Observação Como Técnica de Recolha de Dados

 

Äjmifk 1. Ijtrbmuïæb..... Ijtrbmuïæb........................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ................................ ............== >. Bnskrvaïæb fbdb ]éfjifa mk ^kfb`ca mk Mambs................................................................. Mambs..................................................................; .; >.1. Fbjfkitbs Násifas........ Násifas.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................................; ................; >.1.1. ]éfjifa....... ]éfjifa............................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................................... ..............................;; >.1.>. ^kfb`ca mk Mambs........ Mambs.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................; ............; >.>. Bnskrvaïæb. Bnskrvaïæb....................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................................................8 .................................8 >.>.1. Mambs Vkfujmáribs. Vkfujmáribs....................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ ..................?? >.>.1. >.>.1.  Dkibs mk bnskrvaïæb. bnskrvaïæb....................... ............................................ ............................................ ...........................................................? .....................................? >.>.>. Xajtaokjs k Mksvajtaokjs Mksvajtaokjs ma Bnskrvaïæb fbdb fbdb téfjifa mk rkfb`ca mk mambs....... mambs............ ........3 ...3 >.>.>.1. Xajtaokjs.... Xajtaokjs.......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................................3 ..........................3 >.>.>.>. Mksvajtaokj Mksvajtaokjs.................... s.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...........................9 .....9 >.6. As Dbma`imamks mb Détbmb mk Bnskrvaïæb................ Bnskrvaïæb...................................... ............................................. ................................17 .........17 >.= ]ipbs mk Détbmb mk Bnskrvaïæb... Bnskrvaïæb......................... ............................................ ............................................ .........................................17 ...................17 >.=.1. Bnskrvaïæb Wartifipajtk........ Wartifipajtk.............................. ............................................ ............................................ .............................................11 .......................11 >.=.1.1 Bnskrvaïæb Vidp`ks........ Vidp`ks.............................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................................11 ...........................11 >.=.1.>. Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk........ partifipajtk.............................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................................... ....................16 16 >.=.1.6. Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa........ sistkdátifa.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... .....................16 .....16 >.;. Ijstrudkjtbs mk ^kfb`ca mk Mambs pbr Bnskrvaïæb................................... Bnskrvaïæb.........................................................18 ......................18 >.;.1. Qukstibjárib...... Qukstibjárib............................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ .....................18 ...18 >.;.1.>. Wrijfäpibs para Hbrdu`aïæb mk Wkroujtas........................................ >.;.1.>. Wkroujtas...................................................................1? ...........................1? >.;.1.>. ]ipbs mk Qukstûks.... Qukstûks.......................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................................................... .................................>7 .>7 >.;.1.6. Xajtaokjs k Mksvajtaok Mksvajtaokjs................ js...................................... ............................................ ....................................................>7 ..............................>7 >.;.>. A Kjtrkvista...... Kjtrkvista............................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................>> ......................>> >.;.>.6. B Wrbtbfb`b mk [da Kjtrkvista................................ Kjtrkvista...................................................... ............................................ .............................>> .......>> >.;.>.=. Xajtaokjs.... Xajtaokjs.......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..............................................>6 ........................>6 >.;.>.;. Mksvajtaokj Mksvajtaokjs.................... s.......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .........................>6 ...>6 6. Fbjf`usæb.. Fbjf`usæb........................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .........................................................>= ...................................>= =. ^khkråjfias Nin`iboráhifas.... Nin`iboráhifas.......................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ............................>; ....>;

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1. Ijtrbmuïæb B prkskjtk trana`cb mk pksquisa, quk visa anbrmar k i`ustrar sbnrk A Bnskrvaïæb fbdb ]éfj ]é fjif ifaa mk ^kfb ^kfb`c `caa mk Mamb Mambs, s, mk pr prij ijfä fäpi pibb é mk fb fbjs jsim imkr krar ar qu quk, k, A bn bnsk skrv rvaï aïæb æb é sistkd sis tkdati atifad fadkjt kjtkk bro broaj ajiza izama ma kd has hasks, ks, aspkf aspkftbs tbs,, `uo `uoark arkss k pkssba pkssbas, s, rk`af rk`afibj ibja-s a-skk fbd  prbpbsiïûks k tkbrias sbfiais, pkrspkftivas fikjtähifas k kxp`ifaïûks prbhujmas k é sundktima ab fbjtrb`k mk vkrafimamk, bnekftivimamk, hiani`imamk k prkfisæb. B détbmb mk rkfb`ca mk mambs pbr bnskrvaïæb é ud détbmb kd quk b ijvkstioambr bnskrva bs partifipajtks jb sku adnikjtk jatura` bu fbjtkxtbs ‐artihifiais— friambs para b khkitb, fbdb bs `anbratöribs. É uda kstratéoia duitb va`brizama ja ijvkstioaïæb kd kmufaïæb, eá quk jkd skdprk b quk as pkssbas mizkd quk hazkd é aqui`b quk rka`dkjtk kxkfutad. Kstk détbmb (bu fbjeujtb mk détbmbs)  pbmk skr uti`izamb qukr kd ijvkstioaïæb quajtitativa, qukr kd ijvkstioaïæb qua`itativa, mkpkjmkjmb mb prbfkssb uti`izamb5 Bnskrvaïæb Quajtitativa5 Jkstk fasb, b prbfkssb mk rkfb`ca mk mambs é fbdp`ktadkjtk fbdp`ktadkjtk jbrda`izamb, tumb é p`ajkeamadk p`ajkeamadkjtk jtk rkou`arizamb (qukd k b quk sk bnskrv bnskrva), a), kxi kxisti stijmb jmb ork ork`ca `cass pamrbj pamrbjiza izama mass mk ^koist ^koistrb, rb, fbdb fbdb ja uti`iz uti`izaïæ aïæbb mk  prbfkmidkjtbs mk adbstraokd adbstraokd bu mk bfbrråjfia mk mktkrdijamb fbdpbrtadkjtb. Bnskrvaïæb Qua`itativa5 Kstk tipb mk anbrmaokd tkd ud faráftkr dais kxp`bratörib k ankrtb jb atb mb ijvkstioambr khkftuar ajbtaïûks mk fadpb, bu skea, uda bnskrvaïæb jæb-kstruturama.

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>. Bnskrvaïæb fbdb ]éfjifa mk ^kfb`ca mk Mambs

>.1. Fbjfkitbs Násifas >.1.1. ]éfjifa ]éfjifa mb orkob ύΤϏδο, téfcjĖ, 'artk, téfjifa, bhäfib'< artk bu dajkira mk rka`izar uda afïæb bu fbjeujtb mk afïûks. Ja fbjfkpïæb mk Brtkoa y Oasskt\1T, uda téfjifa é ud kshbrïb para rkmuz rkm uzir ir b ksh kshbrï brïb. b. É b prb prbfk fkmid midkjt kjtbb bu b fbjeu fbjeujtb jtb mk prbfk prbfkmid midkjt kjtbs bs quk tåd, fb fbdb db bnekftivb, bntkr ud mktkrdijamb rksu`tamb, skea jb fadpb ma fiåjfia, ma tkfjb`boia, mas artks bu kd butra aftivimamk qua`qukr. @alatbs(193;) @alatbs(193 ;) mkhijk détbmb fbdb b fbjeujtb mk prbfkmidkjtbs sistkdátifbs sistkdátifbs k rafibjais quk  pkrditkd a`fajïar bs bnektivbs ma pksquisa, `kvajmb kd fbjsimkraïæb fbjsimkraïæb aspkftbs mk skourajïa, kfbjbdia k va`imkz. Vkoujmb Nruyjk (1991), a dktbmb`boia é a `öoifa mbs prbfkmidkjtbs fikjtähifbs kd sua oåjksk k kd sku mkskjvb`vidkjtb, jæb sk rkmuz, pbrtajtb, a uda ‐dktrb`boia— bu tkfjb`boia ma dkmima mbs hatbs fikjtähifbs. skoujmb Dijayb (1996, p.>6) é fbjsimkrama fbdb ‐ativimamk násifa mas fiåjfias ja sua ijmaoaïæb k mksfbnkrta ma rka`imamk. É uda atitumk k uda prátifa tkörifa mk fbjstajtk nusfa quk mkhijk ud prbfkssb ijtrijskfadk ijtrijskfadkjtk jtk ijafanamb k pkrdajkjtk pkrdajkjtk..

