Obra Completa - Los Nuevos Círculos de Aprendizaje
July 27, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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EIYN CELTMF[N
@YVTE K KF F FS[VKOE S SEIYF N NTYFHKOZNJF C CEETFYN[ORE
MES H HVFR ES C CÌY CVMES K KF N NTY FHKOZN JF
Ye`fr Jeahseh, Knvok Jeahseh, Fkytaf Aemuifc
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
CNTÌ[VME >: µ^VÏ FS FM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE5 ...................................................... .................................................................. ............ 6 >. MN CEETFYNCOÓH FH FM NVMN ................................................... .......................................................................................................... ......................................................... 6 >.>. Celpftfhcon Celpftfhcon..................... ............................................. ................................................ ................................................ .......................................... ........................................... ............................................... ......................66 >.9. Ohkovokunmosle Ohkovokunmosle........................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ........................................ ......................................... ........................................... ..................66 >.3.CELTEHFH[FS Ceepfrncoóh............................. Ceepfrncoóh..................................................... ................................................ ................................................ ....................................... ........................................ ........................................... ..................22 9. MES FSFHCONMFS: ME ^VF ANCF ^VF MN CEETFYNCOÓH BVHCOEHF........................................................ ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................ .................................... 2 3. [OTES KF NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFY CEETFYN[ORE N[ORE ........................................................ ........................................................................................... ................................... 1 3.>. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm ............................................... ....................................................................... .......................................... ........................................... ................................ ....... 1 3.9. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm ohberlnm....................... ............................................... ................................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................... ....... 1 3.3. @rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf insf..................... ............................................. ................................................ ................................................ ..................................... ..................................... ........................?? 3.;. Fstructurns ceepfrntovns ceepfrntovns..................... ............................................ ............................................... ............................................... ....................................... ......................................... ............................... ...... ? ;. MN FHSFÞNHZN KF ANIOMOKNKFS CEETFYN[ORNS ................................................. ....................................................................... ...................... ? 6. MN FSCVFMN CEETFYN[ORN ................................................................................................................>4 6.>. Mn prîctocn kf mn ceepfrncoóh fh mn fscufmn fscufmn.................... ........................................... ............................................... ........................................ ......................................>4 ......................>4 6.9. Mn pfrocon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove.................................................................. ceepfrntove.................................................................................. .............................. ..............>> >> CNTÌ[VME 9: MN OHRFS[O@NCOÓH SEIYF NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE ......................................>9 >. KÓHKF AFLES FS[NKE: YNÌCFS [FÓYOCNS ...................................................................................>9 >.>. Mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm ....................... ............................................... ................................................ .................................... .................................... ............................. .....>9 >9 >.9. Mn tferìn kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove ........................ ................................................ ................................................ ........................................ ......................................... ................................. ........>9 >9 >.3. Mn tferìn cehkuctostn kfm nprfhkoznjf nprfhkoznjf........................ ............................................... .............................................. ...................................... ........................................ .............................. .....>3 >3 9. KÓHKF AFLES FS[NKE: MN OHRFS[O@NCOÓH ...............................................................................>3 3. MN AOS[EYON KFM VSE TYÎC[OCE KFM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE......................................>6 ;. MES YFSVM[NKES KF MN CEETFYNCOÓH .........................................................................................>2 6. MNS YFMNCOEHFS OH[FYTFYSEHNMFS _ FM NTE_E SECONM ........................................................>0 2. MN NKNT[NCOÓH TSOCEMÓ@OCN..........................................................................................................>1 0. [EKE NBFC[N N [EKE ME KFLÎS....................................................................................................>1 CNTÌ[VME 3: MES CELTEHFH[FS FSFHCONMFS KFM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE ................. 94 >. CEETFYNCOÓH H FS LVCAE LÎS ^VF VH EYKFHNLOFH EYKFHNLOFH[E [E_E" KF.............................................9> NSOFH[ES ........................ 94 9. MN MN CEETFYNCOÓ OH[FYKFTFH OH[FYKFTFHKFHCON KFHCON TESO[ORN: "HESE[YES FH RFZ KF 9.>. Mn fstructurncoóh kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn ...................... .............................................. ................................................ ......................................... ....................... ......99 99 9.9. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhc ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon on pesotovn y fm cehbmocte ohtfmfctunm......................................................... ohtfmfctunm....................................................................... ............................. ...............93 93 3. MN OH[FYNCCOÓH TYELE[EYN CNYN N CNYN ................................................ ............................................................................... ............................... 93 ;. MN YFSTEHSNIOMOK YFSTEHSNIOMOKNK NK TFYSEHNM F OHKOROKVNM ........................................................................ 9; 6. MNS ANIOMOKNKFS OH[FYTFYSEHNMFS _ KF @YVTES TF^VFÞES ............................................ 96 2. FM TYECFSNLOFH[E @YVTNM..................................................... ............................................................................................................ ....................................................... 96 0. FM VSE KFM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE .................................................................................... 90 CNTÌ[VME ;: FM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE BEYLNM ....................................................... ................................................................. .......... 91 1. FM TNTFM KFM KECFH[F: SFY "VH @VÌN ^VF NCELTNÞN" ............................................... ....................................................... ........ 91 1.>. Fspfcobocnr mes eijftoves fkucntoves.............................................................. fkucntoves...................................................................................... .............................................. ............................... .........9? 9? 1.9. [elnr kfcosoehfs prfvons n mn fhsfþnhzn .............................................. ..................................................................... ........................................ .......................................9? ......................9? 1.9.>. BEYLNY MES @YVTES. ...................... .............................................. ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ......................................9? ..............9? 9
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
KOSTESOCOÓH KFM NVMN.......................... 1.9.9. M N KOSTESOCOÓH ................................................... .................................................. .................................................. ................................................34 .......................34 1.9.3. M N FMFCCOÓH KF MES LN[FYONMFS FKVCN[ORES. ........................ ................................................. .................................................. .................................... ...........34 34 YEMFS TNYN NSF@VYNY MN OH[FYKFTFHKFHCON OH[FYKFTFHKFHCON. ...................... 1.9.;. M N NSO@HNCOÓH KF YEMFS ............................................... ............................ ...34 34 1.3. Fxpmocnr mn tnrfn y mn fstructurn kf mes eijftoves..................... eijftoves............................................ .............................................. ........................................ .............................. .............3> 3> FQTMOCNCOÓH KF MN [NYFN NCNKÏLOCN...............................................................................................3> 1.3.>. M N FQTMOCNCOÓH FQTMOCNCOÓH KF MES CYO[FYOES TNYN FM ÏQO[E _ MMNS NS CEHKVC[NS KFSFNKNS............................3> 1.3.9. M N FQTMOCNCOÓH 1.;. Tehfr fh lnrcan mn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn...................................................... ceepfrntovn............................................................................. ........................................ .............................. .............39 39 1.6. Cehtremnr mn fbfctovoknk kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove f ohtfrvfhor cunhke sfn hfcfsnroe..... 3; 1.6.>. CEH[YEMNY MN CEHKVC[N KF MES NMVLHES _ EBYFCFY N_VKN. ........................ ................................................. ............................... ......3; 3; 1.6.9. OH[FYRFHOY TNYN FHSFÞNY ANIOMOKNKFS SECONMFS. ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ............................. ....36 36 1.2. Fvnmunr fm nprfhkoznjf y precfsnr mn ohtfrnccoóh............................ ohtfrnccoóh................................................... ............................................. ......................................... ........................ .....36 36 MN CNH[OKNK KF ME NTYFHKOKE NTYFHKOKE TEY MES NMVLHES...................................36 1.2.>. F RNMVNY MN CNMOKNK _ MN 1.2.9. TYECFSNY CVÎH IOFH BVHCOEHÓ FM @YVTE.............................................................................................32
CNTÌ[VME 6: FM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE OHBEYLNM.................................................... ............................................................. ......... 30 CNTÌ[VME 2: MES @YVTES CEETFYN[ORES KF INSF .................................................... ........................................................................ .................... ;4 >. @YVTES KF INSF KF MN CMNSF ................................................... ......................................................................................................... ...................................................... ;4 9. @YVTES KF INSF KF MN FSCVFMN .....................................................................................................;> 3. @YVTES KF CEHSFJE _ @YVTES AE@NYFÞES ............................................................................. ;9 ;. MN HFCFSOKNK KF YFMNCOEHFS FS[NIMFS _ KF MNY@E TMNZE ............................................. ;9 CNTÌ[VME 0: FM VSE OH[F@YNKE KFM NTYFHKOZNJF CEETFYN[ORE FH FM NVMN ................. ;; CNTÌ[VME 1: MN FHSFÞNHZN KF ANIOMOKNKFS CEETFYN[ORNS ................................................. ;2 >. MN OLTEY[NHCON KF MNS ANIOMOKNKFS CEETFYN[ORNS.................................................. ........................................................... ......... ;2 >.>. Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: rf`mns `fhfrnmfs `fhfrnmfs....................... .............................................. ......................................... ............................... .............;2 ;2 >.9. µ^uï aniomoknkfs fs hfcfsnroe fhsfþnr5 fhsfþnr5..................... ............................................ .............................................. ........................................ ........................................ ........................... ....;0 ;0 >.9.>. BEYLNCOÓH ....................... ............................................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ....................................... ............................. ..............;0 ;0 >.9.9. BVHCOEHNLOFH[E....................... ............................................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ........................................ ....................;1 ;1 >.9.3. BEYLVMNCOÓH....................... ............................................... ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ....................................... ......................... ..........;1 ;1 >.9.;. BFYLFH[NCOÓH ........................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ....................................... ..................... ......;? ;? >.3. Fm Mn pnpfm fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: uh fjflpme ....................... .............................................. .............................................. ......................................64 ...............64 >.;. kfm kecfhtf ........................ ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ..................................... ...................................... ................................. .......6> 6> CNTÌ[VME ?: MN CEETFYNCOÓH _ FM CEHBMOC[E ....................................................... ............................................................................ ..................... 62 >. CYFNY VH CEH[FQ[E CEETFYN[ORE................................................. ............................................................................................ ........................................... 62 9. OHREMVCYNYSF FH CEH[YERFYSONS NCNKÏLOCNS ................................................ .................................................................... .................... 62 ............................................................ ......... 61 3. FS[NIMFCFY VH TYE@YNLN KF LFKONCOÓH KF TNYFS ................................................... 3.>. Fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n rfsemvfr sus prepoes cehbmoctes.................. cehbmoctes......................................... .............................................. .........................................6? ..................6? 3.9. Fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n lfkonr fh mes cehbmoctes kf sus celpnþfres ............................................ ..........................................................6? ..............6? 3.3. Tehfr fh prîctocn fm pre`rnln............ pre`rnln................................... .............................................. ............................................... ....................................... ......................................... .............................. ....24 24 ;. FM ÚM[OLE YFCVYSE ........................................................ ................................................................................................................ ................................................................... ........... 24 6. MN CEHCOMONCOÓ CEHCOMONCOÓH H _ MES TYEIMFLNS KF KOSCOTMOHN ...................................................... ................................................................ .......... 24 CNTÌ[VME >4: MN FSCVFMN CEETFYN[ORN ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 29 >. MN FS[YVC[VYN KF MN FSCVFMN CEETFYN[ORN .................................................... ......................................................................... ..................... 29 3
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
>.>. Fm numn ceepfrntovn........................... ceepfrntovn.................................................... .................................................. .................................................. ..................................... ..................................... ................................ .......29 29 >.9. Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn.............................. ceepfrntovn...................................................... ................................................ .............................................. ............................................................... .......................................23 23 >.3. Fm kostrote ceepfrntove................... ceepfrntove............................................ .................................................. .................................................. ...................................... ....................................... ................................. .......26 26 >.;. Mn fkucncoóh kf cnmoknk fh mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn................................................................. ceepfrntovn............................................................................... ............................ ..............26 26 >.6. Mn supfrncoóh pfrlnhfhtf.............................. pfrlnhfhtf..................................................... ............................................... ............................................. ............................................ ................................... ............20 20 >.2. Nmcnhznr pfrocon y celpnrtormn................................... celpnrtormn........................................................... ............................................... ....................................... ......................................... ............................. ....21 21 >.0. Mn cnmoknk kf mn prîctocn (@rîboces kf cehtrem) .............................................. ...................................................................... ....................................... ............................. ..............2? 2? >.1. Fstnimfcfr aotes ....................... ............................................... ................................................ ................................................ ....................................... ......................................... ......................................... ...............2? 2? >.?. Trepercoehnr mokfrnz`e...................................... mokfrnz`e............................................................. ............................................... ......................................... .......................................... ..................................... ............2? 2? CNTÌ[VME >>: FM CNLIONH[F TNYNKO@LN KF MN FHSFÞNHZN ....................................................0> >. MN CYFNCOÓH KF VHN CELVHOKNK KF NTYFHKOZNJF.............................................................. .............................................................. 03
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume > µ^uï fs fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove5 F >6 kf jumoe kf >?19, Keh Ifhhftt, uh celfrconhtf kf Sfnttmf, fh mes Fstnkes Vhokes, sf cehvortoó fh fm prolfr nlputnke quf mmf`ó n fscnmnr fm Lehtf Ynohofr (sf`úh ohberlnh Geuzfs y Teshfr, >?10). Ifhhftt fscnmó ;.644 lftres fh uhn pofrhn yIfhhftt kes lumftns, fh cohce kìns. "He Cunhke sf mf ancfr prf`uhtó mfccoóhlîs lîs kf olpertnhtf quf aniìn nprfhkoke, rfspehkoó soh kuknr: sf pufkf seme".cuîm frn mn [ekess kf [eke kfif ifrì rìnl nles es tfhf tfhfrr so sofl flpr prff fh cufh cufhtn tn mmnn mf mfcc ccoó oóhh qquf uf If Ifhh hhft fttt nnpr prfh fhko koó. ó. SSoo mmns ns num numns ns y mn mnss fscu fscufm fmns ns anh anh kkff cehvfrtorsf fh sotoes fh mes quf mn `fhtf kfif nmcnhznr eijftoves vnmoeses, kfifh sfr mu`nrfs fh mes quf tekes (nmulhes, kecfhtfs y he kecfhtfs) ceepfrfh pnrn me`rnrme. Fstn ceepfrncoóh kfif prnctocnrsf kf lnhfrn cehscofhtf, anstn quf sf cehvofrtn fh uhn berln hnturnm kf nctunr f ohtfrnctunr. _ kfif tfhfr mu`nr fh tekes mes hovfmfs kf mn fkucncoóh, kfskf fm numn anstn fm kostrote, pnsnhke per mn fscufmn fh su cehjuhte. >. Mn ceepfrncoóh fh fm numn
Fh tekns mns numns, soh olpertnr mn lntfron, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh fstructurnr sus nctovoknkfs kf lnhfrn tnm quf sus nmulhes:
>. Sf ohvemucrfh fh uhn mucan kf `nhnkerfs y pfrkfkerfs pnrn vfr quoïh fs fm lfjer (celpftfhcon). 9. [r [rni ninj njfh fh ohkf ohkfpf pfhk hkof ofht htfl flfh fhtf tf fh su suss pre prepo poes es eijf eijftotove vess kkff npr nprfh fhko kozn znjf jf so so`u `uof ofhk hkee su su pre prepo poee rrototle le y ffhh su prepoe fspncoe, pnrn nmcnhznr uh crotfroe prffstnimfcoke kf fxcfmfhcon (ohkovokunmosle). 3. [rni [rninj njfh fh kf ln lnhf hfrn rn ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovnn ffhh ``ru rupe pess ppfq fquf ufþe þes, s, ns nsf` f`ur urnh nhke ke qu quff ttek ekes es me mess ooht htf` f`rn rnht htfs fs kelo kelohf hfhh mes lntfronmfs nso`hnkes (ceepfrncoóh). >.>. Celpftfhcon
Cunhke mes fstukonhtfs tofhfh quf celpftor pnrn eitfhfr cnmobocncoehfs, trninjnh cehtrn mes etres pnrn nmcnhznr uh eijftove quf sóme uhe e uhes peces pekrîh cehsf`uor. Sf cnmobocn n mes fstukonhtfs n pnrtor kf herlns quf mfs fxo`fh trninjnr lîs rîpoke y ceh lîs prfcosoóh quf sus pnrfs. Nm ancfrme, sf fsbufrznh per sfr lfjerfs quf sus celpnþfres, trninjnh pnrn provnr n mes etres (Lo trouhbe olpmocn tu kfrretn), cfmfirnh mns bnmmns kf sus celpnþfres ([u brncnse bncomotn lo trouhbe), vfh mns cnmobocncoehfs cele nm`e molotnke (Sóme uhes peces cehsf`uorîh uh >4), rfcehecfh su kfstohe cele nm`e rfmncoehnke kf lnhfrn hf`ntovn (Cunhte lîs `nhfs tú, lfhes cehsf`uorï ye) y crffh quf mes quf seh lîs celpftfhtfs y sf fsbufrznh lîs cehso`ufh cesns y mes etres he (Sóme mes bufrtfs trouhbnh). Fh mns sotuncoehfs celpftotovns any uhn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon hf`ntovn fh mn cehsfcucoóh kf mes eijftoves7 mes nmulhes sofhtfh quf pufkfh nmcnhznr sus eijftoves so y sóme so mes etres brncnsnh fh su ohtfhte kf culpmor mes prepoes (Kfutsca, >?297 Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??>). Kfs`rnconknlfhtf, ïstn fs mn berln fh quf mn lnyerìn kf mes nmulhes fhtofhkfh mn fscufmn nctunm. [rninjnh kurnlfhtf pnrn sfr lfjerfs quf sus celpnþfres e sf telnh mns cesns ceh cnmln perquf he crffh quf tfh`nh pesoiomoknkfs kf ïxote. >.9. Ohkovokunmosle
Cunhke sf mfs pokf quf trninjfh kf lnhfrn ohkovokunmostn, mes nmulhes trninjnh semes pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves kf nprfhkoznjf quf he sf rfmncoehnh ceh mes kf sus prepoes celpnþfres. Sf nso`hnh eijftoves ohkovokunmfs y sf fvnmúnh mes fsbufrzes kf cnkn uhe seirf mn insf kf kftfrlohnkes crotfroes. Cnkn fstukonhtf tofhf su prepoe cehjuhte kf lntfronmfs y trninjn n su prepoe rotle, o`hernhke n mes kflîs nmulhes. Sf fspfrn quf mes nmulhes 6
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
sf cehcfhtrfh fh su prepoe ohtfrïs pfrsehnm (µ Cóle pufke kfsflpfþnrlf5) y sf mes nmofhtn pnrn quf me an`nh, pnrn quf sóme vnmerfh sus prepoes fsbufrzes y su ïxote (So lf fsbufrze lucae, pekrï eitfhfr uhn cnmobocncoóh nmtn) y pnrn quf vfnh fm ïxote e fm brncnse kf mes etres cele nm`e quf he tofhf olpertnhcon (So los celpnþfres he fstukonh, n lì he lf nbfctn). Mes me`res kf cnkn nmulhe seh, fh fstns cehkocoehfs, ohkfpfhkofhtfs7 mes nmulhes sofhtfh quf fm culpmolofhte kf sus eijftoves kf nprfhkoznjf he tofhf hnkn quf vfrr ce vf cehh me qu quff an`n an`nhh mes mes kf kflî lîss (Kfu (Kfuts tsca ca,, >?29 >?2977 Jeah Jeahse sehh y Jeah Jeahse seh, h, >? >??> ?>).). >.3. Ceepfrncoóh
Ceepfrnr so`hobocn trninjnr juhtes pnrn me`rnr eijftoves celpnrtokes. Fh mns nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns, mes ohkovokues iuscnh rfsumtnkes quf rfsumtfh ifhfbocoeses pnrn sì losles y, nm losle toflpe, pnrn tekes mes etres ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs fm use fkucntove kf pfqufþes `rupes quf pfrlotfh n mes fstukonhtfs trninjnr juhtes pnrn lfjernr su prepoe nprfhkoznjf y fm kf mes kflîs. Mn okfn fs sfhcommn. Mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf mn cmnsf berlnh `rupes pfqufþes kfspuïs kf mn fxpmocncoóh kfm kecfhtf. Muf`e trninjnh fh mn tnrfn fhcelfhknkn anstn quf tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe mn anh celprfhkoke y tfrlohnke cninmlfhtf. Mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves knh cele rfsumtnke fm fsbufrze kf mes fstukonhtfs per fm lutue ifhfbocoe, kf lnhfrn tnm quf tekes pufknh nprevfcanr mes fsbufrzes kf cnkn uhe ([u ïxote lf ifhfbocon y lo ïxote tf ifhfbocon n to), fm rfcehecolofhte kf quf tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe celpnrtfh uh kfstohe celúh (Hes snmvnles juhtes e hes auhkoles juhtes), mn celprfhsoóh kf quf fm kfsflpfþe ohkovokunm kfpfhkf tnhte kf uhe losle cele kf sus celpnþfres (He pekfles ancfrme soh to) y mn sfhsncoóh kf er`umme y mn cfmfirncoóh cehjuhtn cunhke sf mf rfcehecf uh me`re n uh ohtf`rnhtf kfm `rupe (¡[f sncnstf uh >4! ¡@fhonm!). Fh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, any uhn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn fhtrf mes me`res kf mes eijftoves kf mes fstukonhtfs: mes nmulhes sofhtfh quf pekrîh nmcnhznr sus eijftoves kf nprfhkoznjf so y sóme so mes etres ohtf`rnhtfs kf su `rupe tnlioïh mes nmcnhznh (Kfutsca, >?297 Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??>). Fh fm numn okfnm, tekes mes nmulhes nprfhkfrình cóle trninjnr ceh etres kf lnhfrn cemnierntovn, cóle celpftor per kovfrsoóh y cóle trninjnr kf lnhfrn nutóheln. Mes kecfhtfs kfifh kfcokor quï fstructurn kf eijftoves olpmflfhtnrîh pnrn cnkn nctovoknk. Fstf moire fstî kosfþnke pnrn ebrfcfr uhn celprfhsoóh kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove quf pfrlotn n mes kecfhtfs crfnr nctovoknkfs insnkns fh mn ceepfrncoóh fh fm numn y lfjernr mes nctunmfs fsbufrzes pnrn fstructurnr nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovnlfhtf, lofhtrns sf fxpmern mn olpertnhcon olpertnh con kf mn ceepfrncoóh ceepfrncoóh fh tekes mes hovfmfs fscemnrfs. 9. Mes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs: me quf ancf quf mn ceepfrncoóh buhcoehf
Tnrn nmcnhznr uh vfrknkfre kelohoe kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, any quf fhtfhkfr, fh prolfr mu`nr, kf quï sf trntn (Bo`urn >.>). Tnrn fhtfhkfr mn ceepfrncoóh any quf celprfhkfr iofh mes cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs quf ancfh quf ïstn buhcoehf (cnpìtume 3). Mes fkucnkerfs kfifh snifr cóle pmnhobocnr f olpmflfhtnr mns nctovoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm (cnpìtume ;), mns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm (cnpìtume 6), mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf (cnpìtume 2) y mns `uìns e fstructurns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pnrn nctovoknkfs rfpftokns e rutohns kfm numn (cnpìtume ;). Vhn vfz quf uhe an pmnhobocnke, fstructurnke f olpmflfhtnke cofhtes kf nctovoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, nmcnhznrî uh hovfm kf use aniotunm quf mf pfrlotorî ohtf`rnr mns kovfrsns berlns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove (cnpìtume 0). Tnrn nmcnhznr fstf hovfm fs hfcfsnroe quf mes fstukonhtfs nprfhknh aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns (cnpìtume 1), me cunm ohcmuyf nprfhkfr n lnhfjnr mes cehbmoctes (cnpìtume ?). Mn prîctocn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove kfif tfhfr mu`nr, nkflîs, fh uh cehtfxte kf er`nhozncoóh quf sfrî, okfnmlfhtf, mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn (cnpìtume >4). Fvokfhtflfhtf, fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove he cehsostf fh uh lfre erkfhnlofhte kf nsofhtes. Cemecnr n mes fstukonhtfs fh `rupes y kfcormfs cóle trninjnr juhtes he kn cele rfsumtnke mn rfnmozncoóh kf fsbufrzes 2
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
ceepfrntoves. Ter fm cehtrnroe, fm afcae kf sfhtnrsf fh `rupes pufkf prevecnr celpftfhcon cufrpe n cufrpe e fsbufrzes ohkovokunmostns per animnr. Fstructurnr mns nctovoknkfs kf leke tnm quf mes nmulhes trninjfh kf lnhfrn rfnmlfhtf ceepfrntovn fxo`f uhn celprfhsoóh kf mes celpehfhtfs quf ancfh quf fstn ceepfrncoóh buhcoehf. Fm kelohoe kf mes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs kf mn ceepfrncoóh pfrlotf n mes kecfhtfs: >. [e [eln lnrr mns mns nc nctotovo vokn knkf kfs, s, mes mes pre` pre`rn rnln lnss y mes mes curs curses es fxos fxostf tfht htfs fs y fs fstr truc uctu turn rnrm rmes es ce ceep epfr frnt ntov ovnl nlfh fhtf tf77 9. Nknp Nknptn tnrr mns mns ncto nctovo vokn knkf kfss kf nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovee n mn mnss ko kobf bfrf rfht htfs fs hfcf hfcfso sokn knkf kfss fk fkuc ucnt ntov ovns ns,, corcuhstnhcons, corcuhstnh cons, pre`rnlns, lntfrons y fstukonhtfs7 3. Kon`hestocnr mes preimflns quf pufkfh tfhfr nm`uhes fstukonhtfs nm trninjnr juhtes f ohtfrvfhor pnrn ohcrflfhtnr ohcrflfht nr mn fbocncon kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf. Tnrn quf mn ceepfrncoóh buhcoehf iofh, mes kecfhtfs kfifh fstructurnr fxpmìcotnlfhtf cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs fh cnkn nctovoknk (cnpìtume 3). Fm prolfr celpehfhtf fs fm lîs olpertnhtf: mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn. Ïstn sf fstructurn fxotesnlfhtf cunhke mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe sofhtfh quf fstîh vohcumnkes ceh mes kflîs kf leke tnm quf uhe seme he pekrî nmcnhznr fm ïxote so tekes mes kflîs he me nmcnhznh. Mes fstukonhtfs kfifh celprfhkfr quf mes fsbufrzes kf cnkn loflire kfm `rupe he sóme ifhfboconh nm ohkovokue, tnlioïh n tekes mes etres Fm ohtfrïs crfnkesffhnyukfh mes fstukonhtfs me`re kf mes kflîs kn sohe cele rfsumtnke fm afcae kf ohtf`rnhtfs. quf celpnrtnh rfcurses, fhtrf sì per pnrnfmnprfhkfr, sf prepercoehfh npeye lutue y cfmfirfh mes ïxotes cehjuhtes. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn fs fm cernzóh kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fm sf`uhke celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern, prfbfrfhtflfhtf cnrn n cnrn. Vhn vfz quf mes fstukonhtfs fstnimfcfh mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn, hfcfsotnh nulfhtnr mns epertuhoknkfs pnrn pekfr bnverfcfr fm ïxote kf mes kflîs nyukîhkemes, npeyîhkemes, nmfhtîhkemes y fme`oîhkemes fh sus fsbufrzes kf nprfhkoznjf. Any nctovoknkfs ce`hotovns y kohîlocns ohtfrpfrsehnmfs quf sóme sf knh cunhke mes fstukonhtfs sf ohvemucrnh fh fm fstìlume kfm nprfhkoznjf kf mes kflîs. Mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern ohcmuyf mn fxpmocncoóh ernm kf cóle rfsemvfr preimflns, mn koscusoóh seirf mn hnturnmfzn kf mes cehcfptes quf sf fstîh nprfhkofhke, mn fhsfþnhzn kf mes prepoes cehecolofhtes n mes celpnþfres y mn rfmncoóh fhtrf fm nprfhkoznjf prfsfhtf y fm pnsnke. Fm tfrcfr celpehfhtf kfm nprfhkoznjf fs mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm. eijftoveMes kf fstukonhtfs mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs me`rnr ceepfrntove quf cnkn ohtf`rnhtf sfn uh ohkovokue lîsFmbufrtf. nprfhkfh juhtes pnrn pekfr kfsflpfþnrsf lfjer, muf`e, cele ohkovokues. Mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm fxostf cunhke sf fvnmún fm kfsflpfþe kf cnkn nmulhe ohkovokunm y mes rfsumtnkes sf kfvufmvfh nm `rupe y nm ohkovokue. Mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm ohkovokunm nsf`urn quf mes ohtf`rnhtf ohtf`rnhtfss kfm `rupe sfpnh quoïh hfcfsotn lîs nyukn, npeye y fstìlume pnrn celpmftnr mn tnrfn, y sfn cehscofhtf kf quf he pufkf kfpfhkfr fxcmusovnlfhtf kfm trninje kf mes etres. Fm cunrte celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fstî cehstotuoke per mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf mes pfqufþes `rupes. Fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, sf fxo`f n mes nmulhes quf nprfhknh tflns ncnkïloces (cehtfhokes currocumnrfs) nsì cele aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf pfqufþes `rupes, hfcfsnrons pnrn buhcoehnr cele pnrtf kf uh fquope (trninje fh fquope). Fste ancf quf fm trninje ceepfrntove sfn fsfhconmlfhtf lîs celpmfje quf fm nprfhkoznjf celpftotove e ohkovokunmostn. Tehfr n mes ohkovokues seconmlfhtf he prfpnrnkes fh uh `rupe y pfkormfs quf ceepfrfh he `nrnhtozn quf pufknh ancfrme iofh. Aniomoknkfs cele kfifh fm mokfrnz`e, mn teln kfcosoehfs, mn cehstruccoóh cehbonhzn, mn celuhocncoóh y fm lnhfje kf tnmfs cehbmoctes fhsfþnrsf cehkftnhtn ntfhcoóh y cuoknke kf cele mns aniomoknkfs ncnkïlocns preponlfhtf kocans. Any lucaes precfkolofhtes y fstrntf`ons útomfs pnrn fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes aniomoknkfs 0
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
seconmfs (vfr Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??>, >??37 Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??>). Fm quohte celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm. Ïstf sf kn cunhke mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe koscutfh cóle fstîh nmcnhznhke sus eijftoves y cuîh fbocncfs seh sus rfmncoehfs kf trninje. Mes `rupes hfcfsotnh nhnmoznr quï nccoehfs kf sus loflires seh útomfs y cuîmfs seh ohútomfs y kfifh telnr kfcosoehfs seirf mns cehkuctns quf cehvofhf lnhtfhfr y mns quf fs prfcose cnlionr. Mn pfrocon rfnm fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sf nmcnhzn cunhke sf nprfhkf cóle fstructurnr mes cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs fh mns nctovoknkfs fkucntovns (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n). Fstes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs, nkflîs, kfifh fstructurnrsf cuoknkesnlfhtf fh tekes mes hovfmfs kf fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves: mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf, tekn mn cmnsf, fm fquope kecfhtf, mn fscufmn y fm kostrote fscemnr. 3. [opes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove Mes hoþes sf sofhtnh kurnhtf >9 nþes fh numns fh mns quf fm eijftove olpmìcote cehsostf fh fscucanr nm kecfhtf y lfleroznr mn ohberln- coóh pnrn rf`ur`otnrmn fh uh fxnlfh. Tecn e hoh`uhn ntfhcoóh sf mf prfstn nm precfse kf nprfhkoznjf, nuhquf fxostf lucan ohvfsto`ncoóh quf keculfhtn quf mn celprfhsoóh rfnm rfquofrf uhn rffstructurncoóh nctovn kf pnrtf kfm fstukonhtf. Mn rffstructurncoóh sf kn tnhte n trnvïs kfm celprelose fh fm pmnhtfe kf preimflns cele tnlioïh fh su rfsemucoóh, mns kfkuccoehfs y mn ohvfsto`ncoóh, mn rfsemucoóh kf cehtrnkoccoehfs y mn rfbmfxoóh. [ekes fstes precfses fxo`fh nmulhes lucae lîs nctoves, nsì cele uh lekfme kf fkucncoóh kobfrfhtf kfm quf suscroifh anstn fm prfsfhtf mn lnyerìn kf mns ohstotucoehfs. Fh vfz kf sfr olpetfhtfs y kfpfhkofhtfs kf mns ohstotucoehfs, mes nmulhes hfcfsotnh tfhfr pekfr pnrn pfhsnr y nprfhkfr per sì losles. Nsì, fm nprfhkoznjf kfif sfr cehcfioke cele nm`e quf uh nmulhe ancf y he cele nm`e quf sf mf ancf n uh nmulhe. Cntafrohf Beshet, >?1?
Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pufkf usnrsf kf kovfrsns lnhfrns, quf ohcmuyfh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm, fm ohberlnm, mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf y mns fstructurns ceepfrntovns. 3.>. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm
Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm cehsostf fh fm trninje cehjuhte kf mes fstukonhtfs, yn sfn fh uhn semn cmnsf e fh uhn nctovoknk kf vnrons sflnhns, pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves kf nprfhkoznjf celpnrtokes, y quf tekes celpmftfh ceh ïxote mn tnrfn nso`hnkn. Cele yn afles nborlnke, cunmquofr tnrfn kf nprfhkoznjf kf cunmquofr lntfron y ceh cunmquofr pre`rnln pufkf fstructurnrsf kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn. [eke pufkf rfberlumnrsf pnrn su nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm, mes kecfhtfs: (n) fspfcobocnh mes eijftoves kf mn nctovoknk7 (i) telnh kfcosoehfs prf-fkucntovns7 (c) fxpmocnh mn tnrfn y mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesoto vn77 (k) vn (k) ceht cehtre remn mnhh ffmm npr nprfh fhko kozn znjf jf kf su suss nnmu mulh lhes es f oht ohtfr frvo vofh fhfh fh fh me mess `ru `rupe pess ppnr nrnn eebr brfc fcfr fr ny nyuk uknn e pn pnrn rn lfje lfjern rnrr mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y `rupnmfs kf mes fstukonhtfs y (f) fvnmúnh fm nprfhkoznjf kf mes nmulhes y mes nyuknh n precfsnr fm buhcoehnlofhte kf mes `rupes (cnpìtume ;). 3.9. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm
µYfcurror nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceepfrntove so`hobocn quf mes kecfhtfs yn he fxpmocnh, ancfh kflestrncoehfs e fxaoifh pfmìcumns5 He. Mns fxpmocncoehfs, mns kflestrncoehfs, mns pfmìcumns y mes vokfes pufkfh usnrsf fbocnzlfhtf fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm, fh mes quf mes fstukonhtfs trninjnh juhtes pnrn nmcnhznr uh eijftove kf nprfhkoznjf cehjuhte7 `rupes nk aec quf pufkfh kurnr kfskf uhes lohutes anstn tekn uhn cmnsf. Kurnhtf uhn fxpmocncoóh, uhn kflestrncoóh e uhn pfmìcumn sf pufkf rfcurror n rîpokes n`rupnlofhtes ceepfrntoves ohberlnmfs pnrn cfhtrnr mn ntfhcoóh kf mes nmulhes fh me quf kfifh nprfhkfr, fstnimfcfr uh cmoln prepocoe pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf, nyuknr n bojnr fxpfctntovns rfspfcte kf me quf sf anrî fh mn cmnsf, nsf`urnr quf mes nmulhes 1
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
precfsfh ce`hotovnlfhtf me quf sf fstî fhsfþnhke y prepercoehnr uhn cehcmusoóh n mn sfsoóh kf fhsfþnhzn. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm nyukn n mes kecfhtfs n nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes nmulhes rfnmocfh mn mnier ohtfmfctunm kf er`nhoznr, fxpmocnr, rfsulor f ohtf`rnr mes lntfronmfs hufves fh fstructurns cehcfptunmfs yn fxostfhtfs. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm sufmfh er`nhoznrsf kf lnhfrn tnm quf mes nmulhes sf ohvemucrnh fh koscusoehfs kf fhtrf 3 y 6 lohutes nhtfs kf celfhznr y kfspuïs kf tfrlohnr uhn fxpmocncoóh7 y koscusoehfs kf fhtrf 9 y 3 lohutes ceh fm celpnþfre kf inhce n me mnr`e kf tekn uhn fxpmocncoóh (cnpìtume 6). 3.3. @rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf
µ[ekes mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove seh tflpernroes y sóme kurnh uh irfvf mnpse5 He. Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf seh n`rupnlofhtes aftfre`ïhfes kf mnr`e pmnze ceh loflires fstnimfs quf sf lnhtofhfh kurnhtf nm lfhes uh nþe, y quozîs anstn quf tekes sus ohtf`rnhtfs sf `rnkúfh. Fstes `rupes ebrfcfh n mes nmulhes rfmncoehfs pfrlnhfhtfs, celprelftokns y cehbonimfs, quf mfs pfrlotfh irohknrsf mn nyukn, fm npeye y fm fstìlume quf cnkn uhe kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs hfcfsotn pnrn trninjnr iofh fh mn fscufmn, ancfr pre`rfses ncnkïloces ncnkïloces (nsostor n cmnsf, celpmftnr tekns mns tnrfns, nprfhkfr) y kfsnrremmnr kfsnrremmnrsf sf kf lnhfrns ce`hotovn y seconmlfhtf snmuknimfs (Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc, >??97 Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Slota, >??>). Mes `rupes kf insf sf rfúhfh berlnmlfhtf tekes mes kìns fh mns fscufmns prolnrons y kes vfcfs per sflnhn fh mns fscufmns sfcuhknrons (e cunhke sf rfúhf fm `rupe tetnm). Kf lnhfrn ohberlnm, mes loflires ohtfrnctúnh tekes mes kìns kfhtre kf mns cmnsfs y fhtrf cmnsfs, koscutofhke mns tnrfns y nyukîhkesf mes uhes n mes etres ceh mns tnrfns pnrn fm ae`nr. Fm use kf `rupes kf insf tofhkf n lfjernr mn nsostfhcon, pfrsehnmoznr fm trninje y mn fxpfrofhcon fscemnr y lfjernr mn cnmoknk y mn cnhtoknk kfm nprfhkoznjf. Cunhte lîs hulfrese sfn fm `rupe tetnm e mn fscufmn y lîs celpmfjn y kobìcom mn lntfron, lîs olpertnhtf sfrî tfhfr `rupes kf insf. Fstes `rupes rfsumtnh útomfs tnlioïh pnrn fstructurnr numns kehkf mes nmulhes sf rfúhfh pnrn ohberlnr seirf sus nctovoknkfs y cunhke uh kecfhtf sf rfúhf ceh uh `rupe kfm cunm fs tuter (cnpìtume 2). 3.;. Fstructurns ceepfrntovns
Tnrn pekfr usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove mn lnyer pnrtf kfm toflpe, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf okfhtobocnr y fstructurnr kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn mns nctovoknkfs `fhïrocns y mns tnrfns aniotunmfs kf mn cmnsf. Mns `uìns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove seh precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves fstnhknroznkes cnrfhtfs kf cehtfhokes quf ohkocnh mns nccoehfs kftnmmnkns kf mes nmulhes, yn sfn pnrn (n) cehkucor nctovoknkfs `fhïrocns rfpftokns (cele fscroior ohberlfs e ancfr prfsfhtncoehfs) e pnrn (i) rfnmoznr rutohns kfm numn (cele rfvosnr tnrfns pnrn fm ae`nr e rfvosnr prufins). Mns nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns rfotfrnkns y mns rutohns kfm numn ebrfcfh uhn insf seirf mn cunm sf pufkf cehstruor uh numn ceepfrntovn. Vhn vfz pmnhobocnkns y rfnmoznkns vnrons vfcfs, sf cehvofrtfh fh nctovoknkfs aniotunmfs fh fm numn. [nlioïh sf mns pufkf usnr fh celiohncoóh pnrn cehstotuor uhn nctovoknk `fhfrnm (cnpìtume ;). N lf lfko kokn kn qu quff mmes es kecf kecfht htfs fs fl flpm pmfn fnhh fh su suss cmn cmnsf sfss mes mes `ru `rupe pess ce ceep epfr frnt ntov oves es berl berlnm nmfs fs,, ohb ohber erln lnmf mfss y kf kf in insf sf,, y mn mnss fstructurns ceepfrntovns `fhïrocns tnmfs cele mns `uìns kf nprfhkoznjf, vnh `nhnhke fxpfrofhcon y pufkfh flpfznr n usnr kf lnhfrn fspehtîhfn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove cunhke me hfcfsotnh. Cunhke mes kecfhtfs nmcnhznh celpftfhcon fh fm use aniotunm, pufkfh fstructurnr sotuncoehfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove nutelîtocnlfhtf, soh pfhsnr e pmnhobocnr cehscofhtflfhtf mes kovfrses topes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fstf tope kf nprfhkoznjf sf pufkf usnr ceh bokfmoknk fh fm mnr`e pmnze (cnpìtume 0). ;. Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns
Cunhke sf prnctocn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn y mn fscufmn, uh tfln olpertnhtf fs: "µCóle lnhfjnh mes cehbmoctes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe5". Mn ceepfrncoóh y fm cehbmocte vnh kf mn lnhe. Cunhte lîs sf ?
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
prfecupfh mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe per nmcnhznr mes eijftoves cehjuhtes y lîs sf ohtfrfsfh per mes kflîs, lîs brfcufhtflfhtf sf prekucorîh cehbmoctes. Cunhke ïstes sf fhbrfhtnh kf lnhfrn cehstructovn, n`rf`nh crfntovoknk, kovfrsoóh y uh rnzehnlofhte kf lnyer hovfm. Cunhke sf mes fhbrfhtn kfstructovnlfhtf, pufkfh knr cele rfsumtnke sfhtolofhtes y nctotukfs kf orn, brustrncoóh y aestomoknk. Mes fstukonhtfs hfcfsotnh nprfhkfr precfkolofhtes pnrn lnhfjnr sus cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn y mmf`nr n sfr aîiomfs fh su nprevfcanlofhte. Fh uhn fscufmn (e fh uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf) ceh uhn nctotuk pesotovn nhtf mes cehbmoctes, mes loflires mes prelufvfh y iuscnh rfsemvfrmes pnrn pekfr cesfcanr mes lucaes rfsumtnkes pesotoves quf mes preimflns pufkfh irohknr. Any kes topes kf cehbmoctes fsfhconmfs pnrn quf mes `rupes ceepfrntoves buhcoehfh ceh fbocncon (cnpìtume ?). Fm prolfr tope fs mn cehtrevfrson ncnkïlocn, fh mn quf mes fstukonhtfs kfsnbình fm rnzehnlofhte ohtfmfctunm kf mes kflîs y sus cehcmusoehfs y nkeptnh kobfrfhtfs pesturns pnrn kfbfhkfr uhn okfn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??9). Fm sf`uhke fs mn lfkoncoóh kf mes pnrfs, quf fhsfþn n tekes mes nmulhes cóle hf`econr semucoehfs fh mes cehbmoctes ceh sus celpnþfres y kecfhtfs y cóle lfkonr fh cehbmoctes fhtrf pnrfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??>). Cunhke mes cehbmoctes seh fhbrfhtnkes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn fh uh `rupe, fh uhn cmnsf e fh uhn fscufmn, sf fstnimfcf fm lfkoe nkfcunke pnrn quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn pufknh nmcnhznr su petfhconm. 6. Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn
[ekess me [eke mess fmfl fmflfh fhte tess y me mess if ifhf hfbo boco coes es kkfm fm nnpr prfh fhko kozn znjf jf ccee eepf pfrn rntotove ve ffhh fm nnum umnn kfif kfifhh npmo npmocn cnrs rsff y rfbm rfbmfj fjnr nrsf sf fh fh mn fscufmn cele tetnmoknk (cnpìtume >4). Fm îliote kf fscemnrozncoóh nctunm fs uhn fstructurn er`nhozntovn "kf prekuccoóh lnsovn" quf kovokf fm trninje fh pfqufþes celpehfhtfs quf mes ohkovokues rfnmoznh kf lnhfrn nosmnkn y fh celpftfhcon ceh sus pnrfs. Fm cehtfxte nmtfrhntove quf prepehfles sf insn fh nctovoknkfs fh fquope, fh uhn fstructurn er`nhozntovn kf nmte rfhkolofhte fh mn quf mes ohkovokues trninjnh ceepfrntovnlfhtf fh `rupes quf tofhfh mn rfspehsniomoknk bohnm kf uh prekucte tetnm, uh precfse e uh cehjuhte kf pfrsehns. Fstn hufvn fstructurn er`nhozntovn rfcoif fm helirf kf "fscufmn ceepfrntovn". Fh uhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn, mes fstukonhtfs trninjnh buhknlfhtnmlfhtf fh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y tnlioïh fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf y korfctove trninjn fh fquopes ceepfrntoves (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, > ?1?i). Mns fstructurns er`nhozntovns kfm numn, mn fscufmn y fm kostrote rfsumtnh, nsì, ceh`rufhtfs. Cnkn hovfm kf fquope ceepfrntove npeyn y lfjern n mes etres. 6.>. Mn prîctocn kf mn ceepfrncoóh fh mn fscufmn
Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn flpofzn fh fm numn. Mes nmulhes pnsnh mn lnyer pnrtf kfm kìn fh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fstn berln kf nprfhkoznjf sf utomozn pnrn ohcrflfhtnr mes me`res, crfnr rfmncoehfs lîs pesotovns y lfjernr, fh `fhfrnm, fm iofhfstnr psocemó`oce kf mes fstukonhtfs. Nkflîs, me quf fs iufhe pnrn mes nmulhes fs lfjer nuh pnrn mes kecfhtfs. Fm sf`uhke hovfm kf fscufmn ceepfrntovn cehsostf fh quf fm fquope kecfhtf trninjf fh `rupes kfstohnkes n ohcrflfhtnr mn pfrocon y fm ïxote kf mn fkucncoóh. Mes fquopes kf trninje ohtf`rnkes per kecfhtfs seh tnh fbocncfs y ifhfbocoeses cele mes ohtf`rnkes per nmulhes. Fm use kf mn ceepfrncoóh pnrn fstructurnr fm trninje kf mes kecfhtfs ohvemucrn: (n) `rupes kf kecfhtfs, (i) teln kf kfcosoehfs fscemnrfs y (c) rfuhoehfs kfm pfrsehnm kecfhtf. Nsì cele fm cernzóh kf mn cmnsf fs fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, fm cernzóh kf mn fscufmn fs fm `rupe kf kecfhtfs. Mn teln kf kfcosoehfs fscemnrfs sf rfnmozn lfkonhtf fm use kf kes topes kf fquope ceepfrntove. Fh prolfr mu`nr, uh fquope fspfconm cehsokfrn uh preimfln fscemnr y prepehf uhn semucoóh pnrn fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf fh su cehjuhte. Fh sf`uhke mu`nr, fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf berln `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec, quf cehsokfrnh mn pesoiomoknk kf ncfptnr e lekobocnr mn prepufstn. Mns kfcosoehfs telnkns per mes `rupes nk aec seh rfsulokns y teke fm pfrsehnm kfcokf fm curse kf nccoóh quf sf >4
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
sf`uorî pnrn rfsemvfr fm preimfln. Fm flpmfe kf `rupes kf kecfhtfs, fquopes fspfconmfs y `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec tofhkf n ohcrflfhtn ohcrflfhtnrr mn prekuctov prekuctovoknk, oknk, mn ceafsoóh y mn nutefstoln prebfsoehnm kf mes kecfhtfs. Nkflîs, mns rfuhoehfs kfm pfrsehnm kecfhtf sf cehvofrtfh fh lekfmes kf precfkolofhte ceepfrntove. Fm tfrcfr hovfm kf fscufmn ceepfrntovn fs fm hovfm kostrotnm, fh fm quf fm pfrsehnm sf er`nhozn fh `rupes kf npeye cemf`onm pnrn lfjernr su pfrocon y ïxote nklohostrntoves. Mes fquopes fspfconmfs y mes `rupes kf kfcosoóh nklohostrntoves nk aec kfifh kelohnr mn teln kf kfcosoehfs tnhte fh fm hovfm kf mn fscufmn cele fh fm kfm kostrote. Mes fkucnkerfs kf hovfm kostrotnm kfifh rfcerknr quf mn ceepfrncoóh fs lucae lîs quf uh precfkolofhte fkucntove: fs uh cnlioe iîsoce fh mn fstructurn er`nhozntovn quf sf fxtofhkf kfskf fm numn anstn mn ebocohn kfm ohspfcter. 6.9. Mn pfrocon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove
Snifr ancfr nm`e he fs uhn aniomoknk. Ancfrme iofh, sì. Sf hfcfsotn toflpe y fsbufrze pnrn kfsnrremmnr uhn aniomoknk. Mn nkquosocoóh kf pfrocon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn y mes fquopes ceepfrntoves fh mn fscufmn y fm kostrote mmfvnh nm lfhes uhn vokn fhtfrn. Mn pfrocon sf rfbmfjn fh mn kfstrfzn kf uhn pfrsehn, su nstucon, su celpftfhcon y su aniomoknk pnrn fstructurnr mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves. Mn pfrocon, nkflîs, cehcfhtrn mn ntfhcoóh fh mn trnhsbfrfhcon kf me quf sf nprfhkf fh mns sfsoehfs kf prîctocn n mes mu`nrfs kf trninje y fh fm lnhtfholofhte kf mes hufves precfkolofhtes kurnhtf tekn mn cnrrfrn y mn vokn kf uhn pfrsehn. Jnlf Jnlfss Pnt Pntse seh, h, `n `nhn hnke kerr kf uh pr prfl floe oe H Hei eifm fm ce cele le ce cekf kfsc scui uiro roke kerr kf mn ke keim imff aïmoc aïmocf, f, nbor nborln ln:: "Hn "Hnkn kn hu hufv fvee rfnmlfhtf ohtfrfsnhtf sur`f soh cemnierncoóh". Nkquoror pfrocon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs kf per sì uh precfse ceepfrntove quf fxo`f uh fsbufrze kf fquope. Mes `rupes kf npeye cemf`onm fstolumnh y nyuknh n mes kecfhtfs fh uh fsbufrze kf mnr`e pmnze pnrn lfjernr cehtohunlfhtf su celpftfhcon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Tnrn uhn fstrntf`on kf fhsfþnhzn sóme lekfrnknlfhtf kobìcom, per fjflpme, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh hfcfsotnr fhtrf 94 y 34 aerns kf ohstruccoóh fh su tferìn, fhtrf >6 y 94 kflestrncoehfs usîhkemn ceh kobfrfhtfs fstukonhtfs y tflns y fhtrf >4 y >6 sfsoehfs kf fhtrfhnlofhte nkocoehnmfs pnrn me`rnr nmtes hovfmfs kf aniomoknk. Tnrn uhn fstrntf`on kf fhsfþnhzn lîs kobìcom, cele fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, pufkfh hfcfsotnrsf vnroes nþes kf fhtrfhnlofhte y npeye pnrn nsf`urnr mn lnfstrìn. Cele kfcìn Nrostótfmfs: "Mns cesns quf tfhfles quf nprfhkfr nhtfs kf pekfr ancfrmns, mns nprfhkfles ancoïhkemns". Mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf ancfr nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove kurnhtf uh toflpe nhtfs kf flpfznr n nkquoror vfrknkfrn pfrocon. Fste rfquofrf npeye, fstìlume y nyukn kf pnrtf kf sus cemf`ns. Mn trnhsbfrfhcon y fm lnhtfholofhte kfpfhkfh, fh `rnh lfkokn, kf quf mes prepoes kecfhtfs sf er`nhocfh fh fquopes ceepfrntoves (`rupes kf npeye cemf`onm) quf sf ecupfh kf nyuknr n quf cnkn loflire lfjerf kf lnhfrn pre`rfsovn su celpftfhcon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Tnrn quf mes kecfhtfs sf er`nhocfh y pufknh pmnhobocnr sus cmnsfs kf fstf leke, fm pfrsehnm korfctove y fm kfm kostrote tnlioïh tofhfh quf er`nhoznrsf ceepfrntovnlfhtf y lekfmnr mn ceepfrncoóh. Fh uhn nrkun cnlohntn kf Keh Ifhhftt per uh cnlpe ceh`fmnke, kurnhtf su nscfhse nm Lehtf Ynohofr, su aojn sf qufkó n su mnke kurnhtf cuntre aerns. N cnkn snmte, mf kfcìn: "Tufkfs ancfrme, pnpî. Frfs fm lfjer pnpî kfm luhke. Tufkfs ancfrme, pnpî". He aniìn lnhfrn kf quf Ifhhftt ninhkehnrn, lofhtrns su aojn so`uofrn susurrîhkemf pnmnirns kf nbfcte nm eìke. Fm nmofhte kf su aojn me lnhtuve nhknhke, rfberznhke su celprelose pnrn mmf`nr anstn mn coln. Kfm losle leke, ceh mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf mes `rupes ceepfrntoves nmfhtîhkemes, mes fstukonhtfs y mes fkucnkerfs sf serprfhkfh n sì losles ceh me quf pufkfh me`rnr.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 9 Mn ohvfsto`ncoóh seirf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceepfrntove Lfjerr fst Lfje fstîh îh kes kes qquf uf uhe uhe sem seme, e, pe perq rquf uf me me`r `rnh nh ln lnye yerr bru brute te kf su trni trninj nje. e. So cn cnfh fh,, ffmm uuhe he mfv mfvnh nhtn tn nm etre etre,, ppfr fre, e, ¡n ¡nyy kkfm fm seme seme cu cunh nhke ke cn cnf! f! He tf tfhk hkrî rî quof quofhh me me mmfv fvnh nhtf tf.. S Soo kes kes kufrl kufrlfh fh juht juhtes es,, sf sf cnm cnmof ofht htnh nh lutu lutunl nlfh fhtf tf,, ppfre fre uhe uhe sem seme, e, µcól µcólee ssff ccnm nmfh fhtn tnrî rî55 So So nnm` m`uo uofh fh nv nvns nsnm nmmn mn n uhe kf fmmes, mes kes mf ancfh brfhtf: mn cufrkn kf trfs cnies tnrkn fh relpfrsf. Fcmfs Fc mfson onst stïs ïs ;: ;:??->9 >9..
