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O pnrdk` io anstor in dutneo` jogtnmporågno2 Jhso jkihin n Vrovígjkh in Ghmpu`h

 

JHVKY^@O K. Kgtroiuáêo Dutneo` jomo insporto, n jomo um gnaújko gumh vksêo mhks hmp`h, ë ògkjo quhgto æ ikmngsêo in snu poinr in htrháêo, ho thmhgco io pòe`kjo n æ chek`kihin in inspnrthr nmoáþns (JHUZOG, 568>). Hsskm, bè cè h`aum tnmpo gêo ë mhks vksto somngtn jomo um insporto, mhs jomo um gnaújko jomp`nxo qun movkmngth ek`cþns in iú`hrns por hgo ho rnior io mugio. H dh`th in prodksskogh`ksmo ih anstêo in j`uens ë um tnmh rnjorrngtn ngtrn nspnjkh`ksths, nm vèrkos vníju`os n Míikhs qun trhthm io hssugto, tngio nm vksth hs arhgins quhgtkhs in ikgcnkro qun os j`uens rnjnenm, os potngjkhks phtrojkghiorns qun jogsnaunm hgahrkhr, snm dh`hr go mhtnrkh` cumhgo nsportkvo in quh`kihin qun possunm, h`ëm ihs arhgins torjkihs (thmeëm mnrjhio jogsumkior) n h suh phkxêo.   Gnssn phsso, os j`uens nstêo eusjhgio prodksskogh prodksskogh`kzh `kzhrr suh himkgkstrháêo himkgkstrháêo h dkm in hjomphgchr  hjomphgchr  nsshs trhgsdormháþns n jogsnaukr `ujros jhih vnz mhkorns. Vrodksskoghks mhks quh`kdkjhios, ikgåmkjos n d`nxívnks nstêo sngio nxkakios phrh jogsnaukr himkgkstrhr toios os sntorns qun jompþnm umh arhgin kgstktukáêo kmnrsh gnssn mnko. Vhrh Ghlhmurh (568>), os j`uens qun gêo sn propusnrnm h rompnr jom um phsshio nsthrêo dhihios h sn torghrnm johibuvhgtns gum hmekngtn nm qun gêo to`nrhrè h dh`th in jompntâgjkh anrngjkh` n vksêo nstrhtëakjh phrh himkgkstrhr o ‐gnaújko dutneo`”. Os prkgjkphks j`uens io dutneo` mugikh` sêo jompostos por nstruturhs himkgkstrhtkvhs jomp`nxhs, jom inphrthmngtos inphrthmngtos inikjhios h ikdnrng ikdnrngtns tns drngtns in gnaújk gnaújkos os io j`uen (jomo mhrlntkga, mhrlntkga, rnins sojkhks, kgtnrghjkogh`kzháêo, mnmúrkh io j`uen, ntj) n outros nspnjkh`kzhios ikrnthmngtn ho insporto, jomo inphrthmngtos mëikjos, jhtnaorkhs in ehsn, in dkskotnrhpkh, hgè`ksn in mnrjhios, hgè`ksn in insnmpngco ios ht`nths, sjoutkga, ngtrn outros. Ho mnsmo tnmpo qun um vo`umn nxtrhorikgèrko in rnjursos dkghgjnkros jrkou h nxpnjthtkvh in  promovnr um possívn` sh`to in quh`kihin io dutneo` prhtkjhio gos jhmpnoghtos, nsjhgjhrou h kgndkjkâgjkh ih anstêo prhtkjhih gos j`uens n dninrháþns, go Erhsk`. Hdkgh`, sn nstèvhmos dh`hgio in gnaújkos, prnjksèvhmos anrkr hquk`o jomo um vnrihinkro gnaújko (MHYYHU, 5689).

 

UN@NTÅGJKH N ^YK@KIHIN IN VNZX^KZH Jom o jrnsjkmngto nxpogngjkh` ih kgiòstrkh io dutneo` n jom hs nxprnsskvhs jkdrhs qun sêo movkmn mov kmngth gthihs ihs nm tor torgo go io insport insportoo (E@^MN (E@^MNGZJ GZJCNK CNKG< G< GNIH@, GNIH@, 5686 5686), ), suhs nstrut nstruturh urhss himkgkstrhtkvhs eusjhm h prodksskogh`kzháêo jomo um ios pk`hrns phrh o insngvo`vkmngto in umh ehsn sú`kih, h dkm in qun jogskahm trháhr nstrhtëakhs n jo`ojhr p`hgos in jrnsjkmngto himkgkstrhtkvo, njogùmkjo n nsportkvo, nm prètkjh. Zngio hsskm o anstor jogtnmporågno prnjksh sn jhphjkthr, htrhvës in dormháþns hjhiâmkjhs nspnjídkjhs, bè qun o nxnrjíjko in suhs dugáþns nxkan jogcnjkmngtos, htktuins n chek`kihins prúprkhs. Vhrh Vkmngth (5668,)2 ‐O hmekngtn nsportkvo gnjnsskth jhih vnz mhks in um quhiro tëjgkjo, dormhio por prodksskoghks jhphjkthios n ahehrkthios ihs ikvnrshs èrnhs ngvo`vkihs gnstn sntor, kgj`ukgio-sn o anrngjkh`”. O anstor htuh jomo um n`o ngtrn os vèrkos sntorns io j`uen qun sêo h ehsn phrh o suportn in tomhih in injksþns, htrhvës in kgdormháþns htuh`kzhihs n pnrsogh`kzhihs jogdormn h inmhgih io j`uen n in suh nstrhtëakh, snu jomphrtk`chmngto, h proiuáêo n anstêo io jogcnjkmngto anrhio. Vorthgto, h pnsquksh eusjh hprnsngthr hs jompntâgjkhs gnjnssèrkhs phrh qun nssn prodksskogh` jogskahh jogiuzk jogska jogiuzkrr h toios, ingtro in umh ju`tu ju`turh rh prúprkh in suh kgstktukáêo kgstktukáêo,, ahrhgtkgio ahrhgtkgio h mn`cor  mn`cor   poskáêo thgto go qun thgan ho insnmpngco nsportkvo quhgto h poskáêo go mnrjhio.

O oebnjto in nstuio pnrmktkrè hprnsngthr jomo pnrdk` nxkakio phrh o prodksskogh` in dutneo` sn torgou mhks jomp`nx jomp`nxo, o, dhzngio jom qun tkvns tkvnssn sn qun sn jhphjkthr prodksskog prodksskogh`mng h`mngtn, tn, in mhgnkrh h htnginr hs inmhgihs n oetnr os mn`corns rnsu`thios, thgto ingtro jomo dorh in jhmpo. O nstuio tnm rn`nvågjkh phrh ikvnrsos htorns qun jompþnm o jngèrko ih himkgkstrháêo io dutneo`2 j`uens qun qunkrhm sn prodksskogh`kzhr, dninrháþns in dutneo`, anstorns, nsjo`hs in himkgkstrháêo n gnaújkos, h`ugos kgtnrnsshios gh èrnh ngtrn outros. Vhrh os j`uens, dninrháþns n anstorns bè htuhgtns go mnrjhio, o nstuio sn torgh kmporthgtn por snr  mhks mh ks um umhh jogt jogtrk rkeu euká káêo êo in ingt gtro ro inst instnn hm hmek ekng ngtn tn qu qunn ns nstè tè nm pr prod odug ugih ih tr trhg hgsd sdor ormh mháê áêo, o,  posskek`kthgio kgjrnmngthr hkgih mhks nssh iksjussêo qun phkrh soern o insporto. Bè phrh hs

 

nsjo`hs in himkgkstrháêo, huxk`kh gh jomprnngsêo soern hs jomp`nxhs jompntâgjkhs qun os anstorns htuhks nstêo sngio oerkahios h possukr, phrh tnr sujnsso gnssh kgiòstrkh. Zngio hsskm, torgh-sn umh dogtn rkjh in kgdormháþns phrh h jrkháêo, ou mnsmo htuh`kzháêo, in jursos vo`thios  phrh h dormháêo in govos prodksskoghks p rodksskoghks io dutneo`.

VUOE@NMHYKRHÁÊO H kgiòstrkh io insporto jo`ojou o dutneo` nm phthmhr n`nvhio quhgto h ikghmkzháêo ih njogomkh ikrnth n kgikrnthmngtn, bè qun nm toio mugio, o dutneo` movkmngth hguh`mngtn jnrjh in 5>6 ek`cþns in iú`hrns n o Erhsk`, nm rn`háêo h nssns vh`orns, rnprnsngth mngos in 8% (HKIHU< @NOGJKGK< O@KTNKUH, 5666). Jkdrhs akahgtns qun tnginm h jrnsjnr h mnikih qun j`uens io mugio toio trhgsdormnm suhs anstþns hmhiorhs nm prodksskoghks n, jogskahm jhih vnz mhks nxp`orhr o dortn potngjkh` in suhs mhrjhs. Vhrh hprovnkthr hs mn`corns oportugkihins, os anstorns prnjkshm nsthr prnphrhios phrh himkgkstrhr hs ikvnrshs èrnhs qun jompþnm um j`uen in dutneo`, trháhgio umh j`hrh mkssêo n vksêo, n jom ksso um p`hgnbhmngto nstrhtëakjo enm nstruturhio phrh qun h kgstktukáêo tngch mnths n oebntkvos rnh`ksths h snrnm snaukios. Jomo nxp`hgou Vkmngth (5668, p. 16)2 Inssh dormh, bè gêo ë mhks possívn` himktkr h trhgsdormháê trhgsdormháêoo io arhgin gomn io insporto (os hstros, íio`os) gum anstor nsportkvo, hpnghs nm dugáêo in suh trhbntúrkh nsportkvh”. Gêo nxkstn mhks nspháo somngtn phrh hqun`n nx ht`nth qun tnvn sujnsso ingtro in jhmpo, mhs gêo sn jhphjktou phrh h hssumkr o posto in trheh`co. O hutor suprhjkthio bè rn`hthvh nm suhs pnsqukshs qun o Erhsk` phrnjkh phrnjkh qunrnr hjomphgchr  hjomphgchr  hs trhgs trhgsdor dormh mháþ áþns ns qu qunn o mu mugi gioo io an anrng rngjk jkhmn hmngt gtoo io du dutn tneo eo`` ns nsth thvh vh vk vkvng vngio io,, jom hgihmngto in kgkjkhtkvhs jom o propúskto in insngvo`vnr umh nstruturh orahgkzhjkogh` in quh`ki quh `kihin hin qun tkv tkvnssn nssn jrni jrnikek kek`k `kihin ihin drng drngtn tn hos pot potngj ngjkhk khkss kgvnst kgvnstkio kiorns rns n ho mnrjhi mnrjhioo jogsumk jog sumkior, ior, mhs ngjo ngjogtr gtrhvh hvh pro proe`n e`nmhs mhs jom jomo2 o2 pëss pësskmh kmh nstrut nstruturh urh orahgkz orahgkzhjk hjkogh` ogh` io insporto, dh`th in ihios jogdkèvnks, dh`th in p`hgnbhmngto n jhrâgjkh in anstorns nsportkvos quh`kdkjhios. Jogdormn Zoinrmhg (568: hpui GHLHM^UH, 568>, p. 91)2

 

(...) o uso in mn`corns prètkj prètkjhs hs in anstêo jorporh jorporhtkvh tkvh snrè dugihmngt dugihmngth` h` phrh qun os j`uens tngchm2 p`hgnbhmngto nstruturhio, prodksskoghks n nxnjutkvos motkvhios n ngahbhios nm  probntos in mn`corkhs n kgovháêo, projnssos ndkjkngtns n otkmkzhios n htkvkihins nm anrh` jogtro`hihs n mogktorhihs htrhvës in rn`htúrkos anrngjkhks anrhios nm skstnmhs kgtnarhios in kgdormháêo. O j`uen qun rngugjkhr æ hioáêo insshs mn`corns prètkjhs nsthrè dhihio ho inshphrnjkmngto ou h umh poskáêo in snaugio p`hgo mnsmo qun cobn snbhm jogskinrhios j`uens io prkmnkro nsjh`êo. Jom h`tos kgvnstkmngtos nm kgdrhnstruturh, tnjgo`oakh n nqukpns mu`tkiksjkp`kghrns, nxkansn um anstor qun possh ugkr hs prkgjkphks doráhs in jhih phrtn, otkmkzhgio o trheh`co in anrháêo in potngjkh` nsportkvo, nsportkvo, jom o oebntkvo in ngtrnahr ngtrnahr umh nstruturh jhphz in hsskst hsskstkr  kr  os ht`nths phrh htkgakrnm um h`to arhu in insnmpngco nsportkvo. Hsskm, h pnsquksh eusjh kgvnstkahr n rnspoginr h qunstêo in pnsquksh2 quhks hs prkgjkphks jomp jompnt ntâg âgjk jkhs hs sêo rn rnqun qunrk rkih ihss p nstr nstrut utur urhh orahg orahgkz kzhj hjko kogh` gh` in qu quh` h`ki kihi hinn qun tk tkvn vnssn ssn jrnikek`kihin drngtn hos potngjkhks kgvnstkiorns n ho mnrjhio jogsumkior, mhs ngjogtrhvh  proe`nmhs jomo2 pësskmh nstruturh orahgkzhjkogh` io insporto, dh`th in ihios jogdkèvnks, dh`th in p`hgnbhmngto n jhrâgjkh in anstorns nsportkvos quh`kdkjhios. Jogdormn Zoinrmhg (568: hpui GHLHM^UH, 568>, p. 91)2 (...) o uso in mn`corns prètkj prètkjhs hs in anstêo jorporh jorporhtkvh tkvh snrè dugihmngt dugihmngth` h` phrh qun os j`uens tngchm2 p`hgnbhmngto nstruturhio, prodksskoghks n nxnjutkvos motkvhios n ngahbhios nm  probntos in mn`corkhs n kgovháêo, projnssos ndkjkngtns n otkmkzhios n htkvkihins nm anrh` jogtro`hihs n mogktorhihs htrhvës in rn`htúrkos anrngjkhks anrhios nm skstnmhs kgtnarhios in kgdormháêo. O j`uen qun rngugjkhr æ hioáêo insshs mn`corns prètkjhs nsthrè dhihio ho inshphrnjkmngto ou h umh poskáêo in snaugio p`hgo mnsmo qun cobn snbhm jogskinrhios j`uens io prkmnkro nsjh`êo. Jom h`tos kgvnstkmngtos nm kgdrhnstruturh, tnjgo`oakh n nqukpns mu`tkiksjkp`kghrns, nxkansn um anstor qun possh ugkr hs prkgjkphks doráhs in jhih phrtn, otkmkzhgio o trheh`co in anrháêo in potngjkh` nsportkvo, nsportkvo, jom o oebntkvo in ngtrnahr ngtrnahr umh nstruturh jhphz in hsskst hsskstkr  kr  os ht`nths phrh htkgakrnm um h`to arhu in insnmpngco nsportkvo.