>.1.>. ^kfb`ca mk Mambs A jbïæb mk rkfb`ca miz rkspkitb ab prbfkssb k ab rksu`tamb mk rkfb`ckr (rkujir bu apajcar  a`ob a`ob). ). [d ma mamb mb,, pb pbrr su suaa vk vkz, z, é ud udaa ijhb ijhbrd rdaï aïæb æb qu qukk pk pkrd rdit itkk ok okra rarr mk mktk tkrd rdij ijam ambb fbjckfidkjtb. Istb siojihifa quk a rkfb`ca mk mambs é a aftivimamk quk fbjsistk kd fbdpi`ar  ijhbrdaïæb mkjtrb mk ud mktkrdijamb fbjtkxtb. Vkoujmb Oi` (1998), a fb`kta mk mambs kd ud kstumb mk fasb é naskama kd mivkrsas hbjtks mk kvimå kv imåjfi jfias as.. War Waraa khk khkitb itb mk k`a k`anbr nbraïæ aïæbb mkssa mkssa pksqu pksquisa isa,, hbr hbrad ad uti uti`iz `izamb ambss bs sk skoui ouijtk jtkss  prbfkmidkjtbs55 kjtrkvistas k a téf  prbfkmidkjtbs téfjifa jifa mk bnsk bnskrvaïæb rvaïæb partifipa partifipajtk. jtk.

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>.>. Bnskrvaïæb Vkoujmb Nkfclkr (19?>), a bnskrvaïæb skria uda sb`uïæb para b kstumb mk hkjýdkjbs fbdp fbdp`k `kxb xbss k ijst ijstit ituf ufib ibja ja`i `iza zamb mbs, s, quaj quajmb mb sk prkt prktkj kjmk mk rk rka` a`iz izar ar aj ajá` á`is isks ks mk mksf sfrit ritiv ivas as k kxp`bratörias bu quajmb sk tkd b bnektivb mk ijhkrir sbnrk ud hkjýdkjb quk rkdkta ç fkrtas rkou`arimamks, passävkis mk okjkra`izaïûk okjkra`izaïûks. s. Vkoujmb Hibrkjtiji k @brkjzatb, Fcadama mk kstumb jatura`ista bu ktjboráhifb kd quk b  pksquisambrr hrkqðkjta bs `bfa  pksquisamb `bfais is bjmk bs hkjýdkjbs hkjýdkjbs bfbrrkd jjatura`dkjtk. atura`dkjtk. Vkoujm Vko ujmbb Oi`  (1 (199 999) 9) a bnsk bnsk;r ;rva vafa fabb fbjs fbjsti titu tuii k`kd k`kdkj kjtb tb hujm hujmad adkj kjta ta`` para para a

 pksquisa, pbis k a partir mk`a quk k pbssävk` mk`ijkar as ktapas mk ud kstumb, hbrdu`ar b prbn`kda fbjstitui a cipötksk, mkhijir variávkis, fb`kftar mambs ktf. B détbmb mk rkfb`ca mk mambs pbr bnskrvaïæb, é ud détbmb kd quk b ijvkstioambr bnskrva (pbmkj (pb mkjmb mb pbr vkz vkzks ks partif partifipa ipar) r) bs partif partifipa ipajtk jtkss jb sku adn adnikj ikjtk tk jatura jatura`` bu fb fbjtk jtkxtb xtbss ‐artihifiais— friambs para b khkitb, fbdb bs `anbratöribs. É uda kstratéoia duitb va`brizama ja ijvkstioaïæb kd kmufaïæb, eá quk jkd skdprk b quk as pkssbas mizkd quk hazkd é aqui`b quk hazkd haz kd rka rka`dk `dkjtk jtk.. Kst Kstkk dét détbmb bmb (bu fbj fbjeuj eujtb tb mk détbm détbmbs) bs) pbm pbmkk skr uti`iz uti`izamb amb qukr qukr kd ijvks ijv kstio tioaï aïæb æb qua quajti jtitat tativa iva,, quk qukrr kd ijv ijvkst kstioa ioaïæ ïæbb qua qua`it `itati ativa va,, mkpkjm mkpkjmkjm kjmbb mb prbfk prbfkssb ssb uti`izamb.  

Bnskrvaïæb Quajtitativa

 Jkstk fasb, b prbfkssb mk rkfb`ca rkfb`ca mk mambs é fbdp`ktadkjtk jbrda`izamb, jbrda`izamb, á partima kstá tumb rkou`arizamb ‖ qukd é quk bnskrvamb, b quk sk bnskrva, quajmb tåd `uoar as bnskrvaïûks ‖  kxistijmb ork`cas pamrbjizamas mk rkoistb, assid fbdb a uti`izaïæb mk prbfkmidkjtbs mk adbstraokd pbr ijtkrva`bs mk tkdpb bu mk bfbrråjfia mk mktkrdijamb fbdpbrtadkjtb. Kstks  prbfkmidkjtbs sæb pbr kxkdp`b uti`izambs ja bnskrvaïæb bnskrvaïæb mk fbdpbrtadkjtbs mk mbfkjtks k a`ujbs kd sa`a mk au`a.  

Bnskrvaïæb Qua`itativa

Kstk tipb mk anbrmaokd, tkd ud faráftkr dais kxp`bratörib k ankrtb, kd quk b ijvkstioambr  khkftu khk ftuaa aj ajbta btaïû ïûks ks mk fa fadpb dpb.. Jk Jkstk stk fas fasbb b ijv ijvks kstio tioam ambr br pbmkrá pbmkrá assudi assudirr quatrb quatrb papkis papkis mihkrkjtks, mkpkjmkjmb mbs bnekftivbs quk k`k prktkjmk atijoir, pbmkjmb skr jud fbjtäjub,

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dais da is bu dkj dkjbs bs partif partifipa ipajtk jtk jks jkssk sk fbj fbjtkx tkxtb tb (pa (partif rtifipa ipajtk jtk fbdp`k fbdp`ktb, tb, par partif tifipa ipajtk jtk-fbd -fbdbbbnskrvambr, bnskrvambr-fbdb-partifipajtk bnskrvambr-fbdb-partifipajtk bu fbdp`ktadkjtk bnskrvambr).

>.>.1. Mambs Vkfujmáribs Bs mambs skfujmáribs sæb mambs brioija`dkjtk uti`izambs para butras hija`imamks quk jæb a ijvkstioaïæbb kd fausa. Kstks pbmkd skr mbfudkjtbs (pkssbais, bhifiais), mambs häsifbs, mambs ijvkstioaïæ mk pksquisa kd arquivb. Kstks mambs sæb idpbrtajtks, prijfipa`dkjtk quajmb sk tratad mk mambs dais dafrbssbfiais, mkdboráhifbs, sbfibkfbjödifbs k cistörifbs. A uti`izaïæb mkstks mambs skrvk, duitas vkzks, para kfbjbdizar tkdpb ja ijvkstioaïæb. ]kd tadnéd a vajtaokd mk skr hbrda misfrkta mk rkfb`ca mk mambs k mk sk pbmkr bnskrvar mambs quk bfbrrkrad ab `bjob `bj ob mk pkr pkräbm äbmbs bs a`a a`aroa roambs mbs mk tkd tkdpb. pb. Wbm Wbmkk skr skr nastaj nastajtk tk õti` õti` para para uti`iz uti`izar ar juda juda hask hask kxp`bratöria ma ijvkstioaïæb. Kstks mambs, jbdkamadkjtk bs mbfudkjtbs k bs mambs mk  pksquisas kd arquivb, pbmkd skr matambs k skrkd b õjifb rkprkskjtajtk mk uda mktkrdijama  pkrspkftiva k jæb jæb kstarkd mispbj mispbjävkis ävkis bu skr jkfk jkfkssária ssária uda autbrizaïæb autbrizaïæb bu paoadk paoadkjtb jtb para a sua uti`izaïæb.

