmbt jfiargbtjaf smaul` oe pravj`e` oy tme plbtiarg seller `urjfd af oabr`jfd

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 prace`ures, ar ar wmere tmere bre cmbfdes cmbfdes jf cjrcugstbfces cjrcugstbfces

  smaul` tmjs jfiargbtjaf oe jf ljfe wjtm bftj-gafey lbuf`erjfd requjregefts requjregefts ar bre

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tmere `jiiereft cafsj`erbtjafs, iar exbgple iar prapartjafbljty rebsafs

  wmbt recar`s smaul` oe kept ai cmecks `afe ar `acugefts recejve` (jfclu`jfd

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electrafjcblly)

  maw cbf `ue `jljdefce requjregefts oe efiarce` wmere plbtiargs mbve fa

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 pmysjcbl presefce presefce jf tme hurjs`jctjaf.1 hurjs`jctjaf.1 Jf ar`er ta efsure ilexjojljty iar iuture `evelapgefts, jfclu`jfd passjole jfterfbtjafbl bdreegefts, cafsj`erbtjaf smaul` oe djvef ta retbjfjfd ilexjojljty jf ledjslbtjaf ta cmbfde `ue `jljdefce requjrege requjregefts. fts.

Tjtmmal`jfd Hurjs`jctjafs gby wjsm ta cafsj`er tme jftra`uctjaf ai b wjtmmal`jfd tbx levje` oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs af tme drass jfcage recejve` oy plbtiarg sellers iar servjces  pravj`e` ar daa`s sal` sal` vjb smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy ecafagy plbtiargs. Pme jftra`uctjaf ai ledjslbtjve pravjsjafs jgplyjfd b wjtmmal`jfd tbx aoljdbtjaf af jfterge`jbrjes, e.d. plbtiarg pravj`ers tmbt pravj`e ef`-ta-ef` servjces iar tmejr custagers, gby melp ta bcmjeve tbx certbjfty bs ta tbx ljbojljtjes bf` b re`uctjaf jf cagplexjty iar plbtiarg sellers. Gareaver, djvef tme lbrde bf` pateftjblly drawjfd fugoer ai plbtiarg sellers, b wjtmmal`jfd tbx gby oe seef bs bf eiiectjve gebsure cagpbre` ta resaurce jftefsjve bu`jts jfvalvjfd lbrde fugoers ai jf`jvj`ubls gbfy ai wma gby recejve relbtjvely sgbll bgaufts ai jfcage. Ruestjafs ta oe cafsj`ere` jfclu`e8   smaul` ledjslbtjve sjgpljijcbtjafs oe jftra`uce` ta re`uce our`efs af plbtiargs irag bpplyjfd `jiiereft rbtes bf` tmresmal`s 

  smaul` tbxpbyers mbve tme aptjaf ta mbve wjtmmal`jfd tbx bpplje` ar ta oe suohect

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ta exjstjfd rules iar repartjfd bf` pbygeft ai tbx

  maw cbf aver-wjtmmal`jfd oe gjfjgjze` ta bvaj` lbrde fugoers ai few

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jfterbctjafs wjtm tbxpbyers aver pateftjblly sgbll bgaufts

  smaul` `jiiereftjbl tbx rbtes bf`/ar tmresmal`s oe bpplje` iar wjtmmal`jfd

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brrbfdegefts

  smaul` wjtmmal`jfd oe tbrdete` ta jf`jvj`ubls j f`jvj`ubls fat ruffjfd b ousjfess bctjvjty

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  maw cbf wjtmmal`jfd oe bpplje` wmere b plbtiarg mbs fa pmysjcbl presefce jf tme

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 hurjs`jctjaf1

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

BFFE] C. CAFSJ@E_BPJAFS IA_ @AGESPJC LEDJSLBPJAF  ┏ 53

_epartjfd requjregefts Ledjslbtjaf caul` jgpase repartjfd aoljdbtjafs af afljfe plbtiargs, jf pbrtjculbr tmase bctjfd bs jfterge`jbrjes ibcjljtbtjfd pbygefts. Ruestjafs ta oe cafsj`ere` jfclu`e8

  smaul` plbtiargs oe requjre` ta sef` j`eftjty jfiargbtjaf af bll plbtiarg sellers ta

