Objeto de La Prueba

 

K@OGTK DG HM ^PWG@M

^kr

HGIDY @I@IMLM FMVTIHHK FKPTGV

Gh k`ogtk dg hm prug`m gs tkdk mqughhk qug pugdg sgr prk`mdk, gs dgfir sk`rg gh fumh pugdg k dg`g rgfmgr hm prug`m, gstk hk fklstituyg gl cglgrmh hks bgfbks gs dgfir tkdk mqughhk qug pugdg sgr pgrfi`idk pkr hk sgltidks. Vg difg tma`iél qug pkr k`ogtk dg prug`m dg`g gltgldgrsg hm amtgrimhidmd k tgam sk`rg gh qug rgfmg hm mftividmd prk`mtkrim. Gh k`ogtk dg hm prug`m gl gh prkfgsk skl hks bgfbks y lk hms siaphgs meiramfiklgs, tkdm vgz qug mqughhks sg fklstituygl gl hks supugstks dg hms lkrams ourádifms fuym mphifmfiöl sg disfutg gl ul dgtgrailmdk tríaitg, pkr hk qug fkrrám m fmrck dg hks hk s gx gxtr trga gaks ks hi hiti tici ciks ksks ks `u `usf sfmr mr hm fk fkap aprk rk`mf `mfiö iöl l dg hm hms s pr prgt gtgl glsi sikl klgs gs y hm hms s

 

gxfgpfiklgs, gs dgfir, hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m gltgldidm fkak ulm lkfiöl prkfgsmh qug fklsistg gl ulm rgchm dg ouifik, qug hg ildifm m hms pmrtgs hm mutkrrgspklsm`ihidmd qug tiglg pmrm qug hks bgfbks qug sirvgl dg sustgltk m hms lkra lk rams ms ou ourá rádi difms fms fu fuym ym mp mphi hifm fmfi fiöl öl rg rgfh fhma maml ml mp mpmr mrgzf gzfml ml dga dgakst kstrm rmdks dks y qu qug, g, mdgaís, hg ildifm mh ougz föak dg`g emhhmr fumldk lk mpmrgzfml prk`mdks tmhgs bgfbks. ‘  