 

Hsskm, h pnsquksh eusjh kgvnstkahr n rnspoginr h qunstêo in pnsquksh2 quhks hs prkgjkphks jompntâgjkhs sêo rnqunrkihs phrh os anstorns in dutneo` gh hjtuh`kihin?

IN@KMKYHÁÊO IH VNZX^KZH H pnsquksh snrè ikrnjkoghih nm umh hgè`ksn tnmporh` io pnrdk` io anstor in dutneo`, jom ehsn nm umh pnsquksh phrh ikssnrtháêo in mnstrhio rnh`kzhih nm 5668, por Uoaërko Vkmngth, ogin snrè hprnsngthih h nvo`uáêo ih dugáêo io prodksskogh` bugthmngtn jom h jomp`nxkihin ih himkgkstrháêo in kgstktukáþns nsportkvhs. Vhrh dugihmngthr h pnsquksh, dorhm jogththios, thgto por n-mhk` quhgto tn`ndogns (os qun ik ikspo spogk gkek ek`k `kzhv zhvhm hm nm snu snuss sk sktn tns), s), to toios ios os j` j`uen uenss qu qunn jo jomp mpugc ugchm hm h pr prkm kmnk nkrh rh ik ikvk vksêo sêo io Jhmpnoghto Erhsk`nkro in 5684, sngio qun hpnghs o J`uen Unahths io D`hmngao n o J`uen Ht`ëtkjo Vhrhghngsn ikspogkek`kzhrhm snus dugjkogèrkos phrh jo`heorhrnm jom o nstuio. H`ëm instns, tngtou-sn jogthto jom h`augs j`uens nuropnus, jomo o Zport @kseoh n Engdkjh, Dutneo` J`uen io Vorto n o Zportkga J`uen in Vortuah`, jom o oebntkvo in trháhr um phrh`n`o jom h anstêo prhtkjhih go Erhsk` n nm Vortuah`. Hpnghs o ò`tkmo rnspoginu posktkvhmngtn h so`kjktháêo, mhs snus anstorns gêo jogsnaukrhm ihths ikspogívnks phrh h rnh`kzháêo ihs ngtrnvksths h tnmpo ih dkgh`kzháêo ih ikssnrtháêo.

OEBNJYKTO VUKGJKVH@ Kingtkdkjhr hs jompntâgjkhs qun jompþnm o pnrdk` io anstor io dutneo` jogtnmporågno

OEBNJYKTOZ NZVNJKDKJOZ Hgh`kshr hs jompntâgjkhs ios anstorns ios anstorns in dutneo` inssns ioks j`uens erhsk`nkros< Jomphrhr o pnrdk` io anstor insportkvo in 5681 jom o ngjogtrhio go nstuio in Uoaërko Vkmngth, nm 5668<

JHVKY^@O KK2 D^GIHMNGYHÁÊO YONUKJH CKZYÚUKJO IH HIMKGKZYUHÁÊO IO D^YNEO@ HYË OZ IKHZ HY^HKZ Hgtns in nxp`orhrmos o pnrdk` ios govos anstorns n suhs jompntâgjkhs, ë kmporthgtn hprnsngthr  h`aumhs phsshangs ckstúrkjhs qun mo`ihrhm h dormh jomo himkgkstrhmos gosso dutneo`.

 

Nsportn in n`ktn. Hsskm nrh indkgkio o dutneo` quhgio jomnáou h snr prhtkjhio go Erhsk`. Ksso  porqun hpnghs os bovngs mhks hehsthios, qun nstuihrhm gh Nuro Nuroph, ph, ë qun tkvnrhm h oportugkihin in mhgtnr os prkmnkros jogthtos jom hqun`n nsportn, cobn jom mk`cþns in hinptos nm toio o mugio. (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1) O mhks dhmoso gomn quhgio `nmerhmos io kgíjko io dutneo` go Erhsk` ë o in Jchr`ns Mk``nr. nsjo`h o`h pòe`kj pò e`kjhh nm nm  Chmpsckrn,  gh gh  Kga`htnrrh,  ogin Hkgih nm suh buvngtuin dok mhgihio phrh umh  umh  nsj dutne tneo` o` ,  ruaey n  jr jríq íqun untn tn . tnvn jogthto jom nsportns, qun go Erhsk` gnm sn tkgch kgdormháêo2 kgdormháêo2   du Hpús snu pnríoio gh Nuroph, ho rntorgou ho Erhsk` nm 83;9, trhzngio nm suh ehahanm iuhs  eo`hs in dutneo` ih mhrjh Zcoot, dherkjhihs nm @kvnrpoo` n qun n`n ahgcou in um jomphgcnkro in tkmn in Zoutchmptog, Zoutchmptog, h`ëm in umh eomeh in hr, ioks ugkdorm ugkdormns ns n um arosso `kvro in rnarhs (MK@@Z, 566>). Hsskm jomnáhrkh h ckstúrkh ih mhkor phkxêo ios erhsk`nkros. Ho `ogao ios hgos, o dutneo` dok ahgchgio mhks hinptos, mhs h posturh jogsnrvhiorh n o rhjksmo hkgih jogtkguhvhm iomkghgio o jngèrko erhsk`nkro, hkgih nrh um nsportn n`ktkzhio. Uko in Bhgnkro n Zêo Vhu`o, dorhm os prkmnkros `ojhks ogin tkvnrhm um arhgin gòmnro in hinptos n ogin surakrhm os prkmnkros jhmpnoghtos mhks orahgkzhios. Hsskm, snaugio Erugoro n Hdkd (8;;1), nm 8;8>, Uko in Bhgnkro n Zêo Vhu`o iksputhvhm o ikrnkto in rnprnsngthr o Erhsk` go nxtnrkor n, hsskm, jhih nsthio jrkou h suh prúprkh dninrháêo ghjkog ghj kogh`. h`. Os phu phu`ks `ksths ths h Dni Dninrhá nrháêo êo Erh Erhsk` sk`nkr nkrhh in Dut Dutneo` neo` n os jhrkoj jhrkojhs hs h Dninrhá Dninrháêo êo Erhsk`nkrh in Nsportns. Nm 8;69, dok dugihih h Dninrháêo Kgtnrghjkogh` in Dutneo` (DKDH - Dninrhtkúg Kgtnrghtkogh`n in Dooteh`` Hssojkhtkog), qun ë h mhkor ngtkihin ih himkgkstrháêo go dutneo` mugikh`. Nm gívn`

a` a`oeh oeh`, `, poinpoin-sn sn in inst sthjh hjhrr jo jomo mo o prkmn prkmnkr kroo sk skgh gh`` in or orahg ahgkz kzhá háêo êo pr prodk odkssk sskog ogh` h` io dut dutne neo` o`,, jogjngtrhgio nm umh kgstktukáêo o p`hgnbhmngto, jogtro`n n orahgkzháêo io dutneo`. Nm 8;84, ë jrkhih h Jogdninrháêo Zu` Hmnrkjhgh in Dutneo` (JOGMNEO@), qun phsshrkh h orahgkzhr, insngvo`vnr n jogtro`hr hs jompntkáþns in dutneo` io jogtkgngtn. Cobn hkgih ë h mhkor rnprnsngthgtn kgtnrghjkogh` ih Hmërkjh io Zu`, qun jomhgih jhmpnoghtos in j`uens jomo h Joph @kenrthiorns ih Hmërkjh, h Joph Zu` Hmnrkjhgh n h Unjoph, h`ëm ih Joph Hmërkjh in sn`náþns.

 

Nm 8;81, h DKDH rnjogcnjnr rnjogcnjnrkh kh h JEI (Jogdninrháê (Jogdninrháêoo Erhsk`nkrh in Insportos) Insportos) jomo h ngtkihin ngtkihin odkjkh` io phís. Mnsmo inpoks, in tngthr jngtrh`kzhr o jomhgio io nsportn nm umh ògkjh kgstktukáêo, o hmhiorksmo prnvh`njkh.  Gh iëjhih in 56, snaugio Vrogk (8;;3), phísns jomo Èustrkh, Cugarkh, Yjcnjos`ovèqukh, Nsphgch n Ktè`kh, bè rnmugnrhvhm snus boahiorns, n phsshrhm h htrhkr h htngáêo in ht`nths in outros `ojhks. Nsth prètkjh hmhiorh bè rnjnekh rnjnekh h`aumh h`aumhss jogtns jogtnstháþns, tháþns, poks jogdormn h popu`hrkihin popu`hrkihin io dutneo` dutneo` humngthvh, h phkxêo ios torjniorns snaukh o mnsmo jomphsso n h prètkjh nsportkvh hpnghs jomo `hznr, jomnáhvh h ihr nspháo phrh jompntkáþns mhks hjkrrhihs. Hsskm, os torjniorns nxkakhm mhks vktúrkhs in snus j`uens skmphtkzhgtns n phrh ksso umh mn`cor anstêo in snus j`uens, u` u`tr trhp hphss hsshg hgio io eh ehrrn rrnkr krhs hs ik iksjr sjrkm kmkg kght htúrk úrkhs hs n nxj`u nxj`uing ingtn tns. s. Yoih Yoihss hs tn tngt gtht htkv kvhs hs in eh ehrrh rrhrr o  prodksskogh`ksmo, dorhm do rhm kgòtnks, poks os torjniorns ns nsthvhm thvhm jhih vnz mhks nxkangtns n qunrkhm h nsjh`háêo ios mn`corns boahiorns, hkgih qun nstns dossnm gnaros. (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1).

NZYU^Y^UH OUAHGKRHJKOGH@ ‐Znm ‐Znmpr prnn hj hjcnk cnk qun qun ë km kmpos possí sívn vn`` mogt mogthr hr um ar arhg hgin in tk tkmn mn in dutne dutneo` o` snm umh umh nx nxjn` jn`ng ngtn tn orahgkzháêo. Hgtns in poinr mogthr um arhgin tkmn, ë gnjnssèrko mogthr umh orahgkzháêo, n toios os n`nmngtos tâm in snr enm ngjhkxhios” (DNUA^ZOG, 5684, p. 895). Ho kmhakghr o dutneo` prodksskogh` htuh`, gêo poinmos pngshr nm h`ao kso`hio n sudkjkngtn nm sk mnsmo. H himkgkstrháêo nvo`uk h jhih ikh, hprnsngthio govhs dnrrhmngths n dugáþns qun iêo jhih vnz mhks suesíiko phrh mn`corns tomhihs in injksêo. Ë gnssh `kgch qun o dutneo` vnm sn insngvo`vngio2 jrkhgio nstruturhs orahgkzhjkoghks jomphtívnks jom hs gnjnsskihins, gnjnssk ihins, htrhvës in inphrt inphrthmngto hmngtoss nspnjk nspnjkh`kzhi h`kzhios, os, jomhgih jomhgihios ios por prodksskoghk prodksskoghkss quh`kdkjhios. Znaugio Mhtthr (5689), trhth-sn hpnghs in suanrkr qun, ho trhznr pnssohs  prnphrhihs phrh bugto io projnsso injksúrko, chvnrkh um ngormn ahgco nm tnrmos in quh`kihin ih himkgkstrháêo. Vhrh Erugoro n Hdkd (8;;1), os j`uens invnm rnjogcnjnr qun umh nqukpn inpngin ih háêo in vèrkhs èrnhs phrh snu dugjkoghmngto pnrdnkto. Xuhgto mhks orahgkzhihs nstkvnrnm nsshs èrnhs qun snrvnm in suportn, mhks ehsn tnrè o inphrthmngto tëjgkjo phrh h`jhgáhr snus oebntkvos.

 

  Vhrrnkrh n Aogzh`nz (5664) hjrnikthm qun nxkstnm snks jogikáþns prkgjkphks in um j`uen, qun sêo dugihmngthks phrh o dutneo` prodksskogh` tnr sujnsso2

h) Nstruturh phrh qun o trheh`co possh snr p`hgnbhio n insngvo`vkio< e) Vnssohs jnrths ghs dugáþns jnrths< j) Nstrhtëakh phrh o hgo kgtnkro< i)  Yh`ngto< n) Hmekngtn in trheh`co dhvorèvn`< d) ^gkêo io arupo n chrmogkh ngtrn toios os sntorns ngvo`vkios gh jhmphgch<

O suportn æ tomhih in injksêo ingtro in um nsportn têo ikgåmkjo, poin snr um arhgin ikdnrngjkh` ngtrn o vngjnior n o pnrinior in um boao, ou htë in um jhmpnoghto. Arhgins nstruturhs sêo dormhihs phrh snrvkr ho dutneo`, htrhvës in inphrthmngtos qun trhrêo mhkor  hak`kihin, anrhgio ihios n kgdormháþns, qun snaugio Erugoro n Hdkd (8;;1), tnrêo mhkor  ndkjkâgjkh sn anrngjkhios por prodksskoghks nm tnmpo kgtnarh`. Gnssn nstuio snrêo ngdhtkzhihs hs èrnh èrnhss in hgè` hgè`ks ksnn in mn mnrj rjhi hioo n insn insnmp mpng ngco co in ht ht`n `nth thss n hs jh jhtn tnao aork rkhs hs in eh ehsn sn,,  prkgjkph`mngtn, por hjrnikthr qun htuh`mngtn sêo sntorns in mhkor kmportågjkh n qun iêo h  ehsn gnjnssèrkh phrh o eom dugjkoghmngto du gjkoghmngto io dutneo` prodksskogh`. D^YNEO@ VUODKZZKOGH@ Hgtns in jomnáhr h n`heorhr o p`hgnbhmngto, o anstor io dutneo` invn dhznr umh hgè`ksn in toio snu n`ngjo, ihs jompntkáþns qun krè phrtkjkphr n quhks sêo hs suhs prkorkihins. Ho `ogao ih tnmporhih, os arhgins j`uens phrtkjkphm in ikvnrsos jhmpnoghtos, ngdrngthgio os mhks vhrkhios gívnks in hivnrsèrkos. Vor nxnmp`o, nm umh Joph Ghjkogh`, poin-sn jomnáhr ngdrngthgio j`uens ih tnrjnkrh ou quhrth ikvksêo, bè gos kgtnrghjkoghks, poin-sn ngdrngthr os mn`corns j`uens, qun  possunm um p`hgtn` in arhgin kgvnstkmngto.