>.>.1. Dkibs mk bnskrvaï bnskrvaïæb æb Oðjtckr (>778) aprkskjta mbfudkjtbs, miáribs, vämkbs, oravaïûks oravaïûks fbdb dkibs mk rkoistrb ma bnskrvaïæb,, pbis a bnskrvaïæb ijf`ui rkoistrbs mk fbdpbrtadkjtb k kstambs sunektivbs, bnskrvaïæb rkoistrajmb dajihkstaïûks cudajas bnskrvávkis. Watkrsbj, Nbttbrhh k Ckwat (>776, p. 61) rkssa`tad quk bs pksquisambrks okra`dkjtk sk`kfibjad a oravaïæb mk vämkb fbdb uda kstra kstratéo téoia ia õj õjifa ifa mk bnskrv bnskrvaï aïæb æb para para ‐a ‐aja` ja`isa isarr fbd fbdpbr pbrtad tadkjt kjtbs bs mks mksfb fbjtk jtkxtu xtua`i a`iza zambs mbs,, fbdpbrtadkjtbs sidu`tîjkbs k fbdpbrtadkjtbs jæbvkrnais, quk sæb mihäfkis mk bnskrvar k aja`isar kd tkdpb rka`—, a`éd mk rkmuzir mistbrïûks mk ajá`isk. B usb mk vämkb tadnéd é ij ijmi mifa famb mb para para kstu kstumb mbss jbs jbs quai quaiss b bnek bnektb tb é hr hrut utbb mk rk rk`a `aïû ïûks ks cu cuda daja jass fb fbdp dp`k `kxa xas, s, fbdpb fb dpbrta rtadkj dkjtbs tbs ijm ijmivi ivimua mua`` k oru orupa` pa`,, b adn adnikj ikjtk, tk, a `ijoua `ijouaok okd d jæbvkr jæbvkrna` na`,, kjtrk kjtrk butrbs butrbs aspkftbs - fuea bnskrvaïæb k ajá`isk jæb skriad pbssävkis pbr ud õjifb bnskrvambr k/bu a  pbssini`imamk mk rkvkr b hkjýdkjb, atkjtajmb para mihkrkjtks aspkftbs, b quk traria daibr  fbjhiani`imamk para a misfussæb (WIJCKI^B kt a`., >77;). Wbréd, Wbr éd, b usb mk väm vämkbs kbs mkv mkvkk fbj fbjsim simkra krarr as fa faraf raftkr tkräst ästifa ifass pk pkssb ssbais ais k ca cani` ni`ima imamks mks mb  pksquisambr,  pksquisamb r, a ijmifaïæb para mktkrdijamas qukstûks mk pksquisa, b tkdpb para a rka`izaïæb ma dksda, bs kquipadkjtbs k cani`imamks téfjifas mbs bpkrambrks mbs dksdbs, as qukstûks étifas rk`afibjamas, kjtrk butrbs (WIJCKI^B kt a`., >77;). Apksar ma bnskrvaïæb kd pkssba k ?

 

fbd a uti`izaïæb mk fîdkras mk vämkb para rkoistrar bnskrvaïûks aprkskjtarkd mihkrkjïas önvias, kxistk pbufa `itkratura sbnrk bs khkitbs k as variaïûks ma distura mk détbmbs mk bnskrvaïæb ja pksquisa qua`itativa (WA]K^VBJ< NB]]B^HH< CK_A], >776). Kd partifu`ar, rkssa`ta-sk a bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk k oravaïæb mk vämkb, pbis sæb muas kstratéoias mk bnskrvaïæb ja pksquisa qua`itativa quk pbmkd hbrjkfkr mihkrkjtks tipbs mk mambs. Wbr istb, a bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk k oravaïæb mk vämkb sæb okra`dkjtk uti`izamas skparamadkjtk skparamadk jtk uda mb butra k a ksfb`ca kjtrk as muas é naskama ja hija`imamk mb kstumb.

>.>.>. Xajtaokjs k Mksvajtaokjs ma Bnskrvaïæb fbdb téfjifa mk rkfb`ca mk mambs ]éfjifa mk fb`kfta mk mambs, quk jæb fbjsistk kd apkjas vkr bu buvir, das kd kxadijar  hatbs bu hkjödkjbs quk sk mkskead kstumar, k`kdkjtb násifb mk ijvkstioaïæb fikjtähifa, uti`iz uti `izamb amb ja pksqu pksquisa isa mk fa fadpb dpb fbd fbdbb anb anbrma rmaokd okd qua qua`it `itati ativa, va, pbmkjm pbmkjmbb skr uti uti`iz `izam amaa ja  pksquisa fbjeuoama fbjeuoama a butra butrass téfjifas bu mmkk hbrda kxf`usiv kxf`usiva. a. Auxi`ia b pksquisambr ja imkjtihifaïæb k a bntkjïæb mk prbvas a rkspkitb mk bnektivbs sbnrk bs quais bs ijmivämubs jæb tåd fbjsfiåjfia, das quk brikjtad sku fbdpbrtadkjtb, suekita b  pksquisambrr a ud fbjtaftb dais mirkftb fbd a rka`imamk. B orau mk partifipaïæb mb  pksquisamb bnskrvambr é duitb rk`kvajtk, nkd fbdb a muraïæb mas bnskrvaïûks, skjmb idprksfijmävk`  p`ajkear b quk k fbdb bnsk bnskrvar. rvar. Kjquajtb prbfkmidkjtb fikjtähifb k para quk a pksquisa skea fbjhiávk` mkvk skrvir a ud bnekftivb hbrdu`amb mk pksquisa, skjmb sistkdatifadkjtk p`ajkeama k sundktima a vkrihifaïæb k fbjtrb`k mk va`imamk k prkfisæb.

>.>.>.1. Xajtaokjs 

Wbssini`ita k`kdkjtbs para mk`iditaïæb mk prbn`kdas<

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Havbrkfk a fbjstruïæb mk cipötksks<

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Aprbxida-sk mas pkrspkftivas mbs suekitbs<

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Õti` para mksfbnrir aspkftbs jbvbs mk ud prbn`kda<

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Bntkjïæb mk mambs skd ijtkrhkrir jb orupb kstumamb.

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Wkrditk a fb`kfta mk mambs kd situaïûks mk fbdujifaïæb idpbssävkis< idpbssävkis< 3

 

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Aprk Ap rksk skjt jtaa dk dkib ib mirk mirkft ftbb k sa sati tish shat atör örib ib pa para ra ks kstu tuma marr uda uda adp` adp`aa va varik rikma mamk mk mk hkjödkjbs<

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Kxiok dkjbs mb bnskrvambr mb quk butras téfjifas<

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Mkpkjmk dkjbs ma ijtrbspkfïæb bu ma rkh`kxæb<

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Wk Wkrd rdit itkk a kvim kvimåj åjfi fiaa mk ma mamb mbss jæ jæbb fbjs fbjsta tajt jtks ks mb rb rbtk tkir irbb mk kj kjtrk trkvi vist stas as bu mk qukstibjáribs.

>.>.>.>. Mksvajtaokjs 

Wrkskjïa mb pksquisambr pbmk prbvbfar a`tkraïûks jb fbdpbrtadkjtb fbdpbrtadkjtb mbs bnskrvambs, mkstruijmb a kspbjtajkimamk mbs dksdbs k prbmuzijmb rksu`tambs pbufb fbjhiávkis,  pbr pbmkr prbvbfar prbvbfar a`tkraïûks jb ffbdpbrtadkjtb bdpbrtadkjtb mb oorupb rupb bnskrvam bnskrvamb< b<

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B bnskrvamb tkjmk a friar idprkssûks havbrávkis bu mkshavbrávkis jb pksquisambr, havbrkfkjmb a ijtkrprktaïæb pkssba` ‖ euäzb mk va`br<

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[da visæb mistbrfima pbmk skr okrama pk`b kjvb`vidkjtb `kvajmb a uda rkprkskjtaïæb  parfia` ma rka`imamk< rka`imamk<

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Haftbrks idprkvistbs pbmkd ijtkrhkrir ja tarkha mb pksquisambr<

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A muraïæb mbs afbjtkfidkjtbs é variávk` mihifu`tajmb a Fb`kfta mk mambs<

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Xárib Xá ribss aspk aspkft ftbs bs ma vima vima qubt qubtim imia iaja ja,, part partif ifu` u`ar ar pb pbmk mkd d jæ jæbb sk skrr af afks kssä sävk vkis is ab  pksquisambr.