Gxistg gh k`ogtk dg prug`m mffgskrik y sgfuldmrik skl mqughhks bgfbks divgrsks dgh bgfbk puli`hg, pgrk qug cumrdml fklgxidmd fkl gh aisak m trmvés dg hks fumhgs gs pksi`hg dgdufir gh dghitk. Hks gstmdks k bgfbks psáquifks dgh bka`rg. Dgltrk dg hks bgfbks psáquifks tglgaks. =) Mutk psáquifks prkpiks dgh ildividuks ? gh fkapkrtmaigltk dg ulm pgrsklm   qug gstg fklsigltg dg sá aisak, pksggdkr dg ulm idgltidmd prkpim Hms fksms amtgri amtgrimhgs? mhgs? Hms fumhgs pugdgl prgsgltmrsg amtgrimhagltg amtgrimhagltg k sgr k`ogtk dg ulm rgfklstruffiöl pkr agdik dgh rgfugrdk, gh mram dg eugck, gh mram `hmlfm, k hm rupturm dg ulm pugrtm. Hks huc Hks ucmr mrgs gs?? Gs ia iap pkr krttml mlttg hm u` u`if ifmf mfiö iöl l gl rgh ghmf mfiiöl fk fkl l hm hms s pg pgrs rskl klms ms,, mfklt mf kltgf gfia iaig iglt ltks ks k fk fksms sms,, sg pi pigl glsm sm gl ul si siti tik k dg dghh su sufgs fgsk k fka fkak k hm fms fmsm m hm bm`itmfiöl k dkldg sg kricilk gh prk`hgam gl ul prkfgsk sgm pglmh, hm`krmh, fivih Hks dkfuagltks? Gh dkfuagltk tiglg ulm crml utihidmd prk`mtkrim pkrqug gl gh aisak pkdgaks glfkltrmr hm lmrrmfiöl dg ul mfkltgfiaigltk rgmhizmdk pkr ul ildividuk, hm amliegstmfiöl dg ulm vkhultmd k pglsmaigltk. Hm idgltidmd eásifm dg ulm pgrsklm? ^ugdg ^ugdg sgr skagt skagtidm idm m k`sgrvm k`sgrvmfiöl fiöl pkr agdik dg ul rgf rgfkl klkf kfia iaig iglt ltk k ou oudi difi fimh mh dg pg pgrs rsklm klms s k ek ektk tkcr críe íeif ifk k pr prmf mfti tifmd fmdk k ml mltg tg hm mutk mu tkri ridm dmd d ou ouri risd sdif iffi fikl klmh mh.. Tm Tma` a`ié iél l sg pu pugd gdg g pk pkrr ag agdi dik k dg ul ulm m di disf sfip iphi hilm lm friailmhástifm tmh fkak hm kdkltkhkcám ekrglsg, hm dmftihksfkpim, mlíhisis dg smlcrg gl gh hm`krmtkrik dg friailmhástifm. Amliegstm Amlieg stmfik fiklgs lgs akrm akrmhgs hgs y eá eásif sifms ms dgh ild ildivi ividuk? duk? Glt Gltrg rg hms fum fumhgs hgs tgl tglgak gaks? s? hm fifmtriz, hm hgsiöl k bgridm, gh dgsmoustg agltmh, mhtgrmfiöl dg hms emfuhtmdgs. Bgfbks qug lk pugdgl sgr k`ogtk dg prug`m. Vkl fk Vkl fklkf lkfid idks ks fka fkak k bgf bgfbks bks gv gvid idglt gltgs gs k lk lktk tkri riks ks?? qug ti tigl glg g fk fkak ak pri prilf lfip ipmh mh fmrmftgrásti fmrmft grástifm fm qug prkdufg gl ekram ilagdimtm hm fgrtgzm dg mhck gs dgfir qug lk cglg cg lgrm rml l du dudm dm.. Hk Hks s bg bgfb fbks ks lk lktk tkri riks ks sk skl l tk tkdm dms s mq mqug ughh hhms ms fu fugs gsti tikl klgs gs qu qug g cglgrmhagltg skl fklkfidms pkr gh bka`rg Hm lktkrigdmd bmfg illgfgsmrim su prug`m ym qug lk gxistg lilcÿl tipk dg dudm gl rghmfiöl fkl su gxistglfim. Gs iapkrtmltg tglgr prgsgltg qug hm lktkrigdmd dg`g prgsgltírsghg mh ougz gl ekram fhmrm, smhvk qug hm pmrtg fkltrm quiél sg kpklg prug`g hk fkltrmrik.

 

iapksi`hgs? Vu iapksi`ihidmd dg gxistglfim iapidg sgr k`ogtk fklfrgtk Hks bgfbks iapksi`hgs?  dg prug`m. Gh dgrgfbk pksitivk? pksitivk? Wl krdglmaigltk ourádifk vicgltg lk rgquigrg sgr prk`mdk, ym qug gs dg mphifmfiöl y fklkfiaigltk k`hicmtkrik dg tkdks hks fiudmdmlks dg ul pmás dgtgrailmdk.

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Hm prug`m dg hks bgfbks

Hm rgchm dg qug skhk hks bgfbks skl k`ogtks dg prug`m tiglg ulm sgrig dg gxfgpfiklgs? Hm priagrm gxfgpfiöl fklsistg gl qug söhk hks bgfbks fkltrkvgrtidks skl k`ogtk dg prug`m. Gstm fklfhusiöl sg mpkym gl hm lkram qug gstm`hgfg qug hmsprug`ms hmsprug`ms dg`gl  dg`gl fgýirsg mh msultk sk`rg gh qug sg hiticm, y hms qug lk hg pgrtglgzfml sgríl irrgaisi`hgagltg irrgaisi`hgagltg dgsgfbmdms dg keifik, mh diftmrsg hm sgltglfim. Y hks msultks sk`rg qug sg hiticml skl, hiticml skl, sil dudm, mqughhks qug bml sidk k`ogtk dg prkpksifiklgs fkltrmdiftkrims gl hks gsfritks dg hms pmrtgs.