>. Kóhkf afles fstnke: rnìcfs tfórocns
Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove tofhf uhn rocn aosteron kf tferìn, ohvfsto`ncoóh y use fh fm numn, quf me cehvofrtf fh uhn kf mns lîs kostoh`uokns kf tekns mns prîctocns kf fhsfþnhzn. Nm lfhes trfs pfrspfctovns tfórocns `fhfrnmfs (mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm, mn tferìn kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove y mn tferìn cehkuctostn kfm nprfhkoznjf) anh `uonke mns ohvfsto`ncoe ohvfsto`ncoehfs hfs seirf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrnt ceepfrntove. ove. >.>. Mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm
Treinimflfhtf, mnseconm. tferozncoóh lîs ohbmuyfhtf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove mn quf cfhtrn fh ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon N celofhzes kfm so`me pnrn QQ, uhe kf mes buhknkerfs kf mnsfn fscufmn kf sf psoceme`ìn kf mn mn @fstnmt, Gurt Gnbgn, prepuse quf mes `rupes frnh cehjuhtes kohîloces fh mes quf vnronin mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs. Vhe kf sus cemf`ns, Gurt Mfwoh (>?36, >?;1), rfbohó mns okfns kf Gnbgn fh mes kfcfhoes kf >?94 y >?34. Tnrn Mfwoh, mn fsfhcon kf uh `rupe fs mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fhtrf sus loflires (crfnkn per mn fxostfhcon kf eijftoves celuhfs) quf kn cele rfsumtnke quf fm `rupe sfn uh "cehjuhte kohîloce". Vh cnlioe fh cunmquofrn kf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe e sui`rupe prevecn cnlioes fh cunmquofr etre loflire e sui`rupe7 uh fstnke ohtrìhsfce kf tfhsoóh fhtrf mes loflires kfm `rupe letovn su levolofhte ancon fm me`re kf mes eijftoves celuhfs kfsfnkes. Vhe kf mes koscìpumes kf Mfwoh, Lerteh Kfutsca (>?;?n, >?29), berlumó, n bohfs kf mes nþes cunrfhtn, uhn tferìn kf mn ceepfrncoóh y mn celpftfhcon, quf hesetres losles afles nlpmonke fh mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0;, >?1?n). Mn pfrspfctovn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm supehf quf mn berln fh quf sf fstructurn mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm kftfrlohn mn berln kf ohtfrnccoóh kf mes ohkovokues, me cunm, n su vfz, kftfrlohnrî mes rfsumtnkes (Jeahseh yprelevfkern, Jeahseh, >?0;, ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn mes (ceepfrncoóh) mn ohtfrnccoóh fh mn>?1?n). quf mesMn ohkovokues nmofhtnh y bncomotnh fsbufrzes kfknmescele kflîs.rfsumtnke Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon hf`ntovn (celpftfhcon) sufmf knr cele rfsumtnke mn ohtfrnccoóh epesocoehnm, fh mn quf mes ohkovokues kfsnmofhtnh y eistruyfh mes fsbufrzes njfhes. So he any ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon (ohkovokunmosle), he any ohtfrnccoóh, yn quf mes ohkovokues nctúnh kf lnhfrn ohkfpfhkofhtf. >.9. Mn tferìn kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove
Mn pfrspfctovn kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove sf insn buhknlfhtnmlfhtf fh mn eirn kf Ton`ft, Ry`etsgy y etres tfóroces rfmncoehnkes rfmncoehnkes ceh fmmes. Ton`ft sestfhìn quf cunhke mes ohkovokues ceepfrnh seirf fm nliofhtf, sur`f fm cehbmocte secoece`hotove quf prevecn uh kfsfquomoiroe ce`hotove, quf n su vfz fstolumn mn aniomoknk kf nkeptnr puhtes kf vostn y fm kfsnrremme ce`hotove. Mes pon`ftonhes sestofhfh quf kurnhtf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, mes pnrtocopnhtfs sf ohvemucrnh fh koscusoehfs fh mns quf sf prekucfh y rfsufmvfh mes cehbmoctes ce`hotoves y fm rnzehnlofhte ohnkfcunke fs fxpufste y sf lekobocn. Kf lnhfrn solomnr, mn eirn kf Ry`etsgy sf insn fh mn prflosn quf fm cehecolofhte nm`e seconm yMes qufloflires sf cehstruyf pnrtor ohtfrcnlionh kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves pnrn nprfhkfr,kfcelprfhkfr y rfsemvfrfspreimflns. kfm n`rupe ohberlncoóh y celprfhsoehfs, kfscuirfh kfscuirfh mes puhtes kïiomfs fh mns fstrntf`ons kf rnzehnlofh rnzehnlofhte te kf mes kflîs, sf cerro`fh fhtrf sì y >9
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
njustnh sus celprfhsoehfs celprfhsoehfs seirf mn insf kf mns njfhns. Mes tfóroces kf mn cehtrevfrson (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0?, >??9n) y mes tfóroces kf mn rffstructurncoóh ce`hotovn sf rfmncoehnh ceh fstes tfóroces fvemutoves. Mes tfóroces kf mn cehtrevfrson pmnhtfnh quf fhbrfhtnrsf n puhtes kf vostn epufstes crfn ohsf`uroknk, e cehbmocte cehcfptunm, me cunm, n su vfz, prevecn uhn rfcehcfptunmozncoóh y uhn iúsqufkn kf ohberlncoóh quf kn cele rfsumtnke uhn cehcmusoóh lîs rfbohnkn y lfkotnkn. Mes tfóroces kf mn rffstructurncoóh ce`hotovn pofhsnh quf pnrn quf mn ohberlncoóh pufkn sfr rftfhokn fh mn lfleron f ohcerpernkn fh mns fstructurns ce`hotovns fxostfhtfs, fm nmulhe kfif fhsnynr y rffstructurnr ce`hotovnlfhtf fm lntfronm7 per fjflpme, fxpmocîhkesfme n uh cemniernker (Pottrecg,. >??4). >.3. Mn tferìn cehkuctostn kfm nprfhkoznjf
Mn tferìn cehkuctostn kfm nprfhkoznjf sf cfhtrn fh fm olpncte kf mes rfbufrzes kfm `rupe y mns rfcelpfhsns fh fm nprfhkoznjf.. Fm supufste iîsoce fs quf mns nccoehfs sf`uokns per rfcelpfhsns fxtrìhsfcns sf rfpftorîh. Sgohhfr nprfhkoznjf sf cfhtrn fh mns cehtoh`fhcons kfm `rupe7 Inhkurn, fh mn olotncoóh7 Aelnhs, [aoinut y Gfmmfy, fh fm fquomoiroe kf rfcelpfhsns y cestes fh fm ohtfrcnlioe seconm fhtrf ohkovokues ohtfrkfpfhkofhtfs. Lîs rfcofhtflfhtf, Smnvoh (>?14) kfstncn mn hfcfsoknk kf rfcelpfhsns `rupnmfs fxtrìhsfcns pnrn letovnr n mn `fhtf n nprfhkfr fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove.
Fxostfh kobfrfhcons iîsocns fhtrf mns trfs pfrspfctovns tfórocns. Mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm supehf quf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves sf insnh fh uhn letovncoóh ohtrìhsfcn `fhfrnkn per bncterfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs nseconkes ceh mns nsporncoehfs y fm trninje cehjuhtes pnrn nmcnhznr uh eijftove so`hobocntove. Mn tferìn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm fstî cehstotuokn per cehcfptes rfmncoehnmfs quf sf ecupnh kf me quf sucfkf fhtrf mes ohkovokues (fs kfcor, mn ceepfrncoóh fs nm`e quf fxostf sóme fhtrf ohkovokues, he kfhtre kf fmmes), fh tnhte quf mn tferìn kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove sf cfhtrn fh me quf ecurrf kfhtre kf uhn pfrsehn (fs kfcor, fm kfsfquomoiroe, mn rfer`nhozncoóh ce`hotovn). Mn tferìn seconm-cehkuctostn supehf quf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves seh olpumsnkes per uhn letovncoóh fxtrìhsfcn pnrn me`rnr rfcelpfhsns `rupnmfs. Mns kobfrfhcons fh mes supufstes iîsoces kf mns trfs pfrspfctovns tfórocns crfnh cehbmoctes y kobfrfhcons quf núh any quf fxpmernr e rfsemvfr. Mes tfóroces prfecupnkes per fstns trfs pfrspfctovns tfórocns anh `fhfrnke, kf tekes lekes, uh cehsokfrnimf cufrpe kf ohvfsto`ncoóh quf cehborln cehborln e rfcanzn lucans kf sus prfkoccoeh prfkoccoehfs. fs. 9. Kóhkf afles fstnke: mn ohvfsto`ncoóh
Ancf yn toflpe quf snifles lucae seirf mn ceepfrncoóh. Kfskf >1?1 anstn mn nctunmoknk, sf anh afcae lîs kf 664 ohvfsto`ncoehfs fxpfrolfhtnmfs y >44 cerrfmncoehnmfs seirf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, celpftotoves f ohkovokunmostns (vïnsf Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?, per uhn rfsfþn celpmftn kf fstes fstukoes). N celofhzes kf fstf so`me, [ropmftt fh mes Fstnkes Vhokes, [urhfr fh Oh`mntfrrn y Lnyfr fh Nmflnhon rfnmoznreh uhn sfrof kf fstukoes seirf mes bncterfs nseconkes ceh fm kfsflpfþe celpftotove. Kfskf fhtehcfs, sf anh afcae y kobuhkoke lucans ohvfsto`ncoehfs seirf mn ceepfrncoóh. Fh >?9?, Lnmmfr fscroioó uh moire seirf fmmn y Lny y Keei aocofreh etre fh >?30. Fh >?;?, Kfutsca puimocó uhn rfsfþn kf mns ohvfsto`ncoehfs y uhn tferìn seirf mn ceepfrncoóh. Fh >?23, Lommfr y Anlimoh rfsfþnreh 9; fstukoes. Fh >?04 y >?0;, hesetres losles puimocnless rfsfþns kf ohvfsto`ncoóh celprfhsovns. Kfskf >?0;, mes nrtìcumes kf rfsfþns kf ohvfsto`ncoehfs seh puimocnle kflnsonke niuhknhtfs cele pnrn kftnmmnrmes, pfre anh kflestrnke cmnrnlfhtf vnrons cesns seirf mn olpertnhcon kf mn ceepfrncoóh fh fm nprfhkoznjf. Mn fbocncon kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove an soke cehborlnkn tnhte per mn ohvfsto`ncoóh tfórocn cele per sus kflestrncoehfs y fxostf tnhte motfrnturn "cofhtìbocn" cele "prebfsoehnm". Mn motfrnturn cofhtìbocn fstî cehstotuokn per fstukoes kf ohvfsto`ncoóh cuoknkesnlfhtf cehtremnkes, rfnmoznkes pnrn cehvnmoknr e kfscnrtnr uhn tferìn. Mes fstukoes seh, fh su lnyerìn, fxpfrolfhtes kf mniernteroe e kf cnlpe. Mn motfrnturn prebfsoehnm cehsostf fh >3
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
fstukoes kf cnlpe cunso-fxpfrolfhtnmfs e fh fstukoes cerrfmncoehnmfs quf kflufstrnh quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove buhcoehn fh mns numns rfnmfs kurnhtf uh pfrìeke premeh`nke. Mes fstukoes kf kflestrncoóh sf n`rupnh fh: (>) fvnmuncoehfs quf kflufstrnh quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove prekucf rfsumtnkes ifhfbocoeses7 (9) fvnmuncoehfs celpnrntovns quf kflufstrnh quf kftfrlohnke precfkolofhte kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove buhcoehn lfjer quf etres7 (3) fvnmuncoehfs berlntovns quf npuhtnh n lfjernr mns olpmflfhtncoehfs fh curse kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y (;) fhcufstns seirf fm olpncte kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh mes fstukonhtfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??;). Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pufkf usnrsf ceh cofrtn cehbonhzn fh tekes mes hovfmfs kf `rnke, fh tekns mns lntfrons y pnrn cunmquofr tnrfn. Mns ohvfsto`ncoehfs seirf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove anh ohcmuoke pnrtocopnhtfs kf kovfrsns cmnsfs fcehólocns, fknkfs, sfxes, hncoehnmoknkfs y berlncoehfs cumturnmfs. Sf an utomoznke uhn `rnh vnro vn rofk fknk nk kf tnrf tnrfns ns kf ohvf ohvfst sto` o`nc ncoó oóh, h, berl berlns ns kf fs fstr truc uctu turn rnrr mn ceep ceepfr frnc ncoó oóhh y lf lfko koco coeh ehfs fs kf mn mnss vn vnro roni nimf mfss kfpfhkofhtfs. Lucaes ohvfsto`nkerfs, ceh erofhtncoehfs lnrcnknlfhtf kobfrfhtfs, anh rfnmoznke mes fstukoes fh kostohtes îliotes y pnìsfs y fh kobfrfhtfs kfcfhoes. Cele rfsumtnke, mns ohvfsto`ncoehfs seirf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove tofhfh uhn vnmokfz y uhn pesoiomoknk kf `fhfrnmozncoóh luy pece brfcufhtfs fh mn motfrnturn seirf fkucncoóh. Mn ceepfrncoóh fs uh fsbufrze kfm `ïhfre aulnhe quf nbfctn n lucaes rfsumtnkes fkucntoves kobfrfhtfs nm losle toflpe. Fh mes úmtoles ?4 nþes, mes ohvfsto`nkerfs sf anh cehcfhtrnke fh nspfctes tnh kovfrses cele fm hovfm kf me`re, fm rnzehnlofhte kf hovfm supfroer, mn rftfhcoóh, rftfhcoóh, mn letovncoóh, letovncoóh, mn trnhsbfrfhcon trnhsbfrfhcon kfm nprfhkoznjf, mn ntrnccoóh ohtfrpfrsehnm, mns nlostnkfs, mes prfjuocoes, mns kobfrfhtfs vnmerozncoehfs, fm npeye seconm, mn nutefstoln, mns celpftfhcons seconmfs, mn snmuk psocemó`ocn y fm rnzehnlofhte lernm. [eke fste pufkf rfsulorsf fh trfs cntf`erìns `fhfrnmfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n): fm fsbufrze pnrn me`rnr nm`e, mns rfmncoehfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs pesotovns y mn snmuk psocemó`ocn (Bo`urn 9.>). Bo`urn 9.> - Yfsumtnkes kf mn ceepfrncoóh
>;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
3. Mn aosteron kfm use prîctoce kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove
Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove tofhf uhn rocn y mnr`n aosteron kf use prîctoce. Ancf yn lomfs kf nþes, fm [nmluk fstnimfcìn quf pnrn fhtfhkfr sus cehtfhokes cnkn mfcter kfiìn tfhfr uh celpnþfre kf nprfhkoznjf. Fh fm so`me > kf hufstrn frn, ^uohtomonhe kfcìn quf mes fstukonhtfs pekình eitfhfr ifhfbocoes so sf fhsfþninh mes uhes n mes etres. Fm bomósebe relnheuhe Sïhfcn prelevìn fm nprfhkoznjf lfkonhtf fxprfsoehfs tnmfs cele: Kecft Koscft" ("Cunhke fhsfþn, nprfhkf kes vfcfs").ceepfrntove _ Jeanhh Nles Celfhous (>6?9->20?) crfìn"^uo quf mes fstukonhtfs sf ifhfboconinh tnhte fhsfþnhke cele nprfhkofhke kf etres fstukonhtfs. N bohf bohfss kf kfmm so so`m `mee QR QROO OOO, O, JJes esfp fpaa Mn Mnhc hcns nstf tfrr y N Nhk hkrf rfw w If Ifmmmm rfc rfcur urro rofr freh eh n `r `rup upes es kf kf nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovee fh Oh`mntfrrn y mn okfn buf mmfvnkn n mes Fstnkes Vhokes cunhke sf niroó uhn fscufmn mnhcnstfronhn fh mn couknk kf Hufvn _erg, fh >142. _n kfskf celofhzes kfm so`me QOQ, fm Levolofhte kf Fscufmns Celuhfs kfstncnin mn olpertnhcon kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Kf afcae, fh lucaes pfrìekes kf mn aosteron, fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove an soke luy kfbfhkoke y usnke pnrn prelevfr eijftoves fkucncoehnmfs. Vhe kf mes lîxoles pnrtoknroes kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh mes Fstnkes Vhokes buf fm cerehfm Brnhcos Tnrgfr. Fh mes úmtoles trfs kfcfhoes kfm so`me QOQ, fm cerehfm Tnrgfr npertó fhtusonsle, okfnmosle, prnctocokn prnctocoknkk y uhn ohtfhsn kfvecoóh per mn moifrtnk, mn kflecrncon y mn ohkovokunmoknk fh mns fscufmns púimocns. Su bnln y su ïxote sf insnreh fh fm fspìrotu votnm y rf`fhfrnker quf ohsubmó fh mns numns y fh su pekfr pnrn crfnr uh cmoln kf cmnsf rfnmlfhtf ceepfrntove y kflecrîtoce. Cunhke buf ohspfcter `fhfrnm kf fscufmns púimocns fh ^uohcy, Lnssncausftts (>106>114), lîs kf 34.444 pfrsehns me vosotninh nhunmlfhtf pnrn fstukonr su berln kf usnr mes precfkolofhtes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove (Cnlpifmm, >?26). Mes lïtekes fkucntoves kf Tnrgfr pnrn fstructurnr mn ceepfrncoóh fhtrf nmulhes bufreh prfkelohnhtfs fh mn fkucncoóh fstnkeuhokfhsf kf bohfs kf so`me. Kfspuïs kf Tnrgfr, Jeah Kfwfy (>?9;) prelevoó fm use kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove cele pnrtf kf su bnlese preyfcte fkucntove. Tfre, n celofhzes kf mes nþes trfohtn, mn fscufmn púimocn flpfzó n belfhtnr mn celpftfhcon ohtfrpfrsehnm (Tfpotehf, >?14). N lf lfko konk nkes es kf mn kïcn kïcnkn kn kfm kfm sf sfsf sfht htn, n, fl flpf pfzn znle less n prfp prfpnr nrnr nr n mes mes kecf kecfht htfs fs pn pnrn rn us usnr nr fm np nprf rfhk hkoz oznj njff ceepfrntove fh mn Vhovfrsoknk kf Lohhfsetn. Fm Cfhtre kf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove sf cehstotuyó cele rfsumtnke kf hufstrn iúsqufkn kf: Vhn sìhtfsos kf mes cehecolofhtes fxostfhtfs seirf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, celpftotoves f
•
ohkovokunmostns ohkovokunmost ns (Jeahseh, >?047 Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0;, >?01, >?13, >?1?)7
Vhn berlumncoóh kf lekfmes tfóroces seirf mn hnturnmfzn kf mn ceepfrncoóh y sus celpehfhtfs
•
fsfhconmfs7
Fm kfsnrremme kf uh pre`rnln sostflîtoce kf ohvfsto`ncoóh pnrn preinr hufstrns tferìns7
•
Mn trnkuccoóh kf mn tferìn cehvnmoknkn fh uh cehjuhte kf fstrntf`ons y precfkolofhtes cehcrftes pnrn
•
usnr mn ceepfrncoóh fh fm numn, mn fscufmn y fm kostrote fscemnr (Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc, >??37 Jeah Je ahse sehh y Je Jeah ahse seh, h, >?06 >?06/> />?? ??;) ;)77
Mn cehstotucoóh y fm lnhtfholofhte kf uhn rfk kf fscufmns y cemf`oes quf pufknh olpmflfhtnr
•
fstrntf`ons y precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves fh tekn Nlïrocn kfm Hertf y fh etres pnìsfs kfm luhke.
N celo celofh fhze zess kf mes mes nþes nþes sf sftf tfht htn, n, Kn Knvo vokk Kf KfRr Rrof ofss y Gf Gfototaa Fkwn Fkwnrk rks, s, kf mn Jeah Jeahss Ae Aepg pgoh ohss Vh Vhov ovfr frso soty ty,, kfsnrremmnreh kf Juf`es perpnrn fquopes" y Saemleceepfrntove. y _nfm Sanrnh, Osrnfm, kfsnrremmnreh fm precfkolofhte"[erhfes kf ohvfsto`ncoóh `rupnm `rupes([JF) kf nprfhkoznjf Anconfhbohfs kfm kfcfhoe, Yeifrt Smnvoh nlpmoó fm trninje kf KfRrofs y Fkwnrks, cehvortofhke [JF fh "[rninje fh Fquope-Me`re Ohkovokunm" >6
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
([FMO) y mn fhsfþnhzn nsostokn per celputnkern fh "Fhsfþnhzn kf @rupe Nsostokn" (F@N). Nm losle toflpe, Spfhcfr Gn`nh kfsnrremmó fm precfkolofhte "Ce-ep Ce-ep". Kurnhtf mes nþes ecafhtn, Kehnmk Knhsfrfnu kfsnrremmó uhn sfrof kf precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves n mes quf kfhelohó "`uoehfs" e `uìns. ;. Mes rfsumtnkes kf mn ceepfrncoóh
Fh "Meeg Aelfwnrk Nh`fm", [aelns Pembf cufhtn cóle uh celpnþfre kf fscufmn mf fhsfþn n fscroior n Fu`fhf, quf nprfhkf nsì kf uh pnr me quf hoh`uhn fscufmn aniìn pekoke fhsfþnrmf. µFs nm`e úhoce, ncnse, fm fjflpme kf Fu`fhf5 Tnrn snifrme, any quf rfspehkfr vnrons prf`uhtns seirf fm olpncte kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mn prolfrn fs: "µ^uï cehcmusoóh pekfles fxtrnfr cunhke ohcmuoles fh fm nhîmosos tekes mes fstukoes fxostfhtfs5". Fh mes úmtoles hevfhtn nþes sf anh afcae lîs kf 306 fstukoes fxpfrolfhtnmfs seirf fm me`re (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?). Vh lftnnhîmosos kf tekes mes fstukoes rfnmoznkes su`ofrf quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove kn cele rfsumtnke uh hovfm kf me`re y rftfhcoóh so`hobocntovnlfhtf lnyer quf fm nprfhkoznjf celpftotovee f ohkovokunmostn celpftotov ohkovokunmostn (vïnsf Bo`urn 9.9). Bo`urn 9.9 - Lftnnhîmosos kf mn ohvfsto`ncoóh seirf ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon seconm Lfkon
s.k.
h
Ceepfrntove vs. Celpftotove
4.20
4.?3
>9?
Ceepfrntove vs. Ohkovokunm Ohkovokunmostn ostn
4.2;
4.0?
>1;
Celpftotove vs. Ohkovokunmostn
4.34
4.00
31
N[YNCC N[Y NCCOÓH OÓH OH[FY OH[FYTF TFYSE YSEHNM HNM
Ceepfrntove Ceepfrnto ve vs. Celpftoto Celpftotove ve
4.20
4.;?
?3
Ceepfrntove vs. Ohkovokunm Ohkovokunmostn ostn
4.24
4.61
24
Celpftotove vs. Ohkovokunmost Ohkovokunmostnn
4.41
4.04
>6
Ceepfrntove Ceepfrnto ve vs. Celpftoto Celpftotove ve
4.29
4.;;
1;
Ceepfrntove vs. Ohkovokunm Ohkovokunmostn ostn
4.04
4.;6
09
Celpftotove vs. Ohkovokunmost Ohkovokunmostnn
-4.>3
4.32
>?
Ceepfrntove Ceepfrnto ve vs. Celpftoto Celpftotove ve
4.61
4.62
62
Ceepfrntove vs. Ohkovokunm Ohkovokunmostn ostn
4.;;
4.;4
31
Celpftotove vs. Ohkovokunmost Ohkovokunmostnn
-4.93
4.;9
>?
ME@YE
NTE_E NTE _E SECONM SECONM
NV[EFS NV[ EFS[OL [OLN N
Yfprekucoke ceh nuterozncoóh kf K.P. Jeahseh y Y. Jeahseh (>?1?). Ceepfrntoeh nhk Celpftotoeh: [afery nhk rfsfnrca. Fkohn, Lohh.: Ohtfrnctoeh Ieeg Celpnhy. Mn sf`uhkn prf`uhtn fs: "µ^uï cehcmusoóh pekfles fxtrnfr so nhnmoznles semnlfhtf mes fstukoes lftekemó`oces kf nmte hovfm kf cnmoknk5". Mn supfroeroknk kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves per seirf mes celpftotoves f ohkovokunmostns tnlioïh fs prehuhconkn prehuhconkn fh fstf cnse. Mn tfrcfrn prf`uhtn fs: "µ^uï cehcmusoóh pekfles fxtrnfr cunhke celpnrnles mes rfsumtnkes kf mes fstukoes >2
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
quf usnh berlns epfrntovns 'purns' kf ceepfrncoóh ceh mes rfsumtnkes kf fstukoes quf usnh berlns 'loxtns'5". Nm`u Nm `uhe hess pr prec ecfk fkol olof ofht htes es kf nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovee ceht cehtof ofhf hfhh uhn uhn lfzc lfzcmn mn kf fs fsbu bufr frze zess ce ceep epfr frnt ntov oves es,, celpftotoves f ohkovokunmostns, fh tnhte quf etres sóme cehtofhfh ceepfrncoóh purn. Fm precfkolofhte " Yelpfcnifzns" (Nrehseh, >?01), per fjflpme, celiohn mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf rfcurses ceh uhn fstructurn kf rfcelpfhsns kf cnrîctfr ohkovokunmostn. FJ[ y FFMK seh lfzcmns kf ceepfrncoóh y celpftfhcon fhtrf `rupes. F@N (Smnvoh, Mfnvfy y Lnkkfh, >?19) fs uhn celiohncoóh kf nprfhkoznjf ohkovokunmostn y ceepfrntove. Cunhke sf celpnrnh mes rfsumtnkes kf fstns berlns kf epfrncoóh kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove "purns" y "loxtns", mns berlns purns lufstrnh mes lîs nmtes hovfmfs kf rfhkolofhte (Lfkocoehfs kf fbfcte: Ceepfrntovee vs. celpftotov Ceepfrntov celpftotove, e, purns < 4,0>7 loxtns < 4,;4. Ceepfrntov Ceepfrntovee vs. ohkovokunmostn, purns < 267 loxtns < 4,;9). Nkflîs Nkfl îs,, mes mes fs fsbu bufr frze zess cee ceepf pfrn rntotove ves, s, ce celp lpnr nrnk nkes es ceh ceh mes mes ohko ohkovo voku kunm nmos ostn tnss e ce cehh mmes es ce celp lpft ftototov oves es,, ttof ofhk hkfh fh n kknr nr cele rfsumtnke uh rnzehnlofhte kf lîs nmte hovfm, mn crfncoóh lîs brfcufhtf kf hufvns okfns y semucoehfs (fs kfcor, `nhnhcon precfsnm) y uhn lnyer trnhsbfrfhcon kf me quf sf nprfhkf fh uhn sotuncoóh n etrn (fs kfcor, trnhsbfrfhcon kf `rupes n ohkovokues) (vïnsf Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?). Kfhtre kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fxostf uh precfse kf ohtfrcnlioe ohtfrpfrsehnm quf prelufvf fm use kf fstrntf`ons kf pfhsnlofhte y rnzehnlofhte supfroerfs y kf fstrntf`ons lftnce`hotovns. Mes fstukonhtfs quf trninjnh juhtes ceepfrntovnlfhtf fspfrnh pekfr fxpmocnr me quf nprfhkfh n sus celpnþfres kf `rupe, fmniernr me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke, fscucanr mes puhtes kf vostn y mns okfns kf etres, cehtremnr mn pnrtocopncoóh y mes npertfs kf mes kflîs, ebrfcfrsf rfnmolfhtncoóh lutun y celprelftfrsf fh fm cehbmocte ohtfmfctunm (y, kf afcae, me ancfh). Gurt Mfwoh semìn kfcor: "Soflprf af soke ohcnpnz kf pfhsnr seme". Nprfhkfr fs uh precfse pfrsehnm y seconm quf rfsumtn cunhke mes ohkovokues ceepfrnh pnrn cehstruor celprfhsoehfs y cehecolofhtes celpnrtokes. Mns fstructurns celpftotovns celpftotovns f ohkovokunmostns, nm nosmnr n mes fstukonhtfs, tofhkfh n ohaoior fm me`re. Ter me tnhte, so mes kecfhtfs quofrfh lfjernr fm hovfm kf me`re kf sus nmulhes, nulfhtnr su rftfhtovoknk y fstolumnr fm use kf fstrntf`ons kf rnzehnlofhte kf hovfm supfroer, anrîh iofh fh usnr lïtekes ceepfrntoves fh mu`nr kf etres ohkovokunmostns e celpftotoves. 6. Mns rfmncoehfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y fm npeye seconm
Rohcff Me Rohc Meli linr nrko ko,, fm bbnl nles esee fhtr fhtrfh fhnk nker er kkfm fm fqu fquop opee kf bbút útie iemm fst fstnk nkeu euho hokf kfhs hsff kf mes mes @rff @rffhh Iny Iny Tn Tncg cgfr frs, s, koj kojee uhn vfz: "Fm pekfr kfm cernzóh fs mn bufrzn kf mn cerperncoóh". Mns celuhoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf sf insnh tnhte fh mns rfmncoehfs cele fh fm koscurse ohtfmfctunm. Fm nler nm nprfhkoznjf y fm nler n mes kflîs ohsporn n mes fstukonhtfs n celprelftfr cnkn vfz lîs fhfr`ìn fh sus fstukoes, perquf mes fsbufrzes kf nprfhkoznjf kf mnr`e pmnze prevofhfh kfm cernzóh y he kfm cfrfire. Fh cunmquofr numn, mes kecfhtfs kfifh mmf`nr nm cernzóh kf sus nmulhes so quofrfh quf ïstes an`nh fxtrnerkohnroes fsbufrzes pnrn nprfhkfr, y mns rfmncoehfs fhtrf pnrfs seh mn cmnvf pnrn mmf`nr nm cernzóh kf mes fstukonhtfs. Kfskf mes nþes cunrfhtn, sf anh afcae >42 fstukoes quf celpnrnh fm olpncte rfmntove kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, ohkovokunmostns y celpftotoves seirf fm npeye seconm. Mns fxpfrofhcons ceepfrntovns prelufvfh uh lnyer npeye seconm quf mns etrns. Fste fs olpertnhtf, yn quf fm npeye kf mes kflîs belfhtn fm me`re y mn prekuctovoknk, prekuctov oknk, lfjern mn snmuk bìsocn y psocemó`ocn y mn cnpncoknk pnrn fhbrfhtnrsf n mns tfhsoehfs y mn nkvfrsoknk. Cunhte lnyer fs fm húlfre kf fstukonhtfs quf sf prfecupnh per mes kflîs y cunhte lîs celprelftokes fstîh ceh fm ïxote njfhe, lîs sf fsbufrzn cnkn uhe y lîs prekuctove rfsumtn. Cunhte lîs pesotovns seh mns rfmncoehfs, lfher fs fm ìhkocf kf nusfhtosle y kfsfrcoóh fscemnr y lîs nulfhtn fm celprelose ceh mes eijftoves kf mn fkucncoóh, mes sfhtolofhtes kf rfspehsniomoknk pfrsehnm ancon mn fscufmn, fm kfsfe kf rfnmoznr tnrfns kobìcomfs, mn letovncoóh y mn pfrsostfhcon fh fm trninje pnrn nmcnhznr mes eijftoves, mn sntosbnccoóh, mn ncfptncoóh kf mn pfhn y mn brustrncoóh cele pnrtf kfm nprfhkoznjf, fm kfsfe kf fscucanr y rfcoior mn ohbmufhcon kf celpnþfres y >0
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
kecfhtfs y fm celprelose ceh fm nprfhkoznjf y fm ïxote kf mes kflîs (Jeahseh y F Jeahseh, >??;7 Jeahseh y Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >?1 >?1?) ?).. Te Terr me tnht tnhte, e, ppnr nrnn lf lfje jern rnrr fm nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff kf mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfs, s, mmes es kecf kecfht htfs fs kfi kfifh fh bbel elfh fhtn tnrr mns mns rfmncoehfs kf nbfcte y prfecupncoóh fhtrf celpnþfres. Mes ohkovokues sf prfecupnh lîs per mes etres y sf celprelftfh lîs ceh fm ïxote y fm iofhfstnr njfhes cunhke trninjnh juhtes kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn quf cunhke celpotfh pnrn vfr quoïh fs lfjer e quf cunhke trninjnh kf lnhfrn ohkfpfhkofhtf. Cunhte lîs nprfhkfh n trninjnr fh `rupes ceepfrntoves, lnyer fs fm nprfcoe quf crfcf fhtrf fmmes. Fste sf kn tnhte cunhke fm hovfm kf mes ohkovokues fs aele`ïhfe cele cunhke su cnpncoknk ohtfmfctunm, sus kobocumtnkfs, su pfrtfhfhcon ïthocn, su cmnsf seconm y su sfxe seh kobfrfhtfs. Mns rfmncoehfs sf cehstruyfh seirf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon (Jeahseh, >??3). Kf afcae, fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove an kflestrnke sfr uh rfquosote prfvoe fsfhconm pnrn lnhfjnr mn kovfrsoknk fh fm numn. Cunhke mes ohkovokues ceepfrnh, mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn y mn ohtfrnccoóh prelevfkern knh cele rfsumtnke uhn celuhocncoóh brfcufhtf y prfcosn fhtrf mes fstukonhtfs, uhn teln kf pesocoehfs fxnctn, mn pesoiomoknk kf ancfr ohkuccoehfs, fm kfsnrremme kf pfrspfctovns njfhns lumtokolfhsoehnmfs, sfhtolofhtes kf ncfptncoóh y nutefstoln psocemó`oces, ïxote psocemó`oce y fxpfctntovns kf rfcelpfhsn f ohtfrnccoóh prekuctovn buturn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n). 2. Mn nknptncoóh psocemó`ocn
Nsmfyy Leht Nsmf Lehtn` n`uu semìn semìn kfco kfcor: r: ""Ce Cehh pe pecn cnss fxc fxcfp fpco coeh ehfs fs,, fm nh nhol olnm nm se semomotn tnro roee fs, fh fh cu cunm nmqu quof ofrr fspfc fspfcof of,, uhn uhn cro cront ntur urnn nherlnm". Gnrfh Aerhfy kfcìn: "Fm ohkovokue hfurótoce fs nqufm quf fs ohnkfcunknlfhtf celpftotove y, per me tnhte, fs ohcnpnz kf ceepfrnr ceh mes kflîs". Lehtn`u y Aerhfy fhtfhkình quf mn fsfhcon kf mn snmuk psocemó`ocn fs mn cnpncoknk kf kfsnrremmnr y lnhtfhfr rfmncoehfs ceepfrntovns. [rninjnr ceepfrntovnlfhtf ceh mes pnrfs y vnmernr mn ceepfrncoóh kn cele rfsumtnke uhn lnyer snmuk psocemó`ocn (nkflîs kf uhn lnyer celpftfhcon seconm y uhn nutefstoln lîs fmfvnkn) quf celpftor ceh mes pnrfs e trninjnr kf lnhfrn ohkfpfhkofhtf. Mn snmuk psocemó`ocn kf mes fstukonhtfs fs lnyer fh mns fscufmns kelohnkns per mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves. Cunhte lîs trninjnh mes ohkovokues kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn ceh etres, lîs sf vfh n sì losles cele pfrsehns vnmoesns, kfsnrremmnh celpftfhcons seconmfs, cehstotuyfh rfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs kf nbfcte y npeye y pufkfh fhbrfhtnr ceh ïxote mn nkvfrsoknk. Mn bufrzn kfm f`e pfrsehnm, mn cehbonhzn fh uhe losle, mn ohkfpfhkfhcon y mn nutehelìn sf vfh, tekns, fstolumnkns lfkonhtf fm celprelose fh `rupes ceepfrntoves. Mns fxpfrofhcons ceepfrntovns ceepfrntovns fh mns fscufmns he seh uh muje, sohe uhn hfcfsoknk nisemutn pnrn fm snhe kfsnrremme kf mes fstukonhtfs quf pufkfh buhcoehnr kf lnhfrn ohkfpfhkofhtf. Kfskf mes nþes cohcufhtn, lîs kf 14 fstukoes sf anh ecupnke kf celpnrnr fm olpncte rfmntove kf mns fxpfrofhcons ceepfrntovns, celpftotovns f ohkovokunmostns seirf mn nutefstoln. Mns ohvfsto`ncoehfs kflufstrnh quf mns mes fxpfrofhcons nyuknh n mes fstukonhtfs n crffr quf seh bnvernimflfhtf ohtrìhsfcnlfhtfrfspfcte vnmoeses kf y quf kflîs cehsokfrnhceepfrntovns pesotovnlfhtf, n celpnrnr sus ntroiutes pfrsehnmfs mes mes kf sus pnrfs y n juz`nrsf cnpncfs, celpftfhtfs y fxoteses. Fste sf kfif n quf, fh mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, mes fstukonhtfs: (>) pufkfh vfr quf sus pnrfs mes cehecfh, ncfptnh y nprfconh7 (9) snifh quf npertnh pnrn su prepoe ïxote, fm kf mes etres y fm kfm `rupe y (3) sf pfrcoifh n sì losles y n mes kflîs kf uhn berln kobfrfhconkn y rfnmostn quf pfrlotf celpnrncoehfs lumtokolfhsoehnmfs insnkns fh mns celpmflfhtnrofknk kf mns nptotukfs ohkovokunmfs. Mns fxpfrofhcons celpftotovns tofhkfh n cehkocoehnr mn nutefstoln nm trouhbe e mn kfrretn. Mns fxpfrofhcons ohkovokunmostns tofhkfh n rfmncoehnrsf ceh fm rfcanze kf uhe losle. 0. [eke nbfctn n teke me kflîs
Cnkn uhe kf mes rfsumtnkes kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves (me`re, cnmoknk kf mns rfmncoehfs y snmuk psocemó`ocn) ohbmuyf seirf mes etres (vïnsf Bo`urn 9.>) (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n). Fh prolfr mu`nr, mns nlostnkfs nbfctuesns y celprelftokns sur`fh kf uhn sfhsncoóh celúh kf me`re, kfm er`umme lutue per fm trninje celpnrtoke y kfmkurnlfhtf vìhcume quftrninjnh hncf kfpnrn mes nmcnhznr fsbufrzeseijftoves cehjuhtes. lîs celuhfs. sf prfecupnh per mes kflîs fstukonhtfs, lîs kfCunhte nprfhkoznjf Fh sf`uhke mu`nr, mes mes fsbufrzes cehjuhtes pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves celuhfs prelufvfh uhn lnyer nutefstoln, fbocncon pfrsehnm, >1
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
cehtrem y cehbonhzn fh uhe losle. Cunhte lîs snhes fstîh mes ohkovokues, lîs cnpncfs seh kf trninjnr ceh etres pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves celuhfs. Fh tfrcfr mu`nr, mn snmuk psocemó`ocn sf cehstotuyf n pnrtor kf mn ohtfrhnmozncoóh kfm nbfcte y fm rfspfte kf mes kflîs. Mns nlostnkfs seh ifhfbocoes fvemutoves quf prelufvfh mn nutefstoln, mn fbocncon pfrsehnm y mn nknptncoóh psocemó`ocn `fhfrnm pesotovn. Mn `fhtf psocemó`ocnlfhtf snmuknimf (mn quf he subrf kf kfprfsoóh, pnrnheon, nhsofknk, lofke nm brncnse, orn rfprolokn, kfsfspfrnhzn y sfhsncoóh kf vncìe f ohso`hobocnhcon) fs cnpnz kf lnhtfhfr rfmncoehfs nbfctuesns y celprelftokns. Ter me tnhte, mes rfsumtnkes kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves cehstotuyfh uh cehjuhte fh fm quf cnkn rfsumtnke ohkovokunm sorvf cele pufrtn kf nccfse n mes kflîs. Mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs pufkfh brncnsnr kf lucans lnhfrns. Lucans kf hufstrns ohvfsto`ncoehfs kf mes úmtoles vfohtocohce nþes sf anh cfhtrnke fh okfhtobocnr quï ancf quf mn ceepfrncoóh buhcoehf. Fm bufrtf olpncte kf mes fsbufrzes kf ceepfrncoóh `fhuohes seirf fm me`re, mn rftfhcoóh, fm rnzehnlofhte kf hovfm supfroer, mn `fhfrncoóh crfntovn kf hufvns okfns y mn trnhsbfrfhcon kfm nprfhkoznjf fs vosoimf fh tekns mns fvokfhcons `fhfrnmfs. Mn cehbonhzn fh fstes rfsumtnkes nulfhtn, kfioke n quf mes rfsumtnkes kf mes fstukoes kf nmtn cnmoknk seh solomnrfs, y mes fstukoes quf rfcurrfh n mn ceepfrncoóh purn lufstrnh lnyerfs me`res quf mes quf celiohnh fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves, celpftotoves f ohkovokunmostns. So qufrfles, cele fkucnkerfs, olpmflfhtnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceh ïxote, tfhfles quf fhtfhkfr sus celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs, kf mes quf hes ecupnrfles fh fm próxole cnpìtume.
>?
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 3: Mes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove Ju Juht htnr nrsf sf fs uh ce celo lofh fhze ze77 sf`u sf`uor or ju juht htes es fs uh pr pre` e`rf rfse7 se7 tr trni ninj njnr nr ju juht htes es fs fm ïx ïxot ote. e. Afhry Berk
>. Mn ceepfrncoóh fs lucae lîs quf uh erkfhnlofhte kf nsofhtes
Fstructurnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove he cehsostf solpmflfhtf fh sfhtnr n mes nmulhes juhtes y kfcormfs quf sf nyukfh fhtrf sì, yn quf fxostfh lucans cehkuctns quf pufkfh rfsumtnr pfrjukoconmfs pnrn mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs. Mes loflires lfhes cnpncfs n vfcfs kfjnh quf etres celpmftfh mns tnrfns kfm `rupe, me cunm crfn uh fbfcte kf "pemozóh" (Gfrr y Iruuh, >?1>) quf ancf quf mes ohtf`rnhtfs ohkovokunmfs kfm `rupe rfnmocfh cnkn vfz lfhes fsbufrze y nvnhcfh ceh fm trninje cemfctove. Nm losle toflpe, fm quf ancf fm trninje pufkf fsberznrsf lfhes, pnrn fvotnr fm fbfcte kf succoóh quf prevecn fm afcae kf ancfrme teke (Gfrr, >?13). Cunhke trninjnh fh `rupe, tnlioïh fxostf mn pesoiomoknk kf quf mes fstukonhtfs sf selftnh n mes lîs cnpncfs, quf pufkfh nkeptnr remfs kf mokfrnz`e quf mes ifhfbocofh n fmmes n fxpfhsns kf mes kflîs (fm fbfcte kf "fm roce sf ancf lîs roce"). Ter fjflpme, uh ohtf`rnhtf kf nmte hovfm kf uh `rupe pufkf ebrfcfr tekns mns fxpmocncoehfs kf me quf sf fstî Celemes mn cnhtoknk kflîs toflpe quf sf pnsn fxpmocnhke nm`elofhtrns sf cerrfmncoehn `rnh cnpncfs lfkokn ceh nprfhkofhke. me quf sf nprfhkf, loflires cnpncfs nprfhkfh nsì lucae, quf mes fh lfhes nvnhznh n mes trepfzehfs, cele púimoce cnutove. Mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs tnlioïh sf pufkfh cnrnctfroznr per fm kfsnlpnre nuteprevecnke (Mnh`fr y Ifhfvfhte, >?01), mn kospfrsoóh kf mn rfspehsniomoknk y mn anrn`nhfrìn seconm (Mntnhf, Pommonls y Anrgoh >?0?), mn rfhufhcon (Snmeleh, >?1>), mn kovosoóh kosbuhcoehnm kfm trninje ("_e pofhse y tú fscroifs") (Safoh`emk, Anwgohs y Canr, >?1;), mn kfpfhkfhcon ohnkfcunkn kf mn nuteroknk (Pfii, Fhkfr y Mfwos, >?12), fm cehbmocte kfstructove (Cemmohs, >?047 Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0?), mn rfifmoóh cehtrn uhn tnrfn y etrns berlns kf cehkuctn quf kfiomotnh fm kfsflpfþe cemfctove. Mn ceepfrncoóh sufmf snmor lnm kfioke n mn nusfhcon kf cofrtns cehkocoehfs lfkonkerns, quf cehstotuyfh mes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs quf ancfh quf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves sfnh lîs prekuctoves quf mes celpftotoves y mes ohkovokunmost ohkovokunmostns. ns. Fstes celpehfh celpehfhtfs tfs fsfhconmfs seh: Ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn cmnrnlfhtf pfrcoiokn.
•
Ohtfrnccoóh preletern (cnrn n cnrn) cehsokfrnimf.
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Yfspehsniomok Yfspehsniomoknk nk pfrsehnm f ohkovokunm cmnrnlfht cmnrnlfhtff pfrcoiokns, pnrn nmcnhznr mes eijftoves kfm `rupe.
•
Vse brfcufhtf kf aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf `rupes pfqufþes.
•
Vse brfcufhtf y precfsnlofhte `rupnm rf`umnr kfm buhcoehnlofhte, pnrn lfjernr mn fbocofhcon buturn.
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Bo`urn 3.>. - Celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove
94
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
9. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn: "Hesetres fh vfz kf ye"
[ekes pnrn uhe y uhe pnrn tekes. Nmfj Nm fjnh nhkr kree Kuln Kulnss
Fh fm bútiem nlfrocnhe, fm ju`nker quf ancf fm pnsf y fm quf me rfcoif seh pesotovnlfhtf ohtfrkfpfhkofhtfs. Fm ïxote kf uhe kfpfhkf kfm ïxote kfm etre. Su ïxote lutue kfpfhkf kf quf cnkn uhe kf fmmes nctúf kf lnhfrn celpftfhtf. Kfm losle leke, fm prolfr rfquosote pnrn uhn mfccoóh ceepfrntovn fbocnz fs quf mes fstukonhtfs fstïh cehvfhcokes kf quf "hes snmvnles juhtes e hes auhkoles juhtes". Fh mns sotuncoehfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, mes nmulhes tofhfh kes rfspehsniomoknkfs: nprfhkfr fm lntfronm nso`hnke y nsf`urnrsf kf quf tekes loflires kfmfs`rupe tnlioïh me nprfhknh. fxprfsoóh tïchocnpesotovn quf utomoznles pnrn rfbfrorhes n fstn keimf mes rfspehsniomoknk ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn. MnMnohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fxostf cunhke mes fstukonhtfs pfrcoifh quf fstîh vohcumnkes ceh mes kflîs ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kf berln tnm quf fs olpesoimf quf cunmquofrn kf fmmes tfh`n ïxote n lfhes quf me tfh`n teke fm `rupe (y vocfvfrsn) y quf kfifh ceerkohnr sus fsbufrzes ceh sus celpnþfres pnrn rfnmoznr uhn tnrfn. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn prelufvf uhn sotuncoóh fh mn quf mes nmulhes: (>) vfh quf su trninje ifhfbocon n sus celpnþfres kf fquope y quf fm kf sus celpnþfres kf `rupe mes ifhfbocon n fmmes y (9) trninjnh juhtes fh `rupes pfqufþes pnrn lfjernr fm nprfhkoznjf kf tekes mes loflires nm celpnrtor sus rfcurses, ebrfcfrsf nyukn y nmofhte lutues y cfmfirnr fm ïxote cehjuhte. Cunhke mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn fstî cmnrnlfhtf fstnimfcokn: Mes fsbufrzes kf cnkn ohtf`rnhtf kfm `rupe seh ohkospfhsnimfs pnrn fm ïxote cehjuhte (fs kfcor, he
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pufkf anifr "pemozehfs").
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Cnkn loflire kfmkf`rupe ancf uh npertf úhoce nm fsbufrze cehjuhte ceh sus rfcurses, su pnpfm y mns rfspehsniomoknkfs rfspehsniomo knkfs su tnrfn. 9>
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF 9.>. Mn fstructurncoóh kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn
Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn sf pufkf fstructurnr kf cuntre berlns fh uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf: Ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf eijftoves. Mes fstukonhtfs sofhtfh quf pufkfh me`rnr sus eijftoves kf
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nprfhkoznjf sóme so tekes mes loflire kfm `rupe me`rnh sus lftns. Tnrn nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes fstukonhtfs crfnh fste y sf prfecupfh per me quf nprfhkfh mes kflîs, fm kecfhtf kfif fstructurnr uh eijftove `rupnm e lutue cmnre, tnm cele "nprfhkfr fm lntfronm nso`hnke y nsf`urnrsf kf quf me nprfhknh tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe". Fm eijftove kfm `rupe kfif sfr soflprf pnrtf kf mn nctovoknk.
Yfcelpfhsn/bfstfje kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn. Cnkn loflire kfm `rupe rfcoif mn losln
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rfcelpfhsn cunhke fm `rupe me`rn sus eijftoves. Tnrn celpmflfhtnr mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn, fm kecfhtf pufkf n`rf`nr rfcelpfhsns cehjuhtns (per fjflpme, so tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe nmcnhznh nm lfhes uh ?4% kfm puhtnjf lîxole pesoimf fh uh fxnlfh, cnkn uhe kf fmmes rfcoiorî puhtes fxtrn). N vfc vfcfs fs,, mes mes kecf kecfht htfs fs cnmo cnmobo bocn cnhh cceh eh hetn hetnss `ru `rupn pnmf mfss mns mns prek prekuc ucco coeh ehfs fs cemf cemfct ctov ovns ns kf kfmm ``ru rupe pe,, ceh ceh hetn hetnss oohhkovokunmfs mes fxîlfhfs y eter`nh puhtes fxtrn so tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe nmcnhznh kftfrlohnke hovfm fh mns prufins. Mes bfstfjes brfcufhtfs kf mes fsbufrzes y fm ïxote `rupnmfs lfjernh mn ceepfrncoóh.
Ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf rfcurses. Cnkn loflire kfm `rupe kospehf kf sóme uhn pnrtf kf mes
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rfcurses, mn ohberlncoóh e mes lntfron mfs hfcfsnroes pnrn celpmftnr mn tnrfn nso`hnkn. Ter me tnhte,
tekes susmn ohtf`rnhtfs sulnr sus rfcurses pnrn nmcnhznr rfcurses sus eijftoves. Mesn kecfhtfs pufkfh kfstncnr hfcfsoknk kfkfifh rfmncoehfs ceepfrntovns prepercoehnhke molotnkes mes nmulhes pnrn quf sf vfnh eimo`nkes n celpnrtormes ceh sus celpnþfres (per fjflpme, fhtrf`nhke sóme uhn cepon kfm preimfln e kf mn tnrfn n cnkn `rupe) e knr n cnkn nmulhe uhn pnrtf kf mes rfcurses hfcfsnroes, quf fm `rupe muf`e kfifrî ceerkohnr (fm precfkolofhte "relpfcnifzns"). Ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf remfs. N cnkn loflire sf mf nso`hnh remfs celpmflfhtnroes f
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ohtfrcehfctnkes, ceh rfspehsniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn quf fm `rupe celpmftf mn tnrfn cehjuhtn. Mes kecfhtfs pufkfh crfnr ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf remfs fhtrf mes nmulhes lfkonhtf mn nso`hncoóh kf remfs celpmflfhtnroes tnmfs cele: mffr, mmfvnr fm rf`ostre, vfrobocnr mn celprfhsoóh, fstolumnr mn pnrtocopncoóh y fmniernr fm cehecolofhte (vïnsf cnpìtume 1). Fses remfs seh votnmfs pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf kf nmtn cnmoknk.
[nlioï [nli oïhh puf pufkf kfhh er` er`nh nhoz oznr nrsf sf ffhh mns mns nnct ctov ovok oknk nkfs fs eetr tres es tope topess kkff oh ohtf tfrk rkfp fpfh fhkf kfhc hcon on ppes esototov ovn. n. Mn Mn oh ohtf tfrk rkfp fpfh fhkf kfhc hcon on pesotovn kf tnrfns ohvemucrn mn crfncoóh kf uhn kovosoóh kfm trninje tnm quf mns nccoehfs kf uh loflire kfm `rupe tofhfh quf fstnr celpmftns pnrn quf fm so`uofhtf ohtf`rnhtf ecupnrsf su preponfmrfspehsniomoknk. Fh mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf okfhtoknkfs, sf fstnimfcf uhnpufkn okfhtoknk lutunkflfkonhtf flpmfe kf uh helirf e uh mfln. Ancfr quf mes `rupes celpotnh fhtrf sì crfn uhn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon ceh fm fhflo`e fxtfrhe. _ mn ohtfr ohtfrkf kfpf pfhk hkfh fhco conn kf bnh bnhtn tnsì sìnn sur sur`f `f cunh cunhke ke n mes lo lofl flir ires es kf kfmm `ru `rupe pe sf mf mfss fhcnr fhcnr`n `n uh uhnn tnrfn tnrfn quf quf mes eimo`n n oln`ohnr quf sf fhcufhtrnh fh uhn sotuncoóh aopetïtocn. Afles rfnmoznke uhn sfrof kf fstukoes pnrn ohvfsto`nr mn hnturnmfzn kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn y fm pekfr rfmntove kf mes kobfrfhtfs topes fxostfhtfs (Aweh`, Cnswfmm, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, fh prfhsn7 Jeahseh, Jeahseh, Stnhhf y @nroinmko, >??47 Jeahseh, Jeahseh, Ertoz y Stnhhf, >??>7 Mfw, Lfsca, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?12n, >?12i7 Lfsca, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?117 Lfsca, Mfw, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?12) y afles mmf`nke n mns so`uofhtfs cehcmusoehfs. cehcmusoehfs. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn ebrfcf fm cehtfxte fh fm cunm sf pufkf prekucor mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern.
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pfrtfhfhcon n uh `rupe y mnpesotovn ohtfrnccoóh pfrsehnm kf mes nmulhes he prekucf lnyerfs me`res n Mn lfhes quf mn ohtfrkfpfh ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kfhcon fstï cmnrnlfhtf fstructurnkn. 99
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Mn celiohncoóh kf eijftoves y rfcelpfhsns n mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon nulfhtn lîs mes me`res quf mn
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ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon ohtfrkfpfh kfhcon kf eijftoves per sì semn.
Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf rfcurses he ohcrflfhtn fm hovfm kf me`re so he fxostf ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf
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eijftoves.
9.9. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn y fm cehbmocte ohtfmfctunm
Cunhte lnyer sfn mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn fh uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf, lnyerfs preiniomoknkfs anirî kf quf sf prekuzcnh kfsnvfhfhcons y cehbmoctes ohtfmfctunmfs fhtrf sus ohtf`rnhtfs, fh mn lfkokn fh quf celpnrtnh kobfrfhtfs ohberlncoehfs, pfrcfpcoehfs, epohoehfs, precfses kf rnzehnlofhte, tferìns y cehcmusoehfs (vïnsf cnpìtume ?). Cunhke sur`fh tnmfs cehtrevfrsons, pufkfh rfsumtnr cehstructovns cehstructovns e kfstructovns, sf`úh cóle sf mns lnhfjf y kf ncufrke ceh fm hovfm kf kelohoe kf mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf `rupe pfqufþe quf tfh`nh sus pnrtocopnhtfs. Cunhke sf mns nprevfcan cehstructovnlfhtf, mns cehtrevfrsons prelufvfh mn ohcfrtokulirf rfspfcte kf mn cerrfccoóh kf mns prepons cehcmusoehfs, uhn iúsqufkn nctovn kf lîs ohberlncoóh, uhn rfcehcfptunmozncoóh kfm prepoe cehecolofhte y kf mns cehcmusoehfs nmcnhznkns y, fh cehsfcufhcon, uh lnyer kelohoe y cnpncoknk kf rftfhcoóh kfm lntfronm y fm use lîs brfcufhtf kf fstrntf`ons supfroerfs kf rnzehnlofhte (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0?, >?1?n, > ??9n). Mes ohkovokues quf trninjnh semes fh sotuncoehfs celpftotovns f ohkovokunmostns he tofhfh mn pesoiomoknk kf sflfjnhtf kfsnbìe ohtfmfctunm y, per me tnhte, mn cnmoknk kf sus me`res y su rnzehnlofhte sf rfsofhtfh. 3. Mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern cnrn n cnrn Fh uhn uhn er` er`nh nhoz oznc ncoó oóhh oh ohku kust stro ronm nm,, me quf quf cu cufh fhtn tn fs fm fsbu fsbufrz frzee kfm kfm `ru `rupe pe.. He an anyy mu mu`n `nrr pn pnrn rn mn mnss fstrf fstrfmmmmns ns...... Sf hfcfsotnh pfrsehns tnmfhtesns, pfre ïstns he pufkfh ancfr mns cesns semns. Hfcfsotnh nyukn. Jeah Jeah B. Kehh Kehhfm fmmy my,, Tr Trfso fsokf kfht htff kf Fs Fspf pfje jess Kehh Kehhfmm fmmyy
Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kn cele rfsumtnke fm sf`uhke celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern. Ïstn sf rfmncoehn ceh bncomotnr fm ïxote kfm etre per pnrtf kf mes prepoes nmulhes. So iofh mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn per sì losln pufkf tfhfr cofrte fbfcte seirf mes rfsumtnkes eitfhokes, mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern cnrn n cnrn fhtrf mes ohkovokues ohbmuyf kf lnhfrn lîs pekfresn fh mes fsbufrzes pnrn fm me`re kf rfmncoehfs lîs ohtfrfsnkns y celprelftokns y fh mn lnyer nknptncoóh psocemó`ocn y celpftfhcon seconm. Mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern kn cele rfsumtnke: •
Me`rnr nyukn lutun fbfctovn. Ohtfrcnlio Ohtfrcnlionr nr rfcurses hfcfsnroes tnmfs cele mn ohberlncoóh y mes lntfronmfs.
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Trecfsnr mn ohberlncoóh kf lnhfrn fbocnz.
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Ebrfcfr rfnmolfhtncoóh pnrn lfjernr fm kfsflpfþe pestfroer.
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Kfsnbonr mns cehcmusoehfs y fm rnzehnlofhte kfm etre pnrn prelevfr uhn teln kf kfcosoehfs kf lnyer
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cnmoknk y uhn lnyer prebuhkozncoóh y celprfhsoóh kf mes preimflns quf sf fstîh cehsokfrnhke.
Nm Nmfh fhtn tnrr nm et etre re pnrn pnrn nmcn nmcnhz hznr nr eijf eijftotove vess celu celuhf hfs. s.
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Nc Nctu tunr nr kf ln lnhf hfrn rnss cehb cehbon onkn knss y cehb cehbon onim imfs fs..
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Fsberznrsf pnrn fm ifhfbocoe lutue.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Trepercoehnr uh hovfm lekfrnke kf fxcotncoóh ceh injes hovfmfs kf nhsofknk y tfhsoóh.
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Kf fstf leke, mn ohtfrnccoóh preletern pfrlotf n mes fstukonhtfs fstolumnr y bncomotnr mes fsbufrzes kfm etre pnrn me`rnr y celpmftnr mns tnrfns y pnrn trninjnr fh pes kfm me`re kf eijftoves celuhfs. ;. Mn rfspehsniomoknk pfrsehnm f ohkovokunm Me quf mes hoþes pufknh ancfr juhtes aey pekrîh ancfrme semes lnþnhn. Ry`etsgy
Kurnhtf fm pfrìeke kf mn cemehozncoóh kf mes Fstnkes Vhokes, tekes tfhình quf ancfr pnrtf kfm trninje. Fh Lnssncausftts, mn cehso`hn frn: "Fm quf he trninjn, he celf". Fm tfrcfr celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm y fxostf cunhke sf nhnmozn fm kfsflpfþe kf cnkn fstukonhtf y mes rfsumtnkes sf kfvufmvfh nm ohkovokue y nm `rupe, me quf ancf quf cnkn pfrsehn sfn rfspehsnimf kfm npertf kf uhn pnrtf pnrn fm ïxote kfm cehjuhte. Fs olpertnhtf quf fm `rupe sfpn quoïh hfcfsotn lîs nyukn, npeye y fstìlume pnrn celpmftnr uhn tnrfn y quf he sf pufkf vonjnr cele "pemozóh" fh fm trninje kf etres. Fh ecnsoehfs, mes loflires kf uh `rupe ohtfhtnh ancfrme, cunhke fs kobìcom okfhtobocnr mes npertfs ohkovokunmfs, cunhke sus npertfs seh ohhfcfsnroes e supfrbmues e cunhke he tekes mes loflires seh rfspehsnimfs bohnmfs kfm rfsumtnke quf sf eitofhf (Anrgohs y Tftty, >?197 Oh`anl, Mfvoh`fr, @rnvfs y Tfcganl, >?0;7 Gfrr y Iruuh, >?1>7 Mntnhf, Pommonls y Anrgohs, >?0?7 Lefkf, >?907 Tftty, Anrgohs, Pommonls y Mntnhf, >?007 Pommon Pomm onls ls,, >?1> >?1>77 Po Pommmmon onls ls,, An Anrg rgoh ohss y Mn Mntn tnhf hf,, >?1> >?1>).). N fs fste te sf me pufk pufkff kf kfhe helo lohn hnrr an anrn rn`n `nhf hfrì rìnn se seco conm nm.. Mn anrn`nhfrìn seconm fstî fh korfctn epesocoóh ceh fm prepósote kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove: ancfr quf cnkn uhe kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs sfn uh ohkovokue lîs bufrtf. Mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm fs mn cmnvf pnrn nsf`urnr quf tekes mes loflires sf ifhfbocofh fbfctovnlfhtf ceh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Tnrn nsf`urnr quf cnkn fstukonhtf sfn ohkovokunmlfhtf rfspehsnimf kf uhn pnrtf kfm trninje kfm `rupe, mes kecfhtfs kfifh fvnmunr cuîhte fsbufrze fstî npertnhke cnkn loflire, ebrfcfr rfnmolfhtncoóh n mes `rupes y n mes fstukonhtfs ohkovokunmfs, ohkovokunmfs, nyuknr n mes `rupes pnrn fvotnr quf rfnmocfh fsbufrzes ohhfcfsnroes y nsf`urnrsf kf quf cnkn loflire sfn rfspehsnimf kfm rfsumtnke bohnm. Kfspuïs kf pnrtocopnr fh uhn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn, cnkn loflire kfm `rupe kfif fstnr lfjer prfpnrnke pnrn rfnmoznr tnrfns solomnrfs ohkovokunmlfhtf. Mns berlns lîs celuhfs kf prelevfr mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm seh: Lnhtfhfr rfkucoke fm tnlnþe kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Cunhte lfher sfn fm `rupe,
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lnyer sfrî mn rfspehsniomok rfspehsniomoknk nk ohkovokunm. [e [eln lnrr fvnm fvnmun unco coeh ehfs fs ohko ohkovo voku kunm nmfs fs n cnkn cnkn nmul nmulhe he..
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Fxnlohnr nm nznr n mes fstukonhtfs kf lnhfrn ernm, pokoïhkemf n uhe kf fmmes quf prfsfhtf fm trninje kfm
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`rupe.
Ns Nso` o`hn hnrr n uh fstu fstuko konh nhtf tf kf cnkn cnkn `rup `rupee ffmm pnp pnpfm fm kf "v "vfr frob oboc ocnk nker er", ", qu quff kkfi fiff ppfk fkor or n mmes es etre etress ooht htf` f`rn rnht htfs fs
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kfm `rupe quf fxpmoqufh mns rnzehfs y mes rnzehnlo rnzehnlofhtes fhtes suiyncfhtfs fh mns rfspufstns kfm fquope.
Ancfr quf mes nmulhes mf fhsfþfh n sus prepoes celpnþfres me quf nprfhkfh, prîctocn quf sf
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kfhelohn "fxpmocncoóh solumtîhfn".
Fxostf uh pntróh pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn: mes fstukonhtfs nprfhkfh juhtes y muf`e sf kfsflpfþnh Trolfre nkquofrfh Muf`e, mes cehecolofhtes y aniomoknkfs y nprfhkfhmn fstrntf`ons precfkolofhtessemes. fh `rupes ceepfrntoves. npmocnh fm cehecolofhte e kfsflpfþnh aniomoknk, mny fstrntf`on e fm precfkolofhte ohkovokunmlfhtf, pnrn kflestrnr su kelohoe pfrsehnm kf me nprfhkoke. Fstf 9;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
pntróh nsf`urn mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm y pfrlotf quf cnkn fstukonhtf sf ifhfbocof cele cehsfcufhcon cehsfcufhcon kfm trninje fh `rupe. 6. Mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf `rupes pfqufþes Tn`e lîs per mn aniomoknk kf trntnr ceh `fhtf `fhtf quf per cunmquofr etrn aniomoknk fh fstf luhke. Jeah Jeah K. Yecg Yecgfb fbfm fmmf mfrr
Mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf `rupes pfqufþes cehstotuyfh fm cunrte celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fxo`fh quf mes nmulhes nprfhknh tnhte mes tflns ncnkïloces (cehtfhokes) cele mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y kf `rupes pfqufþes hfcfsnrons pnrn buhcoehnr cele pnrtf kf uh fquope (trninje kf fquope). Fste ancf quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sfn lîs celpmfje quf fm nprfhkoznjf celpftotove e ohkovokunmostn. So he sf nprfhkfh mns aniomoknkfs kfm trninje fh fquope, he sf pufkfh rfnmoznr mns tnrfns. Cunhte lnyerfs sfnh mns aniomoknkfs pnrn fm trninje fh fquope kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs,s, supfroer sfrî mn cnmoknk y cnhtoknk kf su nprfhkoznjf. ohtf`rnhtf Tnrn ceerkohnr fsbufrzes n boh kf nmcnhznr eijftoves celuhfs, mes nmulhes kfifh: (>) mmf`nr n cehecfrsf y cehbonr fh mes kflîs, (9) celuhocnrsf ceh prfcosoóh y soh nlio`ýfknkfs, (3) ncfptnrsf y npeynrsf y (;) rfsemvfr sus cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn (Jeahseh, >??> n, >??37 Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh, >??;). Tfre mes nmulhes, nm o`unm quf teke fm luhke, he snifh kf lnhfrn ohstohtovn cóle ohtfrnctunr ceh etres fbocnzlfhtf. [ofhfh quf nprfhkfr mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs cnmoknk, y sfhtorsf letovnkes pnrn usnrmns.y kf `rupes pfqufþes quf hfcfsotnrîh pnrn mn cemnierncoóh kf nmtn [eke ffmm cn [eke cnlp lpee kf mmnn ko kohî hîlo locn cn ``ru rupn pnmm sf iins nsnn fh mn mn pr prfl flos osnn kf qquf uf mns mns aani niomomok oknk nkfs fs sec secon onmf mfss seh seh mn cmn cmnvf vf kf kf mn prekuctovoknk kfm `rupe (Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh, >??>). Cunhte lîs aîiomfs seconmlfhtf sfnh mes nmulhes y lîs ntfhcoóh prfstfh sus kecfhtfs n mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs seconmfs (y n mns rfcelpfhsns per su use), lnyer sfrî fm hovfm kf me`re quf pekrî fspfrnrsf kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fh sus fstukoes seirf mn olpmflfhtncoóh n mnr`e pmnze kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, Mfw y Lfsca ohvfsto`nreh fm olpncte quf prekucf fm afcae kf ebrfcfr rfcelpfhsns per fm use kf aniomoknkfs seconmfs fh mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn y per fm me`re ncnkïloce fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove (Mfw, Lfsca, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?12n, >?12i7 Lfsca, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?117 Lfsca, Mfw, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?12). Fh mns sotuncoehfs kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, sf fjfrcotnin n mes nmulhes sflnhnmlfhtf fh fm use kf cuntre aniomoknkfs seconmfs y n cnkn loflire kf uh `rupe sf mf kninh puhtes kf prfloe fh mn cnmobocncoóh kf uhn prufin so fm kecfhtf celpreinin quf tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf su `rupe kflestrninh pesffr y utomoznr nm lfhes trfs kf mns cuntre aniomoknkfs. Mn celiohncoóh rfcelpfhsn fm nmte kfsflpfþe kf tekes mes loflires kfm `rupekfyohtfrkfpfhkfhcon rfcelpfhsn per pesotovn, mns aniomoknkfs seconmfsncnkïlocn prelevìnper uh lnyer hovfm kf me`re. Vhn berln kf kfbohor uhn aniomoknk seconm pnrn mes fstukonhtfs fs lfkonhtf fm flpmfe kf uhn cnrtommn [, cele fxpmocnles fh fm cnpìtume 1. 2. Fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm
Fm quohte celpehfhtf fsfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm. Fm trninje fbocofhtf kf uh `rupe sf vf ohbmuoke per fm afcae kf quf ïstf rfbmfxoehf seirf -precfsf- su buhcoehnlofhte e he me an`n. Fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm sf kfbohf cele mn rfbmfxoóh seirf uhn sfsoóh `rupnm pnrn: (>) kfscroior quï nccoehfs kfm `rupe rfsumtnreh útomfs y cuîmfs bufreh ohútomfs y (9) telnr kfcosoehfs rfspfcte kf quï cehkuctns kfifh lnhtfhfrsf y cuîmfs kfifh cnlionrsf. Fm prepósote kfm precfsnlofhte `rupnm fs ncmnrnr y lfjernr mn fbfctovoknk kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs fh sus npertfs n mes fsbufrzes cehjuhte cehjuhtess pnrn nmcnhznr mes eijftoves kfm `rupe. Any`rupes kes hovfmfs kf precfsnlofhte: fh `rupeskfifh pfqufþes y kfmtoflpe `rupe nmtetnm. nsf`urnr precfsnlofhte fh pfqufþes sf rfnmocf, mes kecfhtfs kfstohnr bohnmTnrn kf cnkn cmnsfquf pnrnfm quf mes `rupes ceepfrntoves precfsfh cuîh fbfctovnlfhtf sus loflires trninjnreh juhtes. Fstf precfsnlofhte: (>) pfrlotf n 96
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf cehcfhtrnrsf fh lnhtfhfr iufhns rfmncoehfs fhtrf sus loflires, (9) bncomotn fm nprfhkoznjf kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, (3) nsf`urn quf mes loflires rfcoinh rfnmolfhtncoóh seirf su pnrtocopncoóh, (;) `nrnhtozn quf mes nmulhes pofhsfh fh su trninje ce`hotove y lftnce`hotove y (6) ebrfcf uhn berln kf bfstfjnr fm ïxote kfm `rupe y rfberznr mns cehkuctns pesotovns kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs. Nm`uhns kf mns cmnvfs pnrn fm ïxote fh fm precfsnlofhte fh `rupes pfqufþes seh: Trepercoehnr toflpe subocofhtf pnrn quf sf rfnmocf.
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Ebrfcfr uhn fstructurn pnrn fm precfsnlofhte (per fjflpme: "An`nh uhn mostn kf trfs cesns quf su
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`rupe fstî ancofhke iofh y uhn quf pekrìn lfjernr").
Nu Nulf lfht htnr nr mn rf rfnm nmol olfh fhtn tnco coóh óh peso pesototovn vn,, anco ancofh fhke ke qu quff fm prec precfs fsee sf sfnn lîs lîs fs fspf pfcì cìbo boce ce qu quff `f `fhf hfrn rnm.m.
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Lnhtfhfr n mes nmulhes ohvemucrnkes fh fm precfsnlofhte.
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Yfcerknrmfs quf usfh sus aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns kurnhtf fm precfsnlofhte.
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Celuhocnr fxpfctntovns cmnrns seirf fm sfhtoke kfm precfsnlofhte.
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Nkfl Nk flîs îs kfm kfm ppre recf cfsn snlo lofh fhte te fh `rup `rupes es pfqu pfqufþ fþes es,, mes mes kecf kecfht htfs fs kf kfif ifhh rfnm rfnmoz oznr nr prec precfs fsnl nlof ofht htes es pfro pfroók ókoc oces es ce cehh fm `rupe. Cunhke fh uh quf numntofhfh sf usnh kfcehjuhte nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, fm kecfhtf kfif`rupe eisfrvnr mes `rupes, nhnmoznr mes preimflns fh `rupes fm trninje y ebrfcfr rfnmolfhtncoóh n cnkn fh pnrtocumnr. Fm kecfhtf kfif pnsnr sostflîtocnlfhtf kf uh `rupe n etre y quozî usnr uhn aejn kf eisfrvncoehfs berlnm pnrn rfce`fr kntes seirf cnkn uhe. Nm bohnm kf mn cmnsf, pufkf flprfhkfr uhn sfsoóh kf precfsnlofhte cehjuhte, celpnrtofhke sus eisfrvncoehfs ceh tekes mes nmulhes. So fh cnkn `rupe any tnlioïh uh eisfrvnker, pufkfh ohcmuorsf mes rfsumtnkes kf sus eisfrvncoehfs eisfrvncoehfs pnrn eitfhfr kntes seirf tekes mes nmulhes. Stunrt _n`fr (_n`fr, Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?16) fxnlohó fm olpncte seirf fm me`re kf: (>) fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceh precfsnlofhte `rupnm, (9) fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove soh precfsnlofhte `rupnm y (3) fm nprfhkoznjf ohkovokunmostn. Fhcehtró quf mes fstukonhtfs kf nmte, lfkoe y inje hovfm fh mn prolfrn sotuncoóh (ceepfrncoóh ceh precfsnlofhte `rupnm) rfhkình lîs fh mn nctovoknk konron, fh sus me`res pestfroerfs n mn fhsfþnhzn y fh su cnpncoknk kf rftfhcoóh quf mes fstukonhtfs quf sf anmmninh fh mns etrns kes sotuncoehfs. Mes fstukonhtfs kfm sf`uhke `rupe (ceepfrncoóh soh precfsnlofhte `rupnm) tfhình tnlioïh, per su pnrtf, uh rfhkolofhte rfhkolofh te supfroer n mes kfm `rupe ohkovokunmostn fh tekns mns lfkocoehfs. Vh fstukoe kf sf`uolofhte (Jeahseh, Jeahseh, Stnhhf y @nroinmko, >??4) celpnró fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceh: (>) nusfhcon kf precfsnlofhte, (9) precfsnlofhte kecfhtf (aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns fspfcobocnkns per fm kecfhtf y muf`e eisfrvnkns per fm kecfhtf, ceh rfnmolfhtncoóh n teke fm `rupe seirf fm use quf mes nmulhes ancình kf fsns aniomoknkfs), (3) precfsnlofhte kf kecfhtf y nmulhe (cele me nhtfroer, pfre ceh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf tnlioïh koscutofhke cuîh iofh aniình ohtfrnctunke `rupnmlfhtf) y (;) nprfhkoznjf ohkovokunmostn. Fh fm fstukoe pnrtocopnreh cunrfhtn y hufvf fstukonhtfs hf`res kf nmte rfhkolofhte pfrtfhfcofhtfs nm úmtole nþe kf mn sfcuhknron e rfcofhtflfhtf oh`rfsnkes fh mn Qnvofr Vhovfrsoty, quf kfiình rfsemvfr uh preimfln celpmfje nsostokes per celputnkern. Mn celiohncoóh kf precfsnlofhte kf kecfhtf y nmulhe koe cele rfsumtnke lnyer ïxote fh mn rfsemucoóh kfm preimfln quf fh mns etrns leknmoknkfs. Mns trfs berlns ceepfrntovns prekujfreh lfjerfs kfsflpfþes quf mn ohkovokunmostn. Vh nspfcte olpertnhtf kfm precfsnlofhte fh `rupes pfqufþes y kf tekn mn cmnsf fs fm bfstfje. Sfhtorsf fxotese, nprfconke y rfspftnke nyukn n cehstruor uh lnyer celprelose ceh fm nprfhkoznjf, n sfhtor fhtusonsle per trninjnr fh `rupes ceepfrntoves y n pfhsnr quf uhe fs fbocnz kfskf fm puhte kf vostn kfm kelohoe kf mn lntfron y fm trninje ceepfrntove ceh mes celpnþfres. 92
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
0. Fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove Mn lfjer rfspufstn n mn prf`uhtn "µCuîm fs fm lïteke kf fhsfþnhzn lîs fbfctove5" fs quf fmme kfpfhkfrî kfm eijftove, kf mes nmulhes, kfm cehtfhoke y kfm kecfhtf. Tfre mn sf`uhkn lfjer rfspufstn fs: "^uf mes nmulhes mf fhsfþfh n etres nmulhes". Any lucans fvokfhcons kf quf mn fhsfþnhzn kf uh pnr fs fxtrflnknlfhtf fbfctovn pnrn uhn nlpmon `nln kf eijftoves, cehtfhokes y nmulhes kf kobfrfhtfs hovfmfs y pfrsehnmoknkfs. LcGf Lc Gfnc ncao aoff y etres etres (> (>?1 ?12) 2)
Lucaes kecfhtfs quf crffh fstnr flpmfnhke fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh rfnmoknk pnsnh per nmte su fsfhcon. Any uhn kobfrfhcon cruconm fhtrf pehfr n mes nmulhes solpmflfhtf fh `rupes pnrn quf nprfhknh y fstructurnr mn ceepfrncoóh fhtrf fmmes. Mn ceepfrncoóh he cehsostf fh ancfr quf mes nmulhes sf sofhtfh nmrfkfker kf mn losln lfsn y animfh lofhtrns ancfh sus tnrfns ohkovokunmfs. Mn ceepfrncoóh he cehsostf fh quf uh `rupe ohberlf me quf uh nmulhe ancf y mes kflîs peh`nh su helirf. Mn ceepfrncoóh he cehsostf fh quf mes nmulhes an`nh uhn tnrfn ohkovokunmlfhtf ceh ohstruccoehfs kf quf nqufmmes quf tfrlohfh prolfre nyukfh n mes lîs mfhtes. Mn ceepfrncoóh fs lucae lîs quf fstnr bìsocnlfhtf cfrcn kf etres nmulhes, animnr seirf fm lntfronm ceh fmmes y nyuknrsf e celpnrtor mes lntfronmfs, nuhquf cnkn uhn kf fstns cesns sfn olpertnhtf fh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Tnrn sfr ceepfrntove, uh `rupe tofhf quf tfhfr uhn cmnrn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn y sus loflires kfifh belfhtnr fm nprfhkoznjf y fm ïxote kf cnkn uhe, cehsokfrnr n cnkn uhe ohkovokunm y pfrsehnmlfhtf rfspehsnimf kf su pnrtf kfm trninje y precfsnr cuîh fbfctovnlfhtf trninjnh juhtes. Fstes cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs ancfh quf fm nprfhkoznjf fh `rupes pfqufþes sfn rfnmlfhtf ceepfrntove.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume ;: Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm Vhn kf mns nctovoknkfs bnverotns kf kflestrncoóh kf cofhcons kf Ye`fr cehsostf fh pfkormfs n sus nmulhes quf kftfrlohfh cuîhte toflpe kurn uhn vfmn fhcfhkokn fh uhn jnrrn. N`rupn n sus nmulhes kf n kes, berlnhke pnrfjns aftfre`ïhfns celetoflpe pufkn. kurn Cnknmnpnrfjn rfcoif uhnyvfmn y uhn jnrrn (ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon rfcurses). Mfs pokftnhquf cnmcumfh cuîhte vfmn fhcfhkokn mfs kn fm eijftove ceepfrntove kfkf mmf`nr n uhn rfspufstn quf mes kes ohtf`rnht ohtf`rnhtfs fs kf mn pnrfjn pufknh fxpmocnr. Mes nmulhes kfifh nmfhtnr mn pnrtocopncoó pnrtocopncoóhh kf su celpnþfre y rfmncoehnr me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke ceh nctovoknkfs nhtfroerfs (aniomoknkfs seconmfs). Cnkn pnrfjn fhcofhkf uhn vfmn, mf cemecn mn jnrrn fhcoln y cnmcumn cuîhte tnrkn mn vfmn fh npn`nrsf. N cehtohuncoóh, sf nhuhcon mn rfspufstn kf cnkn pnrfjn. Muf`e, Ye`fr fhcelofhkn mn tnrfn kf rfspehkfr n mn prf`uhtn: "^uï bncterfs ohbmuyfh fh fm toflpe quf kurn fhcfhkokn mn vfmn fh mn jnrrn5". Mns rfspufstns kf mes kobfrfhtfs `rupes sf fscroifh fh mn poznrrn. Muf`e, mes `rupes rfpotfh fm fxpfrolfhte pnrn vfrobocnr so mes bncterfs su`frokes rfnmlfhtf ohbmuyfh fh mn kurncoóh kf mn vfmn fhcfhkokn. Nm kìn kìn so so`u `uof ofht htf, f, mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss ancf ancfhh uhn uhn fvnm fvnmun unco coóh óh ohko ohkovo voku kunm nm se seir irff me mess bn bnct cter erfs fs qu quff oh ohbm bmuy uyfh fh fh fm totofl flpe pe kf kurncoóh kf uhn vfmn fhcfhkokn fh uhn jnrrn (rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm) y sus puhtnjfs sf sulnh pnrn kftfrlohnr uhn cnmobocncoóh cehjuhtn quf, so fs me subocofhtflfhtf nmtn, mes anrî `nhnr puhtes fxtrn (rfcelpfhsn n mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon). Muf`e, pnsnh uh toflpe koscutofhke mns nccoehfs útomfs kf cnkn loflire y quï pekrình ancfr pnrn sfr lîs fbfctoves fh fm buture (precfsnlofhte `rupnm). Fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm, mes fstukonhtfs trninjnh juhtes kfskf uhn cmnsf anstn vnrons sflnhns pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves kf nprfhkoznjf celpnrtokes y rfnmoznr tnrfns fspfcìbocns. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm pufkfh usnrsf kf lucans berlns. Sf mes pufkf fstructurnr pnrn quf nprfhknh hufvns ohberlncoehfs e rfsufmvnh preimflns, pnrn quf an`nh fxpfrolfhtes kf cofhcons e celpesocoehfs. Nhtf Nh tfss kkff fxp fxpme mern rnrr ffxa xanu nust stov ovnl nlfh fhtf tf fm nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ccee eepf pfrn rntotove ve berl berlnm nm,, fxn fxnlo lohf hfle less ffmm ppnp npfm fm kf kfmm kkec ecfh fhtf tf fh mn mnss nctovoknkfs ceepfrntov ceepfrntovns. ns. 1. Fm pnpfm kfm kecfhtf: sfr "Vh `uìn quf ncelpnþn"
Fh cnkn cmnsf, mes kecfhtfs kfifh fmf`or fhtrf sfr uh "snifmeteke" e uh "`uìn quf ncelpnþn". Nm ancfrme, fs olpertnhtf rfcerknr quf fm kfsnbìe kf mn fhsfþnhzn he cehsostf fh cuiror fm lntfronm pnrn mes nmulhes, sohe fh kfscuiror fm lntfronm ceh fmmes. Fh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, fm kecfhtf berln mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf, fhsfþn cehcfptes y fstrntf`ons iîsoces, cehtremn fm buhcoehnlofhte kf mes `rupes, ohtfrvofhf pnrn fhsfþnr aniomoknkfs fh `rupes pfqufþes, ebrfcf nyukn fh mns tnrfns cunhke sf hfcfsotn, fvnmún fm nprfhkoznjf kf mes nmulhes y sf nsf`urn kf quf mes `rupes precfsfh mn berln fh quf sus ohtf`rnhtfs anh trninjnke juhtes. Mes fstukonhtfs sf koro`fh n sus pnrfs fh iuscn kf nyukn, rfnmolfhtncoóh, rfbufrze y npeye. Fm kecfhtf culpmf sfos remfs fh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??;7 Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc, >??3): >. Fspfcobocn mes eijftoves kf mn nctovoknk. 9. [eln [eln kfc kfcos osoe oehf hfss pr prfv fvon onss n mmnn fhsf fhsfþn þnhz hznn rfs rfspf pfct ctee kf me mess `rup `rupes es,, mn ko kosp spes esoc ocoó oóhh kfm kfm nnum umn, n, mes mes l lnt ntfr fron onmf mfss fkucntoves y mes remfs kf mes fstukonhtfs fh fm `rupe. 3. Fxpmocn mn tnrfn y mn fstructurn kf eijftoves n mes fstukonhtfs. 91
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
;. Tehf fh lnrcan mn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn. 6. Cehtremn mn fbfctovoknk kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove f ohtfrvofhf cunhke fs hfcfsnroe. 2. Fvnmún mes me`res kf mes nmulhes y mes nyukn n koscutor cóle an rfsumtnke mn cemnierncoóh fh fm `rupe. 1.>. Fspfcobocnr mes eijftoves fkucntoves
Mes kecfhtfs kfifh fspfcobocnr kes topes kf eijftoves nhtfs kf cnkn prepufstn. Fm eijftove ncnkïloce kfif sfr fspfcobocnke fh fm hovfm cerrfcte pnrn mes nmulhes y kfif njustnrsf nm hovfm nkfcunke kf fhsfþnhzn, sf`úh uh nhîmosos cehcfptunm e kf mn tnrfn. Fm eijftove kf mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs tnlioïh kfif sfr fxpmocnke y fh ïm kfifh kftnmmnrsf mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs e kf `rupes pfqufþes quf sf bnverfcfrîh kurnhtf mn nctovoknk. Vh frrer tìpoce kf lucaes kecfhtfs cehsostf fh quf fspfcobocnh mes eijftoves ncnkïloces pfre pnsnh per nmte mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs hfcfsnrons pnrn quf mes nmulhes pufknh ceepfrnr ceh fbocncon ceh mes kflîs. 1.9. [elnr kfcosoehfs prfvons n mn fhsfþnhzn
Kfcokor fm tnlnþe kfm `rupe. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sufmfh tfhfr fhtrf kes y cuntre nmulhes, pfre fsn cnhtoknk pufkf vnronr sf`úh mns corcuhstnhcons y mes eijftoves fspfcìboce fspfcìbocess kf cnkn mfccoóh. Nm kfcokor fm tnlnþe kf uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf rfcerknr quf cunhte lfher sfn fm toflpe kfm quf kospeh`nh, lfher kfifrî sfr tnlioïh fm tnlnþe kfm `rupe. Mes `rupes lnyerfs olpmocnh lîs rfcurses pnrn fm trninje kfm `rupe, pfre tnlioïh fxo`fh quf sus ohtf`rnhtfs tfh`nh lîs aniomoknkfs pnrn trninjnr prekuctovnlfhtf. N vfcfs, fm tnlnþe kf mes `rupes pufkf fstnr kftfrlohnke per mes lntfronmfs e mes fquopes kospehoimfs e per mn hnturnmfzn fspfcìbocn kf mn tnrfn. Fm prohcopoe buhknlfhtnm quf sf kfif tfhfr soflprf fh cufhtn fs: "Cunhte lfher, lfjer". So sf fstî fh mn kukn, cehvofhf rfcurror n `rupes kf kes e trfs ohtf`rnhtfs. 1.9.>. Berlnr mes `rupes.
Mes fstukonhtfs pufkfh sfr n`rupnkes kf lucans berlns. ^uozî mn lnhfrn lîs bîcom y fbocnz cehsostn fh n`rupnrmes nm nznr. Fm kecfhtf pufkf kovokor nm tetnm kf nmulhes kf su cmnsf per fm tnlnþe kf `rupe kfsfnke y ancfr quf sus nmulhes sf hulfrfh, sucfsovnlfhtf, anstn fsn cobrn (per fjflpme, 34 fstukonhtfs kovokokes fh `rupes kf 3 ancf quf kfinh hulfrnrsf anstn >4). Nm`uhns vnroncoehfs kf fstf precfkolofhte cehsostfh fh hulfrnrsf fh etres okoelns e fh fhtrf`nr tnrjftns nm nznr ceh mes helirfs kf prevohcons y cnpotnmfs y pfkor n mes nmulhes quf iusqufh n su celpnþfre. Vh precfkolofhte cehecoke fs mn nso`hncoóh fstrntobocnkn nm nznr, fh mn cunm, per fjflpme, sf ancf uhn fvnmuncoóh prfvon y sf kovokf nm `rupe tetnm sf`úh su hovfm (nmte, lfkoe e inje) y muf`e sf nso`hn nm nznr uh nmulhe kf cnkn hovfm n uh `rupe kf trfs. [nlioïh sf pufkfh kon`hestocnr mes fstomes kf nprfhkoznjf kf mes nmulhes y muf`e nso`hnr n uh nmulhe kf cnkn cntf`erìn pnrn cnkn `rupe. Etrn nmtfrhntovn seh mes `rupes fspfconmlfhtf fmf`okes per fm kecfhtf, quf pufkf nrlnr celiohncoehfs okfnmfs kf fstukonhtfs y nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes kf inje hovfm sfnh loherotnroes fh cnkn `rupe e quf nqufmmes nmulhes ceh cehkuctns cehbmoctovns fhtrf sì he fstïh juhtes. Vhe kf hufstres lïtekes bnverotes cehsostf fh pfkor n mes nmulhes quf nhetfh mes helirfs kf trfs celpnþfres ceh mes quf mfs `ustnrìn trninjnr. Ter sus rfspufstns, fm kecfhtf pufkf okfhtobocnr n mes nosmnkes (nqufmmes ceh mes quf hnkof quofrf trninjnr) y cehstruor uh `rupe kf fstukonhtfs aîiomfs y kf npeye fh terhe kf cnkn nmulhe quf subrn fsn cehkocoóh. Fm precfkolofhte lfhes rfcelfhknimf fs fm kf kfjnr quf mes nmulhes fmojnh sus prepoes `rupes. Mes `rupes berlnkes per mes prepoes fstukonhtfs sufmfh sfr aele`ïhfes: fstukonhtfs kf nmte hovfm, nlo`es fhtrf sì, 9?
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
loherìns, `rupes lnscumohes, ftc. Fstes `rupes tofhkfh tnlioïh n trninjnr lfhes fh mn tnrfn. Vhn iufhn lekobocncoóh cehsostf fh ancfr quf mes nmulhes fscroinh ceh quoïhfs mfs `ustnrìn trninjnr y muf`e berlnr mes `rupes pehofhke n cnkn nmulhe fh uh `rupe ceh uhn pfrsehn kf su mostn y ceh uhe e lîs fmf`okes per fm kecfhtf. Ceh brfcufhcon, mes kecfhtfs sf ancfh trfs prf`uhtns ceh rfspfcte n cóle berlnr mes `rupes: >. .µKfif cemecnrsf n mes nmulhes fh `rupes aele`ïhfes e fh `rupes aftfre`ïhfes5 Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove aele`ïhfes pufkfh usnrsf pnrn kelohnr aniomoknkfs fspfcìbocns e pnrn nmcnhznr cofrtes eijftoves fkucntoves7 pfre, fh `fhfrnm, fh mes `rupes aftfre`ïhfes, mes nmulhes sf ohvemucrnh fh uh rnzehnlofhte lîs fmniernke, knh y rfcoifh fxpmocncoehfs lîs brfcufhtflfhtf y tofhfh fh cufhtn uhn pfrspfctovn lîs nlpmon nm koscutor fm lntfronm. [eke fste nulfhtn su prebuhkoknk kf celprfhsoóh, mn cnmoknk kf su rnzehnlofhte y mn prfcosoóh kf su rftfhcoóh kf mnr`e pmnze. 9. µKfif pehfrsf n mes fstukonhtfs kfsprfecupnkes kfsprfecupnkes juhte ceh nqufmmes ohtfrfsnkes per mns tnrfns e sf mes kfif sfpnrnr5 Mes fstukonhtfs soh ohtfrïs fh me ncnkïloce sufmfh ecupnrsf lîs kf mns tnrfns cunhke pfrtfhfcfh n `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh mes quf any etres quf sf ohtfrfsnh fh fmmns. 3. µCuîhte toflpe kfifh lnhtfhfrsf mes `rupes5 He fxostf uhn rfspufstn solpmf pnrn fstn prf`uhtn. Nm`u Nm `uhe hess kec kecfh fhtf tfss l lnh nhtotofh fhfh fh mes mes `ru `rupe pess kkff trn trnin inje je kurn kurnht htff ttek ekee uuhh nþe nþe77 etr etres es prfb prfbof ofrf rfhh l lnh nhtf tfhf hfrm rmes es uhokes sóme kurnhtf fm toflpe quf kurf uhn tnrfn, uhn uhoknk e uh cnpìtume. Sfn cele bufrf, tnrkf e tflprnhe, tekes mes fstukonhtfs tofhfh quf trninjnr ceh tekes mes kflîs. Hufstre lfjer cehsfje fs quf cehvofhf pfrlotor quf mes `rupes sf lnhtfh`nh fm toflpe hfcfsnroe pnrn nmcnhznr fm ïxote. Kfsnrlnr `rupes quf tofhfh preimflns pnrn buhcoehnr iofh sufmf rfsumtnr cehtrnprekucfhtf, yn quf mes fstukonhtfs he nprfhkfh mns aniomoknkfs quf hfcfsotnh pnrn rfsemvfr preimflns nm cemniernr ceh mes kflîs. 1.9.9. Mn kospesocoóh kfm numn.
Mn berln fh quf fstî kospufstn fm numn prfsfhtn uh lfhsnjf soliómoce seirf mns cehkuctns nkfcunkns y fm erkfhnlofhte kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf pufkf fstolumnr e ohtfrbfror ceh fm trninje fh mn tnrfn. Mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf uh `rupe kfifh fstnr sfhtnkes kf lnhfrn tnm quf tekes pufknh vfrsf y fstïh me subocofhtflfhtf cfrcn cele pnrn pekfr celpnrtor mes lntfronmfs, lnhtfhfr cehtncte vosunm ceh mes kflîs, animnr fh vez injn soh pfrturinr n mes etres `rupes f ohtfrcnlionr okfns fh uh cmoln cóleke. _ fm kecfhtf kfif tfhfr bîcom nccfse n cnkn `rupe. 1.9.3. Mn fmfccoóh kf mes lntfronmfs fkucntoves.
Mn fmfccoóh kf mes lntfronmfs fstî kftfrlohnkn per fm tope kf tnrfn quf mes fstukonhtfs kfifh rfnmoznr. Vhn vfz quf fm kecfhtf an kfcokoke quï sf hfcfsotn, kfif kostroiuor mes lntfronmfs fhtrf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf cnkn `rupe kf lnhfrn tnm quf tekes pufknh pnrtocopnr. Cunhke tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe fstîh lnkures y tofhfh uh nmte hovfm kf aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y fh `rupes pfqufþes, pufkf he sfr hfcfsnroe quf fm kecfhtf prfpnrf u erkfhf mes lntfronmfs kf uhn berln fspfconm. Tfre cunhke uh `rupe fs hufve e sus ohtf`rnhtfs he seh luy kucaes fh fm trninje cehjuhte, quozî sfn prfbfroimf kostroiuor mes lntfronmfs kf berlns cuoknkesnlfhtf pmnhobocnkns, quf kfh n fhtfhkfr quf mn tnrfn tofhf quf sfr uh fsbufrze cehjuhte y quf sf trntn kf uhn sotuncoóh kf nprfhkoznjf fh mn quf "hes snmvnles tekes e hes auhkoles tekes". 1.9.;. Mn nso`hncoóh kf remfs pnrn nsf`urnr mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon.
Nm pmnho pmnhobo bocn cnrr uhn uhn tn tnrf rfn, n, mes kecf kecfht htfs fs kfi kfifh fh pfh pfhsn snrr fh mns nc nctotovo vokn knkf kfss qu quff lfje lfjern rnrî rîhh fm npr nprfh fhko kozn znjf jf kf su suss nmulhes. Tufkfh kfbohor fsns nctovoknkfs cele "remfs" y nso`hnr uhe n cnkn loflire kfm `rupe. Mes remfs pufkfh ohcmuor: uh ohtf`rnhtf quf anrî fm rfsulfh, uhe quf vfrobocnrî quf tekes anynh fhtfhkoke, etre quf 34
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
nctunrî cele fhtrfhnker fh mn prfcosoóh, etre quf sf ecupnrî kf mn fmnierncoóh, uh ohvfsto`nker, uh rf`ostrnker, nm`uofh quf nmfhtnrî n pnrtocopnr y uh eisfrvnker (pnrn mns kfscropcoehfs kf cnkn uhe kf fstes remfs, vïns vï nsff fm fm ccnp npìtìtum umee 1). 1). Mn ns nso` o`hn hnco coóh óh kf remf remfss cel celpm pmfl flfh fhtn tnro roes es f ooht htfr frce cehf hfct ctnk nkes es ceh ceh me mess l lof ofli lire ress kkff uh uh `rup `rupee rfsumtn uh lïteke fbocnz pnrn fhsfþnrmfs aniomoknkfs seconmfs y pnrn belfhtnr mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn. Yemfs tnmfs cele fm kf vfrobocnr mn celprfhsoóh y fm kf ecupnrsf kf mn fmnierncoóh seh fsfhconmfs pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf, pfre n lfhuke fstîh nusfhtfs fh mns numns. Fm pnpfm kfm quf vfrobocn mn celprfhsoóh, per fjflpme, cehsostf fh pfkor pfroókocnlfhtf n mes kobfrfhtfs ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe quf fxpmoqufh me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke. Fh su ohvfsto`ncoóh, Yesfhsaohf y Stfvfhs (>?12) mmf`nreh n mn cehcmusoóh kf quf fm afcae kf "vfrobocnr mn celprfhsoóh" sf rfmncoehnin ceh hovfmfs supfroerfs kf nprfhkoznjf y me`re fh mes fstukonhtfs. Poms Po mseh eh (> (>?1 ?10) 0) ao aoze ze uh fstu fstuko koee kf trfs trfs nþes nþes se seir irff lf lfje jern rnss fh mn fh fhsf sfþn þnhz hznn y an anmmmmóó qu quff mn brfc brfcuf ufhc hcon on kf vfro vf robo bocn cnco coóh óh kf mn celp celprf rfhs hsoó oóhh ssff ccer errf rfmn mnco coeh ehni ninn fh nmte nmte `rnk `rnkee cceh eh mn fb fboc ocnc ncon on `f `fhf hfrn rnmm kkff mmes es kecf kecfht htfs fs.. SSoo iof iofhh mes kecfhtfs he pufkfh vfrobocnr pfrlnhfhtflfhtf mn celprfhsoóh kf cnkn uhe kf sus nmulhes, pufkfh er`nhoznr fsn vfrobocncoóh kf lnhfrn tnm quf mes fstukonhtfs trninjfh fh `rupes ceepfrntoves y nso`hnrmfs fm rem rfspfctove. 1.3. Fxpmocnr mn tnrfn y mn fstructurn kf mes eijftoves 1.3.>. Mn fxpmocncoóh kf mn tnrfn ncnkïlocn.
Nm celf celfhz hznr nr uh uhnn cmnsf cmnsf,, fm ke kecf cfht htff kfi kfiff fxp fxpmomocn cnrr mn tn tnrf rfnn ncn ncnkï kïlo locn cn kf l lnh nhfr frnn quf quf n mes nm nmul ulhe hess mfs qquf ufkf kf cmnre me quf kfifh ancfr y fhtofhknh mes eijftoves kf mn nctovoknk. Fh prolfr mu`nr, fm kecfhtf fxpmocn kf quï sf trntn y mes precfkol precfkolofhtes ofhtes quf kfifh sf`uor mes nmulhes. Mns ohstruccoehfs cmnrns y prfcosns seh fsfhconmfs pnrn fvotnr mn brustrncoóh fh mes nmulhes. Vhn kf mns vfhtnjns kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs quf nqufmmes nmulhes quf he fhtofhkfh me quf kfifh ancfr pufkfh cmnrobocnr mn tnrfn y mes precfkolofhtes ceh sus celpnþfres nhtfs kf prf`uhtnrmf nm kecfhtf. Fh sf`uhke mu`nr, fm kecfhtf fxpmocn mes eijftoves kf mn nctovoknk y rfmncoehn mes cehcfptes y mn ohberlncoóh quf sf fstukonrîh ceh fxpfrofhcons y nprfhkoznjfs nhtfroerfs kf mes nmulhes, pnrn nsf`urnr uh lîxole kf trnhsbfrfhcon y rftfhcoóh. Fm kecfhtf pufkf knr fjflpmes pnrn nyuknr n mes nmulhes n fhtfhkfr quï kfifh nprfhkfr y ancfr cunhke rfnmocfh mn tnrfn. Mes eijftoves pufkfh prfsfhtnrsf, n vfcfs, cele rfsumtnkes7 per fjflpme: "Nm bohnm kf fstn nctovoknk, ustfkfs fstnrîh fh cehkocoehfs kf fxpmocnr mns cnusns kf mn @ufrrn Covom". Fxpmocnr mes rfsumtnkes quf sf iuscnh ceh mn nctovoknk nulfhtn mns preiniomoknkfs kf quf mes fstukonhtfs sf cehcfhtrfh fh mes cehcfptes y mn ohberlncoóh pfrtohfhtfs n me mnr`e kf mn losln. Sufmf rfsumtnr útom ancfr prf`uhtns fspfcìbocns n nm`uhes nmulhes pnrn vfrobocnr quf anh fhtfhkoke mn tnrfn. Fste nsf`urn quf mn celuhocncoóh sfn pmfhn y "kf okn y vufmtn", quf mn tnrfn an soke cmnrnlfhtf fhcelfhknkn y quf mes nmulhes fstîh mostes pnrn flpfznrmn. Tufkf rfcurrorsf n uhn cehvfrsncoóh cfhtrnkn (vïnsf cnpìtume 6) pnrn nyuknr n mes nmulhes n er`nhoznr per nkfmnhtnke me quf yn snifh seirf mes cehtfhokes quf kfifh fstukonr y fstnimfcfr sus fxpfctntovns seirf mn nctovoknk. Vhn vfz quf mes precfkolofhtes y mes eijftoves fstîh cmnres, pufkf flprfhkfrsf mn fhsfþnhzn korfctn kf mes cehcfptes, mes prohcopoes y mns fstrntf`ons. Fm kecfhtf kfbohf mes cehcfptes pfrtohfhtfs y rfspehkf mns prf`uhtns kf sus nmulhes seirf mns okfns e mes afcaes quf kfifh nprfhkfr e tfhfr fh cufhtn fh mn nctovoknk. 1.3.9. Mn fxpmocncoóh kf mes crotfroes pnrn fm ïxote y mns cehkuctns kfsfnkns.
Mes nmulhes tofhfh quf snifr quï hovfm kf kfsflpfþe sf fspfrn kf fmmes. Mns fxpfctntovns ncnkïlocns sf fxprfsnh cele crotfroes prfbojnkes quf fstnimfcfh quï trninje fs ncfptnimf y cuîm he me fs (lîs quf uiocnr n mes fstukonhtfs fh uhn curvn). Fm kecfhtf pufkf kfcor: "Mes quf eitfh`nh ?6 puhtes e lîs sncnrîh uh >47 mes quf snqufh fhtrf ?4 y ?; puhtes tfhkrîh uh ?7 mes quf snqufh fhtrf 16 y ?; puhtes tfhkrîh uh 1. Fm `rupe he anirî tfrlohnke anstn quf tekes sus ohtf`rnhtfs eitfh`nh lîs kf 16 puhtes". E pufkf kfcor: "Fm `rupe he 3>
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
anirî tfrlohnke anstn quf cnkn uhe kf sus loflires anyn kflestrnke quf kelohn fm tfln". N vfcfs, pufkf fstnimfcfrsf mn lfjern (ancfr mns cesns lfjer fstn sflnhn quf mn nhtfroer) cele crotfroe kf fxcfmfhcon. Tnrn prelevfr mn ceepfrncoóh ohtfr`rupnm, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh tnlioïh fstnimfcfr crotfroes pnrn quf nmcnhcf tekn mn cmnsf. Cele mn pnmnirn "ceepfrncoóh" tofhf lucans cehhetncoehfs y kovfrsoknk kf uses, nkflîs kf fxpmocnr mes crotfroes pnrn fm ïxote, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf fspfcobocnr mns cehkuctns npreponkns y kfsfnimfs kfhtre kf mes `rupes. Ohoconr (berlnr) cehkuctns ohcmuyf: "quïkntf ceh tu `rupe y he cnlohfs per fm numn", "animfh fh vez injn", "animfh per turhe" y "mmîlfhsf per su helirf". Cunhke mes `rupes flpofznh n buhcoehnr iofh, fs pesoimf: Ancfr quf cnkn ohtf`rnhtf fxpmoquf cóle mmf`nr n mn rfspufstn.
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Tfkor n cnkn ohtf`rnhtf quf rfmncoehf me quf sf fstî nprfhkofhke ceh nprfhkoznjfs prfvoes.
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Rf Rfro robo bocn cnrr qu quff teke tekess mes mes ohtf ohtf`r `rnh nhtf tfss kfm kfm `rup `rupee fhto fhtofh fhkn knhh me mess ln lntf tfro ronm nmfs fs y fs fstï tïhh kf ncufrk ncufrkee ce cehh mn mnss
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rfspufstns.
Nm Nmfh fhtn tnrr n te teke kess n mn pnrt pnrtoc ocop opnc ncoó oóh. h.
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Fscucanr ceh prfcosoóh me quf kocfh mes etres ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. He cnlionr kf okfn n lfhes quf sf mes cehvfhzn kf lnhfrn sfhsntn (ncfptnr kfcosoehfs per lnyerìn he prelufvf fm nprfhkoznjf).
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Crotocnr mns okfns, he n mns pfrsehns.
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Fs olpertnhtf quf mes kecfhtfs sfnh cehcrftes cunhke animnh kf mns cehkuctns kfsfnimfs ceh sus nmulhes. Kfifh kfbohor epfrntovnlfhtf cnkn aniomoknk seconm, lfkonhtf uhn "Cnrtommn [" (vïnsf cnpìtume 1, Bo`urn 1.>). Kfstncnr uhn e kes cehkuctns per vfz fs subocofhtf. Mes nmulhes tofhfh quf snifr quï cehkuctns rfsumtnh nkfcunkns y kfsfnimfs kfhtre kf uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, pfre he kfifh sfr selftokes n uhn seirfcnr`n kf ohberlncoóh. [nli [n lioï oïhh fs olp olper ertn tnht htff qu quff me mess fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss pr prnc nctotoqu qufh fh mmns ns aani niomomok oknk nkfs fs lîs lîs kkff uh uhnn e kkes es vfc vfcfs fs.. Mes Mes ke kecf cfht htfs fs kfifh sf`uor uhn aniomoknk anstn quf mes nmulhes mn anynh ohtf`rnke fh su rfpfrteroe kf cehkuctns y mn fhbntoznhke rfnmocfh kf lnhfrn nutelîtocn y aniotunm. 1.;. Tehfr fh lnrcan mn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn
Kurnhtf mns nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns berlnmfs, mns nccoehfs kf mes nmulhes pufkfh fstnr ohkocnkns kf lnhfrn vn`n vn `n e kf kf uuhh l lek ekee prf prfco cose se y cceh ehcr crft fte. e. Me Mess nmu nmulh lhes es pufk pufkfh fh olpr olprev evos osnr nr prec precfk fkol olof ofht htes es lofh lofhtr trns ns kf kfsn snrr rrem emmn mnhh mn tnrfn e sf`uor rf`mns fxpmìcotns (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??;). Kobfrfhtfs kecfhtfs pufkfh prfbfror prepercoehnr kostohtes `rnkes kf fstructurncoóh. _ fxostf uhn nlpmon `nln kf pesoiomoknkfs. Fh uh fxtrfle kfm cehtohue, sf pufkf knr nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove npfhns uhn fstructurn lìholn. Mns nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns pufkfh fstructurnrsf kf lnhfrn tnm quf semnlfhtf sf fspfcoboquf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon kf eijftoves pesotovn y mn rfspehsniomo rfspehsniomoknk knk ohkovokunm, quf sóme sf suirnyfh uhns pecns aniomoknkfs seconmfs y quf sf an`n uh pece kf precfsnlofhte `rupnm nm bohnm. Sf pufkf n`rf`nr uhn fstructurncoóh nkocoehnm lfkonhtf mn fspfcobocncoóh kf remfs celpmflfhtnroes qufmes mesfstukonhtfs nmulhes sfkfinh ohvemucrfh lofhtrns fh fm erkfhnlofhte mes lntfronmfs, kf lekepnrn tnm quf kfpfhkfr kf mestrninjnh rfcursesjuhtes kf mese etres pnrn pekfr celpmftnr mn tnrfn. 39
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Fh fm etre fxtrfle kfm cehtohue, fstîh mes fhbequfs nmtnlfhtf fstructurnkes, quf sf usnh kf lnhfrn prfcosn y cehcrftn. Ohcmuyfh tfxtes, fstructurns y pre`rnlns ceepfrntoves quf fspfcobocnh, pnse n pnse, quï kfif ancfr cnkn nmulhe kurnhtf mn nctovoknk. Mns "`uìns" kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove seh precfkolofhtes fstnhknroznkes y cnrfhtfs kf cehtfhoke pnrn rfnmoznr nctovoknkfs `fhïrocns y rfpftokns (cele fscroior ohberlfs e ancfr prfsfhtncoehfs) e pnrn mns rutohns kfm numn (cele vfrobocnr tnrfns pnrn fm ae`nr y rfvosnr prufins). Kehnmk Knhsfrfnu y sus cemf`ns (>?16) anh kfsnrremmnkee vnrons `uìns cee kfsnrremmnk pfrntovns quf fstructurnh mn ohtfrnccoóh kf mes fstukonhtfs. Vhn kf mns lîs cehecokns fs uhn `uìn solpmf pnrn precfsnlofhte kf tfxtes mmnlnkn LFYKFY (Levomoznr, Fhtfhkfr, Yfcerknr, Kftfctnr, Fmniernr, Yfvosnr). Fh fstn `uìn, mes nmulhes sf n`rupnh fh pnrfjns y, fh prolfr mu`nr, levomoznh sus rfcurses pnrn nprfhkfr: fstnimfcofhke uh tflpfrnlfhte nkfcunke y fxnlohnhke fm tfxte pnrn fstnimfcfr puhtes kf nccoóh ceepfrntovn (nstfrosces fh fm lnr`fh pnrn ohkocnr kóhkf kfjnrîh kf mffr y precfsnrîh mn ohberlncoóh ceepfrntovnlfhtf). Muf`e, nlies mffh fh somfhcoe pnrn fhtfhkfr, anstn quf mmf`nh nm prolfr puhte kf nccoóh ceepfrntovn. Vhe kf mes kes rfcufrkn/rfmntn me quf anh nprfhkoke anstn naì y fm etre kftfctn y cerro`f frrerfs y elosoehfs. Muf`e, nlies fmniernh fh cemnierncoóh fm lntfronm, crfnhke olî`fhfs, nhnme`ìns y cehfxoehfs korfctns ceh etrns ohberlncoehfs. N cehtohuncoóh, so`ufh mfyfhke fh somfhcoe pnrn fhtfhkfr anstn quf mmf`nh nm so`uofhtf puhte, fh fm quf ohvofrtfh sus remfs y rfpotfh mes pnses kf rfcerknr, kftfctnr y fmniernr. Nsì, rfcerrfh teke fm lntfronm y nmtfrhnh sus remfs anstn tfrlohnr mn tnrfn. Kfspuïs, rfvosnh y er`nhoznh ceepfrntovnlfhtf teke fm cufrpe kf mn ohberlncoóh, uhn vfz lîs, nmtfrhnhke mes remfs kf nctovoknk y cehtrem. Spfhcfr Gn`nh (>?11) an okfhtobocnke kovfrsns fstructurns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Vhn fstructurn solpmf fs uhn fhtrfvostn kf trfs pnses fh mn quf mes fstukonhtfs sf n`rupnh kf n kes, fm fstukonhtf N fhtrfvostn n I, muf`e I n N y kfspuïs nlies celpnrtfh sus rfsumtnkes ceh etrn pnrfjn. "Ce-ep Ce-ep" (Gn`nh, >?11) uiocn n mes fstukonhtfs fh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove aftfre`ïhfes, kn n cnkn `rupe uhn pnrtf kf uhn uhoknk kf nprfhkoznjf y prepercoehn n cnkn loflire kfm `rupe uh loho-tópoce pnrn rfnmoznr seme y muf`e prfsfhtnr nm `rupe. Cnkn `rupe sohtftozn kfspuïs mes loho-tópoces kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs fh uhn prfsfhtncoóh kfm `rupe pnrn tekn mn cmnsf. "Ohvfsto`ncoóh @rupnm" (Sanrnh y Afrtz-Mnznrewotz, >?14) fs uhn fstructurn celpmfjn solomnr n "Ce-ep Ceep". Fh fmmn, mes fstukonhtfs berlnh `rupes ceepfrntoves sf`úh sus ohtfrfsfs celuhfs fh uh tfln. [ekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe nyuknh n pmnhobocnr cóle ohvfsto`nr fm tfln. Muf`e, sf kovokfh fm trninje fhtrf fmmes y cnkn loflire rfnmozn uhn pnrtf kf mn ohvfsto`ncoóh, Fm `rupe sohtftozn y rfsulf fm trninje y prfsfhtn sus rfsumtnkes n mn cmnsf. Fh "Yelpfcnifzns" (Nrehseh, >?01), mes nmulhes seh ohcmuokes fh `rupes ceepfrntoves. N tekes mes `rupes sf mfs nso`hn fm losle tfln. Cnkn loflire rfcoif uhn úhocn sfccoóh kfm tfln quf kfif nprfhkfr y muf`e fhsfþnr n mes kflîs ohtf`rnhtfs kf su `rupe. Cnkn uhe fstukon su pnrtf ohkovokunmlfhtf y muf`e ancf uhn prfsfhtncoóhh pnrn fm `rupe. Fm `rupe sohtftozn mns prfsfhtncoehfs kf sus ohtf`rnht prfsfhtncoó ohtf`rnhtfs fs fh uhn semn. Tnrn fstukonr mn vo vokn kn kf kf Se Seje jeur urhf hfrr [ru [ruta ta9, 9, pper er ffjf jflp lpme me,, cn cnkn kn l lof ofli lire re kfm kfm `r `rup upee rrfc fcoi oiff lnt lntfr fron onmm seir seirff pn pnrt rtff kf su vok vokn, n, pfr pfree hoh`uhe pufkf nprfhkfr seirf su vokn fhtfrn n lfhes quf tekes fhsfþfh sus pnrtfs rfspfctovns. Vh pnquftf currocumnr ceepfrntove fs uh cehjuhte kf lntfronmfs currocumnrfs kosfþnkes fspfcìbocnlfhtf, quf ohcmuyf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y cehtfhokes ncnkïloces. "[erhfes kf Juf`es per fquopes" ([JF) fs uhn celiohncoóh kf ceepfrncoóh `rupnm, celpftfhcon fhtrf `rupes y juf`es fkucntoves (KfRrofs y Fkwnrks, >?0;). Tnrn celfhznr, fm kecfhtf fhsfþn uh cehtfhoke korfctnlfhtf. Muf`e, mes fstukonhtfs sf rfúhfh fh fquopes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove kf cuntre e cohce loflires (quf celiohnh nmulhes kf nmte, lfkoe y inje hovfm) pnrn celpmftnr uhn sfrof kf nctovoknkfs seirf fsf cehtfhoke. Muf`e, pnrtocopnh fh juf`es rfprfsfhtnhke n sus fquopes. Cnkn sflnhn sf cnlionh mes ju`nkerfs, kf lnhfrn tnm quf cnkn nmulhe celpotn ceh etres kf hovfm solomnr. Mes fquopes quf lîs puhtes eitofhfh seh lfhcoehnkes púimocnlfhtf fh uh iemftìh sflnhnm kf mn cmnsf. Sf eter`nh cnmobocncoeh cnmobocncoehfs fs seirf mn insf kfm kfsflpfþe ohkovokunm. 33
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Vh nmulhe kf kecternke kf KfRrofs, Yeifrt Smnvoh, kfsnrremmó etres pnquftfs currocumnrfs, n pnrtor kfm [JF. Nprf Np rfhk hkoz oznj njff "[rni "[rninj njee fh Fqu Fquop opee-Me Me`r `ree Ohk Ohkov ovok okun unm" m" ([ ([FM FMO) O) (Smn (Smnvo voh, h, >?14 >?14)) fs uhn le leko kobo bocn cnco coóh óh kf FJ FJ[ [ quf sustotuyf mn fvnmuncoóh sflnhnm per uh juf`e ncnkïloce. Mes fquopes rfcoifh rfcehecolofhte per mn lfjern kf mes puhtnjfs kf sus loflires. "Ohkovokunmozncoóh nsostokn per fquopes " (ONF) fs uh pre`rnln kf lntflîtocn nmtnlfhtf ohkovokunmoznke pnrn nmulhes kf 3´ n 2´, fh fm quf mes fstukonhtfs trninjnh kf lnhfrn ohkovokunm fh lntflîtocn, utomoznhke lntfronmfs currocumnrfs nutefkucntoves (nprfhkoznjf pre`rnlnke) (Smnvoh, >?16). Sf berlnh `rupes kf cuntre e cohce fstukonhtfs, pfre ïstes he trninjnh juhtes, sohe quf sóme cehtremnh mns rfspufstns kf mes etres, nklohostrnh mns prufins y ebrfcfh nyukn cunhke etre ohtf`rnhtf kfm fquope mn rfquofrf. Cele mns uhoknkfs currocumnrfs fstîh kosfþnkns pnrn quf sfnh nutefxpmocntovns y mes loflires kf uh losle fquope sufmfh tfhfr hovfmfs luy kobfrfhtfs, mn ohtfrnccoóh ceepfrntovn qufkn rfkucokn n uh lìhole. Mes puhtnjfs kf mes fquopes sf celputnh sflnhnmlfhtf y mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf mes fquopes rfcoifh cfrtobocncoehfs seirf mn insf kfm trninje rfnmoznke per cnkn uhe. Sf cnmobocn n mes fstukonhtfs fstroctnlfhtf per su prepoe trninje. Mfcturn y Fscroturn Ohtf`rnkn Ceepfrntovn (MFOC) fs uh cehjuhte kf lntfronmfs currocumnrfs quf sorvf cele celpmflfhte pnrn mfcterfs ohoconmfs e ohfxpfrtes y nsf`urn quf sf npmoquf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove n mn mfcturn, mn fscroturn y mn erte`rnbìn (Stfvfhs, Lnkkfh, Smnvoh y Bnrhosa, >?10). MFOC berln kes `rupes kf mfcturn kf fhtrf 1 y >6 loflires cnkn uhe7 uh `rupe sf cehcfhtrn fh mns aniomoknkfs kf kfcekobocncoóh bóhocn y celprfhsoóh (cóko`e/so`hobocnke) y fm etre fh mns aniomoknkfs kf celprfhsoóh f ohbfrfhcon (so`hobocnke). N tekes mes fstukonhtfs sf mfs nso`hn uh celpnþfre kfhtre kf cnkn `rupe kf mfcturn y muf`e sf mes celiohn ceh uhn pnrfjn kfm etre `rupe. N cnkn `rupe kf cuntre sf mf nso`hn uhn tnrfn pnrn celpmftnr, yn sfn kf n kes e kf n cuntre. Mes puhtnjfs kf mes nmulhes fh tekns mns prufins, celpesocoehfs f ohberlfs npertnh pnrn uh puhtnjf kfm fquope y sf fhtrf`nh cfrtobocnco cfrtobocncoehfs. ehfs. Mes fstukonhtfs seh cnmobocnkes sf`úh su prepoe trninje. Sfn cunm bufrf fm precfkolofhte ceepfrntove utomoznke, fm kecfhtf tofhf quf ncelpnþnr n mes fstukonhtfs fh su trninje f ohtfrvfhor cunhke sfn hfcfsnroe. 1.6. Cehtremnr mn fbfctovoknk kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove f ohtfrvfhor cunhke sfn hfcfsnroe
He olpertn so mn cmnsf fstî fstructurnkn ceepfrntovnlfhtf kf lnhfrn vn`n e prfcosn, fm kecfhtf soflprf tfhkrî quf cehtremnr mn ohtfrnccoóh kf sus nmulhes fh mes `rupes f ohtfrvfhor pnrn nyuknrmes n nprfhkfr y n ohtfrnctunr ceh lnyer kfstrfzn. 1.6.>. Cehtremnr mn cehkuctn kf mes nmulhes y ebrfcfr nyukn.
Mn tnrfn kfm kecfhtf celofhzn kf vfrknk cunhke mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove flpofznh n trninjnr. Mes kecfhtfs eisfrvnh mn ohtfrnccoóh fhtrf mes loflires kfm `rupe pnrn fvnmunr su pre`rfse ncnkïloce y su use kf mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y fh `rupes pfqufþes. Mns eisfrvncoehfs pufkfh sfr berlnmfs, ceh uh pre`rnln kf eisfrvncoehfs fh fm quf sf nhetnh brfcufhcons e cehtfhfr nhïcketns, kfscropcoehfs ohberlnmfs kf mns nccoehfs y mns kfcmnrncoehfs kf mes nmulhes. Nm fsc fscuc ucan anrr ntfh ntfhtn tnlf lfht htff có cóle le mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss fx fxpm pmoc ocnh nh n su suss prep prepoe oess ce celp lpnþ nþfr fres es mmee quf quf ffst stîh îh npr nprfh fhko kofh fhke ke,, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh kftfrlohnr quï fhtofhkfh y quï he fhtofhkfh sus nmulhes. N trnvïs kfm trninje ceepfrntove, mes fstukonhtfs pehfh n mn vostn y selftfh n mn eisfrvncoóh y fm nhîmosos sus precfses ecumtes kf pfhsnlofhte y mes kecfhtfs pufkfh eisfrvnr cóle cehstruyfh su celprfhsoóh kfm lntfronm nso`hnke f ohtfrvfhor cunhke sfn hfcfsnroe pnrn lfjernr fsn celprfhsoóh. Sf pufkfh anmmnr kovfrses ohstrulfhtes y precfkolofhtes kf eisfrvncoóh fh Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh (>??>) y fh Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc (>??3). 3;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Nm ce ceht htre remn mnrr fm tr trni ninj njee kf mes mes fquo fquope pes, s, mes mes kecf kecfht htfs fs pufk pufkfh fh hfcf hfcfso sotn tnrr nc ncmn mnrn rnrr oh ohst stru rucc ccoe oehf hfs, s, rfvo rfvosn snrr precfkolofhtes y fstrntf`ons olpertnhtfs pnrn mn tnrfn, rfspehkfr prf`uhtns y fhsfþnr aniomoknkfs. Nm koscutor mes cehcfptes y mn ohberlncoóh quf sf kfif nprfhkfr, mes kecfhtfs kfifh usnr mfh`unjf e tïrlohes pfrtohfhtfs pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf. Fh mu`nr kf kfcor "Sì, fstî iofh", kfifh kfcor nm`e lîs fspfcìboce ceh rfspfcte n mn tnrfn, cele, per fjflpme: "Sì, ïsn fs uhn berln kf anmmnr mn okfn prohcopnm kf uh tfxte". Fm use kf brnsfs cehcrftns rfbufrzn fm nprfhkoznjf kfsfnke y belfhtn mn trnhsbfrfhcon pesotovn, nm nyuknr n mes nmulhes n nseconr uh tïrlohe ceh su nprfhkoznjf. Vhn berln kf ohtfrvfhcoóh kfm kecfhtf pufkf cehsostor fh fhtrfvostnr n uh `rupe ceepfrntove prf`uhtîhkemf: "µ^uï fstîh ancofhke5", "µTer quï me ancfh5", "µFh quï mes nyuknrî5". 1.6.9. Ohtfrvfhor pnrn fhsfþnr aniomoknkfs seconmfs.
Lofhtrns cehtremnh fm nprfhkoznjf kf mes `rupes, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh pfrcoior quf nm`uhes fstukonhtfs cnrfcfh kf mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs hfcfsnrons pnrn sfr ohtf`rnhtfs fbocncfs kf su `rupe. Fh fses cnses, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf ohtfrvfhor y su`fror nm `rupe precfkolofhtes lîs fbfctoves pnrn trninjnr juhtes y aniomoknkfs seconmfs cehcrftns quf mfs cehvofhf usnr. Mes kecfhtfs tnlioïh pufkfh ohtfrvfhor pnrn rfberznr cofrtns cehkuctns pnrtocumnrlfhtf ifhfbocoesns quf pfrcoinh fh fm `rupe. He fs cehvfhofhtf quf mes kecfhtfs ohtfrvfh`nh lîs kf me fstroctnlfhtf hfcfsnroe. Mn lnyerìn kf mes kecfhtfs fstî mostn pnrn orrulpor y rfsemvfr mes preimflns kf sus nmulhes y pehfrmes hufvnlfhtf fh mn sfhkn cerrfctn7 pfre, ceh uh pece kf pncofhcon, sf pekrî celpreinr quf mes `rupes ceepfrntoves n lfhuke pufkfh fmniernr semucoehfs pnrn sus prepoes preimflns (tnrfn y lnhtfholofhte) y he sóme mmf`nr n uhn semucoóh, sohe tnlioïh n uh lïteke pnrn rfsemvfr preimflns solomnrfs fh fm buture. Tnrtf kfm nrtf kf mn fhsfþnhzn cehsostf fh snifr fmf`or cuîhke ohtfrvfhor y cuîhke he ancfrme. _ nuh cunhke kfcoknh ohtfrvfhor, mes kecfhtfs pufkfh kfvemvfr fm preimfln nm `rupe pnrn quf ïstf mmf`uf n mn semucoóh per sì losle. Lucaes kecfhtfs ohtfrvofhfh fh uh `rupe kf mn so`uofhtf berln: ancfh quf sus ohtf`rnhtfs kfjfh n uh mnke mn tnrfn, sfþnmnh fm preimfln y muf`e mf pokfh nm `rupe quf crff trfs semucoehfs pesoimfs y kfcokn cuîm preinr fh prolfrn ohstnhcon. Mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs hfcfsnrons pnrn quf fm `rupe buhcoehf kf lnhfrn prekuctovn, juhte ceh nctovoknkfs quf sf pufkfh usnr pnrn fhsfþnrmns, sf kfscroifh fh Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh (>??>) y fh Jeahseh (>??>, >??3). 1.2. Fvnmunr fm nprfhkoznjf y precfsnr mn ohtfrnccoóh
Trepercoehnr uh cofrrf n mn nctovoknk. Ceh brfcufhcon sf rfcurrf n precfkolofhtes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm pnrn prepercoehnr prepercoehnr cofrrfs n mns nctovoknkfs, ancofhke quf mes nmulhes rfsulnh mes puhtes prohcopnm prohcopnmfs, fs, rfcufrkfh mns okfns f okfhtoboqufh mes ohtfrre`nhtfs bohnmfs (vïnsf cnpìtume 6). Nm bohnm kf mn nctovoknk, mes fstukonhtfs kfifh sfr cnpncfs kf rfsulor me quf anh nprfhkoke y fhtfhkfr cóle me usnrîh fh buturns nctovoknkfs. 1.2.>. Fvnmunr mn cnmoknk y mn cnhtoknk kf me nprfhkoke per mes nmulhes.
Sf kfifh telnr prufins y cnmobocnr mns celpesocoehfs y mns prfsfhtncoehfs kf mes nmulhes. Sf kfif fvnmunr fm nprfhkoznjf kf mes loflires kfm `rupe ceh uh crotfroe sostflîtoce, pnrn quf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove rfsumtf fxotese. Ter etrn pnrtf, fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove prepercoehn uh tfrrfhe fh fm quf pufkf kfsnrremmnrsf uhn fvnmuncoóh insnkn fh fm kfsflpfþe (pokofhke n mes nmulhes quf kflufstrfh me quf pufkfh ancfr nm kfsnrremmnr uh precfkolofhte e uhn aniomoknk), fm nhîmosos nutïhtoce (pokofhke n mes nmulhes quf kflufstrfh fm precfkolofhte e mn aniomoknk kfsfnkes fh uh cehtfxte rfnm) y fm nprfhkoznjf kf mn cnmoknk tetnm (mn lfjern cehtohun kfm precfse per fm cunm mes nmulhes nyuknh n sus celpnþfres n nprfhkfr). Sf pufkf usnr uhn nlpmon vnro vn rofk fknk nk kf be berl rlns ns kf fvnm fvnmun unco coóh óh y sf sf ppuf ufkf kf ohve ohvemu mucr crnr nr n mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss kor korfc fctn tnlf lfht htff ffhh mmnn ffvn vnmu munc ncoó oóhh kfm kfm hoho vfmm kf np vf nprf rfhk hkoz oznj njff kf su suss cel celpn pnþf þfre ress y fh mn semuc semucoó oóhh ohl ohlfk fkon ontn tn pnrn pnrn lfjer lfjernr nr fm npr nprfh fhko kozn znjf jf kf tekes tekes me mess ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. 36
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF 1.2.9. Trecfsnr cuîh iofh buhcoehó fm `rupe.
Cunhke mes nmulhes tfrlohnh uhn tnrfn, e sf qufknh soh toflpe, kfif pfkìrsfmfs quf an`nh uh precfsnlofhte fh `rupes pfqufþes e ceh tekn mn cmnsf (vïnsf cnpìtume 3). Nm fstructurnr fm precfsnlofhte fh `rupes pfqufþes, mes kecfhtfs kfifh fvotnr mns prf`uhtns quf sf pufknh rfspehkfr per "sì" e "he". Fh mu`nr kf kfcor: "µ[ekes nyuknreh n sus celpnþfres n nprfhkfr5", cehvofhf prf`uhtnr: "µCeh quï brfcufhcon fxpmocó cnkn ohtf`rnhtfMnkfmrfnmolfhtncoóh `rupe cólekfif semucoehnr uh preimfln y cerro`oó e ncmnró ymn`fhfrnm fxpmocncoóh etre ohtf`rnhtf `rupe5". sfr kfscroptovn y cehcrftn, he fvnmuntovn (vïnsfkfJeahseh, >??3). kfm Nuhquf Nuhq uf fs uhn uhn prî prîct ctoc ocnn aani niototun unm,m, fs frró frróhf hfee kkfk fkoc ocnr nr lu luyy ppec ecee ttof oflp lpee ppnr nrnn qquf uf me mess nnmu mulh lhes es pufk pufknh nh prec precfs fsnr nr mn cnmoknk kf su ceepfrncoóh. Mes fstukonhtfs he nprfhkfh kf mns fxpfrofhcons seirf mns quf he rfbmfxoehnh. So sf quofrf quf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf buhcoehfh lfjer fm kìn kf lnþnhn, mes nmulhes kfifh rfcoior rfnmolfhtncoóh, rfbmfxoehnr seirf mn berln fh quf sus nccoehfs pufkfh rfsumtnr lîs fbfctovns y pmnhobocnr cóle sfr lîs kofstres fh mn próxoln sfsoóh `rupnm. Cunmquofr tnrfn kf cunmquofr lntfron kfm pre`rnln pufkf fstructurnrsf kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn. Fm kecfhtf kfcokf mes eijftoves, teln uhn cnhtoknk kf kfcosoehfs prfvons n mn fhsfþnhzn rfspfcte kfm tnlnþe kfm `rupe y mes lntfronmfs hfcfsnroes, fxpmocn mn tnrfn y mn fstructurn kf mes eijftoves ceepfrntoves n sus nmulhes, mes cehtremn lofhtrns trninjnh, ohtfrvofhf cunhke fs hfcfsnroe, fvnmún fm nprfhkoznjf kf sus nmulhes y sf nsf`urn kf quf mes `rupes precfsfh fm `rnke kf fbocofhcon ceh fm quf fstîh trninjnhke. Lucans vfcfs, mes kecfhtfs quf utomoznh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove hes kocfh: "¡Tfre he ko`nh quf fs bîcom)". Snifles quf he me fs. Tufkf mmfvnr nþes cehvfrtorsf fh uh fxpfrte. Any lucans prfsoehfs n bnver kf fhsfþnr o`unm quf mes kflîs, ancfr quf mes nmulhes nprfhknh semes y he pfrlotormfs lornr me quf ancfh sus celpnþfres. N mes nmulhes mfs cufstn lucae ncestulirnrsf n trninjnr juhtes y fs preinimf quf tfh`nh, n proero, uhn nctotuk celpftotovn. Fs pesoimf quf mes kecfhtfs prfbofrnh celfhznr fmo`ofhke sóme uh cehtfhoke e uhn cmnsf pnrn usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, anstn quf sf sofhtnh cólekes, y muf`e nlpmìfh su use n etres cehtfhokes e cmnsfs. Fh fsfhcon, mes kecfhtfs nprfhkfh uh sostfln fxpfrte (uhn celprfhsoóh cehcfptunm kf mes cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs y kfm pnpfm kfm kecfhtf) pnrn mmfvnr n mn prîctocn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, quf usnh pnrn crfnr nctovoknkfs fxcmusovnlfhtf fxcmusovnlfhtf kfstohnkns n sus nmulhes, sus pre`rnlns, sus hfcfsoknkfs y sus corcuhstnhcons kf nprfhkoznjf. Fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sf insn fh uhn celprfhsoóh cehcfptunm, lftnce`hotovn, kf su hnturnmfzn. Mmfvnr n mn prîctocn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove he fs tnrfn bîcom, pfre vnmf mn pfhn ohtfhtnrme.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 6: Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm Nvfcfs Nvfc fs,, mes mes kkec ecfh fhtf tfss tof tofhf hfhh qu quff fxp fxpmomocn cnrr nm`e nm`e,, pns pnsnr nr uhn uhn pf pfmìmìcu cumn mn,, aanc ncfr fr uhn uhn kf kfle lest strn rnco coóh óh e rfco rfcoio iorr n uuhh ernk ernker er ohvotnke. Fh fses cnses, sf pufkf rfcurror nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm pnrn quf mes nmulhes fstïh ce`hotovnlfhtf ohberlnm cehsostf fhquf ancfr quf fhtrf mes nmulhes trninjfh juhtesy pnrn nmcnhznr uhnctoves. eijftoveFmkfnprfhkoznjf nprfhkoznjfceepfrntove fh `rupes tflpernroes nk aec, kurnh uhes peces lohutes uhn cmnsf fhtfrn. Sf pufkf rfcurror n fstes `rupes pnrn cfhtrnr mn ntfhcoóh kf mes nmulhes fh fm lntfronm quf kfifh nprfhkfr, fstnimfcfr uh cmoln prepocoe pnrn fm nprfhkoznjf, nyuknr n er`nhoznr per nkfmnhtnke fm lntfronm quf sf trntnrî fh mn cmnsf, nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes nmulhes precfsfh ce`hotovnlfhtf me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke y ebrfcfr uh cofrrf pnrn uhn sfsoóh kf fhsfþnhzn. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm tnlioïh nsf`urnh quf mes frrerfs kf cehcfpcoóh e kf celprfhsoóh y mes preimflns kf celprfhsoóh pufknh sfr okfhtobocnkes okfhtobocnk es y cerrf`okes cerrf`okes y quf mns fxpfrofhcons kf nprfhkoznjf sfnh pfrsehnmoznk pfrsehnmoznkns. ns. Sf pufkf rfcurror n fmmes fh cunmquofr lelfhte, pfre rfsumtnh fspfconmlfhtf útomfs kurnhtf uhn fxpmocncoóh e fh mn fhsfþnhzn korfctn. Fh fstns sotuncoehfs, fm kfsnbìe fkucntove kfm kecfhtf cehsostf fh me`rnr quf sus nmulhes an`nh fm trninje ohtfmfctunm kf er`nhoznr, fxpmocnr, rfsulor f ohtf`rnr mes hufves lntfronmfs fh mns rfkfs cehcfptunmfs fxostfhtfs. Ohtfrrulpor mns cehbfrfhcons e mns fxpmocncoehfs ceh irfvfs pfrìekes kf precfsnlofhte ceepfrntove pufkf kfjnr uh pece lfhes kf toflpe pnrn mn cehbfrfhcon losln, pfre nyukn n cehtrnrrfstnr me quf sufmf sfr fm preimfln prohcopnm aniotunm: Mn ohberlncoóh pnsn kf mns hetns kfm prebfser n mns hetns kfm fstukonhtf soh pnsnr per mn lfhtf kf hoh`uhe kf fmmes. Bo`urn 6.>- Nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm
Fm so`uofhtf precfkolofhte nyukn n mes kecfhtfs n pmnhobocnr uhn cehbfrfhcon e uhn fxpmocncoóh quf lnhtfh`n n mes nmulhes ohtfmfctunmlfhtf ohvemucrnkes. Trepehf mn cehcfhtrncoóh kf mes celfhtnroes prfvoes y pestfroerfs (fs kfcor, mes sujftnmoires kfm fsqufln) y mn ohtfrcnmncoóh kf celfhtnroes per pnrfjns kurnhtf tekn mn canrmn. >. Koscusoóh becnmoznkn >: Er`nhozncoóh per nkfmnhtnke. Berlf pnrfjns kf fstukonhtfs. Tufkf ancfrsf ceh fm celpnþfre kf inhce e ceh fm quf fstï sfhtnke lîs cfrcn. So ancf quf mes nmulhes sf sofhtfh fh kobfrfhtf mu`nr cnkn cmnsf, pekrî cehsf`uor quf ohtfrnctúfh ceh kobfrfhtfs celpnþfres fh cnkn epertuhoknk. Kï n mns pnrfjns mn tnrfn ceepfrntovn kf rfnmoznr mn tnrfn ohoconm (er`nhoznr per nkfmnhtnke). Kfstohf sóme ; ó 6 lohutes pnrn quf me an`nh. Mn koscusoóh tofhkf n prelevfr mn er`nhozncoóh nhtocopnkn kf me quf mes nmulhes yn snifh seirf fm tfln quf sf prfsfhtnrî y n fstnimfcfr fxpfctntovns seirf me quf sf korî fh mn cehbfrfhcon. 30
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
9. Sf`lfhte kf cehbfrfhcon >. Trfsfhtf fm prolfr sf`lfhte kf mn cehbfrfhcon. Fstf sf`lfhte kfif kurnr fhtrf >4 y >6 lohutes. Fs nprexolnknlfhtf fm mnpse quf pufkf lnhtfhfrsf cehcfhtrnke fh uhn cehbfrfhcon uh nkumte letovnke7 pnrn uh nkemfscfhtf kfsletovnke, fm toflpe pufkf sfr lîs irfvf. 3. Koscusoóh per pnrfjns >. Kï n mns pnrfjns kf nmulhes uhn tnrfn kf koscusoóh kf fhtrf 3 y ; lohutes cfhtrnkn fh me quf ncnin kf prfsfhtnr. Fste `nrnhtozn quf mes fstukonhtfs pofhsfh nctovnlfhtf fh me quf mfs fstî prfsfhtnhke. Mn tnrfn pufkf cehsostor fh: (n) rfspehkfr uhn prf`uhtn pmnhtfnkn per fm kecfhtf7 (i) rfnccoehnr nhtf uhn tferìn, cehcfptes e ohberlncoehfs quf sf fstîh prfsfhtnhke7 (c) rfmncoehnr fm lntfronm ceh nprfhkoznjfs pnsnkes, kf lnhfrn kf ohtf`rnrme fh sostflns cehcfptunmfs yn fxostfhtfs (fs kfcor, fmniernr me quf sf fstî prfsfhtnhke). Mns pnrfjns kf koscusoóh rfspehkfh mn tnrfn kf mn so`uofhtf berln: n. Cnkn fstukonhtf berlumn uhn rfspufstn. i. Mes fstukonhtfs celpnrtfh sus rfspufstns ceh sus celpnþfres. celpnþfres. c. Mes fstukonhtfs fscucanh ntfhtnlfhtf mns rfspufstns kf sus celpnþfres. celpnþfres. k. Mns pnrfjns crfnh uhn rfspufstn hufvn, supfroer n mn berlumncoóh ohoconm kf cnkn uhe kf fmmes, n trnvïs kfm precfse kf nseconcoóh, fmnierncoóh seirf mes pfhsnlofhtes kfm etre y sìhtfsos. Fs olpertnhtf quf sf pokn n mes nmulhes, fmf`okes nm nznr, quf celpnrtnh sus rfspufstns kfspuïs kf cnkn tnrfn kf koscusoóh. Fmojn kes e trfs nmulhes nm nznr pnrn quf rfsulnh fh 34 sf`uhkes me quf anh animnke ceh sus celpnþfres. Fstn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm nsf`urn quf mns pnrfjns sf telfh fh sfroe mn tnrfn y quf cnkn uhe kf sus kes ohtf`rnhtfs fstï prfpnrnke pnrn rfspehkfr. rfspehkfr. ;. Sf`lfhte kf cehbfrfhcon 9. Trfsfhtf fm sf`uhke sf`lfhte kf mn cehbfrfhcon. 6. Koscusoóh per pnrfjns 9. Kï uhn tnrfn solomnr n mn nhtfroer, cfhtrnkn fh mn sf`uhkn pnrtf kf mn cehbfrfhcon. 2. Yfpotn fstn sfcufhcon kf sf`lfhte kf cehbfrfhcon y koscusoóh per pnrfjns anstn tfrlohnr mn cehbfrfhcon. 0. Koscusoóh becnmoznkn 9: Cofrrf. Fs hfcfsnroe prepercoehnr uhn tnrfn kf koscusoóh kf cehcmusoóh pnrn rfsulor mes fstukonhtfs anhy koscutor nprfhkoke fh mnsfcehbfrfhcon. Mns pnrfjnsMnkfkoscusoóh nmulheskfif kfifh tfhfr fhtrf ; yme6 quf lohutes pnrn rfsulor me quf koje fh mn cehbfrfhcon. cehcmuor fh uhn ohtf`rncoóh fh mes lnrces cehcfptunmfs yn fxostfhtfs kf me quf mes nmulhes ncninh kf nprfhkfr. Mn tnrfn tnlioïh pufkf fhcnlohnr n mes fstukonhtfs ancon fm tfln kf mn tnrfn pnrn fm ae`nr e ancon me quf sf prfsfhtnrî mn cmnsf so`uofhtf. Fste prepercoehn uh cofrrf n mn cehbfrfhcon. 1. Trecfsf fm precfkolofhte rf`umnrlfhtf ceh sus nmulhes, pnrn nyuknrmes n nulfhtnr su aniomoknk y su vfme vf meco cokn knkk pnr pnrnn ce celp lpmf mftn tnrr tnr tnrfn fnss iirf rfvf vfss kf kosc koscus usoó oóh. h. Mn Mnss pprf rf`u `uht htns ns kf prec precfs fsnl nlof ofht htee ppuf ufkf kfhh oohc hcmu muor or:: "µFstnins iofh prfpnrnke pnrn mns koscusoehfs5" y "µCóle pekrìns vfhor lfjer prfpnrnke lnþnhn5". Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm he sóme seh fbfctoves pnrn ohvemucrnr nctovnlfhtf n mes fstukonhtfs fh mn celprfhsoóh kf me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke kurnhtf uhn cehbfrfhcon e uhn fxpmocncoóh, sohe quf tnlioïh prepercoehnh toflpe n mes kecfhtfs pnrn rfcupfrnr fm nmofhte, rfer`nhoznr sus hetns, rfspornr prebuhknlfhtf y rfcerrfr mn cmnsf fscucanhke me quf kocfh mes nmulhes, yn quf fste úmtole pufkf sfrvormfs pnrn vfr escóle fstîhquf fhtfhkofhke mes cehcfptes (yn quf, kfspuïs kf teke, preinimflfhtf he tfh`nh kecternkes kecternk fh fm tfln sf fstî prfsfhtnhke). 31
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Nkflîs Nkfl îs kf mes mes `r `rup upes es kf nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovee berl berlnm nm f oh ohbe berl rlnm nm,, fxos fxostf tf mn hfcf hfcfso sokn knkk kf `rup `rupes es ceepfrntoves kf insf pfrlnhfhtfs, quf pfrlotnh rfmncoehfs kf uh rfmntove mnr`e pmnze fhtrf mes nmulhes. Fh fm próxole cnpìtume, hes ecupnrfles kf fstf tope kf `rupes.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 2: Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf seh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf kf mnr`e pmnze ceh ohtf`rnhtfs pfrlnhfhtfs, cuyn rfspehsniomoknk prolnron fs nyuknr n mes nmulhes pnrn quf sf prepercoehfh, fhtrf fmmes losles, npeye, fstìlume y nyukn pnrn rfnmoznr mns tnrfns y cehsokfrfh tnlioïh rfspehsnimfs n mes kflîs fh sus fsbufrzes per nprfhkfr. Ter me `fhfrnm, mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf: (>) tofhfh ohtf`rnhtfs aftfre`ïhfes (fspfconmlfhtf fh su hovfm kf kfsflpfþe, su letovncoóh y su kospesocoóh nhtf mn tnrfn)7 (9) sf rfúhfh ceh rf`umnroknk (konronlfhtf e kes vfcfs per sflnhn) y (3) kurnh nm lfhes uh sflfstrf e uh nþe, y prfbfrfhtflfhtf anstn quf mes nmulhes sf `rnkúnh. Cunhke mes nmulhes snifh quf fm `rupe ceepfrntove kf insf sf`uorî uhoke anstn quf tekes sus ohtf`rnhtfs sf `rnkúfh, sf sofhtfh celprelftokes pnrn fhcehtrnr berlns kf letovnr y fstolumnr n sus celpnþfres. He sf pufkfh o`hernr e pestfr`nr mes preimflns kfm trninje fh fquope. Mns nctovoknkfs pnrn fstes `rupes pufkfh ohcmuor: [n [nrf rfns ns kf np npey eyee ncnk ncnkïl ïloc ocee cele cele,, per per fjfl fjflpm pme, e, cel celpr prei einr nr quï kfi kfiff an ancf cfrr cn cnkn kn lofli loflire re y qu quïï
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nyukn hfcfsotn. Mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe pufkfh ncehsfjnrsf fhtrf fmmes losles seirf cóle fstukonr y "seirfvovor" fh mn fscufmn, nyuknrsf fh mn prfpnrncoóh pnrn mes fxîlfhfs y fh mn rfvosoóh kf mns prf`uhtns fh mns quf sf fquovecnreh fh mns fvnmuncoehfs y celpnrtor mns cesns fh mns quf seh fxpfrtes (per fjflpme, nrtf e celputncoóh). Buhknlfhtnmlfhtf, mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe cehtremnh mes pre`rfses ncnkïloces kf sus celpnþfres y sf nsf`urnh kf quf tekes me`rfh sus eijftoves.
[n [nrf rfns ns ru rutotohn hnro rons ns tnmf tnmfss cele cele pnsn pnsnrr most mostnn e rfce rfcemf mfct ctnr nr mn mnss tn tnrf rfns ns..
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[n [nrf rfns ns kf npey npeyee pfr pfrse sehn hnm,m, ce cele le fscu fscuca canr nr ce cehh ntf ntfhc hcoó oóhh cun cunhk hkee nm` nm`uh uhee kf me mess oht ohtf` f`rn rnht htfs fs kfm kfm `rupe `rupe
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tofhf preimflns ceh sus bnlomonrfs e sus nlo`es, animnr kf mn vokn fh `fhfrnm, knrsf cehsfjes lutues rfspfcte kf mns rfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs y nyuknrsf n rfsemvfr preimflns he ncnkïloces. Mes kecfhtfs pufkfh ohcrflfhtnr mns pesoiomoknkfs kf npeye pfrsehnm fh mes `rupes crfnhke fjfrcocoes kf cehstruccoóh kf cehbonhzn7 per fjflpme, quf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf uh `rupe celpnrtnh su pfmìcumn bnverotn, nm`uhn fxpfrofhcon kf su ohbnhcon, uh rfcufrke, ftcïtfrn.
Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf pufkfh usnrsf kf kes lnhfrns. Mn prolfrn cehsostf fh tfhfr uh `rupe kf insf fh cnkn curse. Fstes `rupes sóme kurnh me quf kurf fm curse. Mn sf`uhkn cehsostf fh er`nhoznr n tekes mes fstukonhtfs kf mn fscufmn fh `rupes kf insf y ancfr quf buhcoehfh cele pnrtf fsfhconm kf mn vokn fscemnr nm lfhes kurnhtf uh nþe fhtfre e, prfbfrfhtflfhtf, anstn quf tekes mes loflires sf `rnkúfh. >. @rupes kf insf kf mn cmnsf
Cunhte lîs hulfresn sfn mn cmnsf y lîs celpmfjn mn lntfron, lîs olpertnhtf sfrî tfhfr `rupes kf insf. Mes loflires kfm `rupe pufkfh ohtfrcnlionr sus húlfres kf tfmïbehe f ohberlncoehfs seirf sus aernroes pnrn pekfr fhcehtrnrsf bufrn kf mn cmnsf so nsì me kfsfnh e hfcfsotnh. Nm celfhznr cnkn cmnsf, mes nmulhes sf rfúhfh fh sus `rupes pnrn: >. Snmuknrsf y vfrobocnr quf hoh`úh ohtf`rnhtf kfm `rupe fstï subrofhke uhn tfhsoóh ohkfiokn. Mns kes prf`uhtns quf sf anrîh seh: "µCóle fstîs aey5" y "µFstnles tekes prfpnrnkes pnrn fstn cmnsf5". 9. Celpreinr so tekes anh afcae sus tnrfns e so hfcfsotnh nm`uhn nyukn. Mns prf`uhtns sfrîh: "µAocostf mn tnrfn5" y "µAny nm`e quf he anyns fhtfhkoke5". So mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe he tofhfh toflpe pnrn nyuknrsf kurnhtf mn rfuhoóh kfm `rupe kf insf, pufkfh nrrf`mnr pnrn fhcehtrnrsf n mn aern kfm nmlufrze e kurnhtf su toflpe moirf. Tfroókocnlfhtf, pufkf knrsf n mes `rupes kf insf uhn mostn kf ;4
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
vfrobo vfro bocn cnco coóh óh kf kf mn mnss an anio iomomokn knkf kfss nc ncnk nkïl ïloc ocns ns y ssff mf mfss pu pufk fkff pfko pfkorr qu quff fv fvnm nmúf úfhh cuîm cuîmfs fs hfc hfcfs fsototnh nh prn prnct ctoc ocnr nr nm`uhes kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs. 3. Yfvosnr quï anh mfìke y afcae sus ohtf`rnhtfs kfskf mn úmtoln cmnsf. [ekes tofhfh quf sfr cnpncfs kf rfsulor irfvflfhtf me quf anh mfìke, pfhsnke y afcae. Tufkfh nsostor n cmnsf ceh cesns quf anynh kfscuiofrte y quofrnh celpnrtor e ceh cepons kf trninjes quf anynh afcae y quofrnh kostroiuor fhtrf sus celpnþfres kf `rupe. ;. Mmf`nr n cehecfrsf lfjer y ebrfcfrsf rfnmolfhtncoóh cehvfrsnhke n pnrtor kf prf`uhtns cele: "µ^uï tf `ustn kf to losle5" y 6. "µ^uï fs me lfjer quf tf pnsó fstn sflnhn5". Mes `rupes kf insf kf mn cmnsf sorvfh kf npeye pnrn mes ohtf`rnhtfs ohkovokunmfs kfm `rupe. So nm`úh ohtf`rnhtf mmf`n tnrkf e kfif orsf tflprnhe uh kìn, fm `rupe pufkf ohberlnrmf quï an pfrkoke. Nkflîs, mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe pufkfh nyuknrsf ceh tnrfns tnmfs cele, per fjflpme, mn fscroturn kf me quf sf mfs an semocotnke. Fh mes `rupes kf insf sf pufkfh koscutor mns tnrfns nso`hnkns7 pmnhobocnr, rfvosnr y cerrf`or mes trninjes y mns celpesocoehfs y sf pufkfh rfsemvfr mns kukns y mns prf`uhtns quf surjnh. So uh `rupe he pufkf rfsemvfr uh puhte, pufkf fhtehcfs mmnlnrsf mn ntfhcoóh kfm kecfhtf nm rfspfcte. Sf kfif prfstnr ntfhcoóh n mn cehstruccoóh kf mn okfhtoknk y mn ceafsoóh kfm `rupe kf insf. Mn prolfrn sflnhn, per fjflpme, mes `rupes sf rfúhfh pnrn fmf`or uh helirf, kosfþnr uhn inhkfrn e fmf`or uh mfln. So any uh kecfhtf ceh mes cehecolof cehecolofhtes htes hfcfsnroes, mes `rupes pufkfh pnrtocopnr fh "kfsnbìes" ceh se`ns y eistîcumes. Mn pnrtocopncoóh fh kfsnbìes bìsoces sufmf nyuknr n mn rîpokn cehstruccoóh kf mn ceafsoóh `rupnm. [ekess mes [eke mes oh ohtf tf`r `rnh nhtf tfss kfm kfm `rup `rupee kfif kfifhh pnrt pnrtoc ocop opnr nr ncto nctovn vnlf lfht htff fh mn mnss ko kosc scus usoe oehf hfss fh cm cmns nsf, f, trni trninj njnr nr pn pnrn rn lnhtfhfr rfmncoehfs kf trninje fbfctovns ceh mes kflîs, tfrlohnr tekns mns tnrfns, nyuknr n sus celpnþfres pnrn quf celpmftfh mns suyns, fxprfsnr sus okfns, cnlionr kf epohoóh sóme cunhke fstïh cehvfhcokes per mn mó`ocn e per hufvns ohberlncoehfs y lestrnr su ncufrke ceh fm trninje kfm `rupe borlnhke uh cehtrnte sflnhnm. 9. @rupes kf insf kf mn fscufmn
Nm celf celfhz hznr nr fm nþ nþee mmfc fctotove ve,, sf sf uuio iocn cn n mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss fh fh ``ru rupe pess kkff ins insff kf kf ttek eknn mmnn fsc fscuf ufmn mn (e sf ce cehv hvec ecnn n me mess `rupes kfm nþe nhtfroer). Mes aernroes kf cmnsf kfifh er`nhoznrsf kf lnhfrn tnm quf mes loflires kf mes `rupes pufknh celpnrtor tnhtns cmnsfs cele sfn pesoimf. Fstes `rupes kfifh lnhtfhfrsf uhokes nm lfhes kurnhtf uh nþe e, okfnmlfhtf, anstn quf tekes sus ohtf`rnhtfs sf `rnkúfh. Kurnhtf fm nþe, mes `rupes sf rfúhfh fhtrf kes vfcfs per kìn y kes vfcfs per sflnhn. Cunhke sf rfúhfh kes vfcfs per kìn, mns rfuhoehfs kfifh ancfrsf n prolfrn aern kf mn lnþnhn y n úmtoln aern kf mn tnrkf. Nm celfhznr fm kìn, mes fstukonhtfs sf rfúhfh pnrn knrsf mn iofhvfhokn n cmnsf, vfr so tekes anh afcae sus tnrfns (y so mns celprfh celprfhkfh) kfh) y mmf`nr n cehecfrsf lîs y lfjer. Nm bo bohn hnmomozn znrr ffmm kì kìn, n, mes mes ooht htf` f`rn rnht htfs fs kkfm fm ``ru rupe pe sf rrfú fúhf hfhh ppnr nrnn ns nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kkff qu quff te teke kess tf tfh` h`nh nh mn ttnr nrfn fn,, fhto fhtofh fhkn knhh quï kfifh ancfr y rfcoinh mn nyukn quf hfcfsotfh pnrn fmme. Nkflîs, mes `rupes pufkfh qufrfr koscutor quï anh nprfhkoke sus ohtf`rnhtfs kurnhtf fm kìn y vfr mes pmnhfs quf tofhfh pnrn fsn hecaf. Ter mn tnrkf, pufkfh animnrsf per tfmïbehe e ohcmuse fstukonr juhtes. Cunhke mes `rupes sf rfúhfh kes vfcfs per sflnhn (quozî n prolfrn aern kfm muhfs y úmtoln aern kfm vofrhfs), celfhtnh mes pre`rfses ncnkïloces kf cnkn ohtf`rnhtf, sf prepercoehnh mn nyukn hfcfsnron, sf rfspehsniomoznh per rfnmoznr mns tnrfns y pre`rfsnr sntosbncteronlfhtf fh fm pre`rnln ncnkïloce y mmf`nh n cehecfrsf lfjer. ;>
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Mn rfuhoóh kfm muhfs sorvf pnrn vemvfr n cehcfhtrnr n mes nmulhes fh mn fscufmn, ebrfcfrmfs fm npeye flecoehnm hfcfsnroe trns fm boh kf sflnhn, rfstnimfcfr cehtnctes pfrsehnmfs fhtrf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe y nyuknrmes n bojnr eijftoves ncnkïloces ncnkïloces pnrn mn sflnhn (fs kfcor, kfcokor quï bnmtn ancfr fh mns tnrfns nso`hnkns, ftcïtfrn). Mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kfifh rfvosnr cuoknkesnlfhtf mns tnrfns kf mes kflîs y nsf`urnrsf kf quf tekes eitfh`nh mn nyukn hfcfsnron pnrn mn sflnhn. Mn rfuhoóh kfm vofrhfs per mn tnrkf pfrlotf quf tekes rfvosfh mn sflnhn, fstnimfzcnh eijftoves ncnkïloces pnrn fm boh kf sflnhn (fs kfcor, quï tnrfns any quf ancfr pnrn fm muhfs) y celpnrtnh pmnhfs pnrn fm boh kf sflnhn. 3. @rupes kf cehsfje y `rupes ae`nrfþes
Fh lucans fscufmns pufkf pnrfcfr kobìcom er`nhoznr `rupes kf insf. Fh fsf cnse, kes pesoiomoknkfs seh mes `rupes cehsfjfre/ncehsfjnke y mes `rupes ae`nrfþes. Mes kecfhtfs pufkfh kovokor nm `rupe kf ncehsfjnkes fh `rupes kf insf y pmnhobocnr muf`e uhn n`fhkn pnrn quf culpmnh fh uhn rfuhoóh konron e sflnhnm. E sf pufkf kfstohnr toflpe pnrn quf mes fstukonhtfs sf rfúhnh fh mns cnsns cehberlnhke cehberlnhke `rupes ae`nrfþes. Fh uhn fscufmn ceh mn quf trninjnles, cnkn kecfhtf tofhf uh `rupe kf trfohtn ncehsfjnkes ceh fm quf sf rfúhf uhn vfz per sflnhn. Mns rfuhoehfs kurnh lfkon aern. Mes kecfhtfs berlnh fhtehcfs `rupes kf insf, n mes quf sf mfs nso`hnh cuntre tnrfns: >. Vhn tnrfn kf nutecehecolofhte rîpokn, tnm cele cehtfstnr mns so`uofhtfs prf`uhtns: "µ^uï fs me lîs kovfrtoke quf aocostf fh fm rfcrfe5", "µ^uï fs me pfer quf tf pnsó fh fm boh kf sflnhn5", "µCuîm fs tu lnyer lofke5", "µCuîm fs tu snier kf afmnke prfbfroke5". 9. Vhn tnrfn nklohostrntovn, cele fmf`or fh quï cmnsfs nhetnrsf fm próxole sflfstrf. 3. Vhn tnrfn ncnkïlocn, cele fscroior trfs cehsfjes pnrn rfhkor uh fxnlfh. Mes cehsfjes pufkfh sfr fscrotes n lîquohn y kostroiuokes mn sflnhn so`uofhtf. ;. Vhn tnrfn kf cofrrf, cele kfsfnrsf iufhn sufrtf fm kìn e mn sflnhn so`uofhtf. ;. Mn hfcfsoknk kf rfmncoehfs fstnimfs y kf mnr`e pmnze
Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf nyuknh n mes fstukonhtfs n fstnimfcfr rfmncoehfs pfrlnhfhtfs, kf mnr`e pmnze, quf seh olpertnhtfs per vnrons rnzehfs. Fh prolfr mu`nr, mn lnyerìn kf mns rfmncoehfs fscemnrfs seh, fh fm lfjer kf mes cnses, relnhcfs pnsnjfres. Mns rfmncoehfs seh tflpernrons perquf perquf fh mn lnyerìn kf mns fscufmns sf kn per sfhtnke quf mes celpnþfres y mes kecfhtfs seh pnrtfs rfflpmnznimfs fh mn lnquohnron fkucntovn y, per me tnhte, cunmquofr kecfhtf e celpnþfre sfrvorî fh cunmquofr sotuncoóh. Fs olpertnhtf quf nm`uhns kf mns rfmncoehfs quf sf cehstruyfh fh mn fscufmn sfnh pfrlnhfhtfs. Cunhte lîs kurf uh `rupe ceepfrntove, lîs ohbmufhcon tfhkrî cnkn uhe kf sus ohtf`rnhtf ohtf`rnhtfss seirf mes kflîs, lîs nbfctuesns sfrîh sus rfmncoehfs, lnyer sfrî fm npeye seconm quf sf prepercoehnrîh y lîs celprelftoke fstnrî cnkn uhe ceh fm ïxote kf mes etres. Mes `rupes kf insf pfrlnhfhtfs ebrfcfh uh tfrrfhe okfnm pnrn cehstruor rfmncoehfs nbfctuesns y celprelftokns, pfrsehnmoznr mn fxpfrofhcon fscemnr, nulfhtnr mes me`res y lfjernr mn cnmoknk kf vokn kfhtre kfm numn y kf mn fscufmn. Fh sf`uhke mu`nr, mns rfmncoehfs kurnkfrns belfhtnh mn prfecupncoóh per mes kflîs y per uhe losle y ebrfcfh mn pesoiomoknk kf fxprfsnr fsf ohtfrïs. Fm fquomoiroe fhtrf fm ohtfrïs per uhe losle y fm ohtfrïs per mes kflîs fs cnkn vfz lîs olpertnhtf. Lucaes kf mes pmncfrfs y mes kos`ustes kf mes fstukonhtfs kf hovfm sfcuhknroe y kf sus ïxotes y brncnses ecupnh fm cfhtre kf sus vokns (Ceh`fr, >?117 Sfmo`lnh, >?11). Cnkn pfrsehn tofhkf n cfhtrnrsf fh nmcnhznr sus prepoes bohfs pfrsehnmfs, soh prfecupnrsf per mes kflîs. Mn prfecupncoóh per fm prepoe iofhfstnr bìsoce, psocemó`oce y lntfronm sf an cehvfrtoke fh uhn prfecupncoóh kelohnhtf (Ceh`fr, >?117 HNSST, >?1;). ;9
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Fh mes úmtoles vfohtf nþes, fm ohtfrïs f`eìstn per uhe losle sf an cehvfrtoke fh nm`e lîs olpertnhtf quf fm celprelose ceh mn secofknk. Mes nkumtes jóvfhfs sf nmfjnh cnkn vfz lîs kf mns cnrrfrns kf sfrvocoe púimoce fh pre kf cnrrfrns kf nutesfrvocoe. Lucaes nkumtes jóvfhfs tofhfh uhn omusoóh kf ohkovokunmosle y crffh quf fstîh nosmnkes kf tekes mes kflîs7 per me tnhte, mns brustrncoehfs, mn ohbfmocoknk, fm anlirf, mn kfsfspfrnhzn y mn losfron kf mes etres he tofhfh pfse nm`uhe fh su prepoe iofhfstnr. Fste fs bnmse. Ceh fm nulfhte, fh mes úmtoles kes kfcfhoes, kf mn prfecupncoóh kf nkemfscfhtfs y jóvfhfs per su iofhfstnr pfrsehnm, an anioke uh crfcofhtf kfsohtfrïs fh cehcelotnhtf per @rffh, fm iofhfstnr -fh pnrtocumnr, per fmohtfrbofrf kf mes lfhes per mns mn secofknk `fhfrnm (Nstoh, Gerhnjfhe y Scanmot, >?12). Fste ceh mn nvfhtnjnkescehsokfrncoóhy kf hfcfsoknkfs njfhns, yn quf fvotn nctovnlfht nctovnlfhtff mn prfecupncoó prfecupncoóhh per mes kflîs cele pfrsehns ko`hns y vnmoesns. Fh tfrcfr mu`nr, mns rfmncoehfs kf mnr`e pmnze pufkfh letovnr n mes fstukonhtfs pnrn trninjnr kurnlfhtf, yn quf mfs nkjukocnh rfspehsniomoknkfs pfrsehnmfs f ohkovokunmfs. Lucaes fstukonhtfs pnsnh luy pece toflpe fstukonhke, fvotnhke mns lntfrons kobìcomfs y solpmflfhtf "fsquovîhkemns" teke me pesoimf y ancofhke lucae lfhes kf me quf seh cnpncfs. Mes fsbufrzes pfrsostfhtfs y kf mnr`e pmnze prevofhfh kfm cernzóh, he kfm cfrfire. _ nm cernzóh sf mmf`n n trnvïs kf mns rfmncoehfs, he kf mns npfmncoehfs ohtfmfctunmfs. Fh cunrte mu`nr, mns rfmncoehfs kf mnr`e pmnze pufkfh cnlionr mns nctotukfs kf mes fstukonhtfs. Mes nmulhes tofhfh quf nprfhkfr n vnmernr mn fkucncoóh, nspornr n uhn fkucncoóh pestsfcuhknron y kfsfnr nprfhkfr. Fsns nctotukfs sf cnlionh buhknlfhtnmlfhtf lfkonhtf mns rfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs (y he n trnvïs kf mn ohberlncoóh) fh `rupes, cele cehsfcufhcon kf koscusoehfs quf mmfvnh nm celprelose púimoce kf fstukonr lîs y telnrsf mn fkucncoóh fh sfroe(Jeahseh y cele cehsfcufhcon mns npfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs afcans per nlo`es cuyns epohoehfs seh iofh cehsokfrnkns y B. Jeahseh,kf >??>). Bohnmlfhtf, mns rfmncoehfs kf mnr`e pmnze prepercoehnh uhn berln kf fvotnr y celintor mn kfsfrcoóh fscemnr. Vh nmulhe quf pofhsn quf "fh fstn fscufmn he lf cehecf hnkof, n hnkof mf olperte y hnkof lf fxtrnþnrî so lf vey" ve y" fst fstîî fh pfmo pfmo`r `ree kkff kkfs fsfr frtn tnr. r. Me Mess `ru `rupe pess kkff iins nsff ppre repe perc rcoe oehn hnhh uuhh cceh ehju juht htee kkff rfm rfmnc ncoe oehf hfss pfr pfrse sehn hnmf mfss y kf kf npeye quf pufkfh fvotnr quf lucaes fstukonhtfs pofhsfh kf fstf leke. Mn kfsfrcoóh sufmf sfr cehsfcufhcon kfm nosmnlofhte fscemnr. Mes `rupes kf insf pufkfh mucanr sutom y niofrtnlfhtf cehtrn fstn tfhkfhcon. So uh fstukonhtf fstî fh fsf rofs`e, fm kecfhtf pufkf ncfrcnrsf n su `rupe kf insf y kfcor: "Junh fstî pfhsnhke fh kfjnr fm cemf`oe. Iúsqufhme y animfh ceh ïm. He pekfles pfrkfrme soh mucanr". ... Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf pufkfh usnrsf fh cunmquofr hovfm pnrn prepercoehnr n mes nmulhes uhn rfk kf npeye. Cunhke sf usnh juhte ceh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm f ohberlnm, pufkfh nyuknr n mes nmulhes n rfberznr me nprfhkoke fh cmnsf, n vfrobocnr su celprfhsoóh kf mes cehtfhokes kf mns mfccoehfs y mns tnrfns y n fstnimfcfr rfmncoehfs so`hobocntovns ceh sus pnrfs. Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf nyuknh n mes nmulhes n nyuknrsf y nyuknh nsì n crfnr uhn cumturn fscemnr ceepfrntov ceepfrntovn. n.
;3
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 0: Fm use ohtf`rnke kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn Cele yn afles kocae, cunmquofr nctovoknk fh cunmquofr hovfm fscemnr pufkf fstructurnrsf kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn. [ekns mns cmnsfs pufkfh tfhfr uhn lfzcmn kf `rupes ceepfrntoves berlnmfs, ohberlnmfs y kf insf7 y mns `uìns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sf pufkfh usnr fh tekes mes hovfmfs. Vhn cmnsf tìpocn cehsostf fh uhn rfuhoóh kfm `rupe kf insf, uhn irfvf fxpmocncoóh e uh trninje `rupnm y uhn rfuhoóh kf cofrrf kfm `rupe. Fm kecfhtf ohocon mn cmnsf berlnmlfhtf knhke mn iofhvfhokn n mes nmulhes y mfs pokf quf sf rfúhnh ceh su `rupe kf insf pnrn mn ohtrekuccoóh y mn tnrfn kf cnmfhtnlofhte. [ofhf fhtehcfs trfs pesoiomoknkfs: (>) knr uhn cmnsf usnhke `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm, (9) ancfr quf mes nmulhes rfnmocfh uhn tnrfn fh `rupes ceepfrntoves berlnmfs, (3) knr uhn irfvf fxpmocncoóh y nso`hnr uhn tnrfn `rupnm sohtïtocn. Nm tfrlohnr mn cmnsf, mes fstukonhtfs sf rfúhfh fh sus `rupes kf insf pnrn rfsulor y sohtftoznr me quf anh nprfhkoke. Fstn fstructurn lnhtofhf n mes nmulhes ohtfmfctunm y fletovnlfhtf fh sohtehìn ceh fm trninje y ceh mn fscufmn fh `fhfrnm. Vh fjflpme kfm use ohtf`rnke kf mes kovfrses topes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfr ceepfrntove ntove fs fm so`uofhtf: Mes nmulhes mmf`nh n mn cmnsf per mn lnþnhn y sf rfúhfh fh sus `rupes kf insf pnrn uhn tnrfn kf nutecehecolofhte (cele cehtfstnr mn prf`uhtn "µcuîm fs fm pre`rnln kf [R bnverote kf cnkn loflire kfm `rupe5"), pnrn nsf`urnrsf kf quf tekes fhtofhkfh mes lntfronmfs, tofhfh mes cehecolofhtes ncnkïloces hfcfsnroes y fstîh prfpnrnkes pnrn fhbrfhtnr fm trninje y pnrn kfsfnrsf uh `rnh kìn. Mn lnfstrn, mn Srtn. Injfg, celofhzn fhtehcfs uhn fxpmocncoóh seirf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon luhkonm. Mes eijftoves quf sf prepehf seh: quf mes nmulhes nprfhknh seirf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fcehólocn `meinm _ lfjerfh su aniomoknk pnrn fstolumnr mn pnrtocopncoóh kf mes kflîs. An trnìke nm`uhes eijftes n mn cmnsf y quofrf quf sus nmulhes okfhtoboqufh n tekes mes pnìsfs ohvemucrnkes fh su crfncoóh y bnirocncoóh. Tnrn nyuknrmes n er`nhoznr ce`hotovnlfhtf per nhtocopnke me quf yn snifh seirf mn fcehelìn luhkonm, mn Srtn. Injfg rfcurrf nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ohberlnm: pokf n sus nmulhes quf prf`uhtfh n sus celpnþfres kf inhce cuîmfs seh tekes mes cehtohfhtfs kfm luhke y lfhcoehfh uh prekucte kf cnkn uhe kf fses cehtohfhtfs. Kospehfh kf ; lohutes pnrn ancfrme. Muf`e, rfcurrf nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm. Ancf quf sus 34 nmulhes sf hulfrfh kfm > nm >4 pnrn berlnr `rupes kf 3 ohtf`rnhtfs (cehstotuokes per tekes mes quf tfh`nh fm losle húlfre). Mes nmulhes sf sofhtnh kf tnm leke quf pufkfh qufknr brfhtf n brfhtf e kf cnrn n mn lnfstrn. Mn Srtn. Injfg kostroiuyf mes eijftes7 etres, any cnlosn kf sfkn cehTaommops ietehfs kf fs pmîstoce, uhn tnzn furepfn) kf tï (pmnte, iemsotnceh kf tï uh tfrróhfhtrf kf nzúcnr) y uhuhn rnkoe`rninker lnrcn (quf uhn celpnþìn cehtnzn, uh cnsftf uhny `rnincoóh kf uhn fstrfmmn kfm recg fstnkeuhokfhsf. Nso`hn remfs n cnkn ohtf`rnhtf kfm fquope: fm quf anrî mns aopótfsos (seirf mn cnhtoknk kf prekuctes ohcmuokes fh cnkn ìtfl y kf kóhkf prevofhf cnkn uhe kf fmmes), fm quf anrî kf `uìn kf rfbfrfhcon (iuscnhke mes pnìsfs aopetïtoces fh fm moire pnrn vfr quï prekuctes fxpertnh) y fm quf sf ecupnrî kfm rf`ostre (pnrn lîs remfs, vïnsf fm cnpìtume 1). Kfspuïs kf tfrlohnr mns tnrfns prfmolohnrfs pnrn cnkn ìtfl, mes remfs sf ohtfrcnlionh, kf lnhfrn quf cnkn nmulhe culpmn uhe kf mes pnpfmfs uhn vfz. Mn Srtn. Injfg prfsfhtn fm tfln kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fcehólocn luhkonm y suirnyn quf: >. Mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fcehólocn `meinm vn lîs nmmî kf me oln`ohnimf7 9. Vhn cnmcumnkern kf lnhe n lfhuke cehtofhf caops fmfctróhoces kf mes Fstnkes Vhokes, sf fhsnlimn fh Soh`npur e Ohkehfson, sf cemecn fh uhn cnjn lftîmocn kf mn Ohkon y sf fstnlpommn ceh uhn ftoquftn quf kocf "Afcae fh Jnpóh" _egeanlnseh (fhprekucokes tnhte quf ymes îriemfs yfhmesetre prekuctes quìloces usnkes pnrn fm pnpfmcunhke y mn tohtnmmf`n kf mnn fstnlpommn precfsnkes mnke, nm o`unm quf mns pnrtfs pmîstocns kf mn cnmcumnkern). ;;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
3. Mes aetfmfs lekfrhes kf Nrnion Snukotn sf cehstruyfh ceh lókumes afcaes fh Irnsom y ceh lnhe kf eirn kf Cerfn kfm Sur y tofhfh `frfhtfs fstnkeuhokfhsfs. Muf`e, mn Srtn. Injfg nso`hn mn tnrfn ncnkïlocn kf okfhtobocnr cuîhtes pnìsfs anh cemniernke pnrn mn prekuccoóh kf cnkn eijfte. Fstnimfcf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf eijftoves kocofhke quf sf trntn kf uhn tnrfn ceepfrntovn y quf, per me tnhte, tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kfifh fstnr kf ncufrke fh mn rfspufstn nhtfs kf nhetnrmn y quf tekes tofhfh quf fxpmocnr cnkn uhn kfcelpmftnke mns rfspufstnsperkf fmsu`rupe fquope.y Mes pnrn fm ïxote cehsostfh fh fhtrf`nr uh pekfr berlumnroe cerrfctnlfhtf quf crotfroes cnkn loflire eitfh`n uh ?4% kf rfspufstns cerrfctns (e lîs) fh mn prufin quf sf mfs telnrî nm kìn so`uofhtf seirf fm tfln kf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fcehólocn luhkonm. Mn Srtn. Injfg fstnimfcf uhn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf rfcelpfhsns kocofhke quf so mn aejn kf rf`ostre fs cerrfctn, cnkn loflire rfcoiorî uhn cnhtoknk nkocoehnm kf puhtes y, so tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe tofhfh uh ?4% kf rfspufstns cerrfctns e lîs fh mn prufin, cnkn loflire rfcoiorî puhtes fxtrn. Mn rfspehsniomoknk pfrsehnm sf fstnimfcf per mes remfs nso`hnkes y per mn prufin ohkovokunm. Nkflîs, mn Srtn. Injfg eisfrvnrî n cnkn `rupe pnrn nsf`urnrsf kf quf tekes mes fstukonhtfs pnrtocopfh y nprfhknh. Ohberln n sus nmulhes quf mn aniomoknk seconm quf fspfrn quf tekes usfh fs fm fstìlume n mn pnrtocopncoóh kfm etre. Kfbohf mn aniomoknk y ancf quf cnkn nmulhe mn prnctoquf kes vfcfs nhtfs kf celfhznr mn nctovoknk. Lofhtrns mes nmulhes trninjnh fh sus rfspfctoves `rupes, mn Srtn. Injfg cehtremn su pre`rfse eisfrvnhke sostflîtocnlfhtf n cnkn `rupe f ohtfrvohofhke pnrn ebrfcfr nyukn ncnkïlocn fh fm use kf mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs pnrn quf fm `rupe iofh. Nm tfrlohnr mn nctovoknk, `rupes fhtrf`nhpnrn sus ohberlfs pnrn suhfcfsnrons fvnmuncoóh y nhnmoznh cólebuhcoehf anh trninjnke juhtes, okfhtobocnhke trfs mes cesns quf aocofreh nyuknr nm `rupe y uhn cesn quf pekrình n`rf`nr pnrn lfjernr mn próxoln vfz. N ceht cehtoh ohun unco coóh óh,, mn Srtn Srtn.. In Injf jfgg us usnn uhn uhn `uìn `uìn `fhï `fhïro rocn cn kf nc nctotovo vokn knkk ce ceep epfr frnt ntov ovnn pn pnrn rn fh fhsf sfþn þnrr ve vecn cniu iumn mnro roe. e. (Fstukonr pnmnirns pnmnirns kf vecniumnroe fs uhn rutohn quf sf culpmf tekns mns sflnhns fh fstn cmnsf.) Mn lnfstrn kocf n sus nmulhes quf berlfh sus pnrfjns kf vecniumnroe y, pnrn cnkn pnmnirn quf okfhtoboqufh seirf mn ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon `meinm: (n) fscroinh me quf pofhsnh quf so`hobocn, (i) mn iusqufh fh fm tfxte y fscroinh su kfbohocoóh eboconm, (c) fscroinh uhn erncoóh fh mn quf sf usf mn pnmnirn y (k) nprfhknh n fscroiormn cerrfctnlfhtf. Cunhke mes nmulhes anh afcae fste ceh cnkn uhe kf mes tïrlohes, mn pnrfjn kfif ohvfhtnr uhn aosteron fh mn quf sf usfh tekes fmmes. Muf`e, cnkn pnrfjn ohtfrcnlion sus aosterons ceh etrn pnrfjn y kfcokfh cuoknkesnlfhtf so tekns mns pnmnirns fstîh iofh usnkns y iofh fscrotns. So he, mns kes pnrfjns koscutfh mn pnmnirn anstn quf tekes celprfhkfh celprfhk fh cmnrnlfhtf quï so`hobocn y cóle sf mn kfif usnr. Mn Srtn.ceh Injfg rfcurrf nm nprfhkoznjf ohberlnm pnrncehcmusoehfs knr cofrrf n mnkfcmnsf. Tokf n sus nmulhes quf sf juhtfh nm`úh ohtf`rnhtf kf etreceepfrntove `rupe y fscroinh cuntre mn nctovoknk y lnrqufh mn quf cehsokfrfh lîs olpertnhtf. Nm tfrlo tfrlohn hnrr fm kìn kìn,, fm `ru `rupe pe cee ceepf pfrn rntotove ve kf insf sf rfú rfúhf hf pnr pnrnn kf kfco coko korr quï fs me lîs olpe olpert rtnh nhtf tf quf an anhh nprfhkoke, mn tnrfn quf sf mfs an nso`hnke y mn nyukn quf cnkn loflire hfcfsotn pnrn ancfrmn y pnrn kfsfnr n mes kflîs quf tfrlohfh iofh su kìn. Mn celiohncoóh kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm f ohberlnm ceh `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf fs uhn berln fbfctovn pnrn fstructurnr cunmquofr cmnsf fh cunmquofr hovfm fscemnr. Kfpfhkf kf mes kecfhtfs kfcokor quï berlns kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove usnrîh pnrn mns kobfrfhtfs nctovoknkfs. Tufkfh hfcfsotnrsf nþes pnrn kfsnrremmnr mn kfstrfzn hfcfsnron pnrn fstructurnr mn ceepfrncoóh fh mns cmnsfs kf lnhfrn nutelîtocn, pfre uhn vfz quf fste sf me`rn y quf mes nmulhes nprfhkfh mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, mn fscufmn sf cehvofrtf fh uh mu`nr fh fm quf sf nmcnhznh eijftoves vnmoeses. N cehtohuncoóh, hes ecupnrfles kf mn fhsfþnhzn kf fsns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume 1: Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns Fh vfz vfz kf ce cehs hsok okfrn frnrr mn ko kosc scus usoó oóhh ce cele le uh ei eist stîc îcum umee pn pnrn rn mn nc ncco coóh óh,, pf pfhs hsnl nles es quf quf fs uhn uhn nc ncto tovo vokn knkk pr prfm fmol oloh ohnr nr oh ohko kosp spfh fhsn snim imff pn pnrn rn cunmquofr nccoóh ohtfmo`fhtf. Tfrocmfs
>. Mn olpertnhcon kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns
Mes hoþes he hncfh sniofhke ohstohtovnlfhtf cóle ohtfrnctunr ceh fbocncon ceh mes kflîs y mns aniomoknkfs `rupnmfs f ohtfrpfrsehnmfs he npnrfcfh lî`ocnlfhtf cunhke sf mns hfcfsotn. Lucaes nmulhes, tnhte kf fscufmn prolnron cele kf cemf`oe sfcuhknroe, cnrfcfh kf aniomoknkfs seconmfs iîsocns tnmfs cele mn cnpncoknk kf okfhtobocnr cerrfctnlfhtf mes sfhtolofhtes kf mes etres e kf animnr nkfcunknlfhtf seirf uhn tnrfn. Ter fse, lucaes kecfhtfs quf fstructurnh sus mfccoehfs ceepfrntovnlfhtf kfscuirfh quf sus nmulhes seh ohcnpncfs kf cemniernr ceh mes kflîs. Tfre fs prfcosnlfhtf fh mns sotuncoehfs ceepfrntovns fh mns quf any quf rfnmoznr nm`uhn tnrfn pnrn mn cunm mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs sf terhnh lîs olpertnhtfs y kfifh fhsfþnrsf okfnmlfhtf. [eke [e kess mmes es nm nmul ulhe hess hfc hfcfs fsototnh nh nk nkqu quor oror or anio aniomomokn knkk ppnr nrnn ccel eluh uhoc ocnr nrsf sf,, cceh ehst stru ruor or y lnh lnhtf tfhf hfrr mnmn cceh ehbo bonh nhzn zn,, tel telnr nr fm lnhke, ohvemucrnrsf fh cehtrevfrsons bructìbfrns y rfsemvfr cehbmoctes (Jeahseh, >??>, >??37 Jeahseh y B. Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >??>) >??>).. Te Terr me tnh tnhte te,, mn fhs fhsfþ fþnh nhzn zn kf anio aniomomokn knkf kfss ce ceep epfr frnt ntov ovns ns fs uh rfquo rfquoso sote te olper olpertn tnht htff pn pnrn rn fm nprfhkoznjff ncnkïloce, perquf fm me`re sf ohcrflfhtn fh mn lfkokn fh quf mes fstukonhtfs nulfhtn nprfhkoznj nulfhtnhh su fbocncon fh su cnpncoknk pnrn nprfhkfr kf etres. >.>. Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: rf`mns `fhfrnmfs
Cuntre rf`mns `fhfrnmfs npuhtnmnh mn fhsfþnhzn kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. Mn prolfrn rf`mn sestofhf quf kfif fstnimfcfrsf uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove prfvoe n mn fhsfþnhzn kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove iuscn crfnr mn sfhsncoóh kf quf mes fstukonhtfs "sf snmvnh juhtes e sf auhkfh juhtes"7 per me tnhte, kfifh fstnr nctovnlfhtf ohvemucrnkes tnhte fh mn lfjern kf su prepoe nprfhkoznjf cele fh fm kf sus celpnþfres. Cunhke fstf eijftove ceepfrntove `fhfrnm fstî nusfhtf, mn ohtfrnccoóh kf mes fstukonhtfs fs celpftotovn, aestom y kfstructovn. Mes nmulhes quf fstîh celpotofhke quofrfh "`nhnr", he nprfhkfr mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn ceepfrnr. Kfm losle leke, mes nmulhes quf sf pnsnh fm kìn trninjnhke semes he fhtofhkfh pnrn quï hfcfsotnh nprfhkfr n ceepfrnr y he tofhfh mn pesoiomoknk kf nprfhkfr aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. Ter me tnhte, pehfr fh prîctocn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs votnm pnrn ohcrflfhtnr mns nptotukfs cemnierntovns cemniernto vns kf mes fstukonhtfs. Mn sf`uhkn rf`mn fs quf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns kfifh fhsfþnrsf korfctn y niofrtnlfhtf. He instn ceh fstructurnr mns nctovoknkfs kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn. Nprfhkfr n ohtfrnctunr fbfctovnlfhtf ceh etres he fs kobfrfhtf kf nprfhkfr n usnr uh locrescepoe, tecnr fm ponhe, fscroior uhn erncoóh celpmftn e mffr. Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, nsì cele mn fhsfþnhzn kf cunmquofr aniomoknk, kfif ancfrsf y rfberznrsf kf lnhfrn korfctn. Mn tfrcfrn rf`mn fs quf, so iofh seh mes kecfhtfs quofhfs fstructurnh mn ceepfrncoóh fh fm numn f ohoconmlfhtf kfbohfh mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn cemniernr, mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe seh quofhfs kftfrlohnh so fsns aniomoknkfs sf nprfhkfrîh f ohtfrhnmoznrîh. Mes kecfhtfs kfpfhkfh kf mes loflires kf mn cmnsf pnrn sf`uor y cehtremnr fm use quf cnkn uhe ancf kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, ebrfcfr rfnmolfhtncoóh seirf cóle sf fjfcutnh y rfberznr su iufh use. Mn rfspehsniomoknk kf mes pnrfs pnrn nprfhkfr aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns kfif or soflprf ncelpnþnkn kfm npeye hfcfsnroe pnrn ancfrme. Mes loflires kfm `rupe kfifh celuhocnr quf quofrfh quf mes kflîs fjfrcotfh mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns y quf fstîh nmmì pnrn nyuknrmes. Kfspuïs kf quf fm kecfhtf ohstruyf n mes fstukonhtfs rfspfcte kf cuîmfs seh mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns kfsfnkns y mes fstolumn ;2
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
pnrn quf mns fjfrcotfh fh sus `rupes, fm npeye y mn rfnmolfhtncoóh kf mes pnrfs kftfrlohn so fsns aniomoknkfs sf usnh nkfcunknlfhtf y ceh mn brfcufhcon subocofhtf cele pnrn cehvfrtorsf fh cehkuctns hnturnmfs y nutelîtocns. Mn rfnmolfhtncoóh kf mes pnrfs sf kn sutomlfhtf lofhtrns mes `rupes trninjnh y korfctnlfhtf fh mns sfsoehfs kf rfnmolfhtnco rfnmolfhtncoóh óh berlnm. Mn cunrtn rf`mn fs quf cunhte nhtfs nprfhknh mes nmulhes mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, lfjer sfrî. Fxostfh precfkolofhtes pnrn prolnron, quf mes kecfhtfs aniomoknkfskfifh ceepfrntovns kfskfnctovnlfhtf fm jnrkìh kffhohbnhtfs. kecfhtfs kf fscufmn sfcuhknronfhsfþfh y pestsfcuhknron ohvemucrnrsf lfjernrMes mn celpftfhcon cemnierntovn kf sus nmulhes. Ohberlnr n mes nkumtes quf yn seh oh`fhofres, `frfhtfs kf flprfsn, supfrvoserfs e sfcrftnroes quf tofhfh quf nprfhkfr n ceepfrnr lîs y lfjer ceh mes kflîs fs olpertnhtf, pfre preinimflfhtf yn sfn uh pece tnrkf. Fxostf uhn rfmncoóh korfctn fhtrf mn fxo`fhcon fscemnr kf trninje ohkovokunm kf pnrtf kf mes nmulhes y mn cnhtoknk kf nkumtes fh hufstrn secofknk quf cnrfcfh kf mns nptotukfs hfcfsnrons pnrn trninjnr ceh fbocncon ceh mes kflîs fh su prebfsoóh, su vokn bnlomonr y sus nctovoknkfs rfcrfntovns. Su fkucncoóh kfifrìn anifrmes prfpnrnke pnrn mn ceepfrncoóh fh mn vokn prebfsoehnm y bnlomonr. >.9. µ^uï aniomoknkfs fs hfcfsnroe fhsfþnr5
Lucans aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs seh mns quf nbfctnh fm ïxote kf mes fsbufrzes kf cemnierncoóh (Jeahseh, >??>, >??37 Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh, ??>7 Jeahseh y Y. Jeahseh, >??;). Mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns quf mes kecfhtfs kfifh prfecupnrsf per kfstncnr fh sus cmnsfs kfpfhkfrîh kf me quf sus nmulhes yn kelohfh. Lofhtrns mespufkfh kecfhtfs y cehtremnh fm trninje olper kf sus nmulhes fh mesFxostfh `rupescuntre kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, ceepfrnto ve, vfr eisfrvnh fh quï cnrfcfh kf mns aniomoknkfs olpertnhtfs tnhtfs e hfcfsnrons. hovfmfs kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: ceepfrntovns: >. Berlncoóh. Mns aniomoknkfs iîsocns hfcfsnrons pnrn fstnimfcfr uh `rupe kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove quf buhcoehf. 9. Buhcoehnlofhte. Mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn lnhfjnr mns nctovoknkfs kfm `rupe fh mn rfnmozncoóh kf mn tnrfn y pnrn lnhtfhfr rfmncoehfs kf trninje fbocofhtfs fhtrf sus ohtf`rnhtfs. 3. Berlumncoóh. Mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn cehstruor uhn celprfhsoóh prebuhkn kf me quf sf fstî fstukonhke, fstolumnr fm use kf fstrntf`ons supfroerfs kf rnzehnlofhte y lfjernr fm kelohoe y mn rftfhcoóh kfm lntfronm nso`hnke. ;. Bfrlfhtncoóh. Mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn belfhtnr mn rfcehcfptunmozncoóh kf me quf sf fstî fstukonhke, fm cehbmocte ce`hotove, mn iúsqufkn kf lîs ohberlncoóh y mn celuhocncoóh kf mns rnzehfs buhknlfhtnmfs buhknlfh tnmfs quf sestofhfh mns cehcmusoehfs. Mn mostn kf cehkuctns hfcfsnrons quf ebrfcfles n cehtohuncoóh fs uh puhte kf pnrtokn pnrn fxnlohnr mn kfstrfzn kf mes nmulhes fh mes cuntre hovfmfs kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. >.9.>. Berlncoóh
Mns aniomoknkfs kf berlncoóh seh uh cehjuhte ohoconm kf aniomoknkfs kfstohnkns n mn er`nhozncoóh kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf y nm fstnimfcolofhte kf herlns lìholns kf cehkuctn nkfcunkns. Rfnles nm`uhns kf mns cehkuctns lîs olpertnhtfs rfmncoehnkns ceh mns aniomoknkfs kf berlncoóh: Levfrsf fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove soh ruokes ohkfiokes y soh lemfstnr n mes kflîs. Fm
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toflpe kf trninje fh mes `rupes fs vnmoese, kf leke quf fs cehvfhofhtf pnsnr mn lfher cnhtoknk kf toflpe pesoimf rferkfhnhke mes lufimfs y nceleknhke n mes nmulhes fh mes `rupes. Mes nmulhes pufkfh hfcfsotnr prnctocnr fm precfkolofhte pnrn cehstotuor mes `rupes vnrons vfcfs nhtfs kf nkquoror fbocofhcon. ;0
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Tfrlnhfcfr ceh fm `rupe. Mes nmulhes quf rfcerrfh fm numn kurnhtf fm toflpe kf trninje fh `rupe seh
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olprekuctoves olprekuc toves y kostrnfh n mes kflîs.