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tme tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf ta efsure tmbt tmey bre redjstere` iar tbx oeiare uf`ertbkjfd bctjvjty

  smaul` plbtiargs oe requjre` ta pravj`e bll relevbft `btb iar b djvef perja` ta tme

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 plbtiarg seller ta ibcjljtbte seli-repartjfd seli-repartjfd

  wmbt `btb smaul` oe callecte` bf` seft ta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs ta efbole tme

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gbtcmjfd ai tbxpbyers bf`/ar pre-ijlljfd

  bre `jiiereft `btb sets requjre` iar `jiiereft types ai plbtiarg (iar exbgple wmere

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jggavebole praperty js cafcerfe cafcerfe`) `)

  maw irequeftly smaul` `btb oe seft, iar exbgple ta efbole pre-ijlljfd ai tbx

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returfs, bf` smaul` tmjs oe b gjfjgug irequefcy (iar exbgple bllawjfd plbtiargs ta `evelap rebl-tjge aptjafs)

  wmbt iargbt smaul` tme jfiargbtjaf smaul` oe seft jf (iar exbgple ]GL)

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  wmbt sbfctjafs smaul` oe jgpase` iar faf-repartjfd

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  maw cbf repartjfd oe efiarce` wmere plbtiargs mbve fa pmysjcbl presefce jf tme

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 hurjs`jctjaf1 Jf ar`er ta efsure ilexjojljty iar iuture `evelapgefts, cafsj`erbtjaf smaul` oe djvef ta retbjfjfd ilexjojljty jf ledjslbtjaf ta cmbfde repartjfd requjregefts, jfclu`jfd iargbt bf`  perja`jcjty. Iar exbgple, iuture tecmfalady salutjafs sucm bs bppljcbtjaf pradrbggjfd jfteribces gby bllaw rebl-tjge repartjfd `jrect jfta tbx b`gjfjstrbtjaf systegs.

Jfterfbtjafbl excmbfde gbtters Pa melp avercage cafcerfs boaut tme efiarcebojljty ai requjregefts af plbtiargs wmjcm mbve fa pmysjcbl presefce, cafsj`erbtjaf caul` oe djvef ta pravjsjafs efboljfd tme recjpracbl butagbtjc excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf wjtm atmer tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs wmere b sujtbole jfterfbtjafbl bdreegeft bdreegeft (sucm bs b cagpeteft butmarjty bdreegeft uf`er Brtjcle 9 ai tme Gultjlbterbl Cafveftjaf af Gutubl B`gjfjstrbtjve Bssjstbfc Bssjstbfce) e) js jf plbce. Sucm pravjsjafs caul` bllaw iar tme excmbfde ai jfiargbtjaf bgafd sage tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs prjar ta tme autcage ai gultjlbterbl paljcy `jscussjafs bf` caul` blsa efbole tme swjit jgplegeftbtjaf jgplegeftbtjaf ai bfy gultjlbterbl bdreegefts. bdreegefts.

PME SMB_JFD BF@ DJD ECAFAGZ8 EIIECPJYE PB]BPJAF AI ^LBPIA_G SELLE_S © AEC@ ?>2:

 