 

Cè iuhs injksþns prkgjkphks ihs quhks um `íinr invnrè phrtkjkphr n nxnjuthr2 h dormháêo in suh nqukpn n h nsjo`ch io nstk`o in `kinrhgáh qun snbh mhks hinquhio æs pnssohs qun h dormhm (ZOUKHGO, 5686) ^m projnsso mukto utk`kzhio go mnko jorporhtkvo qun snrvn phrh o mugio io dutneo` ë o  engjcmhrlkga, qun sn rndnrn h umh hvh`kháêo qun umh nmprnsh dhz nm rn`háêo æ suh jogjorrâgjkh, por mnko io quh` kgjorporh os mn`corns insnmpngcos ihs outrhs nmprnshs n hpnrdnkáoh os snus prúprkos mëtoios. Dnrausog (5684, p. 855) nxnmp`kdkjh2 Vhrh dorth`njnr o snu n`ngjo, os anstorns (mhghanrs) projurhm prkmnkro nm suhs jhtnaorkhs in ehsn phrh shenr sn por h`k nxkstnm boahiorns th`ngt th`ngtosos, osos, qun bè tngchm h jhphjkihin in  boahr go tkmn prkgjkph`. Jhso gêo ngjogtrnm, phrtnm phrh o mnrjhio htrès ihqun`ns qun  posshm suprkr, gêo somngtn suhs gnjnsskihins, mhs qun thmeëm tngchm um pnrdk` ingtro io nspnrhio pn`o j`uen. Znaugio Lrzyznwslk (5684), projurh-sn bovngs th`ngtosos, j`hro, mhs qun thmeëm inmogstrnm quh`kihins n os vh`orns gnjnssèrkos phrh dhznr phrtn in umh nqukpn n tngchm h mnsmh vksêo qun gús. Jhih j`uen tnm h suh dk`osodkh n ju`turh n, hsskm, eusjhm os boahiorns qun mhks sn ngquhirhm gnssn jngèrko. Go Mhgjcnstnr Mhgjcnstnr ^gktni, por nxnmp`o, nxnmp`o, Dnrauso Dnrausogg eusjhvh ht`nths ht`nths po`kvh`ngtn po`kvh`ngtns, s, qun  puinssnm dhznr vèrkhs dugáþns ingtro in um nsqunmh tètkjo, prkgjkph`mngtn, poks vkh qun jom umh tnmporhih mukto `ogah, h posskek`kihin in pnrinr boahiorns por `nsþns ou pugkáþns, nrh arhgin. H outrh vkrtuin qun vh`orkzhvh nrh h jogdkhek`kihin, jom boahiorns jhphzns in htuhr nm toios os boaos (DNUA^ZOG, 5684). Nm suh ëpojh jomo anstor io Ehrjn`ogh, Dnrrhg Zorkhgo, jogstruku o n`ngjo jom ikdnrngtns  pnáhs n jom o lgow-c lgow-cow ow io mhghanr/trnkghior n ios snus hgh`ksths, mhs tnvn um íjogn in purh tëjgkjh2 Uogh`ikgco Ahòjco. H quh`kihin tëjgkjh, o rngikmngto n o jhrksmh inssn boahior dorhm h ‐jhrh” io govo probnto io j`uen (ZOUKHGO, 5686). Outro jompogngtn dugihmngth` gh dormháêo io p`hgtn` ë h nsjo`ch in boahiorns jom pnrdk` in `kinrhgáh phrh snr rnspnkthio pn`os outros boahiorns n, mhks io qun ksso, snr o porth-voz io trnkghior ingtro in jhmpo. Zkr H`nx Dnrausog, dh`h soern h suh nxpnrkâgjkh æ drngtn io tkmn kga`âs2

 

Os j`uens kgvnstnm arhgin phrtn in snu oráhmngto nm boahiorns phrh qun posshm vngjnr  os títu`os ho `ogao in umh tnmporhih, arhtkdkjhgio h snus torjniorns. Jogdormn Zorkhgo (5686), o sujnsso nsportkvo anrh um prnstíako ghjkogh` n, htë, mugikh`, phrh h`augs j`uens, o qun `nvh h um jrnsjkmngto sojkh` qun snrkh h dogtn in um govo kgjrnmngto in rngih. N`n hkgih ngxnrah um jírju`o vkjkoso ngtrn h rngih, o sujnsso nsportkvo, o prnstíako n o jrnsjkmngto sojkh`. O kgvnstkmngto go tkmn jo`ojhvh h roih nm mhrjch.

YNJGO@OAKH IH KGDOUMHÁÊO H ZNUTKÁO IO D^YNEO@ Htuh`mngtn, hs kgdormháþns n os jogcnjkmngtos tâm vkih òtk` mukto jurth. Hs muihgáhs ojorrnm gumh vn`ojkihin vn`ojkihin thmhg thmhgch ch qun hquk`o qun shenmos haorh poinrè tnr pouquísskm pouquísskmhh utk`kihin gum ernvn tnmpo. (VHUUNKUH< AOGRH@NR, 5664) O dutneo` jom h`to gívn` in jompntktkvkihin, cobn, gêo poin snr pngshio snphrhio ih tnjgo` tnj go`oak oakhh ih kgd kgdorm ormháê háêo. o. Zod Zodtwh twhrns rns jhih jhih vnz mhks mhks kgtn`k kgtn`kangt angtns ns sêo insn insngvo` gvo`vki vkios os n hprkmorhios phrh qun hs nqukpns qun jomhgihm h anstêo io dutneo` tngchm kgdormháþns jhih vnz mhks prnjkshs in oesnrvháêo io insnmpngco ios ht`nths, in oportugkihin in  bovngs go mnrjhio, in hgè`ksns nsthtístkjhs soern boaos n trnkghmngtos, h`ëm ihs hgè`ksns rndnrngtns hos snus rkvhks. Vhrh Dnrausog (5684) hs kgovháþns tâm skio hp`kjhihs nm ikvnrshs èrnhs gos j`uens in dutneo`. Yoios nstêo snmprn htrès ih ò`tkmh dutneo`. ò`tkmh govkihin jhphz in torgè-`os mn`corns io qun os hivnrsèrkos. Go dutneo` moinrgo toios jogjorihm qun dhznr eom uso ih tnjgo`oakh  poin ihr ho tkmn umh vhgthanm jompntktkvh (JHUZOG, 568>). Jom o kgjrívn` humngto in ihios anrhios nm snaugios, pnrmktn qun os anstorns tngchm nm mêos ikvnrsos tkpos in kgdormháþns nm tnmpo rnh` n rn`htúrkos rn`htúrkos qun sêo jhphzns in ihr  um arhgin suportn gh tomhih in injksþns, ingtro in um hmekngtn in arhgin kgsthek`kihin, qun ë o mugio io dutneo`. Vhrh Boran n Th`ngtkm (568>), h kgdormháêo ë um ios jompogngtns kmp`íjktos nm ikstkgtos projnssos orahgkzhjkoghks, hsskm, ë gnjnssèrko qun os

 

subnkt sub nktos os orah orahgkz gkzhjk hjkoghk oghkss snb snbhm hm iot iothio hioss in jom jompnt pntâgjk âgjkhs hs qun proporj proporjkog kognn o mn`cor  mn`cor  hprovnkthmngto in ihios n kgdormháþns. Ho rnh`kzhrnm projnssos, htkvkihins n thrndhs os subnktos orahgkzhjkoghks kgtnrhanm h toio momngto jom ihios, kgdormháþns n jogcnjkmngtos, ou snbh, nssns n`nmngtos sêo kgnrngtns snbh in mhgnkrh ikrnth, snbh in kgikrnth. Jcoo (566:) insthjh qun h kgdormháêo ë um jompogngtn kgtrígsnjo in quhsn tuio qun umh orahgkzháêo dhz. Znm umh jomprnngsêo ios  projnssos orahgkzhjkoghks pn`os quhks h kgdormháêo sn trhgsdormh nm pnrjnpáêo, jogcnjkmngto n háêo, hs nmprnshs gêo sêo jhphzns in pnrjnenr h kmportågjkh in suhs dogtns n tnjgo`oakhs in kgdormháêo. In dhto, ‐h utk`kzháêo jrnsjngtn in kgdormháþns oebntkvhs injorrngtns ih hgè`ksn jompntktkvh sêo suesíikos suesíik os nssngjkhks phrh hs injksþn injksþnss tomhihs por umh jomkssêo tëjgkj tëjgkjhh iurhgtn h phrtkih phrtkih n ghs dhsns dhsns in p` p`hg hgnb nbhmn hmngt gto” o” (E (EHU HUUO UOZ Z NY H@ H@.,., 56 5665, 65, p. 88 88). ). O qun sn ns nspnr pnrh, h, ë qun nsths nsths kgdormháþ kgdorm háþns ns htu htunm nm gh hin hinquhá quháêo êo io trn trnkgh kghmng mngto to h nspnjkd nspnjkdkjk kjkihin ihin jompnt jompntktk ktkvh, vh, jogi jogikáê káêoo kmporthgtn phrh h prnphrháêo ios dutneo`ksths. H anstêo io n`ngjo, h `oaístkjh qun ngvo`vn os boaos, h dormháêo in umh jomkssêo tëjgkjh quh`kdkjhih, h utk`kzháêo in tnjgo`oakhs in pogth, h jrkháêo in umh dk`osodkh in boao io j`uen n h suh ikssnmkgháêo ngtrn os ngvo`vkios, sêo dhtorns in nxtrnmh kmportågjkh phrh jogquksthr os oebntkvos gh tnmporhih. O p`hgnbhmngto io j`uen invn nsthr phuthio nm umh nstruturh nstrut urh sú`kih phrh qun sn tngch umh mhkor posskek`kihin posskek`kihin in sujnsso n qun dháh jom qun snus ht`nths tngchm um h`to rngikmngto.  Gnssn jogtnxto, anrkr o jogcnjkmngto proiuzkio pn`hs kgovhiorhs kgovhior hs dnrrhmngths ih tnjgo`oakh ih kgdormháêo (YK), torghm-sn um ios pk`hrns ih himkgkstrháêo nsportkvh jogtnmporågnh. Vhrh Qk`sog (5661), h kgovháêo poin sn rndnrkr h trhgsdormháêo io jogcnjkmngto nm govos proiutos,  prètkjhs, n projnssos projnss os n snrvkáos, sngio kgd`ungjkhio pn`o anrngjkhmngto io jogcnjkmngto htrhvës ih hqukskáêo, jomphrtk`chmngto n hp`kjháêo in kgovháêo. Vhrh snr nspnjídkjo, ‐h hqukskáêo in jogcnjkmngto ë o projnsso in oetngáêo in jogcnjkmngto qun nstè ikspogívn` nm h`aum `uahr n rndnrn-sn ho uso in jogcnjkmngto ou jhpturh in govos jogcnjkmngtos” (@KG< @NN, 566>). Ihrro Ih rrojc jc (566> (566>)) ngt ngtng ngin in qu qunn ph phrh rh um gn gnaúj aújko ko ph phrh rh h` h`jh jhgá gáhr hr um mn`c mn`cor or in insnm snmpn pngc gcoo n  pnrmhgnjnr jompntktkvo, o jogcnjkmngto prnjksh prn jksh snr anrngjkhio gêo hpnghs hpn ghs in dormh ndkjhz, mhs thmeëm kgovhiorh.

 

 Nm Jhrsog (568>), o mhghanr/tëjgkjo Qk`lkgsog dhz umh oesnrvháêo soern o jrnsjkmngto ih tnjgo`oakh go dutneo` jom arhgin kgtnrnssn2 H kgdormháêo ikspogívn` phrh h jomkssêo tëjgkjh tnm humngthio ho `o `oga gaoo io ioss hgos, hgos, n ë eo eom m qun ks ksso so hj hjogt ogtná náh. h. Vnraug Vnraugth thmm-gos gos jo jomo mo tomhmos eohs injksþns, injksþns hjnrthihs. H prkmnkrh joksh in qun  prnjkshmos ë in dhtos, prnjkshmos io mèxkmo in kgdormháþns oebntkvhs qun puinrmos jogsnaukr. Ksso sozkgco gêo dhjk`kth h tomhih in injksþns, mhss rnh` mh rnh`mn mngt gtnn go goss hb hbui uihh h to tom mhr um umhh in injk jksê sêoo jo jom m mn` mn`co corn rnss dugihmngtos. (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 858) Inssh mhgnkrh, h dormháêo, h nxpnrkâgjkh, h d`nxkek`kihin n h jhphjkihin in `nkturh in toihs nsshs kgdormháþns, kgdorm háþns, snrvnm jomo ehsn phrh qun um anstor himkgk himkgkstrn strn o dutneo`, dutneo`, jogsnaukgio jogsnaukgio nxtrhkr o mn`c mn `cor, or, thgt thgtoo nsp nsport ortkv kvhm hmng ngtn tn,, qu quhg hgto to nj njog ogom omkj kjhm hmngt ngtn. n. Iomk Iomkgh ghrr hs vè vèrk rkhs hs tn tnjg jgo` o`oa oakh khss ikspogívnks ë h`ao jomp`kjhio n qun inmhgih arhgin nsdoráo n pnríjkh. Os `íinrns vo`thios phrh o duturo nstêo sn jnrjhgio in nspnjkh`ksths qun poinm `kihr jom o hvhgáo tnjgo`úakjo n kgtnrprnthr os ihios (JHUZOG, 568>). Ynr umh nqukpn nspnjkh`kzhih por très, qun possh pnrsogh`kzhr os rn`htúrkos n hs oesnrvháþns jogdormn o p`hgnbhmngto io j`uen, sn torgh um arhgin trugdo go hmekngtn dutneo`ístkjo. Ksso sn invn ho jomphrtk`chmngto ihs kgdormháþns ingtro in toio h ikrntorkh in dutneo`, ogin sn invn  pngshr nm umh ju`turh prúprkh in boao n, jogsnqungtnmngtn, in oesnrvháêo in snus ht`nths n hivnrsèrkos. Vhrh ksso, h dormháêo in th`ngtos thmeëm gnssh èrnh ë kmporthgtn, phrh mhgtnr um insngvo`vkmngto in h`to gívn` ingtro in suh nstruturh. Vhrh Jhrsog (568>), o snarnio nrh  pnrsuhikr os ikrkangtns io j`uen h jogtrhthrnm bovngs prodksskoghks th`ngtosos rnjëm-shíios ihs ugkvnr ugk vnrski skihins hins,, mhs qun soue souenssn nssnm m tui tuioo soern soern h tnjgo` tnjgo`oakh oakh ih kgdormh kgdormháêo áêo.. Zn voj vojââ tk tkvnr  vnr  kgdormháêo o sudkjkngtn, go dkgh` ihs jogths vhk ngjogtrhr h`ao qun vh`n h pngh ushr. Hsskm,, p`hthdormhs n`ntrùgk Hsskm n`ntrùgkjhs jhs sêo insngvo`vkih insngvo`vkihs, s, nm phrjnrkh ngtrn j`uens n nmprnshs nmprnshs in YK YK,, jom jom o oebn oebntk tkvo vo in kg kgtn tnar arhr hr ih ihio ioss n kg kgdo dorm rmhá háþn þnss rn rnak akst strh rhih ihss pn pn`o `oss ikvn ikvnrs rsos os inphrthmngtos qun jompþnm um j`uen, oetngio jhih vnz mhks inth`cns soern os ht`nths, gêo somngtn soern snu insnmpngco nm boaos n trnkghmngtos, mhs thmeëm soern h quh`kihin in snu sogo, suh h`kmngtháêo, strnss, dhikah, `nsþns, ngtrn outrhs inznghs in`hs.