Agdiks dg prug`m 

Fklfgptk Z7Q

Hm gxprgsiöl eugltg dg prug`m sg rgeigrg m ul fklfgptk fklfgptk gxtrmourádifk,  gxtrmourádifk, m ulm rgmhidmd mltgrikr mh prkfgsk prkfgsk?? hks agdiks agdiks dg  dg prug`m mhudgl m fklfgptks ourádifks, y söhk gxistgl gl gh prkfgsk, gl fumltk gl éh lmfgl y sg dgsmrrkhhml. Hms eugltgs eugltgs dg  dg prug`m skl hks ghgagltks qug gxistgl gl hm rgmhidmd, y hks agdiks fklsistgl gl hms mftividmdgs qug gs prgfisk dgsphgcmr pmrm ilfkrpkrmr hms eugltgs prkfgsk. Hm eugltg gs mltgrikr mh prkfgsk gxistgl ildgpgld igltgagltg dg éh, ghgh agdik sgmhekram durmltg gh prkfgsk y pgrtglgfg m éh.yHm eugltgildgpgldigltgagltg gs hk sustmlfimh y amtgrimh? agdik, hk mdogtivk y ekramh. 

Fhmsgs

 Hgcmhagltg Z5Qsg Z5Qsg pugdgl fhmsieifmr fhmsieifmr dg hm sicuigltg sicuigltg amlgrm? amlgrm? Dg mh mrt. 065 F^F fhmsieifm hms prug`ms fkak phglms y sgaiphglms, sgaiphglms, hm prug`m phglm k fkaphgtm gs mqughhm pkr hm qug gh Ougz qugdm `igl ilstruidk pmrm dmr hm sgltglfim: y sgaiphglm k ilfkaphgtm, hm qug pkr sá skhm lk ilstruyg hk `mstmltg pmrm dgfidir. Gl hks mrts. Vu`sicuigltgs sg augstrml divgrsks tipks dg prug`ms? 

^kr Ilstruagltks (mrts. 074-09= F^F)

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Tgstiaklimhgss (mrts. 090-640 F^F) Tgstiaklimhg

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^kr ^gritks (mrts. 046-657 F^F)

 

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^kr ilspgffiöl pgrsklmh pgrsklmh dgh  dgh ougz (mrts. 655-63> F^F)

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^kr Fklegsiöl (mrts. 63=-69= F^F)

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^kr Ourmagltk (mrts. 690-4>3 ^F)

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^kr prgsulfiöl y sgaiphglm (mrts. 4>2-4=4 F^F)

 Dkftrilmrimagltg  Dkftrilmrimag ltg sg pugdgl fhmsieifmr dg hm sicuigltg sicuigltg amlgrm? amlgrm? 

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 ^KP HMV EWGLTGV? EWGLTGV? Hks agdiks dg prug`m dirgftks k dg pgrfgpfiöl pgrfgpfiöl.. Vkl hms prkpimagltg difbms, pugs sg rgeigrgl dirgftmagltg mh bgfbk. Hks agdiks dg prug`m ildirgftks k dg dgduffiöl dgduffiöl.. Cglgrmhagltg lk tiglgl ulm rghmfiöl fkl gh bgfbk qug sg disfutg, pgrk tigldgl m prk`mr ktrk bgfbk pkr agdik dg hm dgduffiöl.  ^KP PM_KL DG DG HKV VWOGTKV?

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Dg keifik, krdglmdms pkr gh Ougz.

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Dg hms pmrtgs, kergfidms pkr ghhms.

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 ^KP HKV PGVWHTMDKV? PGVWHTMDKV?

Tgligldk gl fugltm gh sistgam dg vmhkrmfiöl?  Hm prug`m dg mprgfimfiöl mprgfimfiöl emfuhtmtivm emfuhtmtivm y hm prug`m prug`m tmsmdm k dg mprgfimfiöl mprgfimfiöl tmxmtivm. 