A_DBFJSBPJAF IA_ ECAFAGJC CA-A^E_BPJAF BF@ @EYELA^GEFP Pme AEC@ js b ufjque iarug wmere daverfgefts wark tadetmer ta b``ress tme ecafagjc, sacjbl bf` efvjrafgeftbl cmbllefdes ai dlaobljsbtjaf. Pme AEC@ js blsa bt tme iareiraft ai eiiarts ta uf`erstbf` bf` ta melp daverfgefts respaf` ta few `evelapgefts bf` cafcerfs, sucm bs carparbte daverfbfce, tme jfiargbtjaf ecafagy bf` tme cmbllefdes ai bf bdejfd papulbtjaf. Pme Ardbfjsbtjaf pravj`es b settjfd  wmere daverfgefts cbf cagpbre paljcy experjefces, seek bfswers ta caggaf praolegs, j`eftjiy daa` prbctjce bf` wark ta ca-ar`jfbte `agestjc bf` jfterfbtjafbl paljcjes. Pme AEC@ gegoer cauftrjes bre8 Bustrbljb, Bustrjb, Oeldjug, Cbfb`b, Cmjle, tme Czecm _epuoljc, @efgbrk, Estafjb, Ijflbf`, Irbfce, Dergbfy, Dreece, Mufdbry, Jcelbf`, Jrelbf`, Jsrbel, Jtbly, Hbpbf, Kareb, Lbtvjb, Ljtmubfjb, Luxegoaurd, Gexjca, tme Fetmerlbf`s, Few Xeblbf`, Farwby, ^albf`, ^artudbl, tme Slavbk _epuoljc, Slavefjb, Spbjf, Swe`ef, Swjtzerlbf`, Purkey, tme Ufjte` Kjfd`ag bf` tme Ufjte` Stbtes. Pme Eurapebf Ufjaf tbkes pbrt jf tme wark ai tme AEC@. AEC@ ^uoljsmjfd `jssegjfbtes wj`ely tme results ai tme Ardbfjsbtjaf‚s stbtjstjcs dbtmerjfd bf` resebrcm af ecafagjc, sacjbl bf` efvjrafgeftbl jssues, bs well bs tme cafveftjafs, duj`eljfes bf` stbf`br`s bdree` oy jts gegoers.

AEC@ ^UOLJSMJFD, ?, rue Bf`rê-^bscbl, 45445 ^B_JS CE@E] 29 JSOF :4=-:?-90-995:?-4 – ?>2:

 

b f` Djd Ecafagy8 Eiiectjve Pme Smbrjfd bf` Ei iectjve Pbxbtjaf Pbxbtjaf ai ^lbtiarg Sellers IA_UG AF PB] B@GJFJSP_BPJAF Pmjs repart laaks bt bpprabcmes ta melp efsure tme eiiectjve tbxbtjaf ai tmase ebrfjfd jfcage irag tme sble ai daa`s ar servjces jf tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy. Jt cafsj`ers tme `jiiereft wbys tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs cbf oest efdbde wjtm plbtiarg sellers, smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs, bf` ebcm atmer ta efbole gare eiiectjve tbx cagpljbfce. Pme repart js `jvj`e` jfta iaur cmbpters. Pme flrst cmbpter sets aut tme obckdrauf` ta tme smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy bf` tme rale ai afljfe plbtiargs. Pme secaf` cmbpter pravj`es sage exbgples ai curreft bpprabcmes tmbt bre oejfd tbkef oy AEC@ Iarug af Pbx B`gjfjstrbtjaf gegoers tmbt pbrtjcjpbte` jf tmjs wark. Cmbpter tmree sets aut b rbfde ai aptjafs tmbt tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs gby wjsm ta cafsj`er ta melp efbole cagpljbfce jf tmjs sectar. Ijfblly, cmbpter iaur sets aut tmree recaggef`btjafs bf` cafsj`erbtjafs iar passjole iurtmer wark8 hajft wark oetweef tbx b`gjfjstrbtjafs bf` plbtiargs af pravj`jfd jfiargbtjaf bf` suppart ta plbtiarg sellers; jgpravjfd tme evj`efce obse ta efmbfce uf`erstbf`jfd ai tme tbx bt rjsk jf relbtjaf ta plbtiargs; bf` bssjstjfd jf tme passjole `evelapgeft ai b ledjslbtjve ga`el iar stbf`br`jse` repartjfd oy smbrjfd bf` djd ecafagy plbtiargs.

Cafsult tmjs puoljcbtjaf af ljfe bt  mttps8//`aj.ard/2>.  mttps8//`aj.ard/2>.24=4/54 24=4/540o92i=-ef 0o92i=-ef. Pmjs wark js puoljsme` af tme AEC@ jLjorbry, wmjcm dbtmers bll AEC@ oaaks, perja`jcbls bf` stbtjstjcbl `btbobses.  Yjsjt www.aec`-jljorbry.ard iar gare jfiargbtjaf.

JSOF :4=-:?-90-995:?-4

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