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Vk jæb hbrkd nkd broajizambs bs rkoistbs pbmkd mkpkjmkr apkjas ma dkdöria mb bnskrvambr para skrkd rksoatambs, vijmb a okrar orajmk ijtkrprktaïæb sunekftiva bu  parfia` mb hkjödkjb hkjödkjb kstumamb.

9

 

>.6. As Dbma`imamks mb Détbmb mk Bnskrvaïæb As bnskrvaïûks pbssukd várias dbma`imamks mk afbrmb fbd as firfujstîjfias5

>.6.1. Vkoujmb bs dkibs uti`izambs   

Bnskrvaïæb   jæb  kstruturama  (Assistkd (Assistkdátifa átifa,, kspbjtîj kspbjtîjka, ka, ijhbrda`, ijhbrda`, brmijária brmijária,, sidp`ks, `ivrk, bfasibja`, afimkjta`)5 fbjsistk kd rkfb`ckr k rkoistrar hatbs ma rka`imamk skd quk b pksquisambr uti`izk dkibs téfjifbs kspkfiais<

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Bnskrvaïæb   kstruturama  (Vistkdátifa, p`ajkeama, fbjtrb`ama)5 uti`iza ijstrudkjtbs  para a fb`kta mk mambs bu hkjýdkjbs hkjýdkjbs bnskrv bnskrvambs. ambs. B bnsk bnskrvambr rvambr sank b quk quk prbfura k b quk farkfk mk idpbrtîjfia.

>.6.>. Vkoujmb a partifipaïæb mb bnskrvambr  



Bnskrvaïæb jæb-partifipajtk5 jæb-partifipajtk5 b bnskrvambr jæb sk ijtkora ç fbdujimamk bnskrvama< Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk5 B bnskrvambr sk ijfbrpbra ab orupb, fbjhujmk-sk fbd k`k.

>.6.6. Vkoujmb b jõdkrb mk bnskrvaïûks   

Bnskrvaïæb ijmivimua`



Bnskrvaïæb kd kquipk

>.6.=. Vkoujmb b `uoar bjmk sk rka`iza   

Bnskrvaïæb khkftuama khkftuama ja vima rka` (trana`cb mk fadpb)



Bnskrvaïæb khkftuama kd `anbratörib >.= ]ipbs mk Détbmb mk Bnskrvaïæb A bnskrvaïæb fbdb téfjifa mk rkfb`ca mk mambs aprkskjta a skouijtk tipb`boia5 

Bnskrvaïæb mbfudkjta`



Bnskrvaïæb assistkdátifa



Bnskrvaïæb mirkfta kxtkjsiva (dbstra, qukstibjárib, kjquktk)

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Bnskrvaïæb mirkfta ijtkjsiva (kjtrkvista, tkstk mk atitumks,

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Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk) 17

 

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Bnskrvaïæb kd kquipk

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Bnskrvaïæb kd `anbratörib

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Bnskrvaïæb ijmivimua`

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Bnskrvaïæb ja vima rka`

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Bnskrvaïæb jæb-partifipajtk Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa

Vkoujmb @alatbs & Darfbji(199>), a bnskrvaïæb mirkta ijtkjsiva é ud tipb mk bnskrvaïæb quk "\...T uti`iza bs skjtimbs ja bntkjïæb mk mktkrdijambs aspkftbs ma rka`imamk. Jæb fbjsistk apkjas kd vkr k buvir, das tadnéd kxadijar hatbs bu hkjýdkjbs quk sk mkskea kstumar".

>.=.1. Bnskrvaïæb Wartifipajtk Fbdbb a bns Fbd bnskrv krvaï aïæb æb par partif tifipa ipajtk jtk,, pbr sua prö pröpri priaa ja jatur turkz kza, a, tkjmk tkjmk a am ambta btarr hbrda hbrdass jæb kstru kstrutur turama amas, s, pbm pbmk-s k-skk amb ambtar tar a sko skouij uijtk tk f`a f`assi ssihif hifaïæ aïæb, b, quk fbdnij fbdnijaa bs mbi mbiss fritér fritéribs ibs fbjsimkrambs5 q

Bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks<

q

Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk<

q

Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa.

>.=.1.1 Bnskrvaïæb Vidp`ks B pksquisambr pkrdajkfk a`ckib ç fbdujimamk, orupb bu situaïæb quk prktkjmk kstumar, bn bnsk skrv rvaj ajmb mb mk da dajk jkira ira ks kspb pbjt jtîj îjka ka bs hatb hatbss qu qukk aä bf bfbr brrk rkd. d. Jk Jkst stkk pr prbf bfkm kmid idkj kjtb tb b  pksquisambrr é duitb dais ud ksp  pksquisamb kspkftambr kftambr quk ud atbr.

>.=.1.1.1. Xajtaokjs ma bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks5 

Wbssini`ita a bntkjïæb mk k`kdkjtbs para a mkhijiïæb mb prbn`kda mk pksquisa<



Havbrkfk a fbjstruïæb mk cipötksks afkrfa mb prbn`kda pksquisambr<



Hafi`ita a bntkjïæb mk mambs skd prbmuzir qukrk`as bu suspkitas jbs dkdnrbs mas fbdujimamks,, orupbs bu ijstituiïûks quk kstæb skjmb kstumamas. fbdujimamks 11

 

>.=.1.1.>. @iditaïûks ma bnskrvaïæb bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks   

É faja`izama pk`bs obstbs k ahkiïûks mb pksquisambr. Duitas vkzks sua atkjïæb é mksviama para b `amb pitbrksfb, kxötifb bu rarb mb hkjýdkjb<

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B rkoistrb mas bnskrvaïûks mkpkjmk mkpkjmk,, hrkqðkjtkdkjtk, ma dkdöria mb ijvkstioambr<

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Má adp`a darokd ç ijtkrprktaïæb sunektiva k parfia` mb hkjýdkjb kstumamb.

>.=.1.1.6. Quajmb é ijmifama a bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks2  A bns bnskrv krvaï aïæb æb sidp`k sidp`kss é ijm ijmifa ifama, ma, pri prijf jfipa ipa`dk `dkjtk jtk,, par paraa ks kstum tumbs bs qua qua`it `itati ativbs vbs mk fa farát rátkr  kr  kxp`bratörib (`kvajtadkjtb).

>.=.1.1.=. Itkjs quk mkvkd skr fbjsimkrambs para bs pksquisambrks kd uda bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks  

bs suekitbs. Qukd sæb bs partifipajtks2 Quajtbs sæb2 A quk skxb pkrtkjfkd2 Quais sæb suas imamks2 Fbdb sk vkstkd2 Quk ambrjbs uti`izad2 B quk bs dbvidkjtbs mk sku fbrpb kxprkssæb2



b fkjárib. Bjmk as pkssbas sk situad2 Quais sæb as faraftkrästifas mkssk `bfa`2 Fbd quk sistkda sbfia` pbmk skr imkjtihifamb2

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fbdpbrtadkjtb sbfia`. B quk rka`dkjtk bfbrrk kd tkrdbs sbfiais2 Fbdb as pkssbas sk rk`afibjad2 Mk quk dbmb b hazkd2 Quk `ijouaokjs uti`izad2

 

Ijtkrprktaïæb mbs mambs ma bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks   Quk siojihifamb atrinuir abs mambs fb`ktambs pbr dkib ma bnskrvaïæb sidp`ks2

Fuimambs jkfkssáribs mb pksquisambr   

k`k mkvk kstar mbtamb mk fbjckfidkjtbs prévibs afkrfa ma fu`tura mb orupb quk  prktkjmk bnskrvar. bnskrvar.

1>

 

>.=.1.>. Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk 

Fbjsistk ja partifipaïæb rka` mb pksquisambr ja vima ma fbdujimamk, mb orupb bu mk uda situaïæb mktkrdijama.

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B bnskrvambr assudk, pk`b dkjbs até fkrtb pbjtb, b papk` mk dkdnrb mb orupb.

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Maä sk mizkr quk pbr dkib ma bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk sk pbmk fckoar ab fbjckfidkj fbjckfidkjtb tb ma vima mk ud orupb a partir mb ijtkribr mk`k dksdb.



Hbi ijtrbmuzima pk`bs ajtrbpö`bobs jb kstumb mas fcadamas ‐sbfikmamks priditivas—

>.=.1.>.1. Wbmk skr mk muas hbrdas mistijtas  



 Jatura` (quajmb b bnskrvambr é pa partk rtk mb orupb quk ijvkstioa)< Artihifia` (quajmb b bnskrvambr sk ijtkora ab orupb fbd b bnektivb mk rka`izar a ijvkstioaïæb).

 Jb fasb ma bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk, b pksquisambr mkvk mkfimir sk rkvk`ará quk kstá bnskrvajmb b orupb bu jæb. Jbs mbis fasbs b pksquisambr tkrá quk tkr fuimambs k atkjïæb  para jæb tbrjar tbrjar sua pksquisa tkjmkjfibsa tkjmkjfibsa..

>.=.1.>.=. Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk5 vajtaokjs 

Hafi`ita b rápimb afkssb a mambs sbnrk situaïûks canituais kd quk bs dkdnrbs mas fbdujimamks sk kjfbjtrad kjvb`vimbs<

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Wbssini`ita b afkssb a mambs quk a fbdujimamk bu orupb fbjsimkra mk mbdäjib  privamb<



Wbssini`ita faptar as pa`avras mk ksf`arkfidkjtb quk afbdpajcad b fbdpbrtadkjtb mbs bnskrvambs.

>.=.1.>.6. Bnskrvaïæb partifipajtk5 mksvajtaokjs  

^kstriïûks. Wbmk siojihifar uda visæb parfia` mb bnektb kstumamb<



Mksfbjhiajïa mb orupb ijvkstioamb kd rk`aïæb ab pksquisambr<

>.=.1.6. Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa 

É uti`izama kd pksquisas quk tåd fbdb bnektivb a mksfriïæb prkfisa mbs hkjýdkjbs bu b tkstk mk cipötksks< 16

 



Wbmk bfbrrkr kd situaïûks mk fadpb bu mk `anbratörib<



Ajtk Aj tkss ma fb`k fb`kta ta mk mamb mambs, s, b pksq pksqui uisa samb mbrr k` k`an anbr braa ud p` p`aj ajbb ks kspk pkfä fähif hifbb pa para ra a broajizaïæb k rkoistrb mas ijhbrdaïûks. Istb idp`ifa kd kstank`kfk kstank`kfkr, r, ajtkfipamadkjtk, as fatkobrias jkfkssárias ç ajá`isk ma situaïæb.

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Wara quk as fatkobrias skead kstank`kfimas amkquamadkjtk, é fbjvkjikjtk quk b  pksquisambr rka`izk ud kstumb kxp`bratörib, bu dksdb kstumbs mirioimbs ç fbjstruïæb mbs ijstrudkjtbs para rkoistrb mbs mambs.

 

>.=.>. Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa5 rkoistrb mk Na`ks (19;7)   >.=.>.1. ^kafïûks pbsitivas5 

Dbstra sb`imarikmamk, k`kva b status mb butrb, má aeuma, prådib



Dbstra a`ävib mk tkjsæb, nrijfa, ri, dbstra satishaïæb



Fbjfbrma, dbstra afkitaïæb passiva, fbdprkkjmk, apöia, sundktk-sk

>.=.>.>. Árka ]arkha (Jkutra)5 

Má suokstæb k brikjtaïæb, supbjmb autbjbdia mb butrb



Má bpijiæb, ava`ia k aja`isa



Má brikjtaïæb, ijhbrda, rkpktk k ksf`arkfk



Wkmk brikjtaïæb, ijhbrdaïæb, rkpktiïæb



Wkmk bpijiæb, ava`iaïæb, ajá`isk, kxprkssæb mk skjtidkjtb

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Wkmk suokstæb, brikjtaïæb, dajkiras pbssävkis mk aïæb

 

>.=.>.6. ^kafïûks jkoativas5



Misfbrma, dbstra rkekiïæb passiva, hbrda`imamk, rkfusa r kfusa aeuma 1=

 



Dbstra tkjsæb, pkmk aeuma, ahasta-sk mb fadpb



Dbstra ajtaobjisdb, rkmuz b status mb butrb, mkhkjmk-sk, ahirda-sk

>.=.>.=. Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa5 `iditaïûks 

B pksquisambr kstá idpbssini`itamb mk bfu`tar a rka`izaïæb ma pksquisa<



]kd quk tkr tkdpb k prkparaïæb prévia mas fatkobrias a skrkd aja`isamas

 

>.=.>.;. Bnskrvaïæb sistkdátifa5 vajtaokjs 

Hafi`imamk ja ajá`isk mb datkria` fb`ktamb.

 

>.=.>.8. Fritéribs mk ^koistrb  

Quajtb dais pröxidb mb dbdkjtb ma bnskrvaïæb bnskrvaïæb,, daibr sua afuimamk.



A hbrda mk rkoistrb kstará mirktadkjtk rk`afibjama fbd b papk` mb pksquisambr kd rk`aïæb ab orupb bnskrvamb.



Idpbrtajtk mkixar nkd visävk` as mihkrkjtks ijhbrdaïûks5 as ha`as, as fitaïûks k as bnskrvaïûks pkssbais. pkssbais. Mifa5 dumar mk paráorahb a fama jbva situaïæb.



[ti`izaïæb mk váribs dkib mk rkoistrb



]bma bnskrvaïæb mkvk fbjtkr uda partk mksfritiva k uda partk rkh`kxiva.

 

>.=.>.?.Fbdb prbfkmkr  

Fbjckfidkjtb prévib mb quk bnskrvar ajtks mk ijifiar b prbfkssb mk bnskrvaïæb,  prbfurk kxadijar kxadijar b `bfa`.



Mktkrdijk quk tipb mk hkjýdkjbs dkrkfk dkrkfkræb ræb rkoistrbs.

1;

 



Frik, fbd ajtkfkmåjfia, uda kspéfik kspéfik mk `ista bu dapa mk rkoistrb mk hkjýdkjbs. * * * * Wrbfurk kstipu`ar a`oudas fatkobrias miojas mk bnskrvaïæb.



Kstkea prkparamb para b rkoistrb mk hkjýdkjbs quk suread murajtk a bnskrvaïæb, quk jæb krad kspkrambs jb sku p`ajkeadkjtb.



Wara rka`izar rkoistrbs ifbjboráhifbs (hbtborahias, hi`dks, vämkbs ktf.), fasb b bnektb mk sua bnskrvaïæb skead ijmivämubs bu orupbs mk pkssbas, prkpark-bs para ta` aïæb. K`ks jæb mkvkd skr pkobs mk surprksa.



B rk`atörib mkvk skr hkitb b dais fkmb pbssävk`, rk`atajmb b quk hbi bnskrvamb jbs dbdkjtbs dais siojihifativbs.

>.;. Ijstrudkjtbs mk ^kfb`ca mk Mambs pbr Bnskrvaïæb >.;.1. Qukstibjárib

‐Ijstrudkjtb mk fb`kta mk mambs fbjstituämb pbr uda sérik mk pkroujtas, quk mkvkd skr  rkspbjmimas pbr ksfritb— (Darfbji & @ala @alatbs, tbs, 19995177) Kstk é ud mbs détbmbs mk rkfb`ca mk mambs quk dais jbs hbfa`izambs ja sua ajá`isk murajtk bs mknatks rka`izambs jkstk skoujmb tkda, jksta [F mk Dktbmb`boias mk Ijvkstioaïæb kd kmufaïæb, eá quk tadnéd é ud mbs détbmbs dais usambs jkstas árkas mk kstumb. [d qukstibjárib é ud ijstrudkjtb mk rkfb`ca mk mambs através mk téfjifa mk autbprkkjfcidkjtb  pbr partk mbs partifipajtks. ]rata-sk mk ud ijstrudkjtb fbjstituämb pbr ud jõdkrb `iditamb mk qukstû qukstûks ks apr aprksk kskjta jtama mass mk hbrad hbrad ksf ksfrit ritas, as, sk skjmb jmb fbdpbs fbdpbstb tb pbr várias várias pk pkrou roujta jtass bu mkf`araïûks. [da mas mbs détbmbs dais uti`izambs jbs qukstibjáribs ap`ifambs ja árka ma kmufaïæb, jbdkamadkjtk para dkmir fbjstruïûks anstraftas, é através ma aprkskjtaïæb é a aprkskjtaïæb mk ksfa`as mk @ijlkrt. [d itkd @ilkrt é apkjas uda ahirdaïæb ç qua` b suekitb  pksquisamb rkspbjmk através mk ud fritérib quk pbmk skr bnekftivb bu sunekftivb.  Jbrda`dkjtk, b quk sk mkskea dkmir é b jävk` mk fbjfbrmîjfia fbjfbrmîjfia bu jæb fbjfbrmîjfia ç ahirdaïæb. B hbrdatb täpifb mk ud itkd @ilkrt mk ; jävkis é5 b

b

 Jæb fbjfbrmb tbta`dkjtk tbta`dkjtk  Jæb fbjfbrmb parfia`dkjtk parfia`dkjtk 18

 

b

Ijmihkrkjtk

b

Fbjfbrmb parfia`dkjtk

b

Fbjfbrmb tbta`dkjtk

Çs vkzks sæb usambs quatrb itkjs, b quk hbrïa b suekitb pksquisamb a uda ksfb`ca pbsitiva bu jkoativa, uda vkz quk a bpïæb fkjtra` "Ijmihkrkjtk" jæb kxistk. Apksar mb dais fbdud skr a uti`izaïæb mk = bu ; jävkis, é pbssävk` a uti`izaïæb mk 8, ?, 3 bu até 9 jävkis. Bs qukstibjáribs  pbmkd tadnéd tadnéd tkr, para a`éd mk qqukstûks ukstûks hkfcamas, hkfcamas, qukstûk qukstûkss ankrtas bu distas. distas. Çs vkzks sæb usambs quatrb itkjs, b quk hbrïa b suekitb pksquisamb a uda ksfb`ca pbsitiva bu jkoativa, uda vkz quk a bpïæb fkjtra` "Ijmihkrkjtk" jæb kxistk. Apksar mb dais fbdud skr a uti`izaïæb mk = bu ; jävkis, é pbssävk` a uti`izaïæb mk 8, ?, 3 bu até 9 jävkis. Bs qukstibjáribs  pbmkd tadnéd tadnéd tkr, para a`éd mk qqukstûks ukstûks hkfcamas, hkfcamas, qukstûk qukstûkss ankrtas bu distas. distas.

>.;.1.1. Wrijfäpibs para Hbrdu`aïæb mk Wkroujtas  Ebcjsbj & Fcristkjskj prbpûkd 1; prijfäpibs násifbs para a friaïæb mk nbjs qukstibjáribs5 

Xkrihifar sk bs itkjs mb qukstibjárib fbrrkspbjmkd abs bnekftivbs mk pksquisa.



]kjtar fbdprkkjmkr bs partifipajtks jkssa pksquisa, `kdnrajmb quk5

a) Bs partifipajtks é quk væb prkkjfckr b qukstibjárib k jæb qukd fria b qukstibjárib<  n) ]kjtar fbdprkkjmk fbdprkkjmkrr as faraftkrästifas fu`turais k mkdboráhifas ma pbpu`aïæb-a`vb, pbpu`aïæb-a`vb, mk hbrda a tkjtar quk b qukstibjárib skea fbdprkkjsävk` para k`ks. 

[sar uda `ijouaokd jatura` k hadi`iar h adi`iar para a pbpu`aïæb-a`vb



Ksfrkvkr itkjs f`arbs, prkfisbs k rk`ativadkjtk furtbs.

a) Vk k bs partifipajtks jæb kjtkjmkr bs itkjs, bs mambs jæb skræb vá`imbs<  n) Itkjs furtbs sæb sæb dais hafi`dkjtk fbdprkkjmimbs fbdprkkjmimbs k dkjbs strkssa strkssajtks jtks mb quk itk itkjs js `bjobs. 

 Jæb usar pkroujtas pkroujtas brikjtambras

a) Qukstûks brikjtambras `kvad b partifipajtk para bjmk b ijvkstioambr qukr< 1?

 

 n) Mkvk-sk skdprk skdprk usar uda hbrdu`aïæb hbrdu`aïæb jkutra 

Kvitar pkroujtas mk ‐fajb— mup`b.

As qukstûks mk ‐fajb mup`b— fbdnijad muas bu dais qukstûks juda sö (pbr kxkdp`b5 ‐Obstas mk eboar vimkbebobs quajmb kstás kd fasa k jbs ijtkrva`bs ja ksfb`a2—- sk rkspbjmkr  quk duitb, skrá duitb ja ksfb`a, duitb kd fasa bu duitb kd fasa k ja ksfb`a2 Vk a pkroujta ijf`uir a pa`avra ‐k— é prbvávk` quk skea uda qukstæb mk fajb mup`b. 

Kvitar mup`as jkoativas.

(Wbr kxkdp`b, "Ku misfbrmb quk bs prbhkssbrks jæb mkvkd skr bnrioamas a supkrvisibjar bs skus a`ujbs ja nin`ibtkfa") 

Mktkrdijar sk a qukstæb mkvk skr ankrta bu hkfcama

a) Wkroujtas ankrtas hbrjkfkr mambs qua`itativbs prbvkjikjtks mas pa`avras mbs pröpribs ijquirimbs,  n)Wkroujtas hkfcamas hbrjkfkd mambs quajtitativbs fbd nask jas fatkobrias prémktkrdijamas pk`b ijvkstioambr. f) As pkroujtas ankrtas sæb dais fbdujs kd pksquisas kxp`bratörias k pkroujtas hkfcamas sæb usuais kd ijvkstioaïæ ijvkstioaïæbb fbjhirdatöria 

[sarr fat [sa fatko kobria briass dutuad dutuadkjt kjtkk kx kxf`u f`usiv sivas as k kx kxaus austiv tivas as jas rkspbs rkspbstas tas çs pk pkrou roujta jtass hkfcamas.

a) Fatkobrias dutuadkjtk kxf`usivas jæb sk sbnrkpûkd (pbr kxkdp`b, imamks kjtrk 77-17, 17->7, >7-67, jæb sæb dutuadkjtk kxf`usivbs, pbr issb mkvkd skr rkksfritas ma skouijtk hbrda5 dkjbs mk 17, 17-19, >7->9, 67-69, ... ).  n) As fatkobrias kxaustivas, ijf`ukd tbmas as rkspbstas pbssävkis (pbr kxkdp`b, sk qukstibjardbs sbnrk a imamk ç uda pbpu`aïæb-a`vb amu`ta quk canita jud mktkrdijamb  nairrb, jæb pbmkdbs tkr fbdb fatkobrias-13-19, >7->9, 67-69, =7-=9, ;7 - ;9, 87-89 ‖   pbrquk, para skr kxaustiva mkvkria fbjsimkrar, pk`b dkjbs, dais uda fatkobria ‖ dais mk ?7 ajbs)

13

 

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Fbjsimkrar bs mihkrkjtks tipbs mk fatkobrias mk rkspbsta abs itkjs, jas pkroujtas hkfcamas5

As ksfa`as mk ava`iaïæb dais fbdujs sæb 5 a) As ksfa`a ksfa`ass jud judéri érifa fass (pb (pbmk mkjmb jmb skr ks ksfa` fa`ar ar ädp ädpark arkss bu pa parks rks.. A`o A`ouj ujss pksqui pksquisam sambrk brkss  prkhkrkd ksfa`as fbd ; pbjtbs< butrbs pksquisambrk pksquisambrkss prkhkrkd ksfa`as mk ava`iaïæb mk =  pbjtbs, bjmk cá uda dkjb dkjbrr tkjmåjfia pk`a kksfb`ca sfb`ca mbs pb pbjtb jtb fkjtra`.)  n) ^ajlijo ‖ jkstk fasb, b ijquirimb mkvk fb`bfar a sua rkspbsta kd brmkd mk f`assihifaïæb f`assihifaïæb (kxkdp`b5 b dais idpbrtajtk, skoujmb dais idpbrtajtk, k b tkrfkirb dais idpbrtajtk). f) Mihkrkjfiaïæb skdîjtifa ‖ b ijquirimb mkvk ksfb`ckr kjtrk pö`bs bpbstbs (kxkdp`b5 oéjkrb dasfu`ijb/hkdijijb.;.1.>. ]ipbs mk Qukstûks A Fbjstruïæb mb Qukstibjárib Fbjsistk kd tramuzir bs bnektivbs ma pksquisa kd pkroujtas f`aras k bnektivas.

a)Ankr a)A nkrta5 ta5 sæb as quk pkrditkd ab ijhbrdajtk rkspbjmkr `ivrkdkjtk, usajmb `ijouaokd  pröpria k kditir bpijiûks. bpijiûks. Kjtrktajtb, aprkskjta aprkskjta a`oujs ijfbjvkjikjtks5 ijfbjvkjikjtks5 

Mihifu`ta a rkspbsta ab pröprib ijhbrdajtk, quk mkvkrá rkmioi-`a.

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B prbfkssb mk tanu`aïæb.

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B trata tratadkjtb dkjtb kstatäs kstatästifb tifb k a ijtkr ijtkrprkta prktaïæb. ïæb. A ajá` ajá`isk isk é mihäfi`, mihäfi`, fbdp`kxa fbdp`kxa,, fajsativa fajsativa k mkdbrama

n) Hkfcama5 Hkfcama5 sæb aquk`as kd quk b ijhbrdajtk ksfb`ck sua rkspbsta kjtrk muas bpïûks. Kstk tipb mk pkroujta, kdnbra rkstrijea a `inkrmamk mas rkspbstas, hafi`ita b trana`cb mb pksquisambr  k tadnéd a tanu`aïæb, pbis as rkspbstas sæb dais bnektivas.

f) Dõ` Dõ`tip tip`a `a ks ksfb` fb`ca5 ca5 sæb pkroujtas hkfcamas das quk aprkskjtad uda sérik mk pbssävkis rkspbstas, anrajokjmb várias hafktas mb dksdb assujtb. A téfjifa ma ksfb`ca dõ`tip`a é hafi`dkjtk tanu`ávk` k prbpbrfibja uda kxp`braïæb kd prbhujmimamk quask tæb nba quajtb a >7

 

mk pkrouj pkroujtas tas ank ankrta rtas. s. A fbdnij fbdnijaïæ aïæbb mk rkspb rkspbsta stass dõ` dõ`tip tip`as `as fbd as rks rkspbs pbstas tas ank ankrta rtass  pbssini`ita dais ijhbrdaïûks ijhbrdaïûks sbnrk b assujtb, skd prkeumifar a tanu`a tanu`aïæb. ïæb.

>.;.1.6. Xajtaokjs k Mksvajtaokjs Xajtaokjs 

É ud détbmb naratb<

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Nbd para dkmir atitumks k butras ijhbrdaïûks sbnrk fbjtkõmbs fboj fbojitivbs itivbs k hbrdas mk  pkjsar mbs partifipajtks partifipajtks jkssk kstumb<

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É pbssävk` ap`ifar a adbstras prbnani`ästifas, b ajbjidatb pkrfknimb pk`b partifipajtk é k`kvamb<

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[d qukstibjárib nkd fbjstruämb k va`imamk pbmk `kvar a uda va`imamk mk dkmiïæb dbmkramadkjtk k`kvama<

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Bs itkjs itkjs hkf hkfcam cambs bs pbmkd pbmkd hbr hbrjk jkfkr fkr ijh ijhbrd brdaï aïûks ûks kxafta kxaftas, s, b quk hafi`i hafi`ita ta a ajá`is ajá`iskk  pbstkribr mkssks mambs<

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 Bs itkjs ankrtbs pkrditkd ijhbrdaïûks dais mkta`camas skoujmb as pröprias pa`avras mb partifipajtk (das dais mihäfkis mk aja`isar)<

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Ijst Ijstru rudk dkjt jtbb õt õti` i` qukr qukr pa para ra ud udaa kxp` kxp`br braï aïæb æb ij ijif ifia ia`, `, qu qukr kr pa para ra ud udaa aj ajá` á`is iskk fbjhirdatörib.

Mksvajtaokjs 

 Jbrda`dkjtk mkvk skr furtb (b quk `kva a quk jæb skea pbssävk` rktirar duita ijhbrdaïæb)<

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Wbmk bfbrrkr mkskeani`imamk sbfia` jas rkspbstas<

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Wbmk bfbrrkr jæb rkspbsta a mktkrdijambs itkjs bu rkspbstas pamrbjiza pamrbjizamas< mas<

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Vk sk ap`ifar através mk dkibs k`kftröjifbs, b jävk` mk rkspbsta pbmk skr naixb<

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Itkjs ankrtbs pbmkd rkh`kftir mihkrkjïas jas cani`imamks mk ksfrita, bnsfurkfkjmb qukstûks mk ijtkrkssk< >1

 

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 Jkfkssimamk mk mk va`imaïæb<

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 Jb fasb mk itkjs itkjs ankrtbs a ajá ajá`isk `isk mbs mam mambs bs pbmk skr mk mkdbrama. dbrama.

>.;.>. A Kjtrkvista ‐Kjfbjtrb kjtrk muas pkssbas, pkssbas, a hid mk quk uda mk`as bntkjca ijhbrda ijhbrdaïûks ïûks a rkspkitb mk ud mktkrdijamb assujtb— (Darfbji & @alatbs, 1999, p. 9=). Vkoujmb @alatbs (1991), a kjtrkvista kd prbhujmimamk fbjsistk juda fbjvkrsa hafk a hafk, através ma qua` sk nusfa bntkr ijhbrdaïûks mb kjtrkvistamb sbnrk mktkrdijamb assujtb. A kjtrkvista é b détbmb mk rkfb`ca mk mambs quk irkdb-jbs hbfa`izar k kxpkridkjtar jb  pröxidb tkda quk anbrmardbs jksta [.F. A kjtrkvista pbmk skr ud détbmb quajtitativb bu qua`itativb. ]kjmb kd fbjsimkraïæb b tipb mk prbfkmidkjtb, b kjtrkvistamb tkd mk fbjskouir  friar uda atdbshkra mk fbjhiajïa fbd b kjtrkvistamb, fasb fbjtrárib, bs rksu`tambs bntimbs væb væb tkr pbu pbufa fa frk frkmin mini`i i`imam mamk. k. Wbr issb, issb, é jkf jkfkss kssári áriaa a`ouda a`ouda kxp kxpkri kriåj åjfia fia,, as assid sid fb fbdb, db, fapafimamk mk kdpatia para sk uti`izar kstk tipb mk anbrmaokd.

>.;.>.1. Kjtrkvistas Quajtitativas Væb kjtrkvistas pamrbjizamas, quk usad qukstûks hkfcamas kd quk b kjtrkvistamb tkd ud  prbtbfb`b mk kjtrkvista quk é ap`ifamb a tbmbs bs partifipajtks. Jkstk fasb b prbtbfb`b mk kjtrkvista é duitb skdk`cajtk a ud qukstibjárib, skjmb quk a prijfipa` mihkrkjïa é quk jkstk fasb fasb as qukstû qukstûks ks sæb sæb `im `imas as pk`b pk`b kjt kjtrkv rkvist istamb ambrr (du (duitb itb täpifb täpifb jas sbjmao sbjmaokjs kjs mk bp bpiji ijiæb æb  prkskjfiais bu pbr tk`khbjk).

>.;.>.>. Kjtrkvista Qua`itativa Væb kjtrkvistas naskamas kd pkroujtas ankrtas, pbmkjmb kstas mivimirkd-sk kd 6 tipbs5 fbjvkrsaïæbb ijhbrda` (dais bu dkjbs kstruturama), ouia mk kjtrkvista/ skdikstruturama (ijf`ui fbjvkrsaïæ ud prbtbfb`b, quk jæb tkd mk skr ap`ifamb mk hhbrda brda brmkjama), ankrta pamrbjizama (skouk ud rbtkirb brmkjamb mk qukstûks ankrtas, kd quk a hbrdu`aïæb mas qukstûks jæb pbmk skr  a`tkrama).

>.;.>.6. B Wrbtbfb`b mk [da Kjtrkvista >>

 

B prbtbfb`b prbtbfb`b mk kjtrkv kjtrkvista ista pbmk ijf`uir bs skouijtk skouijtkss fbdpbjkjtks fbdpbjkjtks nási násifbs5 fbs5 ‐fankïa`c ‐fankïa`cb, b, ijstruïûks ijifiais para b kjtrkvistambr, as prijfipais qukstûks mk pksquisa, ijstruïûks para aprbhujmar as prijfipais pkroujtas, qukstûks a`tkrjativas para b kjtrkvistambr, kspaïb para rk rkoi oist star ar bs fbdk fbdkjt jtár árib ibss k ks kspa païb ïb jb qu qua` a` b pk pksq squi uisa samb mbrr rk rkoi oist star ar jb jbta tass rk rkh` h`kx kxiv ivas as.— .— (F^KV_K@@, >77?, p. 19=).

>.;.>.=. Xajtaokjs b

Wbmk hbrjkfkr ijhbrdaïûks mkta`camas<

b

Wkrditk sbjmaokjs<

b

É ud nbd détbmb para dkmir atitumks k fbjtkõmbs<

b

Wbmk hbrjkfkr ijhbrdaïæb siojihifativa sbnrk a hbrda mk pkjsar mbs partifipajtks<

b

 Jb fasb mas qukstûks hkfc hkfcamas amas pbssini`itad a hbrjkfkr ijhbrdaïûks ijhbrdaïûks kxaftas<

b

 Jb fasb mb usb usb pbr tk`khbjk bu pbr k-dai` b rktbrjb é duitb duitb rápimb<

b

Vk b pr prbt btbf bfb` b`bb hbr hbr nk nkd d fbjs fbjstr truä uämb mb k tk tkst stam ambb a va va`i `ima mamk mk ma mass dkmi dkmiïû ïûks ks sæ sæbb rk`ativadkjtk a`tas<

b

Wbmk skr usamb kd adbstras prbnani`ästifas, a taxa mk rkspbsta é rk`ativadkjtk a`ta<

b

É õti` qukr para kxp`braïæb, qukr para fbjhirdaïæb.

>.;.>.;. Mksvajtaokjs b

Détbmb farb k dbrbsb mk ap`ifar, bs khkitbs rkaftivbs pbmkd skr orajmks, pbis b kjtr kjtrkv kvis ista tamb mb tk tkd d dk dkjb jbss jbïæ jbïæbb mk ajbj ajbjid idat atbb b qu qukk pb pbmk mk pr prbd bdbv bvkr kr rk rksp spbs bsta tass mkskeávkis sbfia`dkjtk<

b

]kd quk sk tkr kd fbjta bs khkitbs ma prkskjïa mb kjtrkvistambr, jbdkamadkjtk  pbufb kxpkriåjfia, prkfbjfkitbs, prkfbjfkitbs, …< kd qukstûks ankrtas bs kjtrkvistambs pbmkd jæb sk `kdnrar mk ijhbrdaïûks idpbrtajtk<

b

A ajá`isk mbs mambs skr mkdbrama kd itkjs ankrtbs< jkfkssimamk mk va`imaïæb

>6

 

6. Fbjf`usæb Fbd b trana`cb aprkskjtamb, Fbd as pksquisas hkitas Fbjf`uädbs quk, Bs détbmbs mk rkfb`ca mk mambs, sæb kstratéoias quk pbssini`itad abs pksquisambrks bntkr mambs kdpärifbs quk `ck pbssini`itad rkspbjmkr çs suas qukstûks ijvkstioativas. Bs mambs maqui rksu`tajtks mkvkd skr aja`isambs, ijtkrprktambs mk hbrda a pbmkrkd skr trajshbrdambs kd rksu`tambs k fbjf`usû fbjf `usûks. ks. Murajtk Murajtk b trana trana`cb `cb sbnrk b tkda ma Bnskrva Bnskrvaïæb ïæb fbdb ]éfjifa ]éfjifa mk ^kfb`ca ^kfb`ca mk mambs, hbi pbssävk` a furibsimamk jb kstumb mb kstumb mk a`oujs mbs détbmbs uti`izambs qukr  ja ijvkstioaïæb pbsitivista k quajtitativa, qukr ja ijvkstioaïæb ijtkrprktativa k qua`itativa, tkjmb tkj mb ks kssk sk mkparb mkparb fb fbd d dai daiss ijf ijfimå imåjfi jfiaa ja uti`iz uti`izaïæ aïæbb mb quksti qukstibjá bjárib rib jb quksti qukstibj bjári áribb kjquajtb téfjifa quajtitativa k ja uti`izaïæb ma kjtrkvista fbdb téfjifa usama ja ijvkstioaïæb qua`itativa, é mk fbjf`uir tadnéd, B kstumb k a fbjstruïæb fb`anbrativa mk fbjckfidkjtb fbjckfidkjtb quk hizkdbs murajtk b tkdpb kd quk jbs hbfa`izadbs jkstk tkda ma Bnskrvaïæb fbdb détbmbs mk rkfb`ca mk mambs, hbi ksskjfia` para ud dk`cbr fbjckfidkjtb mas kstratéoias uti`izamas ja ijvkstioaïæbb ja árka ma kmufaïæb. A fbdprkkjsæb mk fama uda mkstks détbmbs mk rkfb`ca mk ijvkstioaïæ ma mamb mbs, s, park parkfk fk-dk -dk ks kssk skjf jfia ia`` para para a kxkf kxkfuï uïæb æb hu hutu tura ra mk ud nb nbd d p` p`aj ajbb ij ijvk vkst stio ioat ativ ivb, b, jbdkamadkjtk jbdkamadk jtk jb pröxidb skdkstrk quajmb tivkr mk fb`bfar kd prátifa kstks fbjckfidkjtbs ja prbmuïæb ma ijvkstioaïæb ijkrkjtk ç misskrtaïæb mk dkstramb.

>=

 

=. ^khkråjfias Nin`iboráhifas NKFCLK^, C. A. Bnskrvatibj ny ijhbrdajts ij ijstitutibja` rkskarfc. r kskarfc. Qua`ity & Quajtity, v. 8, p. 1;?-189, 19?>. NK@KI, ^. A.< OIDKJIU-WAVFCBA@, V. ^.< JAVFIDKJ]B, K. J.< DA]V[DB]B, W. C. X. ^. eaj/euj. >773, B usb mk kjtrkvista, bnskrvaïæb k vimkboravaïæb vimkboravaïæb kd pksquisa qua`itativa. Famkrjbs mk kmufaïæb, HAK/WWOK/[HWK@, Wk`btas, v. 67, p. 13?-199. ANKYAVKLK^A, Vavitri. (>777). Quajtitativk aja`ysis apprbafcks tb qua`itativk mata5 wcy, wckj ajm cbw. . Avai`an`k at cttp5//www.rkamijo.af.ul/ssf/. FBV]A, A. D. J. (kt a`.). >779. [sb mk Kjtrkvistas Bj-@ijk jb Détbmb mk Kxp`ifitaïæb mb Misfursb Vuneafkjtk (DKMV). Wsifb`boia5 ^kh`kxæb k Frätifa, v. >>, j. 1, pp. 68-=6. F^KV_K@@, Ebcj _.. >77?, Wrbekftb mk pksquisa5 détbmbs qua`itativb, quajtitativb k distb. ]ramuïæb @ufiaja mk B`ivkira ma ^bfca.. >. km.. Wbrtb A`kork5 Artdkm. DB^AIV, Far`bs . Mksfriïæb, ajá`isk k ijtkrprktaïæb mk ijhbrdaïæb quajtitativa5 Ksfa`as mk dkmima, kstatästifa mksfritiva k ijhkråjfia kstatästifa. Nraoajïa5 Ksfb`a Vupkribr mk Kmufaïæb  ‖ Ijstitutb Wb`itéfjifb Wb`itéfjifb mk Nraoajïa Nraoajïa,, s/m. AI^KV,, @. >71; AI^KV >71;.. Wara Waramiod miodaa qua` qua`itati itativb vb k práti prátifas fas mk ijvkstioa ijvkstioaïæb ïæb kmufafib kmufafibja`. ja`. @isnba5 @isnba5 [jivkrsimamk Ankrta.

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