Observacion de Cápsulas y Endosporas

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3) F^AK DN YXËCTACK DN JKH@XKT@XA@ 8 @HSNXUKCAÓG DN CËYS^JKS Q NGD@SY@XKS Agtr`duccaóg. Dngtr` dn jks p`sahjns nstructurks qun kjfugks hkctnraks pundng pr`ducar c`b` rnsujtkd` dn su bntkh`jasb` ` rnkccaóg kgtn ugk satukcaóg kdvnrsk dnj bnda` kbhangtn, nxastng d`s qun s`g abp`rtkgtns pkrk jk vadk dn jks hkctnraks qun jks pr`ducng. Nstks s`g jk cëpsujk y jk ngd`sp`rk. Jk ngd`sp`rk c`g`cadk ksâ p`rqun sn e`rbk dngtr` dn jk cájujk, ns ug cunrp` rneragfngtn (rnerkctk jk juz), `vkj, dn pkrnd frunsk y qun rnprnsngtk ugk ntkpk dn jk vadk dn jks hkctnraks qun jk e`rbkg. Ns ugk nstructurk rnsastngtn qun sn pr`ducn cukgd` jks c`gdaca`gns kbhangtkjns c`bangzkg k snr dnsekv`rkhjns pkrk jk hkctnrak (kf`tkbangt` dn j`s gutrangtns, tnbpnrkturks nxtrnbks, rkdakca`gns, c`bpunst`s tóxac`s, ckj`r, dnsnckcaóg, kcadnz, ntc. y s`g jks nstructurks vavks bës rnsastngtns qun sn c`g`cng. Cukgd` jks c`gdaca`gns kbhangtkjns vunjvng k snr ekv`rkhjns (tnbpnrkturk kdncukdk, mubndkd, gutrangtns) jk ngd`sp`rk "fnrbagk" y sn vunjvn k fngnrkr jk cájujk fngátackbngtn adágtack qun nrk kgtns. G` t`dks jks hkctnraks tangng jk ckpkcadkd dn e`rbkr ngd`sp`rks, d`s fágnr`s bacr`ha`jófackbngtnn abp`rtkgtns qun jks pr`ducng s`g< Hkcajjus y Cj`stradaub.   bacr`ha`jófackbngt Hkcajjus y Cj`stradaub e`rbkg ngd`sp`rks k rkzóg dn ugk p`r ckdk cájujk hkctnrakgk, qun sn

c`gsadnrk c`b` e`rbk vnfntktavk, k nstn pr`cns` sn jn c`g`cn c`b` nsp`r`fágnsas ` nsp`rujkcaóg. Kj eagkjazkr nj pr`cns` dn nsp`r`fágnsas, jk cájujk vnfntktavk sn jask (r`bpabangt`) y jahnrk jk ngd`sp`rk yk e`rbkdk kj nxtnra`r. Jk ngd`sp`rk pundn pnrdurkr durkgtn kû`s ng nstkd` dn jktngcak ` d`rbkgcak sag pnrdnr jk ckpkcadkd dn fnrbagkr. Jk p`sacaóg y jk b`re`j`fâk dn jk ngd`sp`rk ng nj agtnra`r dn jk hkctnrak c`gstatuyng ug ckrëctnr tkx`góbac` ütaj pkrk daenrngcakr nspncans dngtr` dn ug basb` fágnr`. Y`r nlnbpj`, Hkcajjus spmknracus p`snn ugk ngd`sp`rk nseárack c`g j`ckjazkcaóg tnrbagkj y dne`rbkgtn dn jk cájujk vnfntktavk, p`r j` qun sunjn snr dng`bagkdk ng pkjajj` dn tkbh`r. Hkcajjus tmuragfangsas tangn j`ckjazkdk ugk ngd`sp`rk njaps`adkj ng nj cngtr` dn jk cájujk vnfntktavk, j` qun pr`v`ck ug kh`bhkbangt` ckrkctnrâstac` dng`bagkd` ng mus`. Kjfugks ngenrbndkdns buy c`g`cadks s`g pr`ducadks p`r nspncans dn Cj`stradaub. Nl. C. tntkga (tátkg`s), C. pnreragfngs (fkgfrngk fksn`sk) y C. h`tujagub (h`tujasb`). @trks s`g pr`ducadks p`r nspncans dn Hkcajjus. Nl. H. kgtmrkcas (kgtrkx). Tagcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks. Jk e`rbkcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks ns ug ckrëctnr dn frkg abp`rtkgcak ng jk ha`j`fâk dn ug bacr``rfkgasb`. Ykrk jk `hsnrvkcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks hkctnrakgks sn mkcn ugk tácgack dn tagcaóg snjnctavk pr`punstk p`r Smnkeenr y Eujt`g. Tácgack dng`bagkdk ksâ ng m`g`r k d`s bacr`haój`f`s qun jk dnskrr`jjkr`g ng ;139< Kjacn H. Scmkneenr y BkcD`gkjd Eujt`g. Ng jk tácgack sn utajazk d`s Yëfagk ; dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3) c`j`rkgtns hësac`s< vnrdn dn bkjkquatk (prabkra`) y skerkgagk (dn c`gtrkstn)? y ug kfngtn b`rdangtn< ckj`r. Eugdkbngt` dn jk tagcaóg.  tagcaóg.  Jk pkrnd cnjujkr dn jk ngd`sp`rk prnsngtk dastagt` c`bp`rtkbangt` qun jk bnbhrkgk hkctnrakgk erngtn k jk tagcaóg. Jk ngd`sp`rk ns bës c`bpjnlk qun jk cájujk vnfntktavk quang jk e`rbk. Sój` sn pundn tnûar nj c`gtngad` dn jk ngd`sp`rk kjtnrkgd` su nstructurk. Jk c`bpjnladkd dn jks basbks daeacujtk qun sn dnc`j`rng ugk vnz tnûadks. Nj vnrdn dn bkjkquatk ns ug c`j`rkgtn dáhajbngtn hësac` (tangn ugk ckrfk p`satavk dáhaj) y p`r j` tkgt`, sn ugn dáhajbngtn k jk hkctnrak. Nstn pngntrk ng jk cájujk vnfntktavk y cukgd` sn ckjangtk jk prnpkrkcaóg ngt`gcns tkbhaág pngntrk k jk ngd`sp`rk e`rbkdk. Durkgtn nj jkvkd` c`g kfuk, nj vnrdn dn bkjkquatk sn njabagk dn jks cájujks vnfntktavks, pnr` g` dn jk ngd`sp`rk ng jk cukj yk nstë eal`. Nj c`j`rkgtn dn c`gtrkstn Skerkgagk, agtnrvangn pkrk tnûar k jks cájujks vnfntktavks qun sn dnc`j`rkr`g p`r nj kfuk. Dn nstktnûadks b kgnrkdnsnr`skd`. bkgnrk `hsnrvkg kj bacr`sc`pa`, ngd`sp`rks tnûadks dn vnrdn y pkrtns ` cájujks vnfntktavks Tkbhaág, ng kjfugks `cksa`gns sn `hsnrvk jk e`rbk, tkbkû` rnjktav` y p`sacaóg dn jk ngd`sp`rk ng jk cájujk vnfntktavk. Cëpsujk hkctnrakgk. Bucmks hkctnraks sn r`dnkg dn ug bktnrakj fnjktag`s`, c`bpunst` dn p`jaskcërad`s qun rncahn nj g`bhrn dn cëpsujk ` ckpk bucajkfag`sk. Tkbhaág k ástk nstructurk kctukjbngtn sn jn mk dkd` nj g`bhrn dn fjuc`ckjax. Jk cëpsujk sn pundn dneagar c`b` ugk nstructurk supnreacakj qun prnsngtkg bucmks hkctnraks ng sus kbhangtns gkturkjns, c`gsastngtn ng ugk kcubujkcaóg dn bktnrakj buc`s` ` vasc`s`, satukd` nxtnrgkbngtn rnspnct` dn jk pkrnd cnjujkr. Ns ugk ckpk râfadk n abpnrbnkhjn k j`s c`j`rkgtns y sn pundng cjksaeackr ng eugcaóg dnj frkd` dn ks`cakcaóg c`g jk supnreacan cnjujkr, ` p`r su c`gsastngcak< k) k)   Cëpsujk râfadk< c`g sueacangtn c`gsastngcak nstructurkj c`b` pkrk nvatkr jk ngtrkdk dn pkrtâcujks c`b` jks dn tagtk cmagk ` gafr`sagk. Sunjn tngnr ug jâbatn nxtnra`r dneagad`. h) h)   Cëpsujk ejnxahjn< p`ck c`gsastngcak, dn b`d` qun g` nxcjuyn pkrtâcujks. Kdnbës, ns dne`rbkhjn y ckrngtn dn jâbatns prncas`s. c) c)   Cëpsujk agtnfrkj< âgtabkbngtn ks`cakdk c`g jk supnreacan cnjujkr, c`g jk pkrnd cnjujkr Jks cëpsujks s`g nstructurks agnrtns ‚g` vavks‒, ckrngtns dn kctav adkd bntkhójack, pnr` qun

c`geanrng k jks hkctnraks abp`rtkgtns pr`pandkdns, ngtrn njjks nstëg<  

Sarvn dn cuhanrtk pr`tnct`rk kgtn satukca`gns kbhangtkjns kdvnrsks. Yëfagk 8 dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3)  

Sarvn c`b` dnpósat` dn kjabngt`s y c`b` jufkr dn njabagkcaóg dn sustkgcaks dn dnsncm`.   Yr`tnfn dn jk dnsnckcaóg, yk qun c`gtangn ugk frkg ckgtadkd dn kfuk kjbkcngkdk.   Ynrbatn jk kdmnsaóg k `trks cájujks e`rbkgd` bacr`c`j`gaks.   Ynrbatn jk kdmnsaóg k sustrkt`s agnrtns (c`j`gazkcaóg dn sus gacm`s nc`jófac`s) ` vav`s (tnlad`s `rfkgasb`s supnra`rns). Sarvn dn dn pr`tnccaóg c`gtrk kfngtns kgtahkctnrakg`s.   Sarvn dn pr`tnccaóg kgtn ekf`cat`sas.  

Tagcaóg pkrk jk `hsnrvkcaóg dn cëpsujk. Ykrk `hsnrvkr jks cëpsujks hkctnrakgks, ns gncnskra` rnkjazkr ugk tagcaóg dn tap` ‚agdarnctk‒, ‚ agdarnctk‒, yk qun

ástks g` sn `hsnrvkg c`j`rnkdks ng j`s er`tas tnûad`s c`rrangtnbngtn, p`rqun dacmks nstructurks p`r su gkturkjnzk abpnrbnkhjn g` rntangng nj c`j`rkgtn, p`r c`gsafuangtn, ng jk tagcaóg jk nstructurk g` sn c`j`rnk sag` qun sn `hsnrvk p`r c`gtrkstn. ^gk tácgack dn tagcaóg utajazkdk utajazkdk ns jk c`g`cadk c`b` tagcaóg p`r nj bát`d` dn Kgtm`gy. Nstk tácgack utajazk nj c`j`rkgtn crastkj va`jntk (c`j`rkgtn prabkra`) y sujekt` dn c`hrn (S@4 C^) c`b` rnkctav`. Eugdkbngt` dn jk tagcaóg. Nj crastkj va`jntk taûn t`d` nj er`tas c`j`r `scur`. Nj rnkctav` sujekt` dn c`hrn tangn eugcaóg dnc`j`rkgtn y sn usk pkrk nglukfkr nj c`j`rkgtn crastkj va`jntk. G` sn usk kfuk, p`rqun jk ckpsujk ns s`juhjn k ástk. Tkbhaág c`gtrahuyn kj c`gtrkstn dn jk cëpsujk c`g nj e`gd` dn jk prnpkrkcaóg. @hlntav`s. ;.  ;.  Kdquarar c`g`cabangt`s tnórac`s y prëctac`s rnjkca`gkd`s k jks tagca`gns snjnctavks pkrk `hsnrvkr ngd`sp`rks y cëpsujks hkctnrakgks. 8.  8.  Xnkjazkr tagca`gns pkrk `hsnrvkr cëpsujks y ngd`sp`rks hkctnrakgks. 3.  3.  C`bprngdnr nj eugdkbngt` dn ckdk tap` dn tagcaóg. Bktnrakjns y nquap`. ng bnda`s sójad`s dn Hkcajjus   Cujtav`s suhtajas, Nscmnracmak c`ja     S`jucaóg skjagk ` kfuk dnstajkdk.   Jëbagks p`rtk`hlnt`s.   Ksk hkctnra`jófack.   Eóse`r`s   Hkgdnlk dn tagcaóg.   @tr`s. 

             

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C`j`rkgtn Skerkgagk. C`j`rkgtn Unrdn dn bkjkquatk. C`j`rkgtn Crastkj Ua`jntk. S`jucaóg dn Sujekt` dn C`hrn. Bncmnr` dn Hugsng Kcnatn dn agbnrsaóg. Bacr`sc`pa`.

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Yëfagk 3 dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3) Dnskrr`jj`. Tácgack dn jk c`j`rkcaóg c `j`rkcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks (Bát`d` dn Smnkeenr – Smnkeenr – Eujt`g).  Eujt`g). Ckdk nstudakgtn rnkjazkrë jk tácgack dn tagcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks c`g jk hkctnrak H. suhtajas (cujtav` dn 5 dâks). ;.  ;.  T`bkr nj ksk hkctnra`jófack y nstnrajazkrjk k jk jjkbk. Ngerakrjk ng jk pr`xabadkd dnj bncmnr`. 8.  8.  T`bkr nj cujtav` dn jk hkctnrak H. suhtajas  ng tuh` y khrarj` cnrck dnj dnj bncmnr`. T`bkr c`g nj ksk ugk p`rcaóg dnj cujtav` qun mk crncad` s`hrn jk supnreacan y cnrrkr nj tuh` (ejkbnkr jk kpnrturk dnj tuh` kgtns dn cnrrkrj`). 3.  3.  Xnkjazkr ug er`tas y ealkr k jk jjkbk. 4.  4.  Kpjackr c`j`rkgtn Unrdn dn Bkjkquatk s`hrn nj er`tas y dnlkr p`r ;9 bagut`s. >.  >.  Ckjngtkr nj er`tas mkstk nbatar vkp`rns durkgtn 3 bagut`s. G` dnlkr qun nj c`j`rkgtn jjnfun k snckrsn. Sa sn c`bangzk k snckr, kfráfunjn bës c`j`rkgtn. 5.  5.  Jkvkr c`g kfuk durkgtn ug`s 89 snfugd`s.   6. Kpjackrc`g c`j`rkgtn Skerkgagk s`hrn njy er`tas y dnlkr =.  =.  Jkvkr kfuk, snckr c`g cuadkd` `hsnrvkr c`gdurkgtn nj jngtn 39 dn snfugd`s. ;99x. 1.  1.  @hsnrvkr y mkcnr nsqunbks. Xnsujtkd`s.  Jkvkr jk prnpkrkcaóg c`g ugk s`jucaóg dn Sujekt` dn C`hrn (S@4Cu). 5.  5.  Snckr kj karn ng p`sacaóg vnrtackj y nxkbagkr c`g jngtn dn agbnrsaóg. 6.  6.  @hsnrvkr y mkcnr nsqunbks. Xnsujtkd`s.  5.  5.  6.  6.  =.  =. 

ng jkkyudk jëbagkdny `trk bázcjnjk kdncukdkbngtn kdncukdkbngt n c`g jk f`tk C`g jëbagk nxtangdk jk f`tk (Eaf. ). dn tagtk cmagk. Dnsckrtn jk jëbagk qun utajazó pkrk nxtngdnr nj er`tas kdncukdkbngtn. Dnlkr snckr cnrck dnj ërnk dnj bncmnr` y ealkr cuadkd`skbngtn ng nj bncmnr`. C`j`rnn durkgtn ug bagut` c`g ugk s`jucaóg kcu`sk dn skerkgagk kj ;%. Jkvkr c`g kfuk c`rrangtn y dnlkr snckr. Nxkbagn jk jëbagk hkl` nj `hlntav` dn agbnrsaóg yn nsqunbktacn sus rnsujtkd`s.

Eungtns dn c`gsujtk Ëvajk, HD. 8996. Bkgukj dn Yrëctacks dn Jkh`rkt`ra`. ^gavnrsadkd dn Nj Skjvkd`r. Ekcujtkd dn Cangcaks Kfr`góbacks. Dnpkrtkbngt` dn Yr`tnccaóg Unfntkj. Skg Skjvkd`r. 63 p. Hr`co, TD? Bkdafkg BT. ;113. Bacr`ha`j`fâk. Yrngtacn Mkjj. 5¹ nd. Báxac`. 1>5 p. Bkgkc`rdk, KB. nt. kj. 899>. Bkgukj Yrëctac` dn Bacr`ha`j`fâk. Dnpkrtkbngt` dn Cangcaks dnj Kbhangtn. Bacr`ha`j`fâk Fngnrkj. Fua`g dn prëctacks. Agstatut` dn Kfr`ha`tncg`j`fâk y Xncurs`s Gkturkjns. ^YGK/CSAC. 4> p. Ynjczkr? Xnad? Cmkag. ;1=8. Bacr`ha`j`fâk. 8¹ nd. BcFrkw-Majj. Báxac`, D. E. Báxac`. 663 p. Yrëctacks dn Bacr`ha`j`fâk. Dnpkrtkbngt` dn Bacr`ha`j`fâk y Fngátack. ^gavnrsadkd dn Skjkbkgck. 34 p.

Yëfagk > dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3) KGN]@S

Eafurk ;. Yks`s ng jk tagcaóg snjnctavk snjnctavk dn ngd`sp`rks.

Eafurk 8. Azquanrdk< `hsnrvkcaóg kj bacr`sc`pa` dn ngd`sp`rks (vnrdn). Dnrncmk< `hsnrvkcaóg kj bacr`sc`pa` dn cëpsujks hkctnrakgks (mkj` trksjücad` kjrndnd`r dn hkctnraks). Yëfagk 5 dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3)

Eafurk 3. Yr`cns` dn c`j`rkcaóg dn ngd`sp`rks (vnrdn) y cájujks vnfntktavks (r`skd`).

Eafurk 4. C`bp`sacaóg nstructurkj dn ugk ngd`sp`rk hkctnrakgk

Yëfagk 6 dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3)

Eafurk >. Ntkpks ng nj cacj` dn vadk dn hkctnraks pr`duct`rks dn ngd`sp`rks (dnskrr`jj` vnfntktav` y nsp`r`fágnsas)

Eafurk 5. Njkh`rkcaóg dn er`tas c`g jëbagk p`rtk`hlnt`s pkrk `hsnrvkcaóg dn cëpsujk bndakgtn jk tácgack dn tagtk cmagk.

Yëfagk = dn 1 

 

^GAUNXSADKD DN NJ SKJUKD@X EKC^JTKD DN CANGCAKS KFX@G@BACKS AGFNGANXAK KFX@AGD^STXAKJ NG JAGNK KSAFGKT^XK< BACX@HA@J@FÂK (BAC;;3)

Yëfagk 1 dn 1