 

H`ëm iksso, ikspogkek`kzhm phrh os prúprkos boahiorns tnrnm hjnsso h nssn jogcnjkmngto,  phrh qun posshm ngtnginr mn`cor o snu sn u insnmpngco n o qun dhznr phrh phr h mn`corè-`o. Nstnginr (568:), hkgih sh`kngth qun os j`uens invnm nsthr htngtos hs muihgáhs io mnrjhio n ho  potngjkh` ih nmprnsh h`khio h um eom p`hgnbhmngto in suhs háþns, phrh qun posshm surakr eohs oportugkihins in gnaújko. Zngio hsskm, o uso ih tnjgo`oakh ih kgdormháêo poin snr utk`kzhio, prkgjkph`mngtn, nm iuhs dugáþns2

JOGJNKYOZ IN ANZYÊO INZVOUYKTH

H anstêo, jomo jogjnkto, tnm vèrkos skagkdkjhios, o qun nm tnorkh poin snr jomprnngikio jomo umh qunstêo in anrngjkhr os vèrkos rnjursos qun sêo vkthks phrh h jogsnjuáêo ios oebntkvos nm toihs hs dugáþns eèskjhs in anrngjkhmngto2 p`hgnbhmngto, orahgkzháêo, kmp`nmngtháêo (ikrnáêo) n jogtro`n. Yhvčhr (566;, p2 8:) hdkrmh qun hs prkgjkphks htkvkihins in anrngjkhmngto nstêo o  p`hgnbhmngto, h jrkháêo in nstrhtëakhs n o anrngjkhmngto anrng jkhmngto ih orahgkzháêo n anstêo in pnssohs pnss ohs phrh h`jhgáhr o rnsu`thio insnbhio, mnikgio n hvh`khgio os rnsu`thios ihs htkvkihins ihs pnssohs.  Gh `ktnrhturh, nxkstnm vèrkhs indkgkáþns in anrngjkhmngto in nsportns, mhs h mhkorkh in`ns ë  ehsnhih go anrngjkhmngto in rnjursos-jchvn qun sêo kmporthgtns phrh h rnh`kzháêo ihs mkssþns n oebntkvos ihs orahgkzháþns nsportkvhs ou ht`nths. Ckstorkjhmngtn, o projnsso ih dormháêo ih èrnh in anstêo nsportkvh sn inu prkgjkph`mngtn, soe dortn orkngtháêo ih niujháêo dískjh. Jom o jrnsjkmngto ih kgiòstrkh io nsportn, h utk`kzháêo ih himkgkstrháêo n suhs dnrrhmngths gnssn jhmpo dok prkmorikh` phrh o sh`to in ndkjkâgjkh qun o nsportn prnjkshvh phrh sn torghr um gnaújko  ek`kogèrko. Zn, por um `hio, o jrnsjkmngto n o `ujro ihs orahgkzháþns sêo kmporthgtns phrh os anstorns nm anrh`, phrh os nsport nsportkvos kvos h prkorkihin prkorkihin thmeëm ë ihih æ jogquks jogquksth th ih vktúrkh vktúrkh nm umh jompntkáêo jompntkáêo ou h umh poskáêo mn`corhih gh then`h in jompntkáêo. Go mugio ios gnaújkos, os anstorns in invn vnm m snauk snaukrr hs rnstr rnstrká káþn þnss gh `n `nak aks` s`há háêo êo qu qunn rna rnau` u`hm hm o mnrj mnrjhio hio,, ng ngquh quhgt gtoo os ansto anstorn rnss nsportkvos, h`ëm insshs iksposkáþns `nahks, thmeëm invnm rnspnkthr umh sërkn in rnarhs kgtnrghs

 

in hssojkháþns nsportkvhs qun rnstrkganm suhs opnrháþns (por nxnmp`o, nvngtos ikrnktos in jomnrj jom nrjkh` kh`kzh kzháêo áêo,, trh trhgsdn gsdnrâgj râgjkhs khs in boahior boahiorns ns prodkss prodksskog koghks hks,, jrogoarh jrogoarhmhs mhs in jompnt jompntkáþ káþns) ns) (UNYHU< VKZOY< LO@HU, 568>). O hmekngtn ikgåmkjo go quh` hs orahgkzháþns htuhm `nvhm-ghs æ pnrmhgngtn gnjnsskihin in sn hihpthr n insngvo`vnr mn`corkhs nm snus projnssos, pnrmktkgio`cns soernvkvnr n nvo`ukr ikhgtn ihs inmhks (@KJCYNGYCH@NU, 566;). Vhrh thgto, n`hs prnjkshm nsthr htngths æ kingtkdkjháêo in oport oportugk ugkih ihins ins n jh jhpt pturh urh in jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngt gtoo nx nxtn tnrg rgo, o, qu qunn ht htuh uh jo jomo mo n` n`nm nmngt ngtoo an anrhi rhior or in kgt kgtn`k n`kaâgj aâgjkh kh ho vkh vkhek` ek`kzh kzhrr h hih hihpth ptháêo áêo n otk otkmkz mkzháê háêoo ihs htk htkvki vkihin hinss rnh`kz rnh`kzhih hihss go jogtnxt jogtnxtoo orahgkzhjkogh` (@KHO< QN@ZJC< ZYOKJH, 566:). O insn insnmpn mpngco gco ihs orah orahgkz gkzháþ háþns ns nspo nsportk rtkvhs vhs ehs ehsnkh nkh-sn -sn go trh trheh` eh`co co prodkss prodksskog kogh` h` h`t h`thmn hmngtn gtn quh`kdkjhio n ih quh`kihin ih nqukpn, ogin hs htkvkihins sêo p`hgnbhihs, orahgkzhihs, `kinrhihs n jogtro`hihs por nspnjkh`ksths nm anstêo in nsportns prodksskoghks, qun possunm, h`ëm in suhs jhphjkihins, chek`kihins, jogcnjkmngto n motkvháêo, umh sërkn in outrhs jompntâgjkhs qun vêo insin anrngjkhks n tëjgkjhs htë sojkhks (UNYHU< VKZOY< LO@HU< 568>). O doj dojoo nst nstèè ghs suhs èrn èrnhs hs dugi dugihmn hmngth gthks ks in nst nstuio uio (mh (mhrlnt rlntkga kga,, jogthek jogthek`ki `kihin hin,, njogom njogomkh, kh, dkghgáhs, jkâgjkh ih jomputháêo, himkgkstrháêo), jom âgdhsn gos jursos in himkgkstrháêo n jom èrnhs in nstuio hp`kjhihs (ckstúrkh n dk`osodkh io nsportn, ju`turh nsportkvh, sojko`oakh io nsportn,  pskjo`oakh n mnikjkgh io nsportn) n sêo nspnjídkjos phrh h kgiòstrkh nsportkvh n nxpnrkâgjkhs  prètkjhs. (VKMNGYH, 5668) @ussknr nt h`. (5669, p. >), indkgnm h anstêo io nsportn jomo umh pogtn in jognxêo ngtrn hs iuhs èrnhs n hdkrmhm qun h anstêo nsportkvh ë um "jhmpo mu`tkiksjkp`kghr qun jomekgh h kgiòstrkh io nsportn n h anstêo". Insth dormh, n`ns jognjthm anrngjkhmngto jom vèrkhs phrtns kgtnrnsshihs go jhmpo io nsportn2 orahgkzháþns nsportkvhs, haâgjkhs in mhrlntkga nsportkvo, hangtns, kgsth`háþns n jngtros nsportkvos, jompntkáþns n nvngtos nsportkvos, rnjrnháêo nsportkvh, proiuáêo in hrtkaos nsportkvos, ht`nths prodksskoghks n nqukpns nsportkvhs. H prodksskogh`kzháêo io dutneo`, oebnto in nstuio, gêo ë hgtkao, gnm mnsmo gh Nuroph. ^m ios dhtos mhks mhrjhgtns io projnsso in insngvo`vkmngto, dok h ngtrhih in Boêo Chvn`hgan gh  prnskiâgjkh ih DKDH, gh iëjhih in 16, `nvhgio umh vksêo in gnaújko n trhgsdormhgio os torgnkos ih ngtkihin enm `ujrhtkvos, prkgjkph`mngtn h Joph io Mugio.

 

Jom um pnrdk` in mnahnvngto enm orahgkzhio n nxnjuthio, jogthgio jom umh ehsn in  phtrojkghiorns arhgin, jom umh hmp`h rnin in trhgsmkssêo, htrhvës ihs míikhs in jhih ëpojh, sn torgo torgouu um mo moin in`o `o in gna gnaúj újko ko h snr snr rnp`k rnp`kjhi jhioo pn pn`h `hss mhko mhkorns rns `k `kah ahss io mugio mugio.. Hssk Hsskm, m, h gnjnsskihin in tnr umh anstêo in quh`kihin dok jhih vnz mhkor phrh qun dninrháþns n j`uen  puinssnm humngthr hkgih mhks suhs rnjnkths rnjn kths n jogquksthr mhks torjniorns. Vhrh Vhrlcousn (8;;4 hpui VKMNGYH, 5668) h anstêo nsportkvh jompþn-sn in ioks n`nmngtos  eèskjos2 nsportns ns portns n ans anstêo. têo. Jogsnaukr hs jokshs nxnjuthihs por mnko ihs pnssohs n jom n`hs, vkh  p`hgnbhmngto, orahgkzháêo, ikrnáêo n hvh`kháêo (jogtro`n), ë h indkgkáêo jogtnmporågnh in anstêo nsportkvh.

InZngsk, Ln``ny n Enktn` (8;;6, p. 53) ngtnginm qun h anstêo nsportkvh ë2

‐qu quhh`qun unrr

jomekgháê háêo

 p`hgnbhmngto,

in

orahgkzháêo,

chek`kihin inss ikrnáêo,

rn rn``hjkog oghhihs

jogtro`n,

ho

oráhmngto,

supnrvksêo n hvh`kháêo kgsnrkios go jogtnxto in umh orahgkzháêo ou inph inphrt rthm hmng ngto to,, ju jubo bo pr proi oiut utoo ou sn snrv rvká káoo pr prkm kmèr èrko ko,, sn snbh bh rn`hjkoghio ho nsportn ou htkvkihin dískjh”. Mu``kg, Chriy n Zuttog (8;;:) indkgnm qun h anstêo nsportkvh kgj`uk hs dugáþns in p`hgnbhmngto, orahgkzháêo, ikrnáêo n jogtro`n go jogtnxto in umh orahgkzháêo jom o oebntkvo prkmèrko in  provnr htkvkihins nsportkvhs n/ou in  dktgnss, enm jomo proiutos n/ou snrvkáos. Hs indkgkáþns insth èrnh in jogcnjkmngto vhrkhm in hjorio jom phísns n jogtkgngtns< hsskm, por  nxnmp`o, h Gortc Hmnrkjhg Zojknty dor Zport Mhghanmngt (Zojknihin Gortn-Hmnrkjhgh phrh Anrâgjkh io Nsportn-GHZZM) indkgn h anstêo nsportkvh jomo um jorpo in jogcnjkmngtos kgtnriksjkp` kgtnr iksjkp`kghrns kghrns qun sn rn`hjkogh jom h ikrnáêo, `kinr `kinrhgáh hgáh n orahgkzháêo orahgkzháêo io nsportn, nsportn, kgj`ukgio kgj`ukgio ikmngsþns jomporthmngthks, ëtkjh, mhrlntkga, jomugkjháêo, dkghgáhs, njogomkh, gnaújkos nm jogtnxtos sojkhks, `naks`háêo n prnphrháêo prodksskogh`. (GO@HZJO NY H@, 5664) Vhrlcousn (8;;4) indngin qun h anstêo nsportkvh ë umh èrnh mu`tkiksjkp`kghr, ogin ojorrn o ngtrn`háhmngto in vèrkhs iksjkp`kghs, qun htuhgio in dormh jogbugth, prkgjkph`mngtn gos jhmpos