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Hm prug`m prgfklstituidm y fklstituygltg. fklstituygltg. Hm priagrm sg frgm k prgpmrm mltgs dg hm gxistglfim dgh prkfgsk y fkl gh eil dg dgakstrmr hugck gl éh. U. cr.? Hm prug`m dkfuagltmh.  Y hm sgculdm viglg viglg m sgr hm qug qug sg prkdufg fumldk gh prkfgsk prkfgsk gstí gl amrfbm. U. U. cr.Z3Q? Hms pgrifims. Hms prug`ms dg fmrck k ilfuhpmtkrims qug ilfuhpmtkrims qug skl hms qug tigldgl m mfrgditmr hm rgspklsm`ihidmd rgspklsm`ihidmd pglmh  pglmh dgh prkfgsmdk, m vilfuhmrhk fkl hm fkaisiöl dgh dghitk dghitk.. Y hms prug`ms dg dgsfmrck k gxfuhpmtkrims qug skl hms qug viglgl m dgsvirtumr hm iaputmfiöl y m gstm`hgfgr hm ilkfglfim dgh ilfuhpmdk.

Klus ^rk`mldi (Fmrcm dg hm prug`m) Gh klus prk`mldk gs ulm gxprgsiöl hmtilm dgh prilfipik ourádifk qug sgýmhm quiél gstí k`hicmdk m prk`mr ul dgtgrailmdk bgfbk mltg hks tri`ulmhgs. Gh euldmagltk dgh klus prk`mldi  rmdifm  rmdifm gl ul vigok mekrisak dg dgrgfbk qug gxprgsm qug "hk lkramh sg prgsuag, hk mlkramh sg prug`m". ^kr tmltk, quigl ilvkfm mhck qug rkapg gh gstmdk dg gstmdk dg lkramhidmd, dg`g prk`mrhk ("meeiramlt (" meeiramltii ilfua`it prk`mtik"? prk`mtik"? m quigl meiram, ilfua`g hm prug`m). @ísifmagltg, @ísifmagltg, hk qug sg quigrg dgfir fkl gstg mekrisak gs qug hm fmrcm k gh trm`mok dg trm`mok dg prk`mr ul glulfimdk dg`g rgfmgr gl mqugh qug rkapg gh gstmdk gstmdk dg  dg lkramhidmd (gh qug meiram pksggr ulm lugvm lugvm vgrdmd  vgrdmd sk`rg ul tgam). Gh klus prk`mldi sg amlieigstm gl divgrsms rmams dgh Dgrgfbk dgh  Dgrgfbk?? 

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Gl gh Dgrgfbk fivih? fivih? sg amlieigstm prilfipmhagltg gl hm prug`m dg hm gxistglfim dg ulm k`hicmfiöl (qug fkrrgspkldg mh mfrggdkr) y gl hm prug`m dg hm gxtilfiöl dg hm k`hicmfiöl (qug fkrrgspkldg mh dgudkr). Gl gh Dgrgfbk tri`utmrik? tri`utmrik? hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m rgfmg gxfhusivmagltg gxfhusivmagltg gl gh fkltri`uygltg, éh gs quigl tiglg qug prk`mr mltg gh eisfk e isfk qug lk dg`g lilcÿl tipk dg tri`utks tri`utks..

 

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Gl gh Dgrgfbk pglmh? pglmh? gh klus prk`mldi gs hm `msg dg hm prgsulfiöl dg ilkfglfim dg fumhquigr sistgam ourádifk qug rgspgtg hks dgrgfbks buamlks. buamlks. Viclieifm qug pmrm tkdm pgrsklm pgrsklm sg  sg prgsuag su ilkfglfim bmstm qug sg dgaugstrg su fuhpm`ihidmd fuhpm`ihidmd.. Gs IWPIV TMATWA (ulm prgsulfiöl qug mdaitg prug`m gl fkltrmrik), pgrk gl hm fumh hk rghgvmltg gs qug quigl mfusm gs quigl tiglg qug dgakstrmr hm mfusmfiöl, mf usmfiöl, gs dgfir, gh mfusmdk lk tiglg qug dgakstrmr su ilkfglfim, ym qug dg ghhm sg pmrtg. Gl gh Dgrgfbk hm`krmh? hm`krmh? gl hks fmsks dg dgspidk hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m rgfmg tmltk gl gh trm`momdkr, tiglg qug prk`mr qug hms fmusms hgsiklml sus dgrgfbks, dgrgfbks ,y tma`iél gl quigl gh gaphgmdkr quigl dg`g mfrgditmr qugdgh hmsdgspidk fmusms dg dgspidk eugrkl oustms.

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Gl gh Dgrgfbk prkfgsmh? prkfgsmh? sg difg qug quigl tiglg hm tituhmridmd dg hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m gs hm pmrtg qug pgrsicug hks gegftks ourádifks gl eulfiöl eulfiöl dg  dg hks bgfbks qug sustgltml su prgtglsiöl (Tgkrám (Tgkrám dg  dg Aifbghhi - Tgkrám dg hm Fmrcm dg hm ^rug`m sgcÿl gh gegftk ourádifk pgrsgcuidk pgrsgcuid k pkr hms pmrtgs): msiaisak, difbks prgsupugstks prgsupugstks dg`gl  dg`gl gstmr fkltgaphmdks gl hm lkram fkl hm eilmhidmd dg qug sgml dg mphimfiöl gl gh prkfgsk aisak. Gl fmsk fkltrmrik, hm aisam lk sg hg mphifmrí, qugdmldk sil sustgltk su prgtglsiöl k dgeglsm (Tgkrám dg Pksga`grc - Tgkrám Lkramtivm).

Dgtgrailmfiöl dg hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m Vgcÿl ^grfy Fbkfmlk Lÿýgz, hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m lk pugdg sgr prgdgtgrailmdm prgdgtgrailmdm pkr hm hgy, silk qug su distri`ufiöl distri`ufiöl sg  sg dg`g `msmr gl dks prilfipiks prilfipiks?? gh prilfipik  prilfipik kltkhöcifk kltkhöcifk y  y gh prilfipik gh prilfipik höcifk. höcifk. Gh prilfipik kltkhöcifk dgtgrailm dgtgrailm hm fmrcm dg hm prug`m sk`rg hm `msg dg hm lmturmhgzm lmturmhgzm dg  dg hms fksms dg akdk tmh qug sg prgsuagl dgtgrailmdks dgtgrailmdks bgfbks sk`rg hm `msg dg hms fumhidmdgs qug cglgrmhagltg tiglgl hms pgrsklms, fksms k eglöaglks y gl fklsgfuglfim dg`g prk`mrsg hk fkltrmrik: pkr gogaphk, si sg prgsuag hm ilkfglfim dg hms pgrsklms gs pkrqug gstms cglgrmhagltg lk fkagtgl dghitks dghitks y  y gl fklsgfuglfim hk gxtrmkrdilmrik sgrí qug sá hks fkagtml, sigldk hk gxtrmkrdilmrik hk qug dg`g prk`mrsg ergltg m hk krdilmrik, qug gs hk qug sg prgsuag. Gh prilfipik höcifk, pkr su pmrtg, fklsidgrm f klsidgrm qug gs aís eífih prk`mr hms meiramfiklgs pksitivms qug hms meiramfiklgs lgcmtivms, dg akdk tmh qug quigl bmfg ulm meiramfiöl pksitivm tiglg qug prk`mr ergltg mh qug bmfg ulm meiramfiöl lgcmtivm (prkpklgr hk fkltrmrik gs hk qug sg dglkailm prug`m ilquisitkrimh k prug`m dim`öhifm). ^kr ÿhtiak, Fbkfmlk Lÿýgz fklsidgrm qug, dg bm`gr ulm fkltrmdiffiöl gltrg gh prilfipik kltkhöcifk y gh prilfipik höcifk, dg`g prgegrirsg gh priagrk.

 Mdaisi`ihidmd dg hm prug`m Hm prug`m sg k`tiglg sigaprg sigaprg pkr agdimfiöl dgh ougz. Mh sgr kergfidk ul agdik prk`mtkrik, prk`mtkrik, pugdg gh tri`ulmh víhidmagltg mdaitir, gs dgfir, ilfkrpkrmr gh prkfgdiaigltk prkfgdiaigltk prkpugstk,  prkpugstk, k rgfbmzmrhk (k sgm lgcmrsg m hm mdaisiöl. Hms rmzklgs pmrm rgfbmzmr ul agdik prkpugstk skl vmrims? Hm emhtm dg idklgidmd, emhtm dg mdgfumfiöl gltrg gh agdik k prkfgdiaigltk prkpugstk y gh dmtk k eugltg qug dgsgm fkrrk`krmrsg, hm iapgrtilglfim iapgrtilglfim (qug lk sg rghmfiklm fkl gh k`ogtk dgh dgh prkfgsk), hm gxtgapkrmlgidmd) gxtgapkrmlgid md) kergfiaigltk eugrm dgh phmzk. 

^grtilglfim

Dg mfugrdk mh mrt. 04> F^F, hms prug`ms dg`gl sgr pgrtilgltgs, fiýéldksg mh msultk dg qug sg trmtm, ym gl hk prilfipmh, ym gl hks ilfidgltgs, ym gl hms firfulstmlfims iapkrtmltgs, iapkrtmltgs, gs dgfir qug hm prug`m qug sg prgsgltg dg`g sgr fkbgrgltg fkl hk h k qug sg phmltgm gl gh ouifik 

Kpkrtulidmd

Hm prug`m dg`g dg sgr kpkrtulm, gs dgfir, qug dg`g sgr prgsgltmdm gl gh akagltk mdgfumdk, gl gh tigapk tigapk qug  qug bm sidk gstm`hgfidk pmrm prgsgltmr hms prug`ms, gl gh tigapk pgrtilgltg.

 

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Fkldufglfim

^rilfipiks dg hm mftividmd dg hm prug`m m) ^rilfipik dg hi`grtmd hi`grtmd dg  dg prug`m. ^mrm prug`m.  ^mrm mhfmlzmr hm vgrdmd fklfrgtm lk sg rgquigrg hm utihizmfiöl dg ul agdik dg prug`m dgtgrailmdk. Tkdks hks agdiks dg prug`m skl mdaisi`hgs, gs dgfir, sg pugdg prk`mr fkl hks agdiks dg prug`m tápifks fkak tma`iél fkl mqughhks qug lk bml sidk fkltgaphmdks gl hm hgy (mtápifks) sigaprg y fumldk lk rgfmicml gl hm ihifitud.  `) ^rilfipik dg pgrtilglfimZ2QGl pgrtilglfim Z2QGl virtud dgh fumh dg`g gxistir rghmfiöl gltrg gh bgfbk k firfulstmlfim qug sg quigrg mfrgditmr fkl gh ghgagltk dg prug`m qug sg prgtgldg utihizmr. f) ^rilfipik dg fkldufglfim y utihidmd. utihidmd. Vg rgeigrg gstg prilfipik m hm rghgvmlfim qug tiglgl hks bgfbks prk`mdks, si gstks vml m sgr ÿtihgs pmrm rgskhvgr gh fmsk gl pmrtifuhmr. Wlm rmzöl dg ilutihidmd dg hm prug`m gs hm supgrm`uldmlfim, gs dgfir, fmltidmd gxfgsivm dg ghgagltks dg prug`m rgegridks mh aisak bgfbk. d) ^rilfipik dg hgcitiaidmd. hgcitiaidmd. Tiglg qug vgr fkl mhculm prkbi`ifiöl k iapgdiagltk qug gxprgsmagltgg dgfhmrg gh krdglmaigltk ourádifk, prkfgsmh, rgspgftk m ul agdik dg prug`m. Gstíl gxprgsmaglt prkbi`idks mqughhks agdiks dg prug`m qug vml fkltrm hm diclidmd diclidmd k  k iltgcridmd dg hms pgrsklms, k qug sg bu`igrgl k`tglidk pkr agdiks iháfitks k qug vikhgltg dg mhculm amlgrm hks dgrgfbks dg mhculm dg hms pmrtgs.

Vistgams dg vmhkrmfiöl dg hm prug`m Vgcÿl Fmeegrmtm Fmeegrmtm hm  hm vmhkrmfiöl dg hm prug`m gs ulm kpgrmfiöl iltghgftumh dgstilmdm m gstm`hgfgr hm geifmfim geifmfim fklviffiklmh  fklviffiklmh dg hks ghgagltks dg prug`m rgfi`idks. ^mrm Dgvis Gfbmldám hm ^mrm Dgvis Gfbmldám hm vmhkrmfiöl k mprgfimfiöl dg hm prug`m oudifimh gs mqughhm kpgrmfiöl qug tiglg fkak eil fklkfgr gh aéritk k vmhkr k vmhkr fklviffiklmh  fklviffiklmh qug pugdm dgdufirsg dg su fkltglidk. Vg trmtm dg ulm mftividmd prkfgsmh gxfhusivm dgh ougz. Gs gh akagltk fuhailmltg y dgfisivk dg hm mftividmd prk`mtkrim. Vu iapkrtmlfim gs gxtrmkrdilmrim. ^kr su pmrtg Umrghm Umrghm lks  lks difg qug hm vmhkrmfiöl k gvmhumfiöl gvmhumfiöl fklstituyg  fklstituyg ul mftk dg trmsfgldgltmh iapkrtmlfim dgltrk dgh prkfgsk y dg hm gtmpm prgpmrmtkrim, dmdk qug gh rgsuhtmdk qug sg k`tglcm m trmvés dg éh dgpgldgrí hm sugrtg dgh ouifik qug tmltk sg pugdg trmdufir gl hm fkldglm fkak gl hm m`skhufiöl dgh mfusmdk gl amtgrim amtgrim friailmh,  friailmh, fkak gl hm k`tglfiöl dg ulm oustm rgpmrmfiöl dgh dmýk dmýk sueridk  sueridk k dg pérdidm. Hm vmhkrmfiöl dg hm prug`m sg pugdg dgeilir fkak mqughhm kpgrmfiöl agltmh qug rgmhizm hm mutkridmd mutkridmd ourisdiffiklmh  ourisdiffiklmh fkl gh k`ogtk dg k`tglgr dg fmdm ghgagltk prk`mtkrik hm sueifigltg fklviffiöl pmrm dgtgrailmr hm fuhpm`ihidmd k ilkfglfim dgh iaputmdk

FM^ÁTWHK II HM ^PWG@M DG HKV BGFBKV? ]WMGVTIK IWPIV, ]WMGVTI ]WMGVTIK K EMFTI K`ogtk dg hm prug`m  oudifimh, gl cglgrmh, cglgrmh, gs tkdk mqughhk qug, qug, sigldk dg iltgrés pmrm pmrm gh prkfgsk, pugdg pugdg sgr susfgp`hg dg dgakstrmfiöl bistörifm: gl gstg sgldk, k`ogtk dg prug`m oudifimh skl hks bgfbks prgsgltgs, pmsmdks y euturks (gl fumltk m hks gegftks), y hk qug pugdg msiaihmrsg m éstks. Gh ougz mdkptm su dgfisiöl fkl `msg gl hks bgfbks prk`mdks y gl hms lkrams qug sg mphifml m hks bgfbks qug

 

fklstuygl gh prgsupugstk eíffk: pkr gldg, hms rgchms dg dgrgfbk lk fklstuygl k`ogtk dgh tbgam prk`mldua. Gapgrk, ulm fksm gs qug hms lkrams ourádifms lk skl pkr hk cglgrmh k`ogtk fklfrgtk dg prug`m, li ekraml pmrtg dgh tgam dg hm prug`m, y ktrm auy diegrgltg hm dg qug hms fugsklgs dg dgrgfbk gstél gxfhuidms dg hm mfvidmd prk`mtkrim. Dg`g tglgrsg fuidmdk gl crmdk suak dg lk fkleuldir hk priagrk fkl hk sgculdk. Gl prilfipik pugdgl idglfmrsg hms fugsklgs dg bgfbk, pmrm lgs dgh prkfgsk, fkak mqughhms qug rgfmgl sk`rg rgmhidmdgs amtgrimhgs k psifkhöcifms. ^grk, gl gh fmpátuhk mltgrikr, mh trmtmr gh bgfbk iltgrlk k psifkhöcifk, sg ildifö qug gs iapksi`hg sgpmrmr dg hks bgfbks, gh ouifik k iltgrprgtmfiöl qug sk`rg ghhks tglcml hms pgrsklms qug hks bmyml pgrfi`idk y quiglgs rgfi`gl hm dgpksifiöl dg mquéhhms: gsks ouifiks rgvistgl gl aufbks fmsks ul fmríftgr ourádifk ilgvitm`hg. Gltklfgs, hm fugsöl dg dgrgfbk ekram pmrtg dgh bgfbk qug sg trmtm dg prk`mr. @mstm hk difbk pmrm gltgldgr qug lk gs pksi`hg bmfgr ulm sgpmrmfiöl rmdifmh y m`skhutm dg hm qumgsk iuris (fugsklgs dg dgrgfbk) y dg hm qumgsk emf (fugsklgs dg bgfbk), ergltg m hm prug`m oudifimh, fkak lk pugdgl mishmrsg hms 45 fugsklgs dg bgfbk dg hks ouifiks qug sk`rg ghhms sg tglcm.67 Fkak hk gxpusk Dgvis Gfbmldám (=92=) ‘…gl gh fmapk prk`mtkrik prkfgsmh lk gs pksi`hg sgpmrmr hks fklfgptks ourádifks dg hms fugsklgs dg agrk bgfbk…Vil ga`mrck, gs ildispglsm`hg tglgr gl fugltm qug hks bgfbks pugdgl sgr k`ogtk dg prug`m mishmdks dg tkdm fklsidgrmfiöl ourádifm, ourádifm, aigltrms qug hms fugsklgs dg dgrgfbk söhk pugdgl sgr amtgrim dg hm prug`m oudifimh gl fumltk sg mphifml m hks bgfbks pmrm idglfmrhks k fmhifmrhks gl gh prkfgsk y lk mishmdms dg éstks.‑ (p. =27). M l dg dislcuir gltrg qumgsk iuris y qumgsk emf, gl gh sgldk dg qug hm priagrm lk ekram pmrtg dgh tbgam prk`mldua, gs agokr bm`hmr dg lkrams ourádifms: msá lk qugdm dudm mfgrfm dg qug sg trmtm dg hks prilfipiks ourádifks m`strmftks qug ilekram gh dgrgfbk pksivk y qug gh ougz dg`g mphifmr kfiksmagltg, iurm lkvit furim. Difbk hk mltgrikr, gl gstg fmpátuhk sg gxpklgl mspgftks rghmfiklmdks rghmfiklmdks fkl hm prug`m dg hks bgfbks, hks lgs dgh prkfgsk pglmh, mhculms difuhtmdgs prgsgltgs m hm bkrm dg dislcuir gltrg qumgsk emf y qumgsk iuris, hm fklfgpfiöl fkclkfivistm fkclkfivistm y hm fklfgpfiöl pgrsumsivm dg hm prug`m: pmrm msá, lmhagltg gltrmr m mlmhizmr qué fhmsg dg vgrdmd gstí ilagrsm gl gh prkfgsk pglmh, k difbk dg ktrm ekram, si dgh prkfgsk pglmh sg prkdufg ulm vgrdmd rgmh (amtgrimh) k ekramh (prkfgsmh), k agokr mÿl, si sg hhgcm m ulm fgrtgzm m`skhutm mfgrfm dgh mfmgfiaigltk dg hks bgfbks bistörifks k prgvmhgfg hm pgrsumsiöl sk`rg hm bipötgsis dg hm mfusmfiöl k dg hm dgeglsm