Animnr fh vez injn. Nuhquf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf kfpfhkfh kf mn ohtfrnccoóh pfrsehnm, he
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hfcfsotnh sfr ruokeses. Nm`uhes kecfhtfs helirnh uh fstukonhtf per `rupe pnrn cehtremnr quf tekes animfh fh vez injn.
Nm Nmfh fhtn tnrr mn pnr pnrtotoco copn pnco coóh óh kf te teke kes. s. [e [eke kess mes oht ohtf` f`rn rnht htfs fs kf kfmm `rupe `rupe totofh fhfh fh qu quff cel celpn pnrt rtor or su suss okf okfns ns y
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lntfronmfs y sfr pnrtf kf mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs pnrn nmcnhznr fm me`re. Vhn lnhfrn kf berlnmoznr mn pnrtocopncoóh kf teke fm `rupe cehsostf fh quf mes fstukonhtfs animfh per turhe.
Lnhtfhfr lnhes (y pofs) mfjes kf mes kf mes kflîs.
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Lornr mes lntfronmfs ceh mes quf sf fstî trninjnhke.
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Mmnlnr per fm helirf n mes kflîs ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe.
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Lornr nm quf animn.
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Fmolohnr mns aulommncoehfs.
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>.9.9. Buhcoehnlofhte
Mns aniomoknkfs kf buhcoehnlofhte cehstotuyfh fm sf`uhke hovfm kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns y fstîh kfstohnkns n erofhtnr mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs n mn rfnmozncoóh kf mns tnrfns y nm lnhtfholofhte kf rfmncoehfs kf trninje fbocncfs. Lnhtfhfr n mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe trninjnhke, anmmnr precfkolofhtes kf trninje fbocncfs y belfhtnr mn fxostfhcon kf uh cmoln kf trninje n`rnknimf y nlostese fs votnm pnrn fm mokfrnz`e fbfctove fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mns aniomoknkfs kf buhcoehnlofhte ohcmuyfh: Erofhtnr fm trninje kfm `rupe: (>) kfbohofhke y rfkfbohofhke fm prepósote kf mn tnrfn, (9) fstnimfcofhke e
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mmnlnhke mn ntfhcoóh seirf mes mìlotfs kf toflpe y (3) ebrfcofhke precfkolofhtes seirf cóle rfnmoznr uhn tnrfn ceh lnyer fbocncon.
Fxprfsnr npeye y ncfptncoóh, tnhte kf lnhfrn vfrinm cele he vfrinm, n trnvïs kfm cehtncte vosunm, fm
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ohtfrïs, fm fme`oe y mn prfecupncoóh per mns okfns y mns cehcmusoehfs kf mes kflîs. Tfkor nyukn e ncmnrncoehfs rfspfcte kf me quf sf fstî kocofhke e ancofhke fh fm `rupe.
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Ebrfcfrsf pnrn fxpmocnr e ncmnrnr.
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Tnrnbrnsfnr mes npertfs kf etre ohtf`rnhtf kfm `rupe.
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Knr npeye y fhfr`ìn nm `rupe cunhke fm hovfm kf letovncoóh fs inje, su`orofhke hufvns okfns,
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rfcurrofhke nm auler e kflestrnhke fhtusonsle.
Kfscroior mes sfhtolofhtes prepoes cunhke rfsumtn pfrtohfhtf.
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>.9.3. Berlumncoóh
Mns aniomoknkfs kf berlumncoóh cehstotuyfh fm tfrcfr hovfm kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns y prepercoehnh mes precfses psìquoces hfcfsnroes pnrn cehstruor uhn celprfhsoóh lîs prebuhkn kf me quf sf fstî fstukonhke, ;1
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
fstolumnr fm use kf fstrntf`ons supfroerfs kf rnzehnlofhte y lfjernr fm kelohoe y mn rftfhcoóh kf mes lntfronmfs. Cele fm prepósote kf mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf fs lfjernr fm nprfhkoznjf kf tekes sus ohtf`rnhtfs, ïstns seh aniomoknkfs fspfcìbocnlfhtf kfstohnkns n prepercoehnr lïtekes berlnmfs pnrn precfsnr mes lntfronmfs quf sf fstîh fstukonhke. Mns aniomoknkfs kf berlumncoóh pufkfh sfr mmfvnkns n cnie lofhtrns mes fstukonhtfs culpmfh kobfrfhtfs kobfrfhtfs remfs. Mes remfs nseconkes ceh fstns aniomoknkfs ohcmuyfh:
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Fm "rfsuloker",cele quf sfsfnecupn vez enmtn me quf ero`ohnm. sf ncnin[ekns kf mffr celfhtnrme tnh celpmftnlfhtf pesoimfkfsohsohtftoznr rfcurror nfhhetns nm lntfronm mnseokfns y mes afcaes olpertnhtfs kfifh fstnr ohcmuokes fh fm rfsulfh. [ekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kfifh rfsulor kf lfleron n lfhuke, pnrn eptoloznr nsì su nprfhkoznjf.
Fm "cerrfcter", quf iuscn mn prfcosoóh. Cerro`f fm rfsulfh kf etre y n`rf`n ohberlncoóh olpertnhtf he
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ohcmuokn fh fm rfsulfh.
Fm "rfspehsnimf kf mn fmnierncoóh", quf sf prfecupn per fmniernr me fstukonke. Tokf n mes kflîs quf
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rfmncoehfh me quf fstîh nprfhkofhke ceh cesns nprfhkokns nhtfs e ceh etrns quf yn snifh.
Fm "nyuknhtf kf mn lfleron", quf iuscn berlns ohtfmo`fhtfs kf rfcerknr okfns y afcaes olpertnhtfs.
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Yfcurrf n koiujes, olî`fhfs lfhtnmfs y etrns nyukns pnrn mn lfleron y mns celpnrtf ceh fm `rupe.
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"vfrobocnkerusnke kf mn celprfhsoóh", quf pokf mes loflires kfm `rupe quf n pnse, fm Fm rnzehnlofhte pnrn rfnmoznr mn tnrfn y nsìnancf quf fsf rnzehnlofhte sfnfxpmoqufh, fvokfhtf ypnse qufkf niofrte n mn cerrfccoóh y mn koscusoóh. Fm "iuscnker kf nyukn", quf fmo`f n nm`uofh pnrn quf nyukf n mes kflîs, ancf prf`uhtns cmnrns y prfcosns
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f ohsostf anstn quf mn nyukn sf cehso`uf.
Fm "fxpmocnker", quf kfscroif cóle rfnmoznr mn tnrfn (soh knr mn rfspufstn), ebrfcf rfnmolfhtncoóh
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fspfcìbocn seirf fm trninje kf mes kflîs y tfrlohn pokofhke n sus celpnþfres quf kfscroinh e kflufstrfh cóle ancfr mn tnrfn.
Fm "bncomotnker kf mn fxpmocncoóh", quf pokf n mes kflîs loflires kfm `rupe quf pmnhoboqufh fh vez nmtn
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cóle mf fhsfþnrình n etre me quf fstîh fstukonhke. Tmnhfnr cóle celuhocnr lfjer mes lntfronmfs pufkf tfhfr olpertnhtfs fbfctes seirf mn cnmoknk kf mns fstrntf`ons kf rnzehnlofhte y rftfhcoóh.
>.9.;. Bfrlfhtncoóh
Mns aniomoknkfs kf bfrlfhtncoóh cehstotuyfh fm cunrte hovfm kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns y pfrlotfh n mes fstukonhtfs ohvemucrnrsf fh cehtrevfrsons ncnkïlocns. Nm`uhes kf mes nspfctes lîs olpertnhtfs kfm nprfhkoznjf tofhfh mu`nr cunhke mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kfsnbình ceh kfstrfzn mns cehcmusoehfs y mes rnzehnlofhtes kf mes kflîs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?, >??> i). Mns cehtrevfrsons ncnkïlocns ancfh quf mes loflires kfm `rupe "prebuhkocfh" fh mes lntfronmfs, fhsnlimfh uh rnzehnlofhte pnrn sus cehcmusoehfs, pofhsfh kf lnhfrns kovfr`fhtfs seirf mes kobfrfhtfs tflns trntnkes, iusqufh lîs ohberlncoóh pnrn npeynr sus pesocoehfs y koscutnh cehstructovnlfhtf semucoehfs e kfcosoehfs nmtfrhntovns. Any lucans aniomoknkfs ohvemucrnkns fh mns cehtrevfrsons cehtrevfr sons ncnkïlocns: Crotocnr okfns soh crotocnr n mns pfrsehns.
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Kobfrfhconr cuîhke any kfsncufrke fh fm `rupe.
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Ohtf`rnr okfns kobfrfhtfs fh uhn pesocoóh úhocn.
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;?
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Tfkor justobocncoehfs pnrn uhn cehcmusoóh e uhn rfspufstn kf uhe kf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe.
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Nl Nlpm pmon onrr mn rf rfsp spuf ufst stnn e mn cehc cehcmu muso soóh óh kf etre etre oh ohtf tf`r `rnh nhtf tf kf kfmm `rup `rupee n` n`rf rf`n `nhk hkee oh ohbe berl rlnc ncoó oóhh e
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olpmocncoehfs.
Ohkn`nr lfkonhtf prf`uhtns quf mmfvfh n uhn celprfhsoóh e uh nhîmosos lîs prebuhkes ("µSfrvorìn fh
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fstn sotuncoóh...5", "µ^uï lîs tf ancf crffr quf...5"). @fhfrnr lîs rfspufstns yfhke lîs nmmî kf mn prolfrn rfspufstn e cehcmusoóh y prekucofhke vnrons rfspufstns pmnusoimfs pnrn fsce`fr.
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Rf Rfro robo bocn cnrr mmnn rfn rfnmomokn knkk ceh cehtr trns nstn tnhk hkee ffmm trn trnin inje je kfm kfm `ru `rupe pe ceh ceh mmns ns oohs hstr truc ucco coeh ehfs fs,, fm totofl flpe pe ko kosp speh ehoi oimf mf y mes mes
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tflns quf fm `rupe fhbrfhtn.
Fstns aniomoknkfs nyuknh n lnhtfhfr n mes loflires kfm `rupe letovnkes pnrn supfrnr mn rfspufstn rîpokn fh pes kf etrns kf lfjer cnmoknk, nm fstolumnr n mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe pnrn quf pofhsfh y kfsnrremmfh su curoesoknk ohtfmfctunm. @fhfrnmlfhtf, mes kecfhtfs celofhznh per mns aniomoknkfs kf berlncoóh, pnrn nsf`urnrsf kf quf tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe fstïh iofh erofhtnkes ancon fm pfhsnlofhte fh cehjuhte. Muf`e, mns aniomoknkfs kf buhcoehnlofhte nyuknhquf nm `rupe n epfrnr bmuoknlfhtf y n fkobocnr rfmncoehfs berlumncoóh nsf`urnh fm nprfhkoznjf kf nmtn cnmoknk tfh`n mu`nr fh fmcehstructovns. `rupe y quf Mns sus aniomoknkfs loflires kf sf ohvemucrfh fh fm precfsnlofhte ce`hotove hfcfsnroe. Mns aniomoknkfs kf bfrlfhtncoóh, quf seh mns lîs celpmfjns y mns lîs kobìcomfs kf kelohnr, nsf`urnh mn fxostfhcon kfm kfsnbìe y fm kfsncufrke ohtfmfctunmfs fh fm `rupe. Fstns aniomoknkfs seh lîs bîcomlfhtf npmocnimfs fh mes úmtoles nþes kf mn fscufmn prolnron, fh mn fscufmn sfcuhknron y fh mn fkucncoóh pestfroer. Mes nmulhes kf lfher fknk hfcfsotnrîh vfrsoehfs solpmobocnkns kf mns loslns. Fs olpertnhtf quf mes kecfhtfs trnkuzcnh mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns ceepfrntovns fh mfh`unjf f olî`fhfs quf sus nmulhes pufknh fhtfhkfr y ceh mes cunmfs pufknh okfhtobocnrsf. Ter fjflpme, mns aniomoknkfs kf bfrlfhtncoóh pufkfh solpmobocnrsf fh aniomoknkfs tnmfs cele n`rf`nr uhn okfn, pfkor prufins y vfr uhn okfn kfskf fm puhte kf vostn kfm etre (Jeahseh, >??>, >??37 Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh, >??;). >.3. Mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: uh fjflpme
Jeah Je ah Keu` Keu`nh nh,, fh su cmns cmnsff ceh ceh nmul nmulhe hess nnke kemf mfsc scfh fhtf tfss fh uhn uhn fs fscu cufm fmnn kf Su Subb bbfr frh, h, fh Hu Hufv fvnn _erg _erg,, ce celo lofh fhzn zn uhn uhn uhoknk `rnlîtocn fhsfþnhke uh cehjuhte kf mns aniomoknkfs kfkfmokfrnz`e. mn kf ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon pesotovn kf knhke n sus nmulhes mn tnrfn kf kelohnr aniomoknkfs mokfrnz`eFstructurn y nsf`urnrsf quf tekes mes loflires kf su `rupe mns kelohfh. Mes remfs kf mokfrnz`e quf fhsfþn ohcmuyfh: Fm quf kn korfctovns. Fstf nmulhe sf ecupn kf koro`or fm trninje kfm `rupe. Tnrn fmme: (>) rfvosn mns
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ohstruccoehfs y rfstnimfcf fm prepósote kf mn tnrfn, (9) mmnln mn ntfhcoóh seirf mes mìlotfs kf toflpe y (3) ebrfcf precfkolofhtes pnrn rfnmoznr mn tnrfn lîs fbocnzlfhtf.
Fm quf rfsulf, quf ancf uhn sìhtfsos fh vez nmtn kf me quf sf ncnin kf mffr e koscutor, tnh
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celpmftnlfhtf cele sfn pesoimf, kf lfleron.
Fm `fhfrnker, quf crfn rfspufstns nkocoehnmfs yfhke lîs nmmî kf mns prolfrns rfspufstns e cehcmusoehfs
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kfm `rupe y prekucofhke vnrons rfspufstns pmnusoimfs pnrn fmf`or.
Keu`nh utomozn fm so`uofhtf precfkolofhte pnrn fhsfþnr fstns aniomoknkfs. Trolfre, mns fxpmocn. Muf`e, lekfmn mns aniomoknkfs lfkonhtf mn kflestrncoóh. Fh tfrcfr mu`nr, pokf n mn cmnsf quf `fhfrf uhn sfrof kf brnsfs quf pekrình usnr pnrn ohvemucrnrsf fh mns aniomoknkfs, cele per fjflpme: "Vhn berln fh quf pekrìnles ancfr 64
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
fste fs E iofh: "Etrn rfspufstn pesoimf fs...“. N cehtohuncoóh, fmo`f n trfs nmulhes pnrn quf krnlntocfh pnrn tekn mn cmnsf uhn sfsoóh `rupnm fh mn quf usfh mns aniomoknkfs. Muf`e, mn cmnsf fhtfrn koscutf cnkn uhn kf mns aniomoknkfs. Bohnmlfhtf, ancf quf sus nmulhes rfnmocfh mn prolfrn tnrfn kf `rnlîtocn usnhke mns aniomoknkfs ceh tnhtn brfcufhcon cele pufknh. Keu`nh fstructurn mn rfspehsniomoknk ohkovokunm eisfrvnhke n cnkn `rupe pnrn vfrobocnr quf cnkn uhe kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs rfnmocf nmn lfhes kes kf mns trfsmnaniomoknkfs cufstoóh. Corcumn per fm numn, kf lnhfrn sostflîtocn cnkn `rupe y rf`ostrn brfcufhcon kf cehmokfrnz`e mn quf vffhquf mes nmulhes nkeptnh cnkn eisfrvn uhe kf mes remfs kf mokfrnz`e. Fstructurn rfcelpfhsns pesotovns, eter`nhke puhtes fxtrn n mes `rupes fh mes quf tekes sus loflires sf ohvemucrnh fh nm lfhes kes kf mns aniomoknkfs kurnhtf mn rfnmozncoóh kf mn tnrfn kf `rnlîtocn. >.;. Fm pnpfm kfm kecfhtf
Vhe kf mes nspfctes lîs olpertnhtfs kf mns nctovoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove cehsostf fh mn okfhtobocncoóh kf mes fstukonhtfs quf tofhfh preimflns pnrn trninjnr fbfctovnlfhtf perquf cnrfcfh kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns e mns tofhfh suikfsnrremmnkns. Fm pnpfm kf cehtrem kfm kecfhtf kfstncn mn olpertnhcon kf rfce`fr ohberlncoóh seirf mes fstukonhtfs lofhtrns ïstes trninjnh y kf ohtfrvfhor pnrn fstolumnr mns cehkuctns nkfcunkns. Mn fstructurn bnlomonr, mes lekfmes y mn hnturnmfzn kfm `rupe kf pnrfs ohbmuyfh seirf fm kfsnrremme kf mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs. Me lnrnvommese kf fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n sfr lîs fbocofhtfs fh fm trninje ceh etres fs quf he sóme nkquofrfh nsì uh vnmoese cehjuhte kf aniomoknkfs útomfs pnrn mn vokn, sohe quf tofhfh uhn fxcfmfhtf epertuhoknk kf ohcrflfhtnr su hovfm kf me`re. Cele yn afles kocae, fm nprfhkoznjf kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns fs fh prolfrn ohstnhcon uh nprfhkoznjf kf precfkolofhtes, luy solomnr n nprfhkfr n ju`nr nm tfhos e nm `emb, sfr hfurecorujnhe e pomete kf nvoehfs. Sfr aîiom fh fm lnhfje kf cehbmoctes olpmocn lucae lîs quf solpmflfhtf sfr cnpnz kf mffr lntfronmfs pnrn uh hovfm kf rfcehecolofhte e ohcmuse pnrn uh hovfm kf rfcufrke pmfhe. Fxo`f nprfhkfr uh precfkolofhte cehstotuoke per uhn sfrof kf nccoehfs. Fm nprfhkoznjf kf precfkolofhtes fxostf cunhke mes ohkovokues: Np Nprf rfhk hkfh fh cehc cehcfp fptu tunm nmlf lfht htff qu quïï fs uhn uhn anio aniomomokn knkk y cu cuîh îhke ke sf mn kf kfif if us usnr nr..
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[r [rnk nkuc ucfh fh su celp celprf rfhs hsoó oóhh cehc cehcfp fptu tunm nm fh uh cehj cehjuh uhte te kf prec precfk fkol olof ofht htes es epfr epfrnt ntov oves es (b (brn rnsf sfss y nc ncco coeh ehfs fs))
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nkfcunkes pnrn mn `fhtf ceh mn quf fstîh ohtfrnctunhke.
Sf ohvemucrnh rfnmlfhtf fh mn aniomoknk.
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Fmolohnh frrerfs supfrnhke mns ftnpns kf kelohoe kf mn aniomoknk.
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Nm Nmcn cnhz hznh nh uh hovf hovfmm kf us usee ru rutotohn hnro roee y nu nute telî lîtotoce ce..
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Fh fm nprfhkoznjf kf precfkolofhtes, cehvofhf kfscelpehfr uh precfse celpmfje fh sus pnrtfs y muf`e nprfhkfr sostflîtocnlfhtf kocae precfse anstn quf sf terhf nutelîtoce. Kobofrf kfm solpmf nprfhkoznjf kf afcaes y kf mn nkquosocoóh kf cehecolofhtes nm kfpfhkfr lucae kf mn rfnmolfhtncoóh seirf fm kfsflpfþe y kf mn lekobocncoóh kf mn prîctocn prepon anstn fmolohnr mes frrerfs kf precfkolofhte. Fs uh precfse `rnkunm. Mes fsbufrzes pnrn rfnmoznr mn aniomoknk he me`rnrîh nmcnhznr fm okfnm quf sf iuscn kurnhtf uh mnpse instnhtf cehsokfrnimf. cehsokfrni mf. Fm brncnse fs pnrtf kfm precfse y fm ïxote fs ohfvotnimf cunhke fm brncnse fs sf`uoke per mn prîctocn pfrsostfhtf, mn rfnmolfhtncoóh y mn rfbmfxoóh seirf cóle fjfcutnr mn aniomoknk kf lnhfrn lîs celpftfhtf. @nhnr pfrocon fxo`f "secoes fh fm nprfhkoznjf" quf fstïh kosTufstes n cehbonr fh fm etre, animnr ceh brnhqufzn y eisfrvnr kfsflpfþe kf mes kflîs fh uhquf pfrìeke premeh`nke, okfhtobocnr mes frrerfs qufkfsfpfrocon celftfh pehfr fhfmprîctocn mn aniomoknk. N lfhes mes nmulhes fstïh pnrn kospufstes n rfvfmnr su bnmtn pnrnnm pekfr eitfhfr nsì mn rfnmolfhtncoóh nkfcunkn, he pekrîh nmcnhznrmn. Fh etrns pnmnirns, fm nprfhkoznjf kf 6>
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
precfkolofhtes y fm kelohoe kf tekns mns aniomoknkfs fxo`f ceepfrncoóh fhtrf mes nmulhes y mn cfrtfzn kf trntnr, brncnsnr y vemvfr n trntnr. Any cohce pnses fsfhconmfs fh mn fhsfþnhzn kf aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns: Ns Nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kf qu quff mes mes nmul nmulhe hess vfnh vfnh mn hfcf hfcfso sokn knkk kf mn an anio iomomokn knk. k.
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Nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kf qu quff mes mes nmul nmulhe hess fhto fhtofh fhkn knhh kf qu quïï sf trnt trntnn mn an anio iomomokn knkk y cu cuîh îhke ke sf mn kf kfif if us usnr nr.. Ns
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Trfpnrnr sotuncoehfs kf prîctocn y belfhtnr fm kelohoe kf mn aniomoknk.
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Ns Nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kf qu quff mes mes nmul nmulhe hess kosp kospeh eh`n `nhh kfm kfm tofl toflpe pe y kf me mess prec precfk fkol olof ofht htes es hfcf hfcfsn snro roes es pn pnrn rn fm
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precfsnlofhte kf use kf mn aniomoknk (y rfcoinh rfnmolfhtncoóh).
Ns Nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kf qu quff mes mes nmul nmulhe hess ppfr frsf sfvf vfrf rfhh ffhh mn mn pprî rîct ctoc ocnn kf kf mmnn ani aniomomok oknk nk an anst stnn quf quf sf ce cehv hvof ofrt rtnn fh fh uhn uhn
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nccoóh hnturnm.
>º pnse: Nyuknr n mes nmulhes n quf vfnh mn hfcfsoknk kf mn aniomoknk. Tnrn fstnr letovnkes pnrn nprfhkfr
aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns, mes fstukonhtfs kfifh fstnr cehvfhcokes kf quf fs iufhe pnrn fmmes cehecfrmns. Mes kecfhtfs pufkfh belfhtnr belfhtnr fstn cehcofhcon kf mn hfcfsoknk kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfr ceepfrntovns: ntovns: Fxaoiofhke cnrtfmfs e pfroókoces lurnmfs fh mes quf sf fvokfhcof quf sf mns cehsokfrn olpertnhtfs.
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Sufmf sfr bîcom vfr quï fs me olpertnhtf fh uh numn ceh sóme lornr sus pnrfkfs, sus poznrrns y mn kostroiucoóhh kf nsofhtes. kostroiucoó
Celuhocnhke n mes nmulhes per quï fs olpertnhtf kelohnr mns aniomoknkfs. Tnrn lucaes nmulhes,
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instnrî ceh celpnrtor ohberlncoóh seirf mn hfcfsoknk kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns fh mes îliotes bnlomonrfs y prebfsoehnmfs. Etres pufkfh hfcfsotnr fxpfrolfhtnr cóle fsns aniomoknkfs mes nyuknrîh fh su trninje.
Cehvnmoknhke mn olpertnhcon kf mns aniomoknkfs lfkonhtf cnmobocncoehfs e rfcelpfhsns n mes `rupes
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cuyes loflires kflufstrfh celpftfhcon fh fmmns. Lucaes kecfhtfs knh kes cnmobocncoehfs n mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf: uhn per fm me`re ncnkïloce y etrn per fm use nkfcunke kf mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns ceepfrntov ns kfsfnkns.
9º pnse: Nsf`urnrsf
kf quf mes nmulhes fhtofhknh mn aniomoknk. Tnrn nprfhkfr uhn aniomoknk, mes nmulhes hfcfsotnh tfhfr uhn hecoóh cmnrn kf cuîm fs fsn aniomoknk y kf cóle fjfcutnrmn. Trolfre, fs hfcfsnroe kfsnrremmnr uhn kfbohocoóh epfrntovn kf mn aniomoknk. Mes nmulhes tofhfh quf fhtfhkfr cuîm fs mn aniomoknk y cuîhke kfifh usnrmn. Fste sufmf ancfrsf rfcurrofhke n uh cunkre (vïnsf Bo`urn 1.>) (Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc, >??9) y n mn prfsfhtncoóh kf lekfmes. Fm kecfhtf ohcmuyf mn aniomoknk fh fm cunkre (per fjflpme, belfhtnr mn pnrtocopncoóh) y prf`uhtn n mn cmnsf: "µCóle sf vfrìn fstn aniomoknk5". Kfspuïs kf quf sf `fhfrnh vnrons cehkuctns he vfrinmfs, vufmvf n prf`uhtnr: "µCóle sehnrìn fstn aniomoknk5". Kfspuïs kf quf mes nmulhes kocfh vnrons brnsfs, sf fxaoif fm cunkre kf lnhfrn prelohfhtf pnrn usnrme cele rfbfrfhcon.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Bo`urn 1.> Cunkre pnrn belfhtnr mn pnrtocopncoóh
Cóle sf vf
Cóle sufhn
Sehrosns
µCuîm fs tu okfn5
Cehtncte vosunm
¡Bnhtîstoce!
Tum`nrfs nrroin
¡Iufhn okfn!
Tnmlnkn fh mn fspnmkn
Luy ohtfrfsnhtf
Fh sf`uhke mu`nr, sf kflufstrn prîctocnlfhtf mn aniomoknk anstn quf mes fstukonhtfs tfh`nh cmnrn okfn kf cóle sf vf y cóle sufhn. Tufkf sfr cehvfhofhtf quf mes nmulhes prnctoqufh mn aniomoknk lfkonhtf uhn krnlntozncoóh e quf sf pmnhtff uh irfvf cehtrnfjflpme fh fm quf sf nkvofrtn quf mn aniomoknk fstî nusfhtf. Fs olpertnhtf he trntnr kf fhsfþnr kflnsonkns aniomoknkfs nm losle toflpe. Fs lfjer celfhznr ceh uhn e kes. Fh uhn uhoknk currocumnr kf >´ kf mn F@I quf afles nyuknke n kfsnrremmnr sf fhsfþnh ecae aniomoknkfs iîsocns n me okfns mnr`eykf uh nþe. Sf flpofzn ceh: "[ekes uhnytnrfn"7 f ohcmuyf tnmfs cele: "Celpnrtor lntfronmfs", "Knr ohstruccoehfs soh sfr ancfh lnhkóh" "Trfecupnrsf peraniomoknkfs mes sfhtolofhtes kf mes kflîs". 3º pnse: Trfpnrnr sotuncoehfs rfpftokns kf prîctocn. Tnrn pekfr kelohnr uhn aniomoknk, mes nmulhes hfcfsotnh
prnctocnrmn rfotfrnknlfhtf. Sf mfs kfif pfkor quf krnlntocfh uhn aniomoknk vnrons vfcfs ceh su celpnþfre kf inhce ohlfkontnlfhtf kfspuïs kf kfbohormn. Vhn prolfrn sfsoóh kf prîctocn kfif sfr me subocofhtflfhtf mnr`n cele pnrn quf tekes mes nmulhes pufknh nprfhkfr mn aniomoknk instnhtf iofh7 y muf`e sf kfifh er`nhoznr lîs sfsoehfs, kurnhtf vnroes kìns e, quozî, sflnhns. Lofhtrns mes nmulhes prnctocnh mns aniomoknkfs, mes kecfhtfs kfifh sf`uor knhke ohstruccoehfs vfrinmfs y nmfhtîhkemes pnrn quf mns rfnmocfh fh mn sfcufhcon y mes toflpes nkfcunkes. Nm`uhns kf mns fstrntf`ons pesoimfs pnrn fstolumnr mn prîctocn ohcmuyfh: Ns Nso` o`hn hnrr rrem emfs fs fsp fspfc fcìb ìboc oces es n mmes es l lof ofli lire ress kf kfmm `r `rup upee ppnr nrnn ns nsf` f`ur urnr nrsf sf kkff qu quff pr prnc nctotoqu qufh fh mns mns aani niomomok oknk nkfs fs..
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Fm kecfhtf pufkf nso`hnr remfs kf mfcter, "belfhtnker", "rfsuloker" y "rfspehsnimf kf fmnierncoóh" n
mes loflires uh `rupecnkn ceepfrntove. Fstes remfs pufkfh ohtfrcnlionrsf n konroe, anstn quf tekes mes nmulhes anynhkfculpmoke pnpfm vnrons vfcfs. Nh Nhuh uhco conr nr qu quff sf prfs prfstn tnrî rî ntfh ntfhco coóh óh nm us usee kf mns mns an anio iomomokn knkf kfs. s. Fs serp serprf rfhk hkfh fhtf tf celp celpre rein inrr cu cuîh îhtn tn
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prîctocn sf rfnmozn cunhke uh kecfhtf nhuhcon quf quofrf celpreinr uhn aniomoknk fh pnrtocumnr y sf pnrn juhte n uh `rupe ceh pnpfm y mîpoz fh mn lnhe pnrn nhetnr sus eisfrvncoehfs. Mn prfsfhcon kfm kecfhtf y fm cehecolofhte kf quf ïstf (e uh nmulhe) fstî eisfrvnhke y vnmeroznhke mn brfcufhcon kf mns aniomoknkfs seh letovnkerfs luy pekfreses.
Vsnr fjfrcocoes he ncnkïloces kf cehstruccoóh kf aniomoknkfs pnrn ebrfcfr n mes fstukonhtfs
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pesoiomoknkfs kf prnctocnr mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. N vfcfs, pufkf rfcurrorsf n uh fjfrcocoe kf rfcrfncoóh quf he sfn pnrtf kfm trninje fh cmnsf pnrn belfhtnr mn prîctocn kf cofrtns aniomoknkfs fspfcìbocns. Lucaes fjfrcocoes kf fstf tope anh soke usnkes ceh ïxote (vïnsf Jeahseh, >??>, >??37 Jeah Je ahse sehh y B. Jeah Jeahse seh, h, >??; >??;77 Jeah Jeahse sehh y Y. Jeah Jeahse seh, h, >? >??; ?;).).
Mns hufvns aniomoknkfs hfcfsotnh ntfhcoóh y rfbufrze kurnhtf uh toflpe y mes kecfhtfs kfifh sfr ohcnhsnimfs fh su fstìlume nm use premeh`nke kf mns loslns. 63
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
;º pnse: Nsf`urnrsf
kf quf mes fstukonhtfs precfsfh su use kf mns aniomoknkfs. He nmcnhzn ceh prnctocnr mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns. Mes nmulhes kfifh tnlioïh precfsnr mn brfcufhcon y mn cnmoknk ceh quf mns usnh. Kfifh rfcoior rfnmolfhtncoóh y koscutor, kfscroior y rfbmfxoehnr seirf su use kf mns aniomoknkfs pnrn pekfr lfjernr su kfsflpfþe. Tnrn nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes nmulhes me an`nh, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf kfstohnr uh toflpe rf`umnr pnrn fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm y kfcor n sus nmulhes quï precfkolofhtes kfifh sf`uor. Vhn tìpocn nctovoknk kf precfsnlofhte fs: "Lfhcoehn trfs cesns quf tu `rupe aoze iofh y uhn quf pekrìn ancfr lfjer mn próxoln Fstf precfsnlofhte `rupnm sóme(Jeahseh, lfjern mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y fh `rupes pfqufþes, sohe vfz". quf tnlioïh nulfhtn fm hovfm kf he me`re Jeahseh, Stnhhf y @nroinmko, >??47 _n`fr, Jeah Je ahse sehh y Je Jeah ahse seh, h, >?16 >?16)) y mn cnmo cnmokn knkk kf mns mns rf rfmn mnco coeh ehfs fs qu quff kf kfsn snrr rrem emmn mnhh me mess nm nmul ulhe hess (T (Tut uthn hnl, l, Yy Yyhk hkfr frs, s, Jeah Je ahse sehh y Je Jeah ahse seh, h, >?1 >?1?) ?).. Me Mess kecf kecfht htfs fs puf pufkf kfhh hfcf hfcfso sotn tnrr les lestr trnr nr fm pre precf cfsn snlo lofh fhte te `rupn `rupnmm oh ohoc ocon onml mlfh fhtf tf y muf`e rfpftor fstf lekfmnke kf lnhfrn pfroókocn pnrn quf mes nmulhes sf me telfh fh sfroe y sf vufmvnh nkfptes. Mns so`uofhtfs fstrntf`ons pnrn belfhtnr fm precfsnlofhte `rupnm sufmfh rfsumtnr útomfs: Kfstohnr toflpe ceh rf`umnroknk pnrn fm precfsnlofhte. Kofz lohutes nm bohnm kf cnkn cmnsf e vfohtf
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lohutes uhn vfz per sflnhn seh me ncestulirnke.
Trepercoehnr uh cehjuhte kf precfkolofhtes pnrn quf mes nmulhes eisfrvfh. Tufkf usnrsf, per
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fjflpme, uhn aejn kf precfsnlofhte quf fm `rupe kfif celpmftnr, borlnr y muf`e fhtrf`nr. Mns prf`uhtns "µCuîhtes ohtf`rnhtfs sohtofreh mn pesoiomoknklîs kf fbocnz celpnrtor okfns ceh fmpufkfh `rupe5"ohcmuor: y "µCuîhtes sf sohtofreh fscucanke fscucankes5". s5".quf Tfretfhình fm precfkolofhte sufmfsus sfr quf uh ohtf`rnhtf kfm `rupe eisfrvf mn brfcufhcon ceh quf cnkn uhe sf ohvemucrn fh uhn kf mns aniomoknkfs kfsfnkns y ebrfzcn rfnmolfhtncoóh seirf fm kfsflpfþe ohkovokunm fh mn cehvfrsncoóh nm bohnm kf mn cmnsf.
Ebrfcfr epertuhoknkfs pnrn mn rfnmolfhtncoóh pesotovn fhtrf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. Vhn berln kf
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ancfrme cehsostf fh quf cnkn ohtf`rnhtf ko`n n tekes mes kflîs uhn cehkuctn quf rfbmfjó fm use fbfctove kf uhn aniomoknk ceepfrntovn.
6º pnse: Nsf`urnrsf
kf quf mes nmulhes pfrsfvfrfh fh mn prîctocn kf mns aniomoknkfs. Mn lnyerìn kf mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsotn uh pfrìeke kf nprfhkoznjf mfhte7 muf`e, any uh pfrìeke kf rîpokn lfjern, sf`uoke kf etre fh fm quf fm kfsflpfþe pnrfcf he cnlionr7 kfspuïs, sf prekucf etre pfrìeke kf rîpokn lfjern7 n cehtohuncoóh, cehtohunco óh, etrn lfsftn y nsì sucfsovnlfhtf. Mes fstukonhtfs hfcfsotnh prnctocnr mns aniomoknkfs ceepfrntovns fm subocofhtf cele pnrnkfmsupfrnr mns prolfrns lfsftns yntrnvofsn mmf`nr n ohtf`rnr mns aniomoknkfs kftoflpe cehkuctns. Mn lnyer pnrtf kfsnrremme kf mns aniomoknkfs mns so`uofhtfs ftnpns: fh su rfpfrteroe >. Cehcofhcon kf quf mn aniomoknk fs hfcfsnron. 9. Celprfhsoóh kf cuîm fs mn aniomoknk. 3. Yfnmozncoóh tìlokn y terpf kf mn aniomoknk. (Mn prîctocn kf cunmquofr aniomoknk hufvn ancf sfhtor nm`e terpf n quofh mn rfnmozn, nm prohcopoe.) ;. Sfhsncoóh kf bnmsfknk fh mn rfnmozncoóh kf mn aniomoknk. (Lucaes nmulhes sf sofhtfh pece sohcfres e ohcmuse bnmses cunhke flpofznh n usnr uhn aniomoknk. Kfspuïs kf uh toflpe, mn terpfzn cfkf y mn rfnmozncoóh kf mn aniomoknk sf ancf lîs bmuokn. Fm fstìlume kfm kecfhtf y mes pnrfs fs hfcfsnroe pnrn quf mes nmulhes pufknh supfrnr fstn ftnpn.) 6. Vse kofstre pfre lfcîhoce kf mn aniomoknk. 6;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
2. Vse aniotunm y nutelîtoce, fh fm quf mn aniomoknk sf ohtf`rn pmfhnlfhtf fh fm rfpfrteroe kf cehkuctns kf uhn pfrsehn y pnrfcf nm`e hnturnm. Nm`uhn Nm`u hnss be berl rlns ns kf ns nsf` f`ur urnr nr quf mes nmu nmulh lhes es pfr pfrsf sfvf vfrf rfhh oh ohcm cmuy uyfh fh:: sf sf`u `uor or nso nso`h `hnh nhke ke mn an anio iomomokn knkk ce cele le rem `rupnm, rfnmolfhtncoóh pfrlnhfhtf seirf su cnmoknk y brfcufhcon kf use y rfbufrze n mes `rupes cunhke sus ohtf`rnhtfs usnh mn aniomoknk. Afles kfscuiofrte quf mes fstukonhtfs (ohcmuse mes seconmlfhtf nosmnkes e rftrnìkes)puhtes nprfhkfh seconmfs sf ohvemucrnh ceh lîs brfcufhcon eter`nh fxtrnlîs peraniomoknkfs sus fsbufrzes (Mfw,yLfsca, Jeahsehfhyfmmns Jeahseh, > ?12n, >?12i).cunhke nm `rupe sf mf Tnrn quf fm petfhconm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove sf cehcrftf, mes nmulhes kfifh pesffr prfvonlfhtf mns aniomoknkfs ohtfrpfrsehnmfs y fh `rupes pfqufþes quf sfnh hfcfsnrons y tofhfh quf fstnr letovnkes pnrn usnrmns. Fstns aniomoknkfs kfifh fhsfþnrsf kf lnhfrn tnh sostflîtocn cele mes prepoes cehtfhokes ncnkïloces. Fste ohvemucrn: celuhocnr n mes nmulhes mn hfcfsoknk kf mns aniomoknkfs seconmfs, kfbohormns y lekfmnrmns, prnctocnrmns kf lnhfrn rfotfrnkn, precfsnr fm hovfm kf fbocncon ceh quf sf fstîh rfnmoznhke y nsf`urnrsf kf quf mes nmulhes pfrsfvfrfh fh su prîctocn anstn quf mns ohtf`rfh pmfhnlfhtf fh sus rfpfrteroes kf cehkuctn. Fste he sóme ohcrflfhtnrî sus me`res, sohe quf tnlioïh nulfhtnrî sus pesoiomoknkfs kf ïxote ncnkïloce y prebfsoehnm, lfjernrî lfjernrî mn cnmoknk kf sus rfmncoehfs y su snmuk psocemó`ocn. Hnkn kf me quf nprfhkfles fs lîs olpertnhtf quf mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn trninjnr ceepfrntovnlfhtf ceh etrn `fhtf. Mn lnyer pnrtf kf mn ohtfrnccoóh aulnhn fs ceepfrntovn. Soh aniomoknk pnrn ceepfrnr fbfctovnlfhtf,Sóme fs afles kobìcom (socelfhtnke he olpesoimf) uh flpmfe e ysfr kf pfqufþes cunmquofr celuhoknk. nquì lnhtfhfr nm`uhns kfuhmnslntrolehoe aniomoknkfs eohtfrpfrsehnmfs fh pnrtf `rupes hfcfsnrons pnrn mn ceepfrncoóh fbocnz. Sf pufkf fhcehtrnr uhn ceifrturn lîs nlpmon y celpmftn kf fstns aniomoknkfs fh Yfncaoh` Eut (Jeahseh, >??3), Jeohoh` [e`ftafr (Jeahseh y B. Jeahseh, >??;), Aulnh Yfmntoehs nhk _eur Cnrffr (Jeahseh, >??>) y Mfnrhoh` [e`ftafr nhk Nmehf (Jeahseh y Y. Jeahseh, >?06/>??> n).
66
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume ?: Mn ceepfrncoóh y fm cehbmocte Mn ceepfrncoóh y fm cehbmocte vnh kf mn lnhe. Vhn vfz quf sf fstnimfcf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn y mes `rupes kf npeye cemf`onm fh mn fscufmn (vïnsf cnpìtume >4), mes cehbmocte cehbmoctess fhtrf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe seh ohfvotnimfs. Mn nusfhcon kf cehbmocte he sufmf sfr sfþnm kf nrlehìn, sohe kf npntìn f ohkobfrfhcon. Cunhte lîs sf prfecupfh mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf uh `rupe per mes eijftoves cehjuhtes y per cnkn uhe kf sus celpnþfres, lîs preinimf sfrî quf surjnh cehbmoctes. So sf mes nprevfcan kf lnhfrn cehstructovn, mes cehbmoctes pufkfh sfr uhn vnmomoes vn esnn bufh bufhtf tf kf kf crfn crfntotovo vokn knk, k, ffht htrf rftf tfho holo lofh fhte te,, rn rnze zehn hnlo lofh fhte te ssup upfr froe oerr y teln teln kkff kf kfco coso soeh ehfs fs fbo fbocn cnz7 z7 pfr pfre, e, ssoo sf mes usn kfstructovnlfhtf, pufkfh cehvfrtorsf fh uhn bufhtf kf kovosoehfs, orn, brustrncoóh y brncnse. Nmulhes y kecfhtfs tofhfh quf nprfhkfr precfkolofhtes precfkolofhtes pnrn lnhfjnr ceh fbocncon mes cehbmoctes y vemvfrsf kofstres fh su nprevfcanlofhte. Mes fstukonhtfs sufmfh tfhfr precfkolofhtes pnrn ancfrme, pfre ïstes he soflprf seh cehstructoves e he seh celpnrtokes per tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kf mn cmnsf. Vh fstukonhtf pufkf utomoznr mn voemfhcon bìsocn, etre pufkf prfbfror mn voemfhcon vfrinm, etre pufkf rftrnfrsf y uh cunrte pufkf ohtfhtnr sfr pfrsunsove. Mn prfsfhcon kf lúmtopmfs precfkolofhtes crfn nm`e kf cnes. Fste fs fspfconmlfhtf fvokfhtf ceh fstukonhtfs quf vofhfh kf kobfrfhtfs îliotes cumturnmfs, ïthoces, seconmfs e moh`ýìstoces. Ter me tnhte, fs olpertnhtf quf tekes mes fstukonhtfs (y fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf) nprfhknh n usnr fm losle cehjuhte kf precfkolofhtes pnrn lnhfjnr sus cehbmoctes. Fhsfþnr fstes precfkolofhtes olpmocn crfnr uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove, lestrnr n mes nmulhes cóle ohvemucrnrsf fh cehtrevfrsons ncnkïlocns kf lnhfrn cehstructovn y fstnimfcfr uh pre`rnln kf lfkoncoóh kf pnrfs fh fm numn y fh mn fscufmn (vïnsf Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n, >??> i, >??9k). >. Crfnr uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove Mn lfjer lnhfrn quf cehezce kf vfhcfr n uh fhflo`e fs cehvfrtorme fh nlo`e. Nirn Ni rnan anl l Mo Mohc hcem emhh
So sf quofrf rfsemvfr cehstructovnlfhtf uh cehbmocte, any quf fstnimfcfr uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove. Cunhte lnyer sfn mn cnhtoknk kf pnrtocopnhtfs fh uh cehbmocte quf rfcehezcnh y vnmerfh sus ohtfrfsfs lutues kf mnr`e pmnze, pfrcoinh su ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon y sf prfecupfh per fm iofhfstnr kf mes kflîs, lîs bîcom sfrî rfsemvfr mes cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn. Mes kecfhtfs pufkfh fstnimfcfr lîs bîcomlfhtf uh îliote ceepfrntove so utomoznh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ceepfrntove mn lnyer pnrtf kf cnkn kìn fh sus numns. 9. Ohvemucrnrsf fh cehtrevfrsons ncnkïlocns Fs lfje lfjerr quf quf he te teke kess pf pfhs hsfl fles es o` o`un unm.m. So Sohh ko kobf bfrfh rfhco conn kf epoh epohoe oehf hfs, s, he an anir irìn ìn cnrr cnrrfrn frnss kf cn cnin inmmmmes. es. Lnrg Ln rg [wno [wnohh
Fh su cmnsf kf fstukoes seconmfs, mes nmulhes nhnmoznh mn aosteron kf mn kfseifkofhcon covom. Nprfhkfh quf kurnhtf fm levolofhte per mes kfrfcaes covomfs, mes ohkovokues voemninh mns mfyfs pnrn mucanr per mn o`unmknk kf kfrfcaes pnrn mns loherìns. Nprfhkfh quf, fh lucaes cnses, cele mes kf mes levolofhtes kf kfrfcaes covomfs y nhtoiïmoces, mes ohkovokues rfcurrình n mn voemncoóh kf mns mfyfs pnrn rfpnrnr mns ohjustocons seconmfs7 pfre quf, fh mes úmtoles toflpes, lucans bo`urns prelohfhtfs, kfskf Pnmm Strfft anstn mn Cnsn Imnhcn, sf anh sfhtoke justobocnkes pnrn voemnr mn mfy y eitfhfr rïkotes pfrsehnmfs e pemìtoces. Tnrn fstukonr fm pnpfm kf mn kfseifkofhcon covom fh uhn kflecrncon, mes fstukonhtfs seh cemecnkes fh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Cnkn `rupe berln kes pnrfjns. Vhn pnrfjn kfif kfbfhkfr me lfjer pesoimf fm cnrîctfr cehstructove kf mn kfseifkofhcon covom fh uhn kflecrncon y etrn kfif precmnlnr su cnrîctfr kfstructove. Mes 62
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
nmulhes rfcurrfh n bufhtfs tnmfs cele mn "Kfcmnrncoóh kf mn Ohkfpfhkfhcon" kf [aelns Jfbbfrseh, Mn Kfseifkofhcon covom kf Knvok [aerfnu, fm "Koscurse fh fm sohkocnte kf tehfmfres kf Hufvn _erg" kf Nirnanl Mohcemh y mn "Cnrtn kfskf mn Cîrcfm kf Iorloh`anh" kf Lnrtoh Mutafr Goh`, pnrn kfsnbonr mes rnzehnlofhtes y fm nhîmosos kf mes kflîs seirf cuîhke mn kfseifkofhcon covom fs cehstructovn y cuîhke he me fs. Mn cehtrevfrson sf prfsfhtn cunhke mns okfns, mn ohberlncoóh, mns cehcmusoehfs, mns tferìns y mns epohoehfs kf uh fstukonhtf lfkonhtf rfsumtnh ohcelpntoimfs ceh mmnlnin mns kf etre y nlies iuscnh mmf`nr uh ncufrke. Mns kf cehtrevfrsons rfsufmvfh me quf Nrostótfmfs koscurse nr`ulfhtntove (fsnkfcor, mn koscusoóh mns vfhtnjnssfy mns kfsvfhtnjns kf mns prepufstns rfnmoznkns), quf iuscn sohtftoznr semucoehfs hevfkesns (fs kfcor, rfsemvfr preimflns kf lnhfrn crfntovn). Fh uhn cehtrevfrson ncnkïlocn, mes fstukonhtfs sf ohvemucrnh fh mes so`uofhtfs pnses (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?00, >??9n): >. Ohvfsto`nr y prfpnrnr uhn pesocoóh. Mes fstukonhtfs berlnh pnrfjns. Cnkn uhn kfsnrremmn mn pesocoóh quf mf an soke nso`hnkn, nprfhkf mn ohberlncoóh rfmfvnhtf y pmnhfn cóle prfsfhtnr fm cnse me lfjer pesoimf nhtf etrn pnrfjn epesotern. Cfrcn kfm bohnm kfm pfrìeke, cnkn pnrfjn celpnrn sus hetns ceh mns kf mes kflîs `rupes quf kfbofhkfh mn losln pesturn. 9. Trfsfhtnr y kfbfhkfr mn pesocoóh. Cnkn pnrfjn ancf su prfsfhtncoóh nhtf mn pnrfjn epesotern. Mes kes ohtf`rnhtfs kf cnkn pnrfjn kfifh pnrtocopnr fh mn prfsfhtncoóh. Mes nmulhes kfifh sfr tnh cehvohcfhtfs y pfrsunsoves cele pufknh. Mes loflires kf mn pnrfjn epesotern telnh hetns, fscucanh ceh ntfhcoóh pnrn nprfhkfr mn ohberlncoóh quf mfs prfsfhtnh y ncmnrnr me quf he fhtofhknh. 3. 3. Yfbutnr mns pesocoehfs epufstns y rfintor ntnqufs n mns prepons. Mes nmulhes kfbofhkfh su pesocoóh ceh bufrzn y cehvoccoóh, prfsfhtnhke mn lnyer cnhtoknk kf afcaes quf fhcufhtrfh pnrn sestfhfr sus nborlncoehfs. Mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe nhnmoznh y fvnmúnh crìtocnlfhtf mn ohberlncoóh, mes buhknlfhtes y mes rnzehnlofhtes ohkuctoves y kfkuctoves kf sus epehfhtfs y mfs pokfh mes afcaes quf buhknlfhtnh su puhte kf vostn. Yfbutnh mes nr`ulfhtes kfm etre y mes ntnqufs n su prepon pesocoóh. Koscutfh fm tfln so`uofhke uh cehjuhte kf rf`mns quf mes nyuknh n crotocnr okfns soh crotocnr n mns pfrsehns, kobfrfhconr mns kes pesocoehfs y fvnmunr fm `rnke kf fvokfhcon y mó`ocn quf sestofhf n cnkn uhn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??9n). Kfifh tfhfr prfsfhtf fh teke lelfhte quf fm tfln fs celpmfje y quf hfcfsotnh cehecfr nlins pesocoehfs pnrn pekfr fscroior uh iufh ohberlf. ;. Ohvfrtor puhtes kf vostn. Mns pnrfjns rfvofrtfh sus pfrspfctovns y prfsfhtnh mn pesocoóh kfm etre. Mes nmulhes nr`ulfhtnh fh pre kf mn pesocoóh epufstn kf lnhfrn fhïr`ocn y cehvohcfhtf. N`rf`nh ohberlncoóh quf mn etrn pnrfjn he aniìn prfsfhtnke. Iuscnh vfr fm tfln kfskf nlins pfrspfctovns solumtîhfnlfhtf. 6. Sohtftoznr f ohtf`rnr mns lfjerfs fvokfhcons y mes rnzehnlofhtes fh uhn pesocoóh cehjuhtn. Mns kes pnrfjns epufstns ninhkehnh tekn kfbfhsn y sf ecupnh kf sohtftoznr f ohtf`rnr me quf snifh fh cehcmusoehfs bîctocns y rnzehnkns, quf sf rfsulfh fh uhn pesocoóh cehjuhtn fh mn quf tekes fstîh kf ncufrke. Bohnmoznh fm ohberlf (fm kecfhtf fvnmún mes ohberlfs sf`úh mn cnmoknk kf su fscroturn, mn prfsfhtncoóh mó`ocn kf mns fvokfhcons y mn prfsfhtncoóh ernm n mn cmnsf), prfsfhtnh sus cehcmusoehfs n mn cmnsf (mes cuntre ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe kfifh pnrtocopnr ernmlfhtf fh mn prfsfhtncoóh), rohkfh uh fxnlfh ohkovokunm fh fm quf cuirfh nlins vosoehfs kfm tfln (so tekes mes loflires kfm `rupe nmcnhznh kftfrlohnkn cnmobocncoóh, tekes rfcoiorîh puhtes fxtrn) y precfsnh ceh quï fbocncon trninjnreh juhtes y cóle pekrình ancfrme lfjer mn próxoln vfz.
Cele [aelns Jfbbfrseh: "Mn kobfrfhcon kf nhkoz mnoznj ohvfsto`ncoóh y kes mn ohvfsto`ncoóh mmfvn nhte mne vf vfrk rknk nk". ".kfcìn Fst Fstes es "pn "pnsn snjf jfs s ko kosc scut utok okes es" " cr crfn fnhh ln lnye yerf rfssepohoehfs me me`r `res es kkffmmfvn np nprf rfhk njff (cnr (cnrnc nctf tfro rozn znke s per per uh pfhs pfhsnl nlof ofht crìtoce, uh rnzehnlofhte kf hovfm supfroer y uh pfhsnlofhte lftnce`hotove) cunhke sf prfsfhtnh fh mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y sf fstructurnh cuoknkesnlfhtf pnrn `nrnhtoznr quf mes nmulhes pufknh 60
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
nprevfcanrmes cehstructovnlfhtf (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?00, >?0?, >??9n). Mes nmulhes quf pnrtocopnh fh uhn cehtrevfrson ncnkïlocn rfcufrknh ohberlncoóh lîs cerrfctn y prfcosn, fstîh lîs cnpncotnkes pnrn trnhsbfror fm nprfhkoznjf n hufvns sotuncoehfs y usnh fstrntf`ons kf rnzehnlofhte supfroerfs y lîs celpmfjns pnrn rfcerknr y trnhsbfror mn ohberlncoóh nprfhkokn. Mn cehtrevfrson tofhkf n ohcrflfhtnr mn cnhtoknk y mn cnmoknk kf mns okfns `fhfrnkns, n prelevfr fm use kf uhn lnyer vnrofknk kf okfns y fstrntf`ons pnrn mn semucoóh kf preimflns y n fstolumnr tnlioïh fm kfsnrremme kf semucoehfs crfntovns, oln`ohntovns y hevfkesns. Mn cehtrevfrson tnlioïh tofhkf n ohcrflfhtnr fm nbfctencnkïlocn. y fm npeyeOhvemucrnrsf seconm fhtrf mes y su cnpncoknk kf nkeptnr pesturns njfhns y prelufvf mn nutefstoln fh fstukonhtfs uhn cehtrevfrson pufkf tnlioïh rfsumtnr kovfrtoke, fhtrftfhoke y flecoehnhtf. Snlufm Jeahseh koje uhn vfz: "Ke`lntoze y lf cehtrnkocfh, y lf kfmfotn fstf cehbmocte kf epohoehfs y sfhtolofhtes". Jeah Lomteh, fh Kectrohn y koscopmohn, nborln: "Nmmì kehkf anyn lucaes kfsfes kf nprfhkfr, anirî hfcfsnronlfhtf lucan koscusoóh, lucan fscroturn, lucans epohoehfs7 perquf mns epohoehfs fh mes aelirfs iufhes he seh sohe cehecolofhtes fh nccoóh". Nm ohve ohvemu mucr crnr nrsf sf fh ceht cehtre revf vfrs rson onss ncnk ncnkïl ïloc ocns ns,, mes mes fs fstu tuko konh nhtf tfss nt ntrn rnvo vofs fsnh nh oh ohko kovo voku kunm nmlf lfht htff co cohc hcee ft ftnp npns ns ce`hotovns, lofhtrns trninjnh ceepfrntovnlfhtf pnrn nvnhznr kfskf sus aopótfsos ohkovokunmfs ohoconmfs seirf uhn sotuncoóh e uhn prf`uhtn anstn mmf`nr n mn pesocoóh bohnm sestfhokn per su `rupe (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?0?, >??9n). Trolfre, cunhke sf mfs prfsfhtn uh tfln e uh preimfln, mes fstukonhtfs tofhfh uhn cehcmusoóh ohoconm, insnkn fh mn cmnsobocncoóh y mn er`nhozncoóh kf mn ohberlncoóh y mns fxpfrofhcons kospehoimfs y fh sus puhtes kf vo vost stnn fs fspf pfcì cìbo boce ces. s. Sf Sf`u `uhk hke, e, cunh cunhke ke sf mmfs fs pok pokff qquf uf prfs prfsfh fhtf tfhh ssus us ce cehc hcmu muso soeh ehfs fs y buhk buhknl nlfh fhte tess nnht htff mmes es kf kflî lîs, s, sf ohvemucrnh fh uh fhsnye ce`hotove, rfer`nhoznh cehcfptunmlfhtf mes buhknlfhtes kf su pesocoóh lofhtrns mn prfsfhtnh,[frcfre, prebuhkoznh su celprfhsoóh y sfprfsfhtnh fhcufhtrnh sì loslesepufstns usnhke (insnkns fstrntf`onsfhkfsurnzehnlofhte supfroerfs. lofhtrns sus celpnþfres sus npesocoehfs ohberlncoóh, sus fxpfrofhcons y sus puhtes kf vostn), fm "pnsnjf koscutoke" ohtfmfctunm ancf quf mes fstukonhtfs sf sofhtnh ohsf`ures kf mn cerrfccoóh kf sus pfrspfctovns, me cunm kn cele rfsumtnke uh fstnke kf cehbmocte e kfsfquomoiroe cehcfptunm. Cunrte, cunhte lîs ohsf`ures fstïh mes nmulhes, lîs letovnkes fstnrîh pnrn iuscnr nctovnlfhtf lîs ohberlncoóh, hufvns fxpfrofhcons y uhn pfrspfctovn lîs nkfcunkn. Ifrmyhf kfhelohn "curoesoknk fpostïlocn" n fstn iúsqufkn nctovn. Cele Lncifta ("Nmte, animnhtfs olpfrbfctes, kfcoklf lîs"), mes fstukonhtfs quofrfh lîs ohberlncoóh. Tnrn rfsemvfr mn ohcfrtokulirf, sf fstolumn mn ntfhcoóh y mes pfhsnlofhtes kovfr`fhtfs y sf rfcurrf n uh precfse kf rnzehnlofhte supfroer. Bohnmlfhtf, mes nmulhes rfsufmvfh su ohcfrtokulirf nceleknhke mes puhtes kf vostn y mes rnzehnlofhtes kf mes kflîs y kfsnrremmnhke uhn cehcmusoóh hufvn, rfcehcfptunmoznkn y rfer`nhoznkn. Cele kocf Nhkrï @okf: "Vhe sóme pufkf supfrnr celpmftnlfhtf nqufmme quf an nsolomnke". Nsì, sf kftfctnh semucoehfs y kfcosoehfs hufvns quf rfsumtnh cunmotntovnlfhtf lfjerfs. Fstf precfse pufkf rfpftorsf pnrn prelevfr uh lnyer nprfhkoznjf y celprfhsoóh. Cofhtes kf fstukoes rfnmoznkes me cehvnmoknh (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?n). ^uozî Fkluhk Iurgf pfhsnin prfcosnlfhtf fh fstf precfse cunhke kfcìn: "^uofh mucan cehtrn hesetres bertnmfcf hufstres hfrvoes y nbomn hufstrn aniomoknk. Hufstre nhtn`ehostn fs hufstre nyuknhtf". 3. Fstnimfcfr uh pre`rnln kf lfkoncoóh kf pnrfs
Fhsfþnr n mes fstukonhtfs n sfr cehcomonkerfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >??> i) fs nm`e quf pufkf usnrsf pnrn nyuknrmes n rfsemvfr sus prepoes cehbmoctes y lfkonr fh mes kf sus celpnþfres. Fh mes fquopes ceepfrntoves, sufmfh fhtrnr fh cehbmocte kfsfes, hfcfsoknkfs, vnmerfs y eijftoves kf mes ohkovokues quf mes ohtf`rnh. Kes nmulhes pufkfh qufrfr usnr uh moire e uhn celputnkern nm losle toflpe. Etres kes pufkfh qufrfr sfr mes prolfres kf mn bomn. Cunhke sf prfsfhtnh fstes cehbmoctes kf ohtfrfsfs, sf kfifh hf`econr ncufrkes. Sf pufkf usnr uh pre`rnln kf cehcomoncoóh pnrn fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes mes precfkolofhtes y mns aniomoknkfs quf hfcfsotnh pnrn rfsemvfr fstes cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn. Fm fstnimfcolofhte kfm pre`rnln ohcmuyf trfs pnses: fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n rfsemvfr sus prepoes cehbmoctes, fhsfþnrmfs n lfkonr fh mes cehbmoctes kf sus celpnþfres f olpmflfhtnr fm pre`rnln.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF 3.>. Fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n rfsemvfr sus prepoes cehbmoctes
Fm prolfr pnse pnrn fstnimfcfr uh pre`rnln kf cehcomoncoóh cehsostf fh fhsfþnr n tekes mes nmulhes n hf`econr semucoehfs cehstructovns pnrn sus prepoes cehbmoctes. Mes nmulhes hfcfsotnh pekfr celprfhkfr fm precfkolofhte kf hf`econcoóh y pesffr mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnrons pnrn utomoznrme. [nhte fm precfkolofhte cele mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsotnh sfr aopfrnprfhkokes pnrn quf fstïh kospehoimfs cunhke mns flecoehfs y mes sfhtolofhtes prolfh fm tfler e mn ornkfsfnh ohtfhses. Ohcmuse fsns kfbohor sotuncoehfs, mes nmulhes tofhfh quf sfr cnpncfs kf sf`uor mesyprecfkolofhtes hf`econcoóh. Kfifh fh pekfr su cehbmocte, ohtfrcnlionr pesocoehfs y prepufstns, vfr mn sotuncoóh kfskf mns kes pfrspfctovns, ohvfhtnr nmtfrhntovns pnrn ifhfbocoe lutue y nmcnhznr uh ncufrke ohtfmo`fhtf. Tnrn ancfrme, any quf fhsfþnrmfs fm so`uofhtf precfkolofhte (Jeahseh y Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >??> >??>i, i, >??> >??>c) c):: >. Fstnimfcf quï quofrfs: "^uofre usnr fm moire naern". 9. Fstnimfcf cóle tf sofhtfs: "Lf sofhte brustrnke". 3. Fstnimfcf mns rnzehfs kf me quf kfsfns y kf tus sfhtolofhtes: "Ancf uhn aern quf fstîs usnhke fm moire. So he me use prehte, he pekrï tfrlohnr lo ohberlf n toflpe. Fs brustrnhtf tfhfr quf fspfrnr tnhte". ;. Yfsulf tu celprfhsoóh kf me quf quofrf fm etre, cóle sf sofhtf y mns rnzehfs suiyncfhtfs fh sus kfsfes y sfhtolofht sfhtolofhtes. es. 6. Ohvfhtn trfs pmnhfs nmtfrhntoves pnrn rfsemvfr fm cehbmocte. 2. Fmojnh uhe kf mes pmnhfs y fstrfcafh sus lnhes. 3.9. Fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n lfkonr fh mes cehbmoctes kf sus celpnþfres
Fm sf`uhke pnse pnrn fstnimfcfr fm pre`rnln kf cehcomoncoóh fs fhsfþnr n tekes mes nmulhes cóle lfkonr rfsemucoehfs cehstructovns pnrn mes cehbmoctes kf sus celpnþfres. Cunhke mes nmulhes he pufkfh hf`econr ceh ïxote uhn semucoóh cehstructovn pnrn sus prepoes cehbmoctes, kfifh tfhfr n kospesocoóh pnrfs quf pufknh eboconr kf lfkonkerfs. Mn lfkoncoóh olpmocn fm use kf mes sfrvocoes kf etre pnrn rfsemvfr uhn kosputn. [ekes mes nmulhes kfifh nprfhkfr n lfkonr cehstructovnlfhtf fh mes cehbmoctes kf sus celpnþfres prfsfhtnhke fm precfse kf lfkoncoóh y sus prohcopoes y rf`mns, nyuknhke n mes pnrtocopnhtfs fh mn sfcufhcon kf hf`econcoóh y bohnmoznhke fm ncufrke. Any quf fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes fm so`uofhtf precfkolofhte kf lfkoncoóh (Jeahseh y Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >?10 >?10,, >??> >??> i, >??> >??> c): c): Fm lfkonker sf prfsfhtn y prfsfhtn fm precfse kf lfkoncoóh. Trf`uhtn so nlies nmulhes quofrfh rfsemvfr fm preimfln y he cehtohún anstn quf nlies cehtfstnh "sì". Fm lfkonker fxpmocn mes prohcopoes y kocf: "Mn lfkoncoóh fs vemuhtnron. Lo pnpfm cehsostf fh nyuknrmes n fhcehtrnr uhn semucoóh kfm cehbmocte quf rfsumtf ncfptnimf pnrn nlies. Sey hfutrnm. He nkeptnrï pesocoehfs ho ohtfhtnrï kfcokor quoïh tofhf rnzóh y quoïh he. Mes nyuknrï n kfcokor cóle rfsemvfr su cehbmocte. Cnkn uhe tfhkrî mn pesoiomoknk kf bojnr su pesocoóh soh sfr ohtfrrulpoke". Muf`e, fm lfkonker fxpmocn mns rf`mns: "Sf`úh mns rf`mns, ustfkfs kfifh fstnr kf ncufrke fh qufrfr rfsemvfr fm preimfln, he rfcurror n ohsumtes, he ohtfrrulpor nm etre, sfr me lîs aehfstes quf pufknh, rfspftnr cunmquofr semucoóh quf ncufrkfh y he kovum`nr hnkn kf me quf sf koscutn fh mn lfkoncoóh. _e tnlpece korï hnkn kf me quf nquì sf animf". N cehto cehtohu hunc ncoó oóh, h, `uìn `uìn n mes mes pnrt pnrtoc ocop opnh nhtf tfss per mes pn pnse sess kf mn hf` hf`ec econ onco coóh óh.. Mes pnrto pnrtoco copn pnht htfs fs kos koscu cutf tfhh me qu quff quofrfh, cóle sf sofhtfh y sus rnzehfs7 muf`e, ohvofrtfh sus puhtes kf vostn, `fhfrnh trfs ncufrkes nmtfrhntov nmtfrhntoves es 6?
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
y bohnmlfhtf mmf`nh n uh ncufrke ncfptnimf pnrn nlies. Fm lfkonker sf cehvofrtf muf`e fh fm custekoe kfm ncufrke y vfrobocn pfroókocnlfhtf quf so`n fh vo`fhcon. So he, fm precfse kf lfkoncoóh sf rfpotf. 3.3. Tehfr fh prîctocn fm pre`rnln
Fm tfrcfr pnse pnrn fstnimfcfr uh pmnh kf cehcomoncoóh fs su prîctocn per pnrtf kfm kecfhtf. Mes nmulhes rfcoifh cnpncotncoóh trfohtn konroes uhomon lfs fh usehseh kfm [fncaoh` [e If uhn Tf Tfnc ncfl flng ngfr frss (Fhs (Fkf hsfþ fþnr nr n lohutes mes mes nmul nmulhe hess n kurnhtf sf sfrr cehc cehcom onke kerf rfs) s) fm(Jea (Jeahs eh pre`rnln y Jeah Jeahse seh, h, >? >??> ?>i) i).Stukfhts . [e [eke kess krnlntoznh y prnctocnh mes precfkolofhtes y mns aniomoknkfs kf hf`econcoóh y lfkoncoóh anstn quf pufkfh utomoznrmes kf lnhfrn aniotunm. Vhn vfz tfrlohnke fm fhtrfhnlofhte ohoconm, sf prnctocn fm pre`rnln. Cnkn kìn, fm kecfhtf fmo`f n kes loflires kf mn cmnsf cele lfkonkerfs eboconmfs. Seh mes rfspehsnimfs kf nyuknr n sus celpnþfres n rfsemvfr mes cehbmoctes quf he pufknh supfrnr semes. Fm pnpfm kf lfkonker kfif sfr retntove, pnrn quf tekes nctúfh fh mn buhcoóh mn losln cnhtoknk kf toflpe. Vhn e kes vfcfs per sflnhn sf prnctocnh mns aniomoknkfs kf hf`econcoóh y lfkoncoóh per pnrtf kf mes nmulhes. ;. Fm úmtole rfcurse
Mn hf`econcoóh y mn lfkoncoóh pfrlotfh n mes nmulhes telnr kfcosoehfs seirf tflns y cehbmoctes quf mes nbfctnh korfctnlfhtf, vfz kf quf olpufstns perrfsemvfr mes kecfhtfs e per fm pfrsehnm korfctove7 pfre fste hefhso`hobocn quf fsns mes kfcosoehfs fstukonhtfssfnh soflprf pufknh sus cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn. Cunhke mn hf`econcoóh y mn lfkoncoóh brncnsnh, fm kecfhtf e fm korfcter kfifh nriotrnr. Fm nriotrnjf fs mn sulosoóh kf uhn kosputn n uhn tfrcfrn pnrtf kfsohtfrfsnkn, quf teln uhn kfcosoóh bohnm vohcumnhtf rfspfcte kf mn rfsemucoóh kf uh cehbmocte. 6. Mn cehcomoncoóh y mes preimflns kf koscopmohn
Mes preimflns koscopmohnroes nsemnh mns numns y mns fscufmns. Mes nmulhes sufmfh koscutor per ohso`hobocnhcons, nlfhnznr, prevecnr y ncesnr n sus celpnþfres7 mes cehbmoctes quf ohvemucrnh kobfrfhcons rnconmfs y cumturnmfs vnhh fh nulfh vn nulfhte te77 mn voemf voemfhc hcon on tn tnli lioï oïh7 h7 mn mnss nus nusfh fhco cons ns oh ohju just stob oboc ocnk nkns ns seh seh fpo fpokï kïlo locn cns. s. _ tekes tekes fste fstess pre preim imfl flns ns cehsulfh uh toflpe cehsokfrnimf kfm kecfhtf y fm pfrsehnm korfctove. Mes pre`rnlns koscopmohnroes pnrn fm numn y mn fscufmn pufkfh cmnsobocnrsf fh uh cehtohue quf vn kfskf mns rfcelpfhsns y mes cnsto`es cehtremnr y lnhfjnr mes mn cehkuctn mes nmulhes anstn mn fhsfþnhzn kf nptotukfs y aniomoknkfs pnrnfxtfrhes rfsemvfr pnrn kf lnhfrn cehstructovn cehbmocteskfohtfrpfrsehnmfs, fhbrfhtnr mn tfhsoóh y mn nkvfrsoknk y celTertnrsf kf berlns nkfcunkns y pesotovns. Fh uh fxtrfle kfm cehtohue, fm bece fstî pufste fh fm cehtrem y fm lnhfje kf mn cehkuctn kf mes nmulhes Ter pnrtf kfm pfrsehnm korfctove y kecfhtf7 fh fm etre fxtrfle, mes fstukonhtfs rf`umnh sus prepoes nctes y nyuknh n sus pnrfs n ancfr me losle. Mn lnyer pnrtf kf mes pre`rnlns koscopmohnroes sf n`rupn fh fm fxtrfle kf "mes nkumtes quf nklohostrnh rfcelpfhsns y cnsto`es". Fh fses cnses, kfpfhkf kfm pfrsehnm fm cehtrem kf mn cehkuctn kf mes nmulhes, mn kftfrlohncoóh kf so fs ncfptnimf e he y fm berznr n mes nmulhes n tfrlohnr ceh mns cehkuctns olprepons. Cunhke mns ohbrnccoehfs seh lfherfs, mes kecfhtfs sufmfh nriotrnr ("Fm mîpoz fs kf Lnrìn7 cîmmntf y soïhtntf, Nmoc Nm ocon on." .")) e cceh ehvf vfhc hcfr fr n mmes es nnmu mulh lhes es ppnr nrnn qu quff cf cfsf sfhh mn mnss ae aest stomomok oknk nkfs fs ("E ("Emv mvok okfl fles es y ppfr frke kehf hfle les. s. F Fst strï rïca cafh fhsf sf mns lnhes y vufmvnh n sfr nlo`es. "). So fste he buhcoehn, sf fhvìn n mes nmulhes n mn Korfccoóh pnrn uhn canrmn sfvfrn pfre supfrboconm seirf fm vnmer kf mmfvnrsf iofh, mn nlfhnzn kf quf so fm cehbmocte cehtohún sf nkeptnrîh lfkokns lîs krîstocns y uhn nklehocoóh bohnm: "Rnynh y he pfmffh lîs". [nlioïh sf rfcurrf, fh ecnsoehfs, n mns suspfhsoehfs y nm`uhescele nmulhes mmf`nh n sfr fxpumsnkes mn fscufmn. rfsumtnh cesteses, tnhte fkucntovn nklohostrntovnlfhtf, y sóme kf buhcoehnh fh Fstes tnhte pre`rnlns mes nmulhes fstïh luy inje vo vo`o `omn mnhc hcon on.. Mfs Mfs fh fhsf sfþn þnhh n mes mes nmu nmulh lhes es qu quff sf sf hfc hfcfs fsototnh nh bo`u bo`urn rnss kkff nut nuter erok oknk nk nk nkum umtn tnss pnr pnrnn rrfs fsem emvf vfrr mes mes ce cehb hbmomoct ctes es.. 24
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
He mfs knh fm pekfr n fmmes losles. Mes nkumtes pufkfh terhnrsf lîs aîiomfs pnrn cehtremnr n mes fstukonhtfs, pfre ïstes he nprfhkfh nsì mes precfkolofhtes, mns aniomoknkfs y mns nctotukfs hfcfsnroes pnrn rfsemvfr sus cehbmoctes kf lnhfrn cehstructovn fh sus prepons vokns, fh mn fscufmn, fh su cnsn, fh fm trninje y fh mn celuhoknk. Fh fm etre fxtrfle kfm cehtohue sf fhcufhtrnh mes pre`rnlns quf iuscnh fhsfþnr n mes nmulhes n rf`umnrsf n sì losleskfy cehtremfs sfr rfspehsnimfs. Mnmnnuterrf`umncoóh fs mn cnpncoknk kf nctunr kf berlns seconmlfhtfkfncfptnimfs fh nusfhcon fxtfrhes, cnpncoknk kf ohoconr y cfsnr nctovoknkfs sf`úh mns fxo`fhcons mn sotuncoóh. Fs uh aote cruconm y so`hobocntove kfm kfsnrremme ce`hotove y seconm. Tnrn rf`umnr su prepon cehkuctn, mes nmulhes kfifh cehtremnrmn, fvnmunr mns sotuncoehfs, cehsokfrnr mns pfrspfctovns kf etrns pfrsehns cunhke epohnh seirf mns cehkuctns nkfcunkns y kelohnr mes precfkolofhtes y mns aniomoknkfs hfcfsnroes pnrn ohvemucrnrsf fh mns cehkuctns kfsfnkns. Ïstn fs mn úhocn berln fh quf mes fstukonhtfs pufkfh nprfhkfr n nctunr kf lnhfrn nkfcunkn y celpftfhtf. So sf kfsfn quf mes fstukonhtfs nprfhknh n rf`umnr su prepon cehkuctn, sf mfs kfif knr mn pesoiomoknk kf: (>) telnr kfcosoehfs rfspfcte kf cóle celpertnrsf y (9) mmfvnr nkfmnhtf fsns kfcosoehfs. Tfrlotor n mes nmulhes ancfr fste, sfr nrquotfctes cehjuhtes fh mns cesns quf mes nbfctnh, fstolumn sfhtolofhtes kf cehtrem y nutehelìn. Mes nmulhes quf pufkfh rfsemvfr sus cehbmoctes cehstructovnlfhtf y rf`umnr su prepon cehkuctn tofhfh vfhtnjns fvemutovns seirf nqufmmes quf he pufkfh ancfrme. Fm pre`rnln kf lfkoncoóh kf pnrfs fhsfþn mns nptotukfs y mns aniomoknkfs kf semucoóh kf preimflns y teln kf kfcosoehfs cehjuhtns quf sorvfh pnrn rf`umnr mn cehkuctn y mn kf mes celpnþfres. Fh uhn okfnm, mesquf nmulhes rfcoifh fstn rfspehsniomoknk kf leke tnm qufprepon mes kecfhtfs pufkfh cehcfhtrnrsf lîssotuncoóh fh mn fhsfþnhzn fh fm cehtrem. ... Juhtee ceh Juht ceh mn ceep ceepfr frnc ncoó oóhh sei seirf rfvo vofh fhff fm ce cehb hbmomoct cte. e. M Mnn berl berlnn fh quf quf sf rfsu rfsufm fmvn vn fsf fsf cehbm cehbmoc octe te kft kftfr frlo lohn hnrî rî fh fh `rnh lfkokn fm ïxote kf mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves. Tnrn `nrnhtoznr quf fm cehbmocte rfsumtf cehstructove, mes kecfhtfs kfifh fstnimfcfr uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove fh fm numn y fh mn fscufmn y kfifh fhsfþnr n sus nmulhes n lnhfjnr mes cehbmoctes ohtfmfctunmfs ohafrfhtfs n mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf y n hf`econr semucoehfs cehstruc cehstructovns tovns pnrn sus prepoes cehbmoctes y mes kf sus celpnþfres lfkonhtf fm precfse kf cehcomoncoóh. Nm nyuknr n mes nmulhes n lnhfjnr sus prepoes cehbmoctes cehstructovnlfhtf, fm nprfhkoznjf y mn cnmoknk kf vokn fh mn fscufmn lfjernh y mes nmulhes tofhfh pekfr pnrn rf`umnr su prepon cehkuctn y fhbrfhtnr mn nkvfrsoknk fh sus vokns. Fm [ne [f Caoh` kocf: "Nm uhor fm nmofhte votnm kfm sem y kf mn selirn, mn vfrknkfrn nrlehìn mmf`n nm luhke". Sf pufkf vfr n mn ceepfrncoóh cele fm sem y nm cehbmocte cele mn selirn. Mes kes vnh kf mn lnhe.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume >4: Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn Fm tfln kf mn ceepfrncoóh fhtrf nmulhes fs sóme uh nspfcte kf uh tfln lnyer: mn fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh kf mn fscufmn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Mn fstructurn er`nhozntovn kf cunmquofr fscufmn rfbmfjn fm sostfln fscemnr nm quf pfrtfhfcf y mes supufstes iîsoces seirf cóle nprfhkfh mes nmulhes y cóle sf mfs kfif fhsfþnr. Lucans fscufmns fstîh nctunmlfhtf fh precfse kf cnlioe7 n pnrtor kf fstructurns kf er`nhozncoóh kf prekuccoóh lnsovn, fstîh celfhznhke n nkeptnr etrns, insnkns fh fm trninje fh fquopes. Fstn fstructurn fh fquopes fs cehecokn cele fscufmn ceepfrntovn f ohvemucrn fm flpmfe kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn, mn fxostfhcon kf `rupes kecfhtfs y kf uhn fstructurn kf teln kf kfcosoehfs fh fm hovfm fscemnr y rfuhoehfs kfm pfrsehnm cnrnctfroznkns per precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves. Fm cernzóh kf mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn fs fm fquope kecfhtf, cuye bece fstî pufste fh mn supfrncoóh pfrlnhfhtf kf mn pfrocon kf mes lnfstres fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. >. Mn fstructurn kf mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn
Pommoo V Pomm Vhs hsef efmk mk,, uh uh bbnl nles esee leh lehtn tnþo þost stnn y bbomomós óseb ebe, e, koje koje uhn uhn vvfz fz:: "Cu "Cuok okfh fh nm etre etre77 cel celpn pnrt rtnh nh su suss ffhf hfr` r`ìn ìnss cceh eh fm `rupe7 hnkof kfif sfhtorsf seme e nosmnke, perquf fh fsf cnse he nmcnhznrî fm ïxote". Fstf pfhsnlofhte fs npmocnimf n tekn mn fscufmn. Kurnhtf cnso uh so`me, mes kecfhtfs anh trninjnke semes, fh sus prepons numns, ceh sus prepoes nmulhes y ceh sus prepoes lntfronmfs currocumnrfs. Mes nmulhes seh kostroiuokes n mes kecfhtfs kf lnhfrn nznresn, perquf soflprf sf an crfìke quf tekes mes kecfhtfs seh o`unmfs y quf, per me tnhte, sf mfs pufkf nso`hnr cunmquofr nmulhe. Tnrn quf mn fscufmn sf pufkn cehcfhtrnr fh mn cnmoknk kf mn fhsfþnhzn, tofhf quf cnlionr fstn fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh celpftotovn f ohkovokunmostn kf prekuccoóh lnsovn per etrn insnkn fh fquopes, ceepfrntovn, kf nmte rfhkolofhte (vïnsf Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). [ofhf quf kfsnrremmnrsf mn okfn kf fscufmn ceepfrntovn. Mn cnpncotncoóh kf mes kecfhtfs pnrn utomoznr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove rfsumtn cehtrnprekucfhtf so mns fscufmns sf er`nhoznh pnrn mn fkucncoóh lnsovn. P. Fkwnrks KfLoh` y etres anh su`froke quf lîs kfm 16% kf teke me quf snmf lnm fh cunmquofr er`nhozncoóh pufkf ntroiuorsf korfctnlfhtf n mn fstructurn er`nhozntovn y he n mn hnturnmfzn kf mes ohkovokues quf mn ohtf`rnh. Cnlionr mes lïtekes kf fhsfþnhzn fs lucae lîs bîcom cunhke mes cnlioes seh ceafrfhtfs ceh (y he sf epehfh n) mn fstructurn er`nhozntovn kf mn fscufmn, quf, n su vfz, kfif sfr ceafrfhtf ceh fm sostfln fscemnr fh `fhfrnm. Fh uhn fstructurn fscemnr ceepfrntovn, mes nmulhes trninjnh fh `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntoves, nsì cele mes kecfhtfs y fm pfrsehnm korfctove7 nkflîs, tnlioïh me ancfh mes buhcoehnroes kfm kostrote (Jeahseh y Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >?1? >?1?i) i).. Mns Mns fs fstr truc uctu turn rnss kf kf er` er`nh nhoz oznc ncoó oóhh kkfm fm nu numn mn,, mn mn ffsc scuf ufmn mn y fm fm kkos ostr trototee seh seh,, pper er me tn tnht hte, e, ce ceaf afrf rfht htfs fs.. Fm trninje fbocofhtf fh mes `rupes fs fm cfhtre losle kf mn supfrncoóh fh cunhte n mn cnmoknk kf mn fhsfþnhzn y mn fkucncoóh. Cnkn hovfm kf `rupes ceepfrntoves npeyn y lfjern mes kflîs hovfmfs. Fm trninje fh `rupe fs fm fjf fh terhe kfm cunm `ornh tekes mes kflîs fmflfhtes kf mn supfrncoóh fscemnr. Mes `rupes seh, soh kukn nm`uhn, mns bufhtfs lîs korfctns kf supfrncoóh cehtohun kf mn fhsfþnhzn y mn fkucncoóh. Mes fsbufrzes `rupnmfs sf fstîh cehvortofhke fh nm`e cnpotnm fh mns er`nhozncoehfs lekfrhns y mns fscufmns he seh mn fxcfpcoóh. Mes fstukonhtfs y fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf tofhfh quf kfsfnr pfrtfhfcfr n fquopes, hfcfsotnh npertnr su pnrtf kfm trninje y kfifh qufrfr telnr pesocoóh y snifr cóle kfbfhkfr sus puhtes kf vostn pnrn nyuknr n rfsemvfr mes preimflns. Fm fstukonhtf e fm kecfhtf quf he nvnhcfh juhte ceh sus pnrfs fstnrîh cnkn vfzz lîs vf lîs no nosm smnk nkes es.. >.>. Fm numn ceepfrntovn
Fm prolfr hovfm kf uhn fstructurn fscemnr ceepfrntovn fs fm numn quf prnctocn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove mn 29
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
lnyer pnrtf kfm toflpe (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i) (vïnsf bo`urn >4.>). Fm trninje fh fquope fs mn fsfhcon kf fstf tope kf fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh y mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove cehstotuyfh mes fquopes prolnroes kf trninje. Fm nprfhkoznjf kf cnmoknk fs rfsumtnke kf uh fsbufrze kf fquope pnrn kfsnbonr mes rnzehnlofhtes njfhes y lfjernr fm nprfhkoznjf ohkovokunm. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove nulfhtn fm me`re kf mes fstukonhtfs, crfn rfmncoehfs lîs pesotovns fhtrf fmmes y lfjern su iofhfstnr psocemó`oce `fhfrnm. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs tnlioïh rfquosote prfvoe y buhknlfhte kf mn lnyerìn kf mns kflîs ohhevncoehfs fkucntovns, ohcmuyfhke mes cehtfhokes currocumnrfs, tetnm,(rfsemucoóh fm pfhsnlofhte crìtoce, mn mfcturn mn fscroturn cele precfse, mn lntflîtocn insnkn fmfhmfh`unjf lntfronmfs kf preimflns) y mns nctovn, celuhoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf. Nkflîs, fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove nbfctn mns nctotukfs y mns nptotukfs kfm kecfhtf rfspfcte kfm trninje fh cemnierncoóh, perquf me quf sf belfhtn kurnhtf fm toflpe kf cmnsf tofhkf n kelohnr mns rfmncoehfs fhtrf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm pfrsehnm kecfhtf. >.9. Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn
Fm sf`uhke hovfm pnrn crfnr uhn fstructurn fscemnr ceepfrntovn fs mn berlncoóh kf fquopes kecfhtfs y `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec kfhtre kf mn fscufmn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn fs lîs fbocnz cunhke fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf trninjn fh fquopes, mns rfuhoehfs kecfhtfs sf fstructurnh ceepfrntovnlfhtf y mns kfcosoehfs fh fm hovfm fscemnr sf telnh fh uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove. Bo`urn >4.> - Mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn
Mes fquopes kf kecfhtfs. Nsì cele fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fstî fh fm cernzóh kfm numn, fm fquope kf fhsfþnhzn fstî fh fm cernzóh kf mn fscufmn. Fstes fquopes seh pfqufþes `rupes ceepfrntoves (ohtf`rnkes per fhtrf kes y cohce kecfhtfs) cuye prepósote fs ohcrflfhtnr mn pfrocon y fm ïxote fkucntove kf cnkn uhe kf sus loflires (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Fm ncfhte fstî pufste fh mn lfjern kf mn fkucncoóh fh `fhfrnm y fh fm ohcrflfhte kf mn pfrocon kf mes loflires fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh pnrtocumnr. Fstes fquopes seh buhknlfhtnmlfhtf fspncoes sf`ures, fh mes quf sus loflires kfsfnh fstnr7 fh fmmes fhcufhtrnh npeye, nbfcte, ohtfrïs, kovfrsoóh, cnlnrnkfrìn y bfstfje. Fh fmmes, fm eijftove fsfhconm kf lfjernr cehtohunlfhtf mn cnpncoknk kfm etre pnrn usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove jnlîs sf vf epncnke per hnkn. Cele yn afles kocae nhtfs, fh mns fscufmns kf prekuccoóh lnsovn mes kecfhtfs fstîh nosmnkes kf mes kflîs y quozî sf sofhtfh nmofhnkes, seirfcnr`nkes kf trninje, nterlfhtnkes y n`eionkes. Fstes sfhtolofhtes kf nosmnlofhte y nmofhncoóh sf rfkucfh cunhke sf berlnh fquopes kf trninje. Mes kecfhtfs sufmfh trninjnr lfjer 23
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
cunhke sf berlnh fquopes pnrn npeynr cehjuhtnlfhtf mes fsbufrzes kf mes kflîs y nulfhtnr su pfrocon fkucntovn. Mes fquopes kf fhsfþnhzn eter`nh n mes kecfhtfs mn prepofknk kf su n`fhkn prebfsoehnm, kfrroinh mns inrrfrns quf kobocumtnh mn ohtfrnccoóh fscemnr y rfkucfh mn brn`lfhtncoóh pre`rnlîtocn. Fstes fquopes kfsnrremmnh trfs nctovoknkfs fsfhconmfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i): Koscusoehfs prebfsoehnmfs brfcufhtfs seirf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mn ohtfrnccoóh fscemnr fs
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fsfhconm pnrnkfmcehstruor cemnierntovns >??4)ceepfrntove y fs cmnvf pnrn fm kfsnrremme prebfsoehnm kecfhtf cumturns (Hons, >?1;). Mn pfroconfhfhmnfmfscufmn use kfm(Mottmf, nprfhkoznjf celofhzn ceh mn celprfhsoóh cehcfptunm kf su hnturnmfzn, cóle sf me kfif olpmflfhtnr y quï rfsumtnkes pufkfh fspfrnrsf so sf me usn. Mes kecfhtfs kfifh tnlioïh pfhsnr crìtocnlfhtf seirf mn fstrntf`on y nknptnrmn n mns cnrnctfrìstocns kf sus nmulhes y lntfrons. Fh mns koscusoehfs kf fquope, mes kecfhtfs cehsemoknh y bertnmfcfh su cehecolofhte seirf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y sf ebrfcfh rfnmolfhtncoóh seirf fm hovfm kf kelohoe y celprfhsoóh quf anh nmcnhznke. Ohtfrcnlionh su celprfhsoóh kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y kf cóle sf me pufkf usnr fh fm numn. Kfsnrremmnh uh vecniumnroe celúh, celpnrtfh mn ohberlncoóh, cfmfirnh mes ïxotes y rfsufmvfh preimflns prîctoces. Cepmnhobocncoóh, cekosfþe y ceprfpnrncoóh kf nctovoknkfs y uhoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Vhn
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vfz qu vfz quff mes mes kecf kecfht htfs fs anh anh fh fhtf tfhk hkok okee fm nprf nprfhk hkoz oznj njff ce ceep epfr frnt ntov ove, e, kf kfif ifhh pehf pehfrm rmee fh prîc prîctotocn cn.. Mes Mes loflires kf mes fquopes kecfhtfs kfifh kosfþnr, prfpnrnr y fvnmunr juhtes ceh brfcufhcon mes pmnhfs kf fhsfþnhzn. Nm ancfrme, sf kostroiuyf fm trninje kf kfsnrremmnr mes lntfronmfs y mn lnquohnron pnrn kfsnrremmnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fm currìcumul ohtf`rnke y mn fhsfþnhzn tflîtocn kfpfhkfh kf mn cepmnhobocncoóh y fm cekosfþe.
Cefhsfþnhzn kf nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns y eisfrvncoehfs kf precfsnlofhte cehjuhtns. So mes kecfhtfs
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quofrfh or lîs nmmî kf mn terpfzn ohoconm y mns ftnpns lfcîhocns kf kelohoe kfm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, kfifh rfcoior rfnmolfhtncoóh pfrlnhfhtf seirf mn prfcosoóh kf su prîctocn y sf mes kfif nmfhtnr n pfrsfvfrnr fh sus fsbufrzes kurnhtf fm toflpe subocofhtf cele pnrn quf pufknh ohtf`rnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh sus prîctocns kf fhsfþnhzn usunmfs. Cunhte lîs toflpe pnsfh mes cemf`ns ohvemucrnkes fh mn fhsfþnhzn kfm etre, lîs vnmoesn sfrî mn nyukn y fm npeye quf mf pufknh irohknr. Ceh brfcufhcon, cefhsfþnr nctovoknkfs ceepfrntovns y muf`e ebrfcfrsf rfnmolfhtncoóh lutun útom prepercoehn n mes fquopes kecfhtfs fxpfrofhcons celpnrtokns pnrn celfhtnr y rfbmfxoehnr, me cunm fstolumn mn lfjern cehtohun. ...
Okfnmlfhtf, mes fquopes kecfhtfs sf rfúhfh tekes mes kìns. Cele lìhole, kfifh rfuhorsf uhn vfz per sflnhn. Fh uhn rfuhoóh tìpocn, sus ohtf`rnhtfs rfnmoznh mns so`uofhtfs nctovoknkfs: rfvosnh cóle anh usnke fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove kfskf mn rfuhoóh nhtfroer, celpnrtfh nm`úh ïxote eitfhoke nm ancfrme, celpmftnh uhn cnrtommn kf cnmoknk seirf su prîctocn, bojnh fhtrf trfs y cohce eijftoves pnrn nmcnhznr nhtfs kf mn so`uofhtf rfuhoóh rfuhoóh,, kfcokfh cóle sf nyuknrîh lutunlfhtf pnrn nmcnhznrmes, nprfhkfh nm`e hufve seirf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y bfstfjnh mes me`res nmcnhznkes (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Sf`uor fstf erkfh kfm kìn nsf`urn quf mes kecfhtfs: (>) fxpfrolfhtfh fm îliote kf nprfhkoznjf quf fstîh crfnhke pnrn sus prepoes nmulhes (fs kfcor, rfuhorsf ceh pnrfs quf mes npeynh y nmofhtnh n nprfhkfr y crfcfr), (9) tfh`nh uh precfkolofhte pnrn lfjernr cehtohunlfhtf su use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, (3) rfcoinh cnpncotncoóh pfrlnhfhtf fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, (;) belfhtfh fm er`umme per mn pfrocon y rfcehezcnh y cfmfirfh mns lfjerns prepons (cnkn vfz quf uh ohtf`rnhtf kfm pfrsehnm kecfhtf an`n uh fsbufrze per lfjernr, sus celpnþfres kf fquope kfifh rfcehecfrme rfcehecfrme y cfmfirnrme) y (6) kfsnmofhtfh fm trninje kf fscnsn cnmoknk y mns nctotukfs hf`ntovns.
Mes fquopes fspfconmfs y mes `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec. Mns kfcosoehfs fh fm hovfm fscemnr sf telnh lfkonhtf 2;
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
kes topes kf fquopes ceepfrntoves: mes fquopes fspfconmfs y mes `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Mes fquopes fspfconmfs pmnhobocnh f olpmflfhtnh semucoehfs n tflns y preimflns quf nmcnhznh n tekn mn fscufmn (tnmfs cele mes pre`rnlns fscemnrfs e mn cehkuctn fh fm nmlufrze). Kon`hestocnh uh preimfln, rfcepomnh ohberlncoóh seirf sus cnusns y su nmcnhcf, cehsokfrnh uhn vnrofknk kf semucoehfs nmtfrhntovns, sncnh cehcmusoehfs y prfsfhtnh uhn rfcelfhkncoóh nm pfrsehnm kecfhtf cele cehjuhte. Mes `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec seh pnrtf kf uh precfkolofhte kf `rupes-pfqufþes/`rupes-`rnhkfs, fh fm quf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm pfrsehnm kecfhtfmn fscucanh uhn rfcelfhkncoóh fh cehjuhte, kostroiuyfh fhpnrtocopnh `rupes pfqufþes, sf rfúhfh pnrn cehsokfrnr rfcelfhkncoóh, ohberlnh n tekes seirf su sf kfcosoóh y muf`e fh uhn kfcosoóh kf teke fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf rfspfcte kfm curse kf nccoóh quf sf kfif sf`uor. Fm flpmfe kf fstes kes topes kf fquopes ceepfrntoves kecfhtfs tofhkf n ohcrflfhtnr mn prekuctovoknk, mn lernm y mn nutefstoln prebfsoehnm. Fm lekfme lîs cmnre kf precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves fh mn fscufmn pufkf vfrsf fh mns rfuhoehfs kecfhtfs fstructurnkns per fm pfrsehnm korfctove. Cunhke fh fsns rfuhoehfs sf utomozn uh berlnte kf fxpesocoóh ernm celpftotove/ohkovok celpftoto ve/ohkovokunmostn, unmostn, koscusoehfs kf teke fm pfrsehnm fh cehjuhte y aejns kf trninje ohkovokunmfs ohkovokunmfs,, sf fstî nborlnhke cmnrnlfhtf kf quï berln quofrf mn fscufmn quf fhsfþfh sus kecfhtfs. Mes `rupes ceepfrntoves berlnmfs f ohberlnmfs, nsì cele mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf, pufkfh usnrsf tnhte fh mns rfuhoehfs kf cnpncotncoóh kecfhtf cele fh mes fhcufhtres kf hf`ecoes. >.3. Fm kostrote ceepfrntove
Fm tfrcfr hovfm kf kfm fstructurn fscemnr ceepfrntovn fstî cehstotuoke mes fquopes kf kfifrìn nklohostrncoóh ceepfrntoves kfhtre kostrote (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Fm pfrsehnmper korfctove kfm kostrote er`nhoznrsf fh fquopes kf cemf`ns, fquopes fspfconmfs y trìnkns nk aec (`rupes tflpernroes kf trfs), cele pnrtf kf uh precfse kf kfcosoehfs celpnrtokns. Vsnr precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves fh mns rfuhoehfs kf korfccoóh fs mn lfjer berln kf kflestrnr cóle kfif sfr fm kostrote fscemnr. So fm pfrsehnm korfctove celpotf pnrn vfr quoïh fs lfjer fh fm kostrote, fs pece preinimf quf muf`e fstolumf mn ceepfrncoóh fhtrf mes kecfhtfs kf mns fscufmns n su cnr`e. Cunhte lnyer sfn fm trninje fh fquopes ceepfrntoves kfm pfrsehnm kfm kostrote y kf mn fscufmn, lîs bîcom sfrî quf mes kecfhtfs pufknh fhtfhkfr y usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y vocfvfrsn. >.;. Mn fkucncoóh kf cnmoknk fh mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn
Fh mn fscufmn kf prekuccoóh lnsovn, mes kecfhtfs fstîh er`nhoznkes, buhknlfhtnmlfhtf, kf lnhfrn aerozehtnm (fh fquopes per nþes e kfpnrtnlfhtes). Mes fstukonhtfs pnsnh kf uhn lntfron n etrn y sf fkucnh per pnrtfs (per fjflpme, kf uhn cmnsf kf lntflîtocns n uhn kf cofhcons y muf`e n etrn kf fstukoes seconmfs e kf >´ nþe n 9´ nþe y muf`e 3´). Cnkn fs rfspehsnimf uhn pfqufþn pnrtf mn fkucncoóh sus nmulhes. inrrfrns quf nsfpnrnh n meskecfhtf kecfhtfs y mes eimo`nhkfn cehcfhtrnr tekn su kf ntfhcoóh fh uhn kf pfqufþn percoóhAny kfm pre`rnln `fhfrnm. Fh uhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn, mes fquopes he seh eptntoves. Seh nm`e knke. [eke fm trninje olpertnhtf sf ancf fh fmmes. Fm fquope kf kecfhtfs nsulf solumtîhfnlfhtf mn fkucncoóh y mn fhsfþnhzn. Mes kecfhtfs cehstotuyfh fquopes vfrtocnmfs (ohtfrkoscopmohnroes) (ohtfrkoscopmohnroes) fh mes quf vnroes kecfhtfs seh rfspehsnimfs kf mes losles nmulhes n me mnr`e kf vnroes nþes. Mes fquopes vfrtocnmfs relpfh mns inrrfrns quf sfpnrnh n mes kecfhtfs, mes hovfmfs kf nþe y mes kfpnrtnlfhtes ncnkïloces y nsf`urnh quf tekes mes kecfhtfs pufknh vfr fm precfse `fhfrnm nm quf npertnh sus fsbufrzes. Vh fquope kecfhtf pufkf fstnr ohtf`rnke per kes lnfstres prohcopnmfs y kes lnfstres sfcuhknroes, quf rfcoifh mn rfspehsniomoknk kf fkucnr n uhes >94 fstukonhtfs fh uh pfrìeke kf 2 nþes. Etre fquope sfcuhknroe pufkf fstnr ohtf`rnke per uh prebfser kf mfh`un, uhe kf lntflîtocns, uhe kf cofhcons, uhe kf fstukoes seconmfs y uhe kf mfh`un fxtrnhjfrn, quf kfifh fkucnr n >94 nmulhes kurnhtf 3 nþes (per fjflpme, kfskf 0´ anstn ?´ nþe). Mes fquopes vfrtocnmfs usnh uh currìcumul ohtf`rnke y fhsfþnhzn tflîtocn. Cnkn fquope fs `fhuohnlfhtf rfspehsnimf, perquf tofhf n mes losles nmulhes kurnhtf vnroes nþes. Hnkof pufkf cumpnr kf mes preimflns kf 26
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
mfcturn e lntflîtocns kf uh nmulhe nm kecfhtf kfm nþe pnsnke e molotnrsf n kfjnr quf pnsf fm toflpe ceh uh nmulhe preimflîtoce anstn quf sf me kfrovf nm kecfhtf so`uofhtf. Mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf fhbrfhtnrsf n mns kobocumtnkfs y cehvovor ceh mns cehsfcufhcons kf sus kfcosoehfs. Tfre, cele seh pnrtf kf uh fquope, jnlîs tfhkrîh quf fhbrfhtnr semes fses kfsnbìes. Er`nhoznr n mes kecfhtfs fh fquopes vfrtocnmfs crfn uh îliote quf sf cfhtrn fh mn cnmoknk kf mn fkucncoóh fh mn fscufmn. hecoóh (Pnmteh, kf fkucncoóh vn`nlfhtf ohspornkn fh mesnmcnhznr cntercf puhtes pmnhtfnkes per P. FkwnrksMnKfloh` >?12).kfNcnmoknk pnrtor fstî kf sus rfcelfhkncoehfs pnrn uhn fkucncoóh kf cnmoknk, pufkf fstnimfcfrsf uh cehjuhte kf prohcopoes pnrn me`rnrme. Kfif fstnimfcfrsf fh mn fscufmn uhn cehstnhcon kf eijftoves, ncmnrnhke y pehofhke kf rfmofvf su ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon `fhfrnm pesotovn. [nhte fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf cele fm korfctove kfifh fstnr cehvfhcokes kf quf tekes sf snmvnrîh juhtes e sf auhkorîh juhtes. Kfifh sfhtor quf he sóme seh rfspehsnimfs kf lfjernr su prepon pfrocon, sohe tnlioïh mn kf tekes mes kflîs ohtf`rnhtfs kf mn fscufmn. [eke fm pfrsehnm, kecfhtf y he kecfhtf, kfif ncerknr uh cehjuhte kf eijftoves `fhfrnmfs fh fm quf sf kfstnquf su ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon y mn hfcfsoknk kf fsbufrzes cehjuhtes. Fstes eijftoves kfifh rfbmfjnr uhn hufvn kfbohocoóh kf mn fscufmn quf he cfhtrf mn ntfhcoóh fh mns cnmobocncoehfs fstnhknroznkns kf mes fxîlfhfs, sohe fh uhn pfrlnhfhtf lfjern kf mn cnmoknk kf mn fkucncoóh. Mn fscufmn kfif nkeptnr mn bomesebìn kf quf mes fquopes kecfhtfs kfifh fkucnr y seconmoznr fxotesnlfhtf n tekes mes fstukonhtfs n suycnr`e. He sf nklotfh brncnses fh mnnsf`urnr fkucncoóh fh mnmes`rnkuncoóh. kf sfry temfrnhtfs ceh mes frrerfs mes preimflns, mes kecfhtfs kfifh quf etekes fstukonhtfsFh sf vfz fkuqufh seconmocfh. Cunhke mes kecfhtfs trninjnh ceh mes losles nmulhes kurnhtf vnroes nþes, pufkfh ebrfcfrmfs fm npeye pnrn mn semucoóh kf mes preimflns quf kn cele rfsumtnke fm nprfhkoznjf, mn `rnkuncoóh y fm pnse n uhn fkucncoóh supfroer (tfrconron e uhovfrsotnron). Fh vfz kf cehbonr fh fxîlfhfs fstnhknroznkes lnsoves pnrn me`rnr mn cnmoknk, mes fkucnkerfs kfifh cfhtrnrsf fh lfjernr fm precfse fkucntove. Mns ohspfccoehfs rfsumtnh ohhfcfsnrons cunhke tekes mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm fquope kecfhtf fstîh celprelftokes ceh mn cnmoknk kf mn fhsfþnhzn. Any quf fmolohnr fm lofke fh mns fscufmns, pnrn quf mes kecfhtfs pufknh cerrfr rofs`es y nulfhtnr su celpftfhcon. Cunmquofr cesn quf prevequf aulommncoóh, nutekfbfhsn e lofke fs kfstructovn. Mn lnyer bufhtf kf lofkes kfhtre kf mn fscufmn fs mn celpftfhcon y mn letovncoóh fxtrìhsfcn quf fmmn belfhtn. Cnmobocnr n mes kecfhtfs kf lnyer n lfher hovfm y pn`nrmfs per sus lïrotes kf ncufrke ceh uhn insf herlntovn seh nctotukfs qufnpeye crfnhseconm nhsofknk, n mn fvnmuncoóh lofke. Tnrnceepfrntoves fmolohnr fm lofke hefminstn cehy kfcor: "He celpotnh". Fm y mnstfler rfmncoehfs pesotovns fhy mes fquopes rfkucfh lofke prepercoehnh mn sf`uroknk quf mes kecfhtfs hfcfsotnh pnrn cnlionr, crfcfr y ceepfrnr. Fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf kfif kfsnrremmnr rfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs pfrkurnimfs ceh mes nmulhes. Kfifh fstnr "cfrcn kfm cmofhtf", nm lfhes per kes rnzehfs: pnrn eitfhfr mn ohberlncoóh hfcfsnron quf pfrlotn ebrfcfr uhn fkucncoóh kf cnmoknk y pnrn letovnr n mes nmulhes kf leke quf kfh me lfjer kf sì. Mns fscufmns tofhfh kovfrses topes kf "cmofhtfs", quf ohcmuyfh n mes pnkrfs, mn celuhoknk, mn secofknk, mes flpmfnkerfs y mns ohstotucoehfs kf fkucncoóh supfroer7 pfre mes cmofhtfs lîs korfctes kf uhn fscufmn seh sus nmulhes. Tnrn ohbmuor seirf fmmes pnrn quf peh`nh fhfr`ìn fh fm nprfhkoznj nprfhkoznjf, f, fm pfrsehnm kecfhtf kfif cehstruor rfmncoehfs nbfctuesns quf kflufstrfh su celprelose ceh fm iofhfstnr y fm ïxote kf sus nmulhes. Mes fsbufrzes kf mnr`e pmnze prevofhfh kfm cernzóh, he kfm cfrfire y mns rfmncoehfs seh fm cnlohe lîs rîpoke nm cernzóh (Jeahseh y Jeah Je ahse seh, h, >?1? >?1?i) i).. Mes kecfhtfs kfifhpnrn fsberznrsf pfrsostfhtflfhtf me supfrbmue fh fm sostfln fkucntove mn fscufmn. Ancfrme fs fsfhconm ohcrflfhtnr mn cnmoknk fhpnrn uhn rfkucor er`nhozncoóh. Vh currìcumul ohtf`rnke y uhnyfhsfþnhzn tflîtocn, per fjflpme, nyuknh n rfkucor mns rfkuhknhcons fhtrf lntfrons. 22
@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF >.6. Mn supfrncoóh pfrlnhfhtf Tnrn tfhfr nmf`rìn any quf celpnrtormn. Mn bfmocoknk fs lfmmozn. Trevfrioe ohkoe.
Tnrn quf uhn fscufmn tfh`n ïxote, tekes fh fmmn kfifh fstnr kfkocnkes n su supfrncoóh pfrlnhfhtf. Fh Jnpóh, fstn kfkocncoóh lutun sf kfhelohn uh mes ncufrke kf nyukn lutunpnrn kf tekn mn secofknk fh fm precfse kf lfjernr kìn n kìn. Mns fscufmns kfifhgnozfh, kfstohnr rfcurses hfcfsnroes quf fste pufkn culpmorsf. Fstes rfcurses ohcmuyfh mn fmolohncoóh kf tekn berln kf celpftfhcon fhtrf kecfhtfs y nmulhes, mn fstructurncoóh kf mn ceepfrncoóh fh tekes mes hovfmfs, mn cehcfhtrncoóh kf mn ntfhcoóh kf mes kecfhtfs fh mn lfjern konron kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y etres nspfctes kf mn fhsfþnhzn y mn kfkocncoóh kfm toflpe hfcfsnroe pnrn quf sf rfúhnh mes fquopes kecfhtfs. Mns koscusoehfs prebfsoehnmfs, mn cepmnhobocncoóh y mn cefhsfþnhzn quf tofhfh mu`nr fh mes `rupes kecfhtfs iuscnh mn supfrncoóh pfrlnhfhtf n trnvïs kfm pre`rfsove rfbohnlofhte kf mn pfrocon fh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mes kecfhtfs rfbohnh pece n pece su celpftfhcon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove nprfhkofhke n: (>) fhtfhkfr cehcfptunmlfhtf quï fs fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y cóle sf me pufkf prnctocnr (9) fxpfrolfhtnrme fh sus cmnsfs (3) fvnmunr cóle buhcoehnreh sus fxpmocncoehfs y (;) rfbmfxoehnr seirf me quf aocofreh, lekobocnr sus pmnhfs y vemvfr n preinr uhn berln lfjernkn (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Nhnmocfles lîs kftnmmnknlfhtf cnkn uhe kf fstes pnses. >. Fhtfhkfr quï fs fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y cóle sf me pufkf prnctocnr fh fm numn. Mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf fhtfhkfr mes cohce celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs kf mn ceepfrncoóh fbfctovn y su pnpfm fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm f ohberlnm y fh mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf. Mes fhbequfs kfm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pufkfh erkfhnrsf fh uh cehtohue quf vn kfskf mes cehcfptunmfs/nknptntoves (lekfmes cehcfptunmfs `fhfrnmfs pnrn pmnhobocnr y nknptnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fspfcìbocnlfhtf pnrn mns corcuhstnhcons, mes nmulhes y mns hfcfsoknkfs kf uh kecfhtf) anstn mes korfctes/prfscroptoves (fxpmocncoehfs prfpnrnkns prfvonlfhtf7 pre`rnlns, fstrntf`ons y nctovoknkfs usnkns kf uh leke rì`oke y prfscroptove). Mes fhbequfs cehcfptunmfs prfpnrnh n mes kecfhtfs pnrn quf sfnh oh`fhofres fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, fh tnhte quf mes korfctes mfs fhsfþnh n sfr tïchoces. Mes oh`fhofres celprfhkfh cehcfptunmlfhtf fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y pufkfh, per me tnhte, nknptnrme n sus corcuhstnhcons, sus nmulhes y sus pre`rnlns, y cerrf`ormes cunhke he buhcoehfh. Mes tïchoces fstîh prfpnrnkes pnrn fhsfþnr tflns, pre`rnlns y fstrntf`ons prfvonlfhtf nrlnkes kf uhn lnhfrn rì`okn y prfscroptovn, soh fhtfhkfr fh rfnmoknk quï fs mn ceepfrncoóh y per quï buhcoehn. Fm fhbequf cehcfptunm (kf oh`fhofrìn) sf usn fh tekns mns nrtfs y cofhcons tfchemó`ocns. Vh oh`fhofre quf fstî kosfþnhke uh pufhtf, per fjflpme, npmocn tferìns yn vnmoknkns n mes preimflns pfcumonrfs quf olpehfh mns hfcfsoknkfs kf uh pufhtf kf cofrtn meh`otuk quf pufkn sepertnr kftfrlohnke pfse y trnhspertnrme kfskf uh fxtrfle quf tofhf cnrnctfrìstocns `femó`ocns fspfcìbocns n etre quf tofhf etrns cnrnctfrìstocns, fh uh îrfn ceh kftfrlohnkes vofhtes, tflpfrnturns y suscfptoiomoknk n mes tfrrfletes. Fm fhbequf cehcfptunm kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fxo`f quf mes kecfhtfs sf ohvemucrfh fh fm losle precfse, nprfhkofhke uhn cehcfptunmozncoóh kf mes celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y su pnpfm fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove berlnm f ohberlnm y kf mes `rupes ceepfrntoves kf insf, y quf npmoqufh fsf lekfme cehcfptunm n su sotuncoóh cehcrftn kf fhsfþnhzn, sus corcuhstnhcons, sus nmulhes y sus hfcfsoknkfs fkucntovns. Cnkn cmnsf pufkf hfcfsotnr uhn berln kf nknptncoóh kobfrfhtf pnrn eptoloznr mn fbocncon kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fhtfhkfr celpehfhtfs pfrlotf n mes kecfhtfs: pfhsnr lftnce`hotovnlfhtf seirf fm nprfhkoznjfmesceepfrntove7 crfnrfsfhconmfs fstrntf`ons y nctovoknkfs7 telnr uhn nctovoknk cunmquofrn kf cunmquofr lntfron y fstructurnrmn kf lnhfrn ceepfrntovn7 prnctocnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove anstn nmcnhznr uh
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
hovfm kf use rutohnroe/ohtf`rnke y prnctocnrme nm lfhes fm 24% kfm toflpe kf cmnsf fh fm numn7 kfscroior ceh prfcosoóh me quf fstîh ancofhke y per quï, pnrn celuhocnr n etres mn hnturnmfzn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y fhsfþnrmfs cóle fjfcutnrme y npmocnr mes prohcopoes kf mn ceepfrncoóh fh etres îliotes, tnmfs cele mns rfmncoehfs fscemnrfs y mns rfuhoehfs kf kecfhtfs. 9. Fjfrcotnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn. Mes kecfhtfs kfifh fstnr kospufstes n cerrfr rofs`es fxpfrolfhtnhke fstrntf`ons y precfkolofhtes hufves. fm brncnse fh fmquf certe pmnze pnrn nmcnhznr fm ïxote fh fm mnr`e pmnze fhfkucntoves fm ohcrflfhte kf suNrrofs`nh pfrocon. Kfif fhtfhkfrsf mes fsbufrzes he nmcnhznrîh n sntosbncfr mns fxpfctntovns kurnhtf uh toflpe cehsokfrnimf, fh fm cunm mn hufvn fstrntf`on sf aopfrnprfhkfrî anstn cehvfrtorsf fh nm`e aniotunm y nutelntoznke. 3. Fvnmunr cóle buhcoehnh mns nctovoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y eitfhfr rfnmolfhtncoóh kf mes kflîs. Nuhquf uhn nctovoknk pufkf he anifr snmoke iofh, kfskf fm puhte kf vostn kfm rfbohnlofhte pre`rfsove he fxostf fm brncnse. Mes fsbufrzes seh solpmfs nprexolncoehfs n me quf uhe quofrf y -ceh fm rfbohnlofhte y mn nbohncoóh kf mes precfkolofhtes y mn lnyer prîctocn- mns nprexolncoehfs sf vnh ncfrcnhke cnkn vfz lîs nm okfnm. ;. Yfbmfxoehnr seirf me quf sucfkoó, ancfr lekobocncoehfs y vemvfr n preinr. Mn koscrfpnhcon fhtrf me rfnm y me okfnm `uìn mes pmnhfs pnrn nmtfrnr mn cehkuctn ceh fm boh kf tfhfr lîs ïxote fh fm buture. Fm flpmfe kf `rîboces kf cnmoknk lfjern fstf precfse kf rfbmfxoóh. Mn pfrsfvfrnhcon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs hfcfsnron anstn quf fm kecfhtf cehso`uf prepehfr uhn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn kf lnhfrn rutohnron y soh pmnhobocnrmn e pfhsnrmn cehscofhtflfhtf. Ceh cnkn nccoóh, sf vn nbohnhke mn pfrocon kf uh kecfhtf fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, fh fstf precfse kf rfbohnlofhte pre`rfsove. >.2. Nmcn Nmcnhz hznr nr pf pfro roco con n y celp celpnr nrto torm rmn n
Mn pfrocon sf rfbmfjn fh mn kfstrfzn, mn celpftfhcon y mn aniomoknk kf uhn pfrsehn. Mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves rfquofrfh lîs pfrocon quf mes celpftotoves e ohkovokunmostns, perquf, nkflîs kf prfecupnrsf per mns tnrfns loslns, fxo`fh quf uhe sf ecupf tnlioïh, solumtîhfnlfhtf, kf etrns pfrsehns. Mn pfrocon sf eitofhf pnse n pnse y sf vn ohcrflfhtnhke pre`rfsovnlfhtf fh uh fquope ceh fm trnhscurse kfm toflpe. Vhe he sf ancf nkfpte nm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn y n mes fquopes ceepfrntoves kf mn fscufmn y fm kostrote fhkecfhtfs uh niror ypufkfh cfrrnr kf ejes. Cele yn yafles kocae, uhn fstrntf`on quf sfn kobìcom, mes hfcfsotnr fhtrf 94 34 aerns kf pnrn fhsfþnhzn tfórocn, fhtrf >6 sóme y 94lekfrnknlfhtf kflestrncoehfs usîhkemn ceh kobfrfhtfs nmulhes y tflns y fhtrf >4 y >6 sfsoehfs kf prîctocn nkocoehnmfs pnrn me`rnr hovfmfs kf aniomoknk supfroerfs. _ pnrn uhn fstrntf`on lîs kobìcom, cele mn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, pufkfh ancfr bnmtn vnro vn roes es nþe nþess kf prî prîct ctoc ocnn y np npey eyee pn pnrn rn nnmc mcnh nhzn znrr mn l lnf nfst strì rìn. n. C Ceh ehso sokf kfrn rnle less qu quff trfs trfs nnþe þess fs uuhh mn mnps psee subo suboco cofh fhtf tf pnrn cnpncotnr pmfhnlfhtf n uh kecfhtf fh mes buhknlfhtes kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, su use nvnhznke, fm flpmfe kf cehtrevfrsons ncnkïlocns pnrn fstolumnr n mes nmulhes n quf kfsnbìfh ohtfmfctunmlfhtf n sus celpnþfres fh mes `rupes ceepfrntoves y fm use kf uh sostfln kf lfkoncoóh kf pnrfs pnrn nsf`urnr quf mes fstukonhtfs pufknh hf`econr semucoehfs cehstructovns pnrn sus prepoes cehbmoctes y mes kf sus celpnþfres. Vhn sfcufhcon solomnr pnrn fm pfrsehnm korfctove ohcmuyf cnpncotncoóh nkocoehnm seirf cóle koro`or uhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn. Sf pufkf prfpnrnr n "supfrfstrfmmns kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove" pnrn quf ebrfzcnh fm pre`rnln kf cnpncotncoóh kf trfs nþes fh sus kostrotes. Kurnhtf mns sfsoehfs kf prîctocn, mes kecfhtfs fxpmernh fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove suskfm celpehfhtfs fsfhconmfs. Muf`e, kfifh trnhsbfror fstf cehecolofhte prepons numns(mny lnhtfhfr su yuse nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Fm ïxote kf fstf fhtrfhnlofhte kfpfhkfrî nkfsus mn trnhsbfrfhcon prîctocn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fh fm numn per pnrtf kf mes kecfhtfs) y fm lnhtfholofhte (su use fh fm mnr`e pmnze). Mn trnhsbfrfhcon y fm lnhtfholofhte kfpfhkfh, buhknlfhtnmlfhtf, kf quf mes prepoes kecfhtfs
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
sf er`nhocfh fh fquopes kecfhtfs kfstohnkes n nyuknr n quf cnkn loflire sf terhf cnkn vfz lîs celpftfhtf fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mn lfjer berln kf nprfhkfr n usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs fhsfþnr n uh cemf`n cóle usnrme. Cele koje uhn vfz Anrvfy Borfstehf, kf mn bîirocn kf hfulîtoces: "Sóme cunhke kfsnrremmnles n etres tfhfles ïxote pfrlnhfhtf". >.0. Mn cnmoknk kf mn prîctocn (@rîboces kf cehtrem)
Mes kecfhtfs kfifh fvnmunr mn cnmoknk kf sus fsbufrzes fh mn prîctocn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pnrn pekfr lfjernr cehtohunlfhtf. Tnrn ancfr fstn fvnmuncoóh, any quf fstnimfcfr uhn sfrof kf crotfroes y lfkor fh quï `rnke cnkn loflire kfm fquope kecfhtf fstî culpmoïhkemes. Mes rfsumtnkes pufkfh sfr ohcmuokes fh mes `rîboces sflnhnmlfhtf, pnrn nyuknr nm `rupe n kfcokor mn brfcufhcon y bokfmoknk ceh mn quf cnkn uhe kf sus ohtf`rnhtfs ohtf`rnht fs fstî prnctocnhk prnctocnhkee fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrn ceepfrntove tove y n fstnimfcfr eijftoves pnrn mes so`uofhtfs fsbufrzes kf rfnmozncoóh. Kurnhtf mn rfuhoóh kfm fquope kecfhtf, sus ohtf`rnhtfs lufstrnh sus konroes kf rfnmozncoóh y cufhtnh: (>) cóle crfnreh nm lfhes uhn nctovoknk ceepfrntovn per kìn, (9) cóle pmnhobocnreh uhn rutohn kf cmnsf pnrn ancfr ceepfrntovnlfhtf, (3) cóle fhsfþnreh nm lfhes uhn aniomoknk seconm, (;) cóle nyuknreh n uh cemf`n n usnr fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove, (6) cóle kosfþnreh uhn nctovoknk juhte ceh uh cemf`n y (2) cóle vosotnreh mns numns kf tekes mes etres ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe y eisfrvnreh nm`e pesotove. Fstes crotfroes pufkfh sfr cnlionkes per etres lîs kfsnbonhtfs, sf`úh mn fxpfrofhcon y mn celpftfhcon kf mes ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. Nm`uhes crotfroes lîs nvnhznkes pufkfh kf ohcmuor fm useceepfrntovns kf cuntre topes ohtfrkfpfhkfhcon fh cnkn nctovoknk, mn rfnmozncoóh kf sfcufhcons fstrntf`ons fh uhnkfnctovoknk y mn mfcturnpesotovn kf uh nrtìcume e cnpìtume seirf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove. Mes loflires kfm fquope rfcoifh puhtes fxtrn sf`úh cóle nmcnhznreh cnkn crotfroe (4 < he me me`rnreh7 > < me me`rnreh n lfkons7 9 < me me`rnreh). Nsì, ceh fstf fjflpme, uh loflire kfm `rupe pekrìn `nhnr fhtrf 4 y >9 puhtes per sflnhn. Mes puhtes `nhnkes sf sulnh y kovokfh per fm húlfre kf ohtf`rnhtfs kfm `rupe. Fm rfsumtnke fs fm puhtnjf kfm fquope, quf sf ohscroif fh fm `rîboce kf cehtrem kf cnmoknk kfm `rupe. Fm fquope celfhtn mes rfsumtnkes y mn tfhkfhcon fh fm mnr`e pmnze y pmnhobocn cóle lfjernr sus fsbufrzes kf rfnmozncoóh mn so`uofhtf sflnhn e cóle lnhtfhfr su nmte hovfm. >.1. Fstnimfcfr aotes
Fstnimfcfr aotes so`hobocn bojnr eijftoves epfrntoves insnkes fh prîctocns cehecokns. Cunhke fstnimfcfh aotes, mes kecfhtfs "meceepfrntove, lfjer kf me lfjer" fh mes precfkolofhtes Tnrn fstukonr mns lfjerfs prîctocns kfmokfhtobocnh nprfhkoznjf mes fkucnkerfs kfifh rfvosnrkfmnsfhsfþnhzn. ohvfsto`ncoehfs pnrn vfr quï an kflestrnke sfr fbocnz y uiocnr mns fscufmns fh mns quf sf anh pufste fh prîctocn ceh ïxote lïtekes fbocncfs. Muf`e, fstnimfcfh uh eijftove pnrn nmcnhznr fsf hovfm kf kfsflpfþe fh sus cmnsfs. Kfifh pmnhfnr mes lïtekes quf usnrîh pnrn nmcnhznr mes eijftoves soh rfotfrnr me yn pnsnke y tofhfh quf kfsnrremmnr lfkocoehfs kfm kfsflpfþe pnrn pekfr fvnmunr cuîhte cehtroiuyf cnkn precfkolofhte fh fm me`re kf mes eijftoves bojnkes. Cunhke sf nmcnhznh mes eijftoves, fm aote sf sotún lîs nmte. >.?. Trepercoehnr mokfrnz`e He in inst stnn ceh ceh snif snifr7 r7 an anyy quf quf np npmomocn cnrr He in inst stnn ceh ceh qufr qufrfr7 fr7 an anyy quf quf an ancf cfrr @eftaf
Tnrn mmfvnr n mn prîctocn mn fscufmn ceepfrntovn, fm mokfrnz`e kfif nyuknr n mes kecfhtfs. Mes mìkfrfs he pufkfh pnsnr su toflpe ebocohn animnhke tfmïbehe, y npn`nhke ohcfhkoes. [ofhfh quf fstnr "fh kehkf fh fstîuhn mn nccoóh" (fh Jnpóh,per mmnlnh n fstefscroiofhke `fhin). _,lfles fh mns fscufmns, mn nccoóh fstî fh mns numns. Ter me tnhte, mes mìkfrfs fscemnrfs kfifh npeynr n mes kecfhtfs fh sus fsbufrzes pnrn ebrfcfr n sus nmulhes mn
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
lfjer fkucncoóh pesoimf. Fh `fhfrnm, fstf tope kf mokfrnz`e sf nmcnhzn n trnvïs kf cohce cehjuhtes kf nccoehfs (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i): >. Kfsnbonr fm stntu que. Fm stntu que fs mn fstructurn celpftotovn-ohkovokunmostn kf prekuccoóh lnsovn quf prfkelohn fh mns fscufmns fh mn nctunmoknk. Fh fm hovfm kfm numn, fstî rfprfsfhtnkn per mns fxpmocncoehfs, mns koscusoehfs kf tekn mn cmnsf juhtn, mes fjfrcocoes ohkovokunmfs y mns fvnmuncoehfs kf mes vo vofr frhf hfs. s. Fh ceh fm fm ho hovf vfmm kecfhtf fsc fscem emnr nr,, per ecfh fhtf tfskf s yfstukonhtfs nmu nmulh lhes es sf sfpn pnrn rnke kess per pe hovf vfmf mfss kfifh kf nþe nþekfsnbonr y kfpnr kfpnrtn lfht htes es ncnkïloces uh y uhkkec `rupe per numn. Mesr ho mìkfrfs mntnlf fbocncon kfm stntu que. 9. Ohspornr uhn vosoóh lutun kf me quf mn fscufmn pekrìn y kfifrìn ancfr Mes iufhes mìkfrfs celuhocnh kf lnhfrn fhtusonstn y brfcufhtf mn okfn kf fstnimfcfr uhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn. Fm mìkfr fs fm custekoe kfm sufþe quf ohsporn fm celprelose fh pes kfm eijftove cehjuhte kf crfnr uhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn, insnkn fh fquopes. 3. Eter`nr pekfr n trnvïs kf mes fquopes ceepfrntoves. Ïstn fs mn lîs olpertnhtf kf tekns mns nctovoknkfs kf mokfrnz`e. Cunhke mes kecfhtfs e mes fstukonhtfs sf sofhtfh kfsnmfhtnkes e kfsvnmokes, prepercoehnrmfs uh fquope crfn fspfrnhzns y epertuhoknkfs. Fm npeye seconm quf pufkfh ebrfcfr mes prepoes pnrfs letovn fsbufrzes celprelftokes pnrn nmcnhznr fm ïxote. Mes `rupes kf nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove knh pekfr n mes fstukonhtfs y mes fquopes kecfhtfs knh pekfr n mes lnfstres. ;. @uonr ceh fm fjflpme. Mes mìkfrfs lufstrnh fm use kf fstrntf`ons y precfkolofhtes ceepfrntoves y cerrfh rofs`es pnrn ohcrflfhtnr su celpftfhcon prebfsoehnm. Sus nccoehfs kfifh sfr ceafrfhtfs ceh sus pnmnirns. Kfifh kflestrnr púimocnlfhtf me quf prfkocnh. 6. Nmfh Nmfhtn tnrr nm cern cernzó zóhh n pfrs pfrsos ostotor. r. Ce Cele le yn afle afless ko koca cae, e, me mess fs fsbu bufr frze zess kf mn mnr` r`ee pmnz pmnzee pn pnrn rn lfje lfjern rnrr pfrlnhfhtflfhtf mn prepon celpftfhcon he prevofhfh kfm cfrfire, sohe kfm cernzóh. Ancf bnmtn vnmer y fspfrnhzn pnrn pekfr sf`uor fsberzîhkesf pnrn tfhfr lîs cehecolofhtes y pfrocon. Fm npeye seconm y mn nyukn cehcrftn kf mes mìkfrfs y mes celpnþfres kf fquope prepercoehnh n kecfhtfs y nmulhes mn bufrzn hfcfsnron pnrn pfrsostor y trouhbnr. Mns fscufmns he seh fkobocoes, pre`rnlns y lîquohns. Mns fscufmns seh rfmncoehfs f ohtfrnccoehfs fhtrf pfrsehns. Mn berln fh quf fstî fstructurnkn mn ohtfrnccoóh ohtfrpfrsehnm kftfrlohn mn fbfctovoknk kf uhn fscufmn. Cunhke mes kecfhtfs seh cehsokfrnkes pofzns ohtfrcnlionimfs kf uhn lîquohn crfnkn pnrn prekucor lnsovnlfhtf fstukonhtfs tofhkfh n nosmnrsf y nmofhnrsf mes pnrn kflîs kfm trninje njfhe. ifhfbocoes kf mes fquopes fkucnkes, ceepfrntoves seh, per me tnhte, `rnhkfs, kf tnhte mes ykecfhtfs cele pnrnMes mes prepoes fstukonhtfs. Vhn fscufmn ceepfrntovn insnkn fh fquopes kf nmte rfhkolofhte flpofzn ceh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove mn lnyer pnrtf kfm toflpe. [nlioïh rfquofrf mn cehstotucoóh kf fquopes kecfhtfs, fquopes fspfconmfs y `rupes kf kfcosoóh nk aec kfhtre kf mn fscufmn. _ cele tekns mns fscufmns rfbmfjnh mes sostflns ceh mes quf epfrnh, kfifh fstnimfcfrsf tnlioï tnlioïhh fquopes ceepfrntoves fh fm hovfm kfm kostrote. Vhn fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh ceafrfhtf (quf belfhtf mn ceepfrncoóh fh tekes mes hovfmfs) `nrnhtozn uhn fkucncoóh kf cnmoknk nm crfnr uhn cehstnhcon kf eijftoves, uh celprelose ceh mn fkucncoóh kf cnkn uhe kf mes nmulhes, uh bece pufste fh mn lfjern kf mn cnmoknk kf mn fkucncoóh, mn fmolohncoóh kf mn celpftfhcon fh tekes mes hovfmfs, rfmncoehfs pfrsehnmfs pfrkurnimfs, prfecupncoóh per rfkucor me supfrbmues y cuoknke per mn rfnmozncoóh fxotesn kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pnrn lfjernr mes me`res kf mes fstukonhtfs.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Cnpìtume >>: Fm cnlionhtf pnrnko`ln kf mn fhsfþnhzn Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove fs pnrtf kf uh cnlioe lnyer fh fm pnrnko`ln kf mn fhsfþnhzn. Mn Bo`urn >>.> prfsfhtn mes fmflfhtes fsfhconmfs kf fstf cnlioe (Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Aemuifc, >??97 Jeahseh, Jeahseh y Slota, >??>). Fm vofje pnrnko`ln kf mn fhsfþnhzn sf insn fh fm supufste kf Jeah Mecgf quf sestofhf quf mn lfhtf kfm fstukonhtf he fkucnke fs uhn aejn kf pnpfm fh imnhce quf fspfrn uh ohstructer quf fscroin seirf fmmn. Ter fstf y etres supufstes, mes fkucnkerfs anh cehsokfrnke ceh brfcufhcon mn fhsfþnhzn kfskf fm puhte kf vostn kf vnro vn rons ns nc nctotovo vokn knkf kfss pr proh ohco copn pnmf mfs: s: [r [rnh nhsb sbfr fror or ce cehe heco colo lofh fhte tess kkfm fm kecf kecfht htff nnmm nmu nmulh lhe. e. Fm trni trninj njee kfm kfm kecf kecfht htff ceh cehso sost stff fh fh knr knr ce cehe heco colo lofh fhte te77
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fm kfm nmulhe, fh rfcoiorme. Mes kecfhtfs trnhslotfh ohberlncoóh7 sf supehf quf mes fstukonhtfs kfifh lfleroznrmn y muf`e rfcerknrmn.
Mmfhnr ceh cehecolofhtes vnsojns pnsovns y vncìns. Mes fstukonhtfs seh rfcopofhtfs pnsoves kf
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cehecolofhtes. Mes kecfhtfs seh mes pesffkerfs kfm cehecolofhte quf mes nmulhes lfleroznh y rfcufrknh.
Cmnsobocnr n mes nmulhes kfcokofhke quoïh eitfhkrî kftfrlohnkn cnmobocncoóh y n`rupnrmes fh cntf`erìns
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sf`úh quoïhfs culpmfh (y quoïhfs he culpmfh) mes rfquosotes hfcfsnroes pnrn `rnkunrsf, pnsnr n mn fkucncoóh supfroer y cehsf`uor uh iufh flpmfe. Fste sf ancf seirf mn insf kfm supufste kf quf mn cnpncoknk fs nm`e boje y quf he mn nbfctnh fm fsbufrze ho mn fkucncoóh. Sf rfcurrf n mn ohspfccoóh cehstnhtf pnrn fmolohnr n mes fstukonhtfs "kfbfctueses".
Cehkucor mn fkucncoóh fh uh cehtfxte kf rfmncoehfs olpfrsehnmfs fhtrf mes nmulhes y fhtrf kecfhtfs y
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nmulhes. N pnrtor kfm lekfme kf er`nhozncoehfs ohkustronmfs kf [nymer, sf cehsokfrn n fstukonhtfs y kecfhtfs pofzns ohtfrcnlionimfs y rfflpmnznimfs fh mn "lnquohnro "lnquohnronn fkucntovn".
Lnhtfhfr uhn fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh celpftotovn fh mn quf mes nmulhes trninjfh pnrn supfrnr n sus
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celpnþfress y mes kecfhtfs pnrn supfrnr n sus cemf`ns. celpnþfre
Supehfr quf cunmquofrn quf kelohf uh tfln pufkf fhsfþnrme. Fste sf sufmf kfhelohnr "prflosn kf
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mes cehtfhokes": so uhe fs kecter fh nm`e, pufkf fhsfþnr fm tfln, soh olpertnr so tofhf berlncoóh pfkn`ó`ocn nm`uhn.
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Bo`urn >>.> Celpnrncoóh kfm vofje y fm hufve pnrnko`ln kf fhsfþnhzn Ro Rofj fjee pnrn pnrnko ko`l `lnn
Hufv Hufvee pn pnrn rnko ko`l `lnn
Cehecolofhte
[rnh [rnhsb sbfr frok okee kf me mess ke kecf cfht htfs fs n me mess nm nmul ulhe hess
Ce Cehs hstr truo uoke ke fh cehj cehjuh uhte te per per kecf kecfht htfs fs y nmul nmulhe hess
Nm Nmul ulhe hess
Yfcopofhtfs pnsoves quf sf mmfhnh ceh mes cehecoloffhtes htes kf mes kecfhtfs
Cehstructerfs nctoves, kfscuirokerfs, trnhsberlnkerfs kfm cehecoloffhte hte
Buhcoóh kecfhtf
Cmnsobocnr y n`rupnr nmulhes
Kfsnrremmnr mns celpftfhcons y mes tnmfhtes kf mes nmulhes
Yfmncoehfs
Cehtfxte
Yfmncoóh olpfrsehnm fhtrf nmulhes y fhtrf kecfhtfs y [r [rnh nhsn sncc ccoó oóhh pfrs pfrseh ehnm nm fhtr fhtrff nmul nmulhe hess y fhtr fhtrff nmulhes kecfhtfs y nmulhes Celpftotove/Ohkovokunmostn
Nprfhk Nprf hkoz oznj njff ceep ceepfr frnt ntov ovee fh fm numn numn y fquo fquope pess ceepfrntoves fhtrf kecfhtfs y korfctoves
fhsfþnhzn
Cunmquofr fxpfrte pufkf fhsfþnr
Mn fhsfþnhzn fs nm`e celpmfje y rfquofrf cehsokfrnimfcnpncotncoóh
Berlns kf snifr
Mó`oce-cofhtìboce
Hnrrntovn
Fpostfleme`ìn
Yfkuccoehostn
Cehstructovostn
Leke kf nprfhkoznjf
Lfleroznr
Fstnimfcfr rfmncoehfs
Nlio Nl iofh fhtf tf
Cehberloknk/Vhoberloknk Cehberloknk/ Vhoberloknk cumturnm
Kovfrsoknk y fstoln pfrsehnm/ Kovfrsoknk cumturnm y celuhoknk
Supufste seirf mn
Fm vofje pnrnko`ln cehsostf, fhtehcfs, fh mn trnhsbfrfhcon kfm cehecolofhte kf mes kecfhtfs n nmulhes pnsoves, kf lnhfrn tnm quf mes kecfhtfs pufkfh cmnsobocnr y n`rupnr n sus nmulhes kf uhn berln herlnmoznkn n trnvïs kf mn celpftfhcon. Lucaes kecfhtfs cehsokfrnh quf fm vofje pnrnko`ln fs fm úhoce pesoimf. Koctnr cîtfkrn lofhtrns nmulhesFmfscucanh pnsovnlfhtf, fh somfhcoe, celpotofhke mn úhocn berln kfmesfhsfþnr. vofje pnrnko`ln sf lnhtofhf pernosmnkes ohfrcon,ylofhtrns cnso ceh tekemesfm kflîs, luhkepnrfcf pfrsostf fh mn crffhcon aufcn kf quf teke fstî iofh. Tfre he teke fstî iofh. Fhsfþnr fs cnlionr. Vh hufve pnrnko`ln fstî cnlionhke nm vofje. Sf insn fh mn tferìn y mn ohvfsto`ncoóh y tofhf npmocncoehfs cmnrns fh mn fkucncoóh. Mes fkucnkerfs kfifh pfhsnr naern fh mn fhsfþnhzn kfskf mn pfrspfctovn kf vnrons nctovoknkfs prohcopnmfs kobfrfhtfs. kobfrfhtfs. Mes fstukonhtfs cehstruyfh, kfscuirfh, trnhsberlnh y nlpmình sus prepoes cehecolofhtes. Nprfhkfr
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fs nm`e quf fm nmulhe ancf, he nm`e quf sf mf ancf. Mes nmulhes he ncfptnh pnsovnlfhtf mes cehecolofhtes kfm kecfhtf e kfm pre`rnln. Vsnh mn ohberlncoóh hufvn pnrn nctovnr sus fstructurns ce`hotovns prffxostfhtfs e pnrn cehstruor etrns hufvns. Fm pnpfm kfm kecfhtf fh fstn nctovoknk cehsostf fh crfnr mns cehkocoehfs hfcfsnrons pnrn quf mes nmulhes pufknh cehstruor so`hobocnke n pnrtor kf mes hufves lntfronmfs fstukonkes, precfsîhkemes ceh mns fstructurns ce`hotovns quf yn pesffh y rftfhoïhkemes fh mnrfcehstruccoehfs. lfleron kf mnr`e pmnze, kehkf pfrlnhfcfrîh niofrtes n hufves precfsnlofhtesmuf`e y pesoimfs
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
Mes fsbufrzes kf mes kecfhtfs iuscnh kfsnrremmnr mns nptotukfs y mes tnmfhtes kf mes nmulhes. Fm
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fsbufrze kf mes fstukonhtfs kfif sfr ohspornke y mns fscufmns kfifh "n`rf`nr vnmer" cumtovnhke fm tnmfhte. Mn bomesebìn kf "cumtove y kfsnrremme" kfif rfflpmnznr n mn kfm "fmf`or y kfscnrtnr". Any quf kfsnrremmnr mns celpftfhcons y mes tnmfhtes kf mes nmulhes n pnrtor kfm supufste kf quf ceh fsbufrze y fkucncoóh cunmquofr fstukonhtf pufkf lfjernr.
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Kecfhtfs y nmulhes trninjnh juhtes, ancofhke kf mn fkucncoóh uhn trnhsnccoóh pfrsehnm. [ekn berln kf fkucncoóh fs uh precfse seconm quf sóme pufkf rfnmoznrsf n trnvïs kf mn ohtfrnccoóh pfrsehnm (rfnm e olpmìcotn). Any uhn rf`mn `fhfrnm: cunhtn lîs prfsoóh subrnh mes nmulhes pnrn nmcnhznr mes eijftoves y lîs kobìcom sfn me quf kfifh nprfhkfr, lîs olpertnhtf sfrî prepercoehnrmfs npeye seconm fh mn sotuncoóh kf nprfhkoznjf. Fm kfsnbìe y fm npeye seconm kfifh fstnr fquomoirnkes so sf quofrf quf mes fstukonhtfs pufknh supfrnr mns prfsoehfs kf mns sotuncoehfs kf nprfhkoznjf. Fm nprfhkoznjf tofhf fbfcte cunhke mes ohkovokues ceepfrnh pnrn cehstruor celprfhsoehfs y cehecolofhtes celpnrtokes. Mes kecfhtfs kfifh sfr cnpncfs kf cehstruor rfmncoehfs rfmncoehfs pesotovns ceh sus nmulhes y kf crfnr mns cehkocoehfs hfcfsnrons pnrn quf ïstes pufknh crfnr rfmncoehfs nbfctuesns y celprelftokns ceh etres. Mn fscufmn pekrî sfr, fhtehcfs, uhn celuhoknk kf nprfhkoznjf celprelftokn ceh fstukonhtfs celprelftokes fh su vfrk vf rknk nkfr free sf sfht htok oke. e.
Fstns nctovoknkfs sóme pufkfh kfsnrremmnrsf fh uh cehtfxte ceepfrntove. Cunhke mes nmulhes ohtfrnctúnh fh uh îliote celpftotove, mn celuhocncoóh sf loholozn, sf trnhslotf ohberlncoóh fh`nþesn e bnmsn, mn nyukn sf cehsokfrn trnlpn y tnhte kecfhtfs cele nmulhes tofhkfh n kfscehbonr kfm etre. Mns sotuncoehfs kf nprfhkoznjf celpftotove f ohkovokunmostn kfsnmofhtnh mn cehstruccoóh nctovn kf cehecolofhtes y fm kfsnrremme kfm tnmfhte, nosmnhke n mes nmulhes y crfnhke rfmncoehfs hf`ntovns fhtrf celpnþfres y kecfhtfs. Mes prepoes celpnþfres y mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf sfr vostes cele cemniernkerfs lîs quf cele eistîcumes pnrn fm ïxote ncnkïloce y pfrsehnm kf mes nmulhes. Ter me tnhte, mes kecfhtfs tofhfh quf fstructurnr mns sotuncoehfs kf nprfhkoznjf kf lnhfrn tnm quf sus nmulhes trninjfh juhtes pnrn quf tekes pufknh eptoloznr sus me`res. Kfm losle leke, fm pfrsehnm korfctove kfif crfnr uhn fstructurn kf er`nhozncoóh ceepfrntovn insnkn fh fquopes pnrn nsf`urnr fm ïxote kf tekes (Jeahseh y Jeahseh, >?1?i). Mn fkucncoóh fs uhn celpmfjn npmocncoóh kf tferìns f ohvfsto`ncoehfs quf fxo`f lucan cnpncotncoóh kecfhtf y uh cehtohue rfbohnlofhte kf mns aniomoknkfs y mes precfkolofhtes. Ancf bnmtn tekn uhn vokn kf fsbufrze pnrn mmf`nr n sfr uh iufh kecfhtf. Fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove ebrfcf uh lfkoe okfnm pnrn mmfvnr n mn prîctocn fm hufve pnrnko`ln kf mn fhsfþnhzn y prepercoehn uh îliote quf fstolumn fm kfsnrremme kfm tnmfhte fhtrf mes fstukonhtfs. Fs uh bncter olpertnhtf pnrn cnlionr fm cnrîctfr pnsove f olpfrsehnm kf lucans numns. Nsf`urn quf mes fstukonhtfs sf celprelftnh ce`hotovn, bìsocn, fletovn y psocemó`ocnlfhtf fh mn cehstruccoóh kf su prepoe cehecolofhte y tfh`nh ïxote fh mn fscufmn y fh mn vokn. >. Mn crfncoóh kf uhn celuhoknk kf nprfhkoznjf
Fh [af Sfcrft @nrkfh, Brnhcfs Aek`seh Iurhftt kocf: "So uhe cumtovn y cuokn uhn resn, he crfcfrî uh cnrke". Mns fscufmns kfifrình cumtovnr y cuoknr resns. Tufkfh ancfrme, crfnhke celuhoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf cnrnctfroznkns per mes fsbufrzes ceepfrntoves pnrn nmcnhznr eijftoves so`hobocntoves. Fh uhn rfcofhtf rfsfþn kf uhn ohvfsto`ncoóh, Mosifta Scaerr mmf`n n mn cehcmusoóh kf quf fm cuoknke y mn ntfhcoóh seh mes ntroiutes lîs olpertnhtfs kf uhn fscufmn fbocnz. Mes aosteronkerfs kf mn fkucncoóh Knvok [yncg y Fmoznifta Anhset sestofhfh quf fh tekns mns fscufmns fxotesns mes fstukonhtfs, mes kecfhtfs, fm pfrsehnm korfctove y mes pnkrfs celpnrtfh uh sfhtolofhte kf celuhoknk y uh "sfhtoke seconmlfhtf ohtf`rnker kf prepósote". Vhn celuhoknk fs uh húlfre molotnke kf pfrsehns quf celpnrtfh eijftoves celuhfs y uhn cumturn celúh. Cunhte lfher sfn mn celuhoknk, lîs pfrsehnmfs sfrîh mns rfmncoehfs y lnyer sfrî mn rfspehsniomoknk kf cnkn uhe. Fh mns celuhoknkfs, tekes sf cehecfh. Mns rfmncoehfs seh kurnkfrns7 he seh fhcufhtres tflpernroes. Fh
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@rupe kf fstukoe seirf Nprfhkoznjf Ceepfrntove: MES HVFRES CÌYCVMES KF NTYFHKOZNJF
mns celuhoknkfs kf nprfhkoznjf, mn fkucncoóh fs pfrsehnmoznkn. Mes fstukonhtfs seh cehsokfrnkes couknknhes y mes kecfhtfs seh vostes cele mìkfrfs celuhotnroes. Nsì, mn celuhoknk fkucntovn sf cehvofrtf fh uhn bnlomon nlpmonkn fh mn quf mes me`res lutues y mn prfecupncoóh per fm etre seh olpertnhtfs. Fstns celuhoknkfs tofhfh uh cóko`e kf ïtocn y cehkuctn: mes fstukonhtfs kfifh fstnr prfpnrnkes pnrn mns cmnsfs kf cnkn kìn, prfstnr ntfhcoóh fh cmnsf, fsberznrsf nm lîxole y rfspftnr n mes kflîs y sus pfrtfhfhcons. Mes fquopes ceepfrntoves nyuknh n crfnr fstns celuhoknk celuhoknkfs fs kf nprfhkoznjf nprfhkoznjf.. So ustfk an mfìke yn fstf moire, fstî nhtf uh hufve celofhze. Sf hfcfsotnh nþes kf fxpfrofhcon fh fm use kfm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove pnrn nmcnhznr mn pfrocon hfcfsnron. Vstfk pufkf me`rnrme, so olpmflfhtn fm nprfhkoznjf ceepfrntove y nyukn n mes etres n ancfrme pnrtocopnhke fh fm fquope kecfhtf y crfnhke nsì uhn vfrknkfrn celuhoknk kf nprfhkoznjf tnhte pnrn sus nmulhes cele pnrn ustfk losle.
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