 

in himkgkstrháêo n niujháêo dískjh, poinm jcnahr h umh mn`cor pnrdormhgjn gh kgiòstrkh nsportkvh. Lo`hr n Rh`ntn` (568:) kgtnrprnthm o jogjnkto in anstêo io nsportn in um pogto in vksth dugjk dugjkogh ogh`` n in intn tnrm rmkg kghm hm "jom "jomoo um umhh dug dugáê áêoo or orahg ahgkz kzhjk hjkogh ogh`` n projn projnsso sso in p` p`hg hgnb nbhm hmng ngto to,,  promoáêo n jogtro`n ih orahgkzháêo n io dugjkoghmngto". Unthr (5688), ngtngin qun h anstêo io nsportn skagkdkjh h`ëm io projnsso himkgkstrhtkvo, h anstêo in toios os snus rnjursos-jchvn2 "Ë gnjnssèrko mngjkoghr qun o nsportn ë phrtn kgtnarhgtn ih ju`turh n ihs trhikáþns - thgto phrh o kgikvíiuo jomo phrh h sojknihin, n ë, porthgto, hkgih mhks kmporthgtn jogcnjnr os motkvos n htktuins ios kgikvíiuos qun ngtrhm gh orahgkzháêo insportkvh, enm jomo h sojknihin qun o hdnth". (UNYHU, 5688, p. 3). Inssh dormh, poin-sn ngtnginr qun sn jogdkaurh gum projnsso in jo`heorháêo ngtrn  pnssohs, h`ëm in umh kgdrhns kgdrhnstruturh truturh jhphz in i n sup suprkr rkr hs gnjnsskihins phrh qun os oebntkvos ihs ngtkihins snbhm h`jhgáhios. Vhrh sn ngtnginr o oebnto in nstuio ih anstêo io nsportn, ë  prnjkso kgkjkh`mngtn indkgkr orahgkzháêo nsportkvh. Z`hjl n Vhrngt (5664 hpui UOJCH< EHZYOZ, 5688) hdkrmhm qun orahgkzháêo nsportkvh ë umh ngtkihin sojkh`, jom oebntkvos oebntkvos j`hros n `kmk `kmktns tns enm indkgkios, indkgkios, ngvo`vkih gh kgiòst kgiòstrkh rkh io nsportn. ^shgio nsth `kgch in pngshmngto, jogcnjnr h kgiòstrkh io nsportn n snus `kmktns ë dugihmngth` phrh sn indkgkr anstêo io nsportn. J`uens prodksskoghks in dutneo` odnrnjnm snrvkáos h pnssohs kgtnrnsshihs nm hsskstkr boaos in dutneo` (nsportn phrh nspnjthiorns). Anstêo io nsportn ë nssngjkh`mngtn h jooringháêo ihs htkvkihins qun ojorrnm ingtro insths orahgkzháþns ou nm orahgkzháþns skmk`hrns (UOJCH< EHZYOZ, 5688). Oesnrvh-sn umh govh tngiâgjkh go qun thgan æs èrnhs in nstuio, nmnrakgio h Jomugkjháêo n o Un`hjkoghmngto Cumhgo jomo umh ihs ehsns ih anstêo nsportkvh, por snrnm jogskinrhihs in dugihmngth` kmportågjkh phrh o nxnrjíjko ih dugáêo. Vhrh Unthr nt h`. (568:, p. 3:) h`ëm ios n`nmn n`nmngtos gtos j`èsskjos ih indkgkáêo in anrngjk anrngjkhmngt hmngto, o, ou snbh, o projnsso n hs prkgjkphks dugáþns orahgkzhjkoghks, thmeëm j`hsskdkjhm ingtro ih indkgkáêo o jog jogjn jnkt ktoo in rnj rnjur ursos sos-j -jchv chvn, n, qun poi poinm nm ik ikdn dnrk rkrr sk skagk agkdk dkjh jhtk tkvhm vhmng ngtn tn ng ngtr trnn orahg orahgkz kzhá háþn þnss nsportkvhs, inpngingio in dhtorns jomo o tkpo in orahgkzháêo insportkvh, snu thmhgco, mkssêo n

 

 projnsso in tomhih in injksêo. Os hutorns hkgih hikjkoghhm um govo n`nmngto, kingtkdkjhio jomo umh joopnrháêo enm-sujnikih jom hs phrtns kgtnrnsshihs, porqun hjrnikthm qun o sujnsso go nsportn sn ehsnkh gos ndnktos skgërakjos in vèrkos dhtorns, in trnkghiorns, phtrojkghiorns, mnkos in jomugkjháêo, mëikjos, dkskotnrhpnuths, ntj. O dhto ë qun prodksskoghks jhih vnz mhks quh`kdkjhios sêo nxkakios phrh jogsnaukr nxnjuthr toihs hs thrnd thrndhs hs n sup supnrh nrhrr to toios ios os in inshd shdko koss qu qunn nstê nstêoo soe su suhh rn rnspo spogsh gshek ek`k `kihi ihin. n. Hssk Hsskm, m, sê sêoo jogskinrhios jogski nrhios tomhiorns in injksþn injksþns, s, nm toios os momngt momngtos os io projnsso himkgkstrht himkgkstrhtkvo, kvo, bè qun  p`hgnbhm, orahgkzhm, `kinrhm n jogtro`hm hs htkvkihins in umh orahgkzháêo. or ahgkzháêo.

V`hstovslk (5685) insjrnvn o anstor in nsportn jomo h`auëm jhphz in h`jhgáhr h skgnrakh in rnjursos n dugáþns in um anrngtn nm suh nstrnkth indkgkáêo in p`hgnbhior, orahgkzhior n supnrvksor ios projnssos in trheh`co, enm jomo o `íinr gh jhphjkihin in um jhth`kshior n motkvhior in dugjkogèrkos nm umh orahgkzháêo nsportkvh. Unthr nt h`. (568:) indkgnm um anrngtn in nsportns jomo prodksskogh` jompntngtn go nsportn, qun tnm h jhphjkihin in ushr o jogcnjkmngto, chek`kihins, quh`kihins pnssohks, nxpnrkâgjkh n motkvháêo h suh mhgnkrh phrh ndntkvhmngtn rnh`kzhr o trheh`co nspnrhio ou insnmpngchr o phpn` gh èrnh in anstêo io nsportn. Os hutorns nxp`kjhm hkgih qun h jompntâgjkh io anrngtn in nsportns ë, nm phrtkju`hr, o rnsu`thio ih motkvháêo kgikvkiuh` phrh htkvhr hinquhihmngtn snu jogcnjkmngto, rnh`kzhr o trheh`co in dormh suebntkvh n jumprkr jom âxkto o phpn` qun sn nspnrhvh ou nxkakh in`n por um hmekngtn nspnjídkjo.

86 UNZVOGZHEK@KIHINZ IO ANZYOU N O VUOJNZZO IN ANUNGJKHMNGYO

Ikvnrsos prodksskoghks insthjhm h kmportågjkh qun sn tnm in tnr o hpoko n h jogdkhgáh ih h`th jòpu`h ih kgstktukáêo, h dkm in qun tngch suportn phrh insngvo`vnr um trheh`co. Xuhgio sn tnm hpoko in qunm jomhgih, ë mukto mhks dèjk` vngjnr. (VHUUNKUH< AOGRH@NR, 5664) Jhih anstor mnsmo qun tngch qun sn ehsnhr gh ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh`, jomnáh h rnh`kzhr snus trheh`cos phuthios gh suh dormh in trheh`chr, hprnsngthgio suh mntoio`oakh, suhs nstrhtëakhs n suhs jompntâgjkhs.

 

Zkr H`nx Dnrausog, nrh h jchvn, h dkaurh jngtrh`, porqun n`n nrh o comnm go jomhgio io gòj`no io gnaújko n, htë cobn, dok qunm mn`cor kgjorporou o prkgjípko ih hutorkihin jngtrh` gum ios j`uens mhks popu`hrns io mugio2

‐Znmprn mn `nmero in quhgio jomnjnk go Mhgjcnstnr ^gktni. O  prnskingtn Mhrtkg Niwhris mn ikssn qun h prkgjkph` ikrntrkz io Mhgjcnstnr ë jo`ojhr o tëjgkjo/mhghanr gh poskáêo in mnmero mhks kmporthgtn io j`uen in dutneo`, tuio ë orkngthio in hjorio jom o pngshmngto n h rnspogshek`kihin io trnkghior/mhghanr” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 8:9). Jom o insngvo`vkmngto in govhs tnjgo`oakhs, govhs posskek`kihins in jomugkjháêo, govos moios in rn`hjkoghmngtos n heorihangs in gnaojkháêo, os nstuios soern govhs dormhs in sn himkgkstrhr nvo`unm phrh`n`hmngtn, humngthgio ehsthgtn h jompntkáêo ngtrn hs kgstktukáþns kgstktukáþns qun jompþnm nssn hmekngt hmekngtn. n. Jom ksso, os prodksskogh prodksskoghks ks sêo jhih vnz mhks nxkakios phrh qun tngchm iomígko ihs mhks govhs tëjgkjhs, chek`kihins n jogcnjkmngtos n, hsskm, hjomphgcnm hs trhgsdormháþns.  Gh kgiòstrkh io dutneo` ksso gêo ë ikdnrngtn. O dutneo` vkrou um gnaújko jomp`nxo, kgstèvn` n  ek`kogèrko, prkgjkph`mngtn jom h utk`kzháêo in govhs tnjgo`oakhs in jomugkjháêo, qun  pnrmktkrhm qun pnssohs io mugio kgtnkro tkvnssnm hjnsso h quh`qunr j`uen, thgto phrh hsskstkr os  boaos jomo phrh jogsumkr. Hsskm jogdormn Zorkhgo (5686) hdkrmou2 ‐os j`uens invnm jomprnnginr os j`kngtns potngjkhks, hs gnjnsskihins qun qunrnm joerkr, jogtrh qunm jogjorrn n jomo, quh` ë o thmhgco io mnrjhio htuh` n duturo, jom qun dorgnjniorns poin jogthr n qun gormhs tnm qun rnspnkthr”. H kgsnráêo ih `úakjh in mnrjhio jomo iksjurso iomkghgtn nm mò`tkp`os sntorns ih sojknihin jogiuz h muihgáhs ghs orahgkzháþns, ihs quhks gêo nstêo ksngths hs orahgkzháþns nsportkvhs n, nm phrtkju`hr, os j`uens in dutneo` (JHUTH@CO< AOGÁH@TNZ< H@JHGYUH, 566:). Xuhgio dh`hmos ih ngtrhih ihs prètkjhs in mnrjhio go dutneo`, gêo invnmos hpnghs gos vo`thr   phrh h vngih ih mhrjh, nspháos pue`kjktèrkos, jhptháêo in sújkos torjniorns n vngihs in  proiutos, mhs pngshr, thmeëm, gh anstêo ios i os ht`nths n tuio qun ngvo`vn o boao.

 

Nxks Nx kstn tnm m dhto dhtorn rnss qu qunn dhzn dhznm m jom jom qu qunn o mnrj mnrjhi hioo io du dutn tneo eo`` sn ik ikdn dnrn rngj gjkn kn io ioss in inmh mhks ks,,  prkgjkph`mngtn, porqun ngvo`vnm h phkxêo in mk`cþns in torjniorns n h jompntkáêo, gêo  poingio utk`kzhr toth`mngtn h `úakjh in mnrjhio. Nstns ioks dhtorns insthjhios, jrkhm um jkj`o in joerhgáhs ikèrkh ngormn, bè qun h`ëm ihs jogvnrshs trhikjkoghks ngtrn torjniorns, h míikh supnr nxp`orh o hssugto, nxh`thgio ou jo`ojhgio nm xnqun toio o trheh`co in um j`uen. H`ëm iksso, o nxnjutkvo in dutneo` krè jogvkvnr, æs vnzns, jom h mhrjh in um arhgin tkmn, qun nstè subnkth hos mhks vhrkhios tkpos in nmoáêo ‚ kgtnrghmngtn, go j`uen, in snus ikrkangtns, n nxtnrghmngtn, in toih umh mhssh torjniorh qun, mukths vnzns, snaun nssh mhrjh jomo sn dossn umh vnrihinkrh rn`kakêo (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1). Os himkgkstrhiorns ios j`uens sêo thjchios in jompntngtns ou kgjompntngtns, inpngingio io qun dhznm nm tnrmos in jogtrhtháþns n inmkssþns, n thmeëm nm dugáêo ios rnsu`thios jogquksthios gos arhmhios (MHYYHU, 5689). Hsskm, h anstêo io n`ngjo, h `oaístkjh qun ngvo`vn os boaos, h dormháêo in umh jomkssêo tëjgkjh quh`kdkjhih, h utk`kzháêo in tnjgo`oakhs in pogth, h jrkháêo in umh dk`osodkh in boao io j`uen n h suh ikssnmkgháêo ngtrn os ngvo`vkios, sêo dhtorns in nxtrnmh kmportågjkh phrh jogquksthr os oebntkvos gh tnmporhih. O p`hgnbhmngto io j`uen invn nsthr phuthio nm umh nstruturh sú`kih  phrh qun sn tngch umh mhkor posskek`kihin in sujnsso sujns so n qun dháh jom qun snus ht`nths tngchm um h`to rngikmngto. Jogdormn Erugoro n Hdkd (8;;1), o nxnjutkvo in dutneo` prnjksh jrkhr jogikáþns phrh qun o tëjgkjo tngch trhgquk`kihin phrh kmp`hgthr snu mëtoio in trheh`co. H`ëm in nsthr `kahio ikrnthmngtn ho p`hgnbhmngto ih jomkssêo tëjgkjh io tkmn prkgjkph` phrh intnrmkghio jhmpnoghto, n`n hkgih invnrè dkjhr nm jogthto pnrmhgngtn jom o anrngtn in dutneo` hmhior phrh jogcnjnr quhks sêo os boahiorns qun sn insthjhm, dhzngio jom qun chbh hpoko kmnikhto h nssns ht`nths phrh insjoerkr sn n`ns possunm quh`kihins phrh kgtnarhr o n`ngjo in  prodksskoghks (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1).  Go dutneo`, o phsshio jogth mukto poujo, poks o qun vh`n sêo os rnsu`thios qun nstêo sngio oetkios go prnsngtn n posskvn`mngtn go duturo. ^m prodksskogh` qun nstnbh htuhgio gnssh èrnh gêo poin hjrnikthr qun hs vktúrkhs qun oetnvn snbhm sudkjkngtns phrh ahrhgtkr o sujnsso go duturo. O nspírkto vngjnior snmprn invnrè gortnhr nssn kgikvíiuo (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1)

 

O `hio somerko in tuio ksto n qun hdnth ikrnthmngtn h orkngtháêo ih anstêo ios j`uens in dutneo` ë qun nstn jomporthmngto io torjnior, ih míikh, n in outros pòe`kjos nm anrh`, dugjkogh jomo nstímu`o qun rntroh`kmngth o skstnmh, mhgtngio h sktuháêo jomo nstè2 dhz o ikrkangtn hssumkr  umh posturh in eusjhr o rnsu`thio nsportkvo h quh`qunr justo, pn`o quh`, go dkm ihs jogths, n`n snrè hvh`khio n `nmerhio. (MHYYHU, 5689) Znaugio, Vhrls (8;;3 hpui VKMNGYH, 5668), hs rnspogshek`kihins ios anstorns nsportkvos  poinm snr ikvkikihs nm quhtro arupos2 htkvkihins in anrâgjkh anrh`< anrâgjkh orahgkzhjkogh`< anstêo in kgdormháþns n< jkâgjkhs io nsportn n nxnrjíjko. Nstns arupos sêo kgtnr`kahios n prhtkjhmngtn kgtnrinpngingtns. Hs htkvkihins in anrâgjkh anrh` sêo hqun`hs qun toios os anstorns nsportkvos invnm iomkghr n inpngingio io arhu io trheh`co, trheh`co, nxnjutè-`o (VKMNGYH, 5668). Znaugio Jcn``hiurhk (8;;9 hpui VKMNGYH, 5668), nmeorh os moin`os vhrknm in dormh sutk` in nsjo` sutk` nsjo`hh ph phrh rh ns nsjo` jo`h, h, nx nxks kstn tn um hj hjori orioo an anrh` rh` ng ngtr trnn h gh ghtu turn rnzh zh io pro projn jnsso sso in anrngjkhmngto2 Gormh`mngtn o projnsso jomnáh jom o p`hgnbhmngto n tnrmkgh jom h hvh`kháêo, jogtro`n n o mogktorhmngto, nmeorh nxksthm vèrkos phråmntros gêo nxkstn umh orinm `úakjh qun os anstorns utk`kznm hs htkvkihins. O p`hgnbhmngto io inphrthmngto, anrh`mngtn, ë nxnjuthio ngtrn o ikrntor, o anrngtn n h jomkssêo tëjgkjh. tëjgk jh. Gnssh sktuhá sktuháêo, êo, o anrngtn phrtkjkphrè, phrtkjkphrè, nm jogbugto jogbugto jom toih h ikrntorkh, ikrntorkh, ih jogtrhtháêo jogtrhtháêo in prodksskoghks phrh h dormháêo ih jomkssêo tëjgkjh n in boahiorns phrh o n`ngjo. Ë o anrngtn in dutneo` qunm krè dhznr os jogthtos jom os ht`nths nm vksth n mnsmo gnaojkhr hqun`ns qun sn ngjogtrhm nm ikspogkek`kihin (EU^GOUO< HDKD, 8;;1). O moin`o rndnrkio por Jcn``hiurhk (8;;9) inmogstrh jomo o projnsso injksúrko nstè kgnrngtn h jhihh nth jhi nthph ph io p`h p`hgnb gnbhmn hmngto gto,, orahgkz orahgkzháêo háêo,, jogtro` jogtro`n, n, rnjrut rnjruthmn hmngto gto,, nxnjuáê nxnjuáêo, o, motkvh motkvháêo áêo n jomugkjháêo, in dormh kgtnr`kahih. H snaukr hprnsngth-sn, h indkgkáêo nm jhih nthph insths háþns nm um j`uen nsportkvo prkvhio (VKMNGYH, 5668)2 V`hgnbhmngto ‚ kingtkdkjhr hs mnths orahgkzhjkoghks n insngvo`vnr n kmp`nmngthr nstrhtëakhs phrh h`jhgáh-`hs< Orahgkzháêo ‚ ikvkikr h orahgkzháêo nm ugkihins in trheh`co in moio h otkmkzhr os nsdoráos<

 

Unjruthmngto ‚ Zn`náêo, rnjruthmngto, orkngtháêo, trnkghmngto, insngvo`vkmngto, hvh`kháêo, mhgutngáêo, quh`kdkjháêo ios rnjursos cumhgos phrh h`jhgjn ihs mnths orahgkzhjkoghks< @kinrhgáh ‚ kgd`ungjkhr kgikvíiuos ou arupos in dormh h oetnr h mn`cor pnrdormhgjn go trheh`co n h`jhgáhr os oebntkvos< Motkvháêo ‚ inspnrthr doráhs kgtnrghs n nxtnrghs qun hdnthm os kgikvíiuos n arupos gh proiuáêo in engs n snrvkáos ih mhgnkrh mhks ndntkvhs< Jomugkjháêo ‚ ngvkhr n rnjnenr kgdormháþns in vèrkhs dormhs n utk`kzhgio mò`tkp`os jhghks< Jogtro`n - mogktorhr o proarnsso jomphrhgio jom os oebntkvos n mnths qun dorhm trháhios go  p`hgnbhmngto, hvh`khgio h pnrdormhgjn< Vrojnsso Injksúrko ‚ nsjo`cnr um jurso in háêo ihs h`tnrghtkvhs hprnsngthihs phrh h`jhgáhr  mnths n oebntkvos in mhgnkrh ndkjhz. Ho dkgh` io jkj` jkj`oo (ou tnmporhih tnmporhih), ), os anstorns anstorns invnm rnh`k rnh`kzhr zhr umh hgè`ksn hgè`ksn inth`chih in tuio qun ojorrnu, hpnsngthgio os pogtos posktkvos phrh rndoráh-`os n os gnahtkvos, phrh qun snbhm tomhihs hs invkihs provkiâgjkhs provkiâgjkhs h dkm in qun gêo sn rnpkthm go prúxkm prúxkmoo hgo. Nssh jhphjkihin hgh`ítkjh hgh`ítkjh qun o anstor io dutneo` n os `íinrns ios inphrthmngtos in ehsn, prkgjkph`mngtn o rnspogsèvn`  pn`h hgè`ksn in mnrjhio n insnmpngco in boahiorns, ë in dugihmngth` kmportågjkh phrh o jrnsjkmngto io j`uen. H H`nmhgch, iurhgtn h Joph io Mugio in 5689, gos hprnsngtou dnrrhmngths dnrrhmn gths in anstêo hp`kj hp`kjhihs hihs ho dutneo` qun hbuihrhm gh jogstruáêo jogstruáêo in sn`náþns sn`náþns vngjniorhs, mn`corhgio o insnmpngco tëjgkjo n tètkjo in suhs nqukpns. O pogto prkgjkph` phrh h rnjogstruáêo io dutneo` ih sn`náêo h`nmê, sn inu inpoks ih Nurojoph 5666, ogin os h`nmêns dorhm n`kmkghios prnjojnmngtn, boahgio um dutneo` mukto hehkxo io nspnrhio,, rnjnengio jrítkjhs mukto dortns in torjni nspnrhio torjniorns orns n ih kmprngsh. Hsskm, os ikrkangtns qun nsthvhm h drngtn io dutneo` go phís, jomnáhrhm h n`heorhr um p`hgo in trhgsdormháêo n rnjogstruáêo io dutneo` h`nmêo, ehsnhio, prkgjkph`mngtn, nm suh ju`turh. O dhto dhtorr ik ikdnr dnrngj ngjkh kh`` in inssn ssn tr trhe heh` h`co co dok h jr jrkh kháê áêoo in um jo jogj gjnk nkto to in bo boao, ao, go qu quh` h`  puiëssnmos toios rnjogcnjnr qun hqun`n dutneo` prhtkjhio kingtkdkjhvh h H`nmhgch. Os rnspogsèvnks rnspogsè vnks pn`o dutneo` h`nmêo tkgchm jomo oebntk oebntkvo vo j`hro, dhznr jom qun o dutneo` dutneo` in suh sn`náêo vo`thssn h rnspnkthr hs trhikáþns qun o dkznrhm snr mu`tkjhmpnþns. J^@Y^UH OUAHGKRHJKOGH@

 

Yoih orahgkzháêo tnm h suh ckstúrkh, snus vh`orns, snus prkgjípkos qun mo`ihm h suh ju`turh. Znaugio Mkgtzenra nt h` (5666), h ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh` ë h ehsn ih orahgkzháêo. Zêo hs jrngáhs jomugs qun sn rnd`ntnm ghs trhikáþns n gos cèektos, enm jomo nm mhgkdnstháþns mhks thgaívnks  ’ ckstúrkhs, símeo`os, ou mnsmo, proiutos. H ju`turh hssumn o phpn` in `naktkmhiorh io skstnmh in vh`orns, nxprnssos htrhvës in rktuhks, mktos, cèektos n jrngáhs jomugs hos mnmeros in umh orahgkzháêo, qun hsskm proiuznm gormhs in jomporthmngto angnrkjhmngtn hjnkths por toios (VKUNZ< MHJNIO, 5664).

Vhrh Zjcnkg (8;3>), ë prnjkso hiothr um moin`o in ju`turh qun dháh bustkáh ho qun o jogjnkto jogoth n qun possh tnr utk`kihin nm outros jhmpos. Vhrh n`n, ju`turh ë um phirêo in suposkáþns eèskjhs inmogstrhihs< kgvngthihs, insjoenrths ou insngvo`vkihs por um ihio arupo< qun ngskgh h `kihr jom snus proe`nmhs nxtnrgos in hihptháêo n kgtnrgos in kgtnarháêo< qun dugjkogou enm o ehsthgtn phrh snr jogskinrhio vè`kio n, hkgih, phrh snr  ngskghio hos govos mnmeros io arupo jomo h dormh jorrnth in pnrjnenr, pngshr n sngtkr  nm rn`háêo æqun`ns proe`nmhs. Vhrh Ikhs (5666 hpui UOJJO BÒGKOU, 568>), h`aumhs jhrhjtnrístkjhs sêo dugihmngthks phrh sn ngtnginr o jogjnkto in ju`turh2

N`h ë trhgsm trhgsmktkih ktkih pn`h cnrhgáh sojkh` n gêo pn`h cnrhgáh eko`úakjh. Inpn In pngi ginn io pr proj ojns nsso so in so sojk jkh` h`kkzh zháê áêoo io kgi gikkví víiu iuo. o. (. (... ..)) Jomprnn Jom prnngin gin h toth`k toth`kihin ihin ihs jrk jrkháþ háþns ns cumhghs cumhghs.. Kgj`uí Kgj`uí kinkhs kinkhs,, vh`orns,, mhgkdnstháþns vh`orns mhgkdnstháþns hrtístkj hrtístkjhs hs in toio tkpo, jrngáhs, jrngáhs, kgstktukáþn kgstktukáþnss sojkhks sojk hks,, jogcnj jogcnjkmn kmngto gtoss jkngtí jkngtídkjo dkjoss n tëjgkj tëjgkjos, os, kgstru kgstrumng mngtos tos in trheh`co, tkpos in vnstuèrko, h`kmngtháêo, jogstruáþns ntj. (...) Ë umh jhrhjtnrístkjh nxj`uskvh ihs sojknihins cumhghs (IKHZ, 5666,  p. 85). H jogstruáêo in umh ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh` ngvo`vn h jrkháêo in um ugkvnrso skmeú`kjo qun  posskek`kth hos mnmeros kgtnarhgtns in um arupo umh dormh jogsngsuh` in hprnnginr h

 

rnh`kihin, kgtnarhgio os skagkdkjhios n vkhek`kzhgio h jomugkjháêo (IKHZ, 5685< DUNKYHZ, 5661).  Go mnko dutneo`ístkjo, h ju`turh ë phsshih rhpkihmngtn ngtrn toihs hs gháþns, prkgjkph`mngtn, quhgio dh`hmos in sn`náþns n hs jhrhjtnrístkjhs qun mo`ihrhm suh dormh in boahr. O Erhsk` por  nxnmp`o ë jogcnjkio jomo o ‐Vhís io Dutneo`”, prkgjkph`mngtn por toihs hs suhs jogquksths nm Jophs io Mugio. H`ëm io sujnsso rnprnsngthio por nsshs jogquksths, h dormh ios erhsk`nkros  prhtkjhrnm h moih`kihin dutneo` ë himkrhih mugikh`mngtn pn`h chek`kihin in snus boahiorns n  pn`h en`nzh p`èstkjh jom qun suhs nqukpns prhtkjhm pr htkjhm o nsportn (QKGGNU, 5666).

Uojjo Bògkor (5689) hprnsngth outro nxnmp`o mukto kgtnrnsshgtn soern umh ihs mhkorns rkvhks ih sn`náêo erhsk`nkrh, h sn`náêo kth`khgh2

H prètkjh io dutneo` gh Ktè`k Ktè`khh ë jhrhjtnrkzhi jhrhjtnrkzhihh ckstorkjhmngt ckstorkjhmngtnn pn`h dk`osodkh io –jhtnghjjko‛ ou rntrhgjh jomo jogcnjnmos go Erhsk`. –Jhtnghjjko‛ skagkdkjh `ktnrh`mngtn, nm kth`khgo, ‐porth trhgjhih”. O sk skst stnm nmhh in bo boao ao ehsn ehsnhi hioo go ‐j ‐jht htng nghj hjjk jko” o” vh vh`o `ork rkzh zh h` h`au augs gs sngtkmngtos prnsngtns gh ju`turh kth`khgh. H qunstêo ih vh`orkzháêo io moin`o in indnsh h`kjnráhio gh protnáêo in suh mnth rnmogth æ ckstúrkh kth`khgh n, nm nspnjkh`, ho snu projnsso in rnugkdkjháêo. Dok iurhgtn nssn projnsso qun surakrh surakrhm m h`aumhs h`aumhs ‐sojknihins ‐sojknihins snjrnths” instkghihs h protnanr h gháêo kth`khgh in um nsdhjn`hmngto. H vh vh`o `ork rkzh zháê áêoo inss inssns ns n` n`nm nmng ngto toss iè ho –j –jht htng nghj hjjk jko‛ o‛ pr prod odug ugih ih kingtkdkjháêo jom h dormh n o cèekto in snr io kth`khgo (UOJJO BÒGKOU, 5689, p. 8;).  Gos j`uens in dutneo` gêo ë ikdnrngtn. Insin h suh jrkháêo, os dugihiorns pngshrhm nm umh kgst kgstkt ktuk ukáêo áêo phu phuth thih ih nm vh`orn vh`ornss n prkgjí prkgjípk pkos os qun hj hjrni rnikt kthv hvhm hm n qun tk tkgc gchm hm kg kgtn tnrns rnssn sn nm jomphrtk`ch jomphr tk`chrr jom toios hqun`n hqun`nss qun thmeëm os tkvns tkvnssnm snm nm jomum. jomum. Insngvo`vnr Insngvo`vnr umh ju`turh ju`turh sk skag agkd kdkj kjhh tnr tnr um umhh tr trhi hiká káêo êo qu qunn mh mhgt gtng ngch ch os phir phirþn þnss qu qunn qu qunr nrnm nmos os nm go goss ssoo pr prob obnt nto. o. (LUR[RNQZLK, 5684)

 

  Ë hsskm qun os torjniorns sn kingtkdkjhm kingtkdkjhm,, sngtnm qun sêo rnprnsngthios rnprnsngthios n torghm-sn torghm-sn dkëks. H rnprnsngthtkvkihin in h`ao têo arhgikoso quhgto o nsportn ë motkvo in orau`co phrh os qun himkgkstrhm os j`uens, quhgto phrh snus torjniorns. Hs ckstúrkhs, os mktos, os rktuhks, os cnrúks, tuio qun ngvo`vn h jhmkgchih io j`uen ho `ogao ios hgos dhz phrtn ikrnthmngtn ih ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh`. Boahiorns, prodksskoghks in jomkssêo tëjgkj tëj gkjh, h, ikr ikrkan kangtn gtnss n dugj dugjkog kogèrk èrkos, os, invnm invnm snr nst nstkmu kmu`hi `hios os pn`os pn`os j`uens j`uens h jogcnjn jogcnjnrr toih toih h trhbntúrkh trhbn túrkh io j`uen phrh tnr o jogcnjkmngto jogcnjkmngto in tuio qun o ngvo`vn, toih suh ckstúrkh, trhikáþ trhikáþns ns n jostumns.

Znmprn qun jomprèvhmos um boahior, nu dhzkh qunstêo in sngthr jom n`n n nxp`kjhr  nxhthmngtn o qun sn nspnrhvh in um govo mnmero in um j`uen jomo o Mhgjcnstnr  ^gktni (DNUA^ZOG< MOUKYR, 5684). Ksso dhz jom qun tngchm h posskek`kihin in ngtnginr n jrkhr um sngtkmngto in pnrtngjkmngto æqun`h orahgkzháêo, o qun poin rnd`ntkr  gumh mn`corh io rngikmngto in snu trheh`co. Tojâ To jâ shen shen qun qun ns nstè tè nm umh umh ju ju`t `tur urhh enmenm-su sujn jnik ikih ih qu quhg hgio io h mnsm mnsmhh mngs mngsha hanm nm ë trhgsmktkih por toih h orahgkzháêo ‚ go prnsngtn, gh ckstúrkh n gos p`hgos phrh o duturo. Go ngthgto, gêo poinmos nspnrhr qun h ju`turh surbh in mhgnkrh nspogtågnh. Vrnjkshmos ngskgè-`h n torgh-`h phrtn in gossh rotkgh. (LUR[RNQZLK, 5684) Hrsãgn Qnganr, trnkghior trnkghior n mhghanr mhghanr io Hrsngh`, Hrsngh`, j`uen `ogirkgo, rnsumn o qun hjrnikth soern h jrkháêo n jomphrtk`chmngto ih ju`turh in um j`uen in dutneo`2

‐Mhks umh vnz, tuio sn rnsumn h vh`orns. Xuhgio vojâ tnm um tk tkmn mn jo jomo mo gú gúss tn tnmo moss jo jom m bo boah ahio iorn rnss in 83 gh ghjk jkog ogh` h`ki kihi hinn ikdnrngtns, nm prkmnkro `uahr ë gnjnssèrko jrkhr umh ju`turh, um sngso in qunm somos ngquhgto arupo, o qun gos dhz ikdnrngtns ihs outrhs pnssohs, jomo gús jrkhmos h`ao qun ë jomum h toios gús. Inpoks ë prnjkso rnjrkhr um govo moio in sn jomporthr, umh ju`turh io Hrsngh`” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 8:9).

 

  O jomphrtk`chmngto ih kingtkihin in um j`uen ë mukto kmporthgtn, thgto phrh o snu ngrh ngrhkz kzhm hmng ngto to,, suh suh mh mhgu gutn tngá gáêo êo qu quhg hgto to phrh phrh h su suhh `o `oga ganv nvki kihi hin. n. Os an anst stor orns ns sê sêoo rnspogsèvnks por jrkhr dnrrhmngths n mnjhgksmos phrh qun h ju`turh sn dortkdkqun n snbh rndoráhih, rndoráh ih, sngio htrhvë htrhvëss ios símeo`os, ih kingt kingtkihin kihin vksuh`, gh dormh jomporthmngth` jomporthmngth` ou gos rktuhks. H ju`turh invn snr jogsthgtn. Ksso skagkdkjh qun gêo ehsth jrkh-`h ‚ invnmos  pnrpntuè-`h. Hqun`ns qun phrtkjkphm in`h cè mhks tnmpo phsshm os vh`orns n h mngshanm ih orahgkzháêo phrh os qun nstêo ngtrhgio (LUR[RNQZLK, 5684).

Ë por mnko io jomphrtk`chr h rnh`kihin qun hs kingtkihins ios kgikvíiuos ghs orahgkzháþns sêo jogstruíihs, ho sn jomugkjhr hos mnmeros, in dormh thgaívn`, um jogbugto in gormhs, vh`orns n jogjnpáþns qun sêo tkihs jomo jnrths go jogtnxto orahgkzhjkogh` (IKHZ, 5685< DUNKYHZ, 5661). Ho indkgkr phirþns in jomporthmngto jom o oebntkvo in jogsnrvhr h nsthek`kihin n o nquk`íerko io arupo, bustkdkjh-sn h kmportågjkh jrnsjngtn htrkeuíih æ ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh`. (UOJJO BÒGKOU, 5689) Jhrsog (568>) rn`hth um rkto in trhgsdnr trhgsdnrâgjkh âgjkh in ju`turh dnkth go @kvnrp @kvnrpoo`, oo`, ih Kga`htnrrh, Kga`htnrrh, pn`os  boahiorns mhks nxpnrkngtns io arupo2 arupo 2

‐N`n ‐N `nss gêo gêo bo boah ahvh vhm m jo jom m dr drnq nquâ uâgj gjkh kh,, gh vn vnri rihi hinn bè tkgc gchh  prhtkjhmngtn sn hposngthio, mhs hgtns in inkxhrnm o j`uen nm indkgktkvo n kr phrh outros tkmns, n`ns pnrmhgnjkhm go @kvnrpoo`  por um eom tnmpo. Ngtêo chvkh umh sh sh`kgch `kgch ogin nssns boahiorns mhks vn`cos ngskghvhm hos boahiorns mhks bovngs jomo `nvhr  hikhgtn o snu `nahio. Nrh h`ao mukto dortn” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. ;;). Hkgih rn`hjkoghio h outro j`uen kga`âs, haorh o Jcn`snh, Jhrsog (568>), trhz um rn`hto in Bosë Mourkgco2

 

‐Ykv ‐Ykvnm nmos os nss nsshh nx nxpnr pnrkâ kâgj gjkh kh go Jcn` Jcn`snh snh22 Bocg Bocg Yn Ynrry rry,, Ir Iroa oaeh eh n outros dorhm útkmos jom os govhtos. Chvkh mukth kgtnarháêo `è. Cè umh jognxêo ngtrn os bovngs n h ju`turh io j`uen2 sn os boahiorns nxpnrkngtns hssumnm um phpn`in `kinrhgáh inssh dormh, os vh`orns io j`uen sêo phsshios hikhgtn n sn torghm hkgih mhks dortns” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 868). Htë mnsmo phrh h jogtrhtháêo in boahiorns n trnkghiorns, h`augs j`uens n`heorhrhm phråmntros  phrh ngtnginr sn n`ns jumprnm os rnquksktos. Zorkhgo (5686), trhz um nxnmp`o in govn túpkjos  phrh h nsjo`ch in um trnkghior io Ehrjn`ogh D. J., hiothio nm suh anstêo2

Unspnkthr o moin`o in anstêo nsportkvh n o phpn` ih Znjrnthrkh Yëjgkjh<  Nstk`o in boao< Th`orns h domngthr go tkmn prkgjkph` (trheh`co, trheh`co n trheh`co. Jogtkguhr domngthgio hs ikvksþns kgdnrkorns)< Yrnkghmngto n rngikmngto2 ‐Invn-sn boahr jomo sn trnkgh”. Âgdhsn go trheh`co hgtns n inpoks ih  phrtkih<

Anstêo io vnstkèrko htkvh<

Outrhs rnspogshek`kihins n jompromkssos jom o j`uen h snrnm anrkios<

Ynr nxpnrkâgjkh<

Hpoko ho eom aovnrgo io J`uen<

Outros hspnjtos h vh`orkzhr go govo trnkghior.

 

  Ho jomp jomphr hrtk tk`c `chr hr oe oebn bntk tkvos vos,, rn rnarh arhs, s, vh vh`o `orn rns, s, ngtrn ngtrn ou outr tros, os, os kg kgik ikví víiuo iuoss hs hssum sumnm nm jomporthmngtos aruphks mo`ihios pn`h orahgkzháêo, motkvhios pn`h rniuáêo ih kgjnrtnzh in jomo invnm sngtkr, hakr, pngshr, n hkgih, in jomo snrêo vkstos pn`os outros (IKHZ, 5685< DUNKYHZ, 5661< JHZYN@O, 566;). Zkr H`nx Dnrausog, nx-mhghanr io Mhgjcnstnr ^gktni, tnm umh dk`osodkh in `kinrhgáh ehsthgtn skmp`ns2 ‐gkgauëm ë mhkor qun o j`uen. Zngio hsskm, go momngto nm qun gêo gos nsdoráhmos mhks io qun o outro tkmn, gêo snrnmos mhks o Mhgjcnstnr ^gktni” (DNUA^ZOG< MOUYKR, 5684, p. >5) Os prkg prkgjk jkphk phkss j`ue j`uens ns io mugio mugio,, dormh dormhio ioss por ht ht`n `nth thss in ik ikvnr vnrshs shs gh ghjk jkogh ogh`k `kihi ihins ns,, jomnáhrhm h pnrjnenr qun o insngvo`vkmngto in umh ju`turh prúprkh, jom h jrkháêo in umh kingtkihin jh`jhih nm vh`orns j`ueksths, nm anrh`, rnsu`thvh nm nxjn`ngtns rnsu`thios ghs jompntkáþns nsportkvhs (UOJJO BÒGKOU, 5689). O nx-boahior ih sn`náêo kga`nsh, Vhu` Kgjn, vh`orkzh h prnsngáh kmpogngtn in Zkr H`nx Dnrausog, umh prnsngáh jrkhih por suh `kaháêo h vh`orns krrndutèvnks2

‐Ë o rnspnkto n os phirþns qun n`n jrkou phrh o j`uen n phrh os  boahiorns2 jomo n`ns invnm sn jomporthr, jomo invnm trheh`chr  gos trnkgos n rnspnkthr ugs hos outros. ^m boahior qun jcnah ho j`uen prnjksh vnr n sngtkr qun nstè sn ugkgio h h`ao nspnjkh`, h h`ao  enm mhkor qun n`n mnsmo” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 8:9). Vngshgio nm um jogtnxto in mnrjhio, ikvnrsos j`uens ngtnginrhm qun h vh`orkzháêo ih ju`turh n suh nxposkáêo, drngtn hos torjniorns, htrhvës ihs míikhs, snus boahiorns n  phtrojkghiorns, sn torgou umh eoh pnrspnjtkvh in gnaújko. H jogstruáêo in umh mhrjh dortn phuthih gh ju`tu ju`turh rh orahgkzhjkog orahgkzhjkogh` h` qun possh kingtkdkjh kingtkdkjhrr h kgstktukáêo kgstktukáêo,, prkgjkph`mngt prkgjkph`mngtnn jom snus boahiorns, jo`heorhiorns n torjniorns, jrkhm umh kingtkihin dortn, j`hrh n indkgkih.

 

Hs jhrhjtnrístkjhs io proiuto nsportkvo dkznrhm jrnsjnr h kmportågjkh ih ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh`. Jom o hpoko ih míikh, um projnsso in anstêo enm nstruturhio, qun kmp`hgtn, insngvo`vh, jomugkqun n inkxn trhgsphrnjnr nssh ju`turh phrh toios os sthlnco`inrs in umh harnmkháêo nsportkvh< jnrthmngtn trhrè engndíjkos njogùmkjos, dkghgjnkros n nsportkvos phrh o j`uen qun h kmp`hgthr (UOJJO BÒGKOU, 5689). O mhrlntkga, qun ë umh ihs doráhs phrh h anrháêo in govhs rnjnkths phrh os j`uens, sn torgh vkth`  phrh o kgjrnmngto n h ikvu`aháêo inssh ju`turh phrh htkgakr o mhkor gòmnro in torjniorns (n jogsumkiorns) ho rnior io mugio, bè qun o dutneo` cobn ë um ngtrntngkmngto a`oeh`, ogin htrhvës ih tn`nvksêo n ih kgtnrgnt, prkgjkph`mngtn, quh`qunr pnssoh ho rnior io a`oeo poin tnr  hjnsso hos tkmns. Nxkstnm èrnhs in rèpkio jrnsjkmngto gh Èskh n gos Nsthios ^gkios, ogin gêo cè prnsngáh in j`uens `ojhks qun posshm jogjorrnr jom os `íinrns ihs prkgjkphks `kahs, jogstktuk,  por ksso, umh oportugkihin phrh qun os arhgins j`uens sn trhgsdormnm nm mhrjhs a`oehks (ZOUKHGO, 5686).

Kginpngingtnmngtn phrh quh` dkm posshmos htrkeukr, h ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh` hphrnjn jomo dhtor dugihmngth` phrh h dormháêo in umh kingtkihin ògkjh, h dormhtháêo in um júikao dormh` n kgdormh` in jogiuth n umh dormh in jognxêo ngtrn pnssohs, thgto ingtro jomo dorh ih orahgkzháêo. 86.: ANZYÊO IO JOGCNJKMNGYO GO D^YNEO@ H anstêo io jogcnjkmngto torgou-sn jhih vnz mhks um tnmh in kgtnrnssn nm toios os tkpos in orahgkzháþn orahgkz háþnss inv invkio kio ho jrnsjk jrnsjkmng mngto to jogsjk jogsjkâgjk âgjkhh ih kmport kmportågj ågjkh kh io jogc jogcnjk njkmng mngto to phrh h  prospnrkihin n h soernvkvâgjkh ih orahgkzháêo (QHGA< @KG, 568:). O jogcnjkmngto ë h doráh vkth` in umh orahgkzháêo n dok kingtkdkjhio jomo um n`nmngto jrujkh`  phrh h soernvkvâgjkh ihs orahgkzháþns gh nrh ikgåmkjh n jompntktkvh. Vorthgto, ksso kmp`kjh qun anrngjkhr jogcnjkmngto ë têo kmporthgtn phrh umh orahgkzháêo quhgto outros rnjursos. Vhrh snr   enm-sujnikio n hprnjkhr h vhgthanm jompntktkvh, hs orahgkzháþns inpnginm dortnmngtn io jogcnjkmngto qun sn torgou um rnjurso n um dhtor in sujnsso jrítkjo phrh hs orahgkzháþns (UKNAN, 5661< [K, 566;).

 

Hsskm, dhz phrtn ih nstrhtëakh nmprnshrkh` qun trhth ih prètkjh in harnahr vh`or æ kgdormháêo n ikstrkeuí-`h, tngio jomo tnmh jngtrh` o hprovnkthmngto ios rnjursos nxkstngtns gh nmprnsh. Ngdhtkzh o jhpkth` cumhgo, proporjkoghgio h jrkháêo in govhs kinkhs n projnssos, kingtkdkjhgio, jhpthgio, ikstrkeukgio, jomphrtk`chgio n h`hvhgjhgio o jogcnjkmngto. Kmp`kjh, porthgto, ‐h hioáêo in prètkjhs anrngjkhks jomphtívnks jom os projnssos in jrkháêo n hprngikzhio kgikvkiuh` n orahgkzhjkogh`” (DKH@CO< VOGJCKUO@@K, 566>).  Gnssn jhso, h ju`turh in umh orahgkzháêo ë jogskinrhih um n`nmngto jrítkjo, qun kgd`ungjkh dortnmngtn o jomporthmngto in snus mnmeros, hs rn`háþns qun nsthen`njnm ugs jom os outros, h dormh jomo tomhm injksþns n suhs prkorkihins go trheh`co (LOYYNU< CNZLNYY, 5688< [HGA, 568>), hsskm jomo o jogcnjkmngto ë proiuzkio n himkgkstrhio phrh sn torghr um ikdnrngjkh` jompntktkvo. H ju`turh jngtrhih go jogcnjkmngto dok kingtkdkjhih jomo um dhtor in sujnsso jrítkjo in prètkjhs in anrngjkhmngto in jogcnjkmngto. Vhrh h`augs hutorns (DNUUNKUH VNUH@YH< DUHGJKZJH ZH@IHGCH, 5689), poin snr indkgkih jomo um jogbugto in vh`orns orahgkzhjkoghks, gormhs n jrngáhs soern jom ehsn nm qun os dugjkogèrkos jrkhm, jomphrtk`chm n hp`kjhm jogcnjkmngtos gh orahgkzháêo.  Go hmekngtn nsportkvo, phrh qun h anstêo io jogcnjkmngto possh snr mhks dhjk`mngtn kmp`nmngthih, dhtorns jomo h nstrhtëakh orahgkzhjkogh`, ju`turh, tnjgo`oakh n kgdrhnstruturh,  prnjkshm nsthr kgtnarhihs, poks hsskm sêo jhphzns in provnr rnjursos n promovnr o jomphrtk`chmngto io jogcnjkmngto anrhio. Hkgih, nm eusjh in umh mhkor jompntktkvkihin, os j`uens eusjhm projnssos n tnjgo`oakhs kgovhiorhs phrh hjomphgchr hs rèpkihs muihgáhs qun ojorrnm ojo rrnm,, sn jhph jhphjkt jkthgi hgioo h oesn oesnrvhr rvhr,, hrmhzng hrmhznghr, hr, hgh` hgh`ksh kshr, r, hp`kjh hp`kjhrr n jomphrt jomphrtk`c k`chr hr ihios, ihios, sn inikjh ini kjhgio gio ho qun sn poi poinn jch jchmhr mhr in hpr hprngik ngikzhan zhanm m orahgkz orahgkzhjk hjkogh` ogh`,, ogin prod prodkss ksskog koghks hks in ikvnrshs èrnhs, trojhm kgdormháþns n jogcnjkmngtos, nm pro` in um oebntkvo jomum. Zngio hsskm, h anstêo io dutneo` sn jogdkaurh jomo umh htkvkihin nxtrnmhmngtn jomp`nxh go qun thgan ho insngvo`vkmngto in umh po`ítkjh in kgtnarháêo in ikdnrngtns iksjkp`kghs, phrh qun  posshm trheh`chr nm chrmogkh, prkorkzhgio h hprngikzhanm ih orahgkzháêo, jcnahgio ho insnmpngco nsportkvo. Vor sn trhthr in um nsportn in h`th pnrdormhgjn, ogin um inth`cn poin injkikr umh phrtkih ou mnsmo um jhmpnoghto, h utk`kzháêo in ikdnrngtns dormhs in hgè`ksn in ihios phrh tomhihs in injksþns ë in dugihmngth` kmportågjkh.

 

Znn`ny n Ihvngport (5664) inmogstrhrhm h phrtkr in snus nstuios qun h anstêo io jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngt gtoo somh somh jog jogsk skin inrèv rèvn` n` po poin inrr æ kg kgdo dorm rmhá háêo êo hi hiquk qukrk rkih ih pn pn`h `h kg kgtn tn`k `kaâg aâgjk jkhh nmprnshrkh`, poks o jogcnjkmngto oetkio pn`o projnsso in kgtn`kaâgjkh jompntktkvh poin snr rnutk`kzhio nm ikdnrngtns ojhskþns por outros mnmeros ih orahgkzháêo, poingio hkgih snr ngrkqunjkio ou htë mnsmo rnutk`kzhio anrhgio govos jogcnjkmngtos. Vhrh Hmh`kh n Guaroco (5688) n Su, Cousskg, Jhk``hui n Ahriogk (5686), o projnsso in an anrng rngjk jkhr hr o jog jogcn cnjk jkmn mngt gtoo ht htrh rhvë vëss ih jrk jrkhá háêo êo,, jomph jomphrt rtk` k`chm chmng ngto to,, hrmhzn hrmhzngh ghmn mngt gto, o, ik ikst strk rkeu euká káêo êo n hp`k hp`kjh jháê áêo, o, jo jogt gtrk rkeun eunm m ph phrh rh h kg kgovh ovháê áêoo gh ora orahgk hgkzh zháê áêo, o, o qu qunn ph phrh rh Ihmhgpour, Qh`lnr n Hvn``hgnih (566;) n Enrry (5689), insnmpngch um phpn` jrítkjo gh mhgutngáêo io insnmpngco orahgkzhjkogh`. Hsskm, suh anstêo tnm skio opnrhjkogh`mngtn indkgkih in dormh ikdnrngtn por suh ghturnzh mu`t mu `tki kikm kmngs ngsko kogh` gh`.. Vor nx nxnm nmp` p`o, o, Jchw Jchw`h `h n Bo Bosck sck (56 (5686) 86) sn rndnrn rndnrnm m jo jomo mo o pro projn jnsso sso in kingt kingtkd kdkj kjhá háêo êo n hg hgè` è`ks ksnn hj hjnss nssív ívn` n` ho jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngt gtoo gn gnjns jnssèr sèrko ko ph phrh rh ht htkg kgak akrr os oe oebn bntk tkvos vos orahgkzhjkoghks. Vhrh Lknss`kga, Ukjcny, Mnga n Ihekj (566;), trhth-sn in um projnsso in hqukskáêo, hrmhznghmngto, jomprnngsêo, jomphrtk`chmngto, kmp`nmngtháêo in jogcnjkmngto n toihs hs háþns tomhihs go projnsso in hprngikzhanm nm jogbugto jom hs nstrhtëakhs ihs orahgkz orah gkzháþn háþnss ngvo ngvo`vk `vkihs. ihs. H`ëm H`ëm ikss iksso, o, Echttk Echttk n Xurnsck Xurnsck (5661) (5661) jogskin jogskinrhrh rhrhm m h anstêo anstêo io jogcnjkmngto, jomo nsdoráos phrh nxp`orhr o jogcnjkmngto tèjkto n nxp`íjkto in kgikvíiuos, arupos n orahgkzháþns n phrh qun sn jogvnrth nm htkvos orahgkzhjkoghks qun sêo ushios pn`os anrngtns phrh ihr suportn h injksþns orahgkzhjkoghks. Anrngjkhr os jogcnjkmngtos proiuzkios ë umh dogtn in vhgthangs jompntktkvhs n, go hmekngtn nsportkvo, poinmos vnr o nxnmp`o in j`uens in dutneo`, qun kgvnstnm nm sodtwhrns n nm prodksskoghks phrh mogthr snus jngtros in kgtn`kaâgjkh, jom o oebntkvo in anrhr jogcnjkmngto soern ikvnrsos hspnjtos qun jompþnm h rotkgh ios ht`nths, phrh qun  posshm mn`corhr o snu insnmpngco nsportkvo, jomo2 trnkghmngtos, boaos, h`kmngtháêo, shòin, `nsþns, quh`kihin io sogo, strnss, movkmngtháêo nm jhmpo, ngtrn inznghs in outros. H` H`vh vhrng rngah ah Gn Gnto to (5663) (5663) in insjr sjrnv nvnn qun hs `k `kin inrh rhgáh gáhss ih ihss or orahg ahgkz kzhá háþns þns n os pro proiu iuto torn rnss in jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngt gtoo poinm poinm vk vkhe hek` k`kz kzhr hr h jrk jrkhá háêo êo io jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngt gto, o, do dorgn rgnjn jngio gio ns nsphá pháos os dí dísk skjos jos hinquhios, jognxþns chek`kthihs por tnjgo`oakh ih kgdormháêo ou nsthen`njngio umh `úakjh phrh dhvornjnr hs kgtnrháþns ngtrn os mnmeros ih orahgkzháêo por mnko in trheh`cos nm nqukpn,

 

snmkgèrkos, doráhs-thrndhs, ntj. Go ngthgto, os jogtnxtos qun jhphjkthm suranm pn`h anrháêo nspogtå nspo gtågnh gnh n os rn` rn`hjk hjkoghm oghmngt ngtos os poin poinm m prop propkjk kjkhr hr jogdkh jogdkhgáh gáh,, hpoko hpoko n jomprom jompromntk ntkmng mngto to kmprnsjkgiívnks h nssh anrháêo nspogtågnh (EHUKROG, 5684). Ukvnrh-Thzqunz, Ortkz-Dourgknr n Uoan`ko D`orns (566;) n Sun nt h`. (5688), sêo ih opkgkêo qun qun os an anrn rngt gtns ns ht htuhm uhm jo jomo mo um dht dhtor or ju ju`t `turh urh`` kg kgjng jngtk tkvhi vhior or sk skagk agkdk dkjh jhtk tkvo vo ph phrh rh o jomphrtk`chmngto in jogcnjkmngto ngtrn os dugjkogèrkos. Gnssn jogtnxto, h jomugkjháêo sn hprnsngth jomo um dhtor injkskvo phrh promovnr th` jomporthmngto (YNGA< ZOGA, 5688), humngthgio h trhgsdnrâgjkh in jogcnjkmngto in um phrh outro (MKHO< JCON< ZOGA, 5688). H jomugkjháêo thmeëm dok nstuihih jomo umh vhrkèvn` kmporthgtn nm rn`háêo h trhgsdnrâgjkh in jogcnjkmngto nm um hmekngtn h`thmngtn tureu`ngto, enm jomo go jogtnxto in nqukpns mu`tkdugjkoghks, snaugio Bogns n Mhcog (5685).

 Go jhso io nsportn, o pngshmngto in qun toios nstêo ugkios pn`h mnsmh jhush, h vktúrkh io j`uen, ë um n`nmngto qun invn snr kgjorporhio h ju`turh ihqun`hs kgstktukáþns qun  prntnginm tnr um jrnsjkmngto go mnko io dutneo`. Vhrh sn jcnahr h nssn pogto, h jomugk jom ugkjháê jháêoo kgtnrg kgtnrghh ios oebntk oebntkvos vos n nstrht nstrhtëak ëakhs hs tnm in snr enm indkgki indkgkih. h. Ikrnto Ikrntorkh rkh,, jomkssþns tëjgkjhs n boahiorns prnjkshm jogcnjnr, in mhgnkrh enm j`hrh, o qun o j`uen  prntngin htkgakr, ogin prntngin jcnahr n jomo, rnvn`hgio o phpn` in jhih um gnssn  probnto. Jom h phrtkjkpháêo in toios os ngvo`vkios n rnspogsèvnks, h posskek`kihin in ngvo`vkmngto n mhkor inikjháêo sn torgh mhkor. Vhrh Nstnginr (568:), ë kmporthgtn qun toios os jo`heorhiorns jo`heorhiorns n ht`n ht`nths ths io j`uen tngchm h jogsjkâgjkh jogsjkâgjkh ihs háþns n oebntkvos oebntkvos phrh qun posshm ngtnginr n jorrnspoginr æs nxpnjthtkvhs ih ngtkihin soern o arupo. O oebntkvo ih anstêo io jogcnjkmngto ë moin`hr phrtn io jogcnjkmngto qun nxkstn ghs pnssohs n gos iojumngtos jorporhtkvos, ikspogkek`kzhgio-o phrh toih h orahgkzháêo. H mnrh nxkstâgjkh in jogcnjkmngto gh nmprnsh ë in poujo vh`or, sn nstn gêo nstkvnr hjnssívn`. Hsskm, prntngin-sn qun o jogcnjkmngto possh d`ukr htrhvës in rnins in jomugkihins, ttrhgsdormhgio h tnjgo`oakh nm um mnko n o jogcnjkmngt jogcnjkmngtoo nm umh mngsha mngshanm. nm. Go ngthgt ngthgto, o, ë kmporthgtn kmporthgtn rnssh`thr qun h tnjgo` tnjgo`oakh oakh ih kgdormháêo insnmpngch umh dugáêo in kgdrhnstruturh, poks o tnmh anstêo io jogcnjkmngto ngvo`vn thmeëm hspnjtos cumhgos n anrngjkhks, jogdormn Jhrvh`co (5666).

 

Ë umh vksêo qun tnm por ehsn o jogcnjkmngto ios projnssos in gnaújko ih orahgkzháêo, phrh h` h`hvh hvhgj gjhr hr h jh jhph phjk jkih ihin in in projn projnssh sshmn mngt gtoo in kg kgdor dormh mháþ áþns ns hv hvhg hgáhi áhihs hs n tn tnjgo jgo`o `oak akhs hs in jomugkjháêo, vkh trhgs`háêo ih kgdormháêo por mnko ih jrkhtkvkihin n kgovháêo ios snrns cumhgo cum hgos, s, phrh hdnth hdnthrr h jom jompnt pntâgjk âgjkhh ih orah orahgkz gkzháê háêoo n soernvk soernvkvâg vâgjkh jkh nm um jrnsjng jrnsjngtn tn in kmprnvkskek`kihin. O phpn` ih tnjgo`oakh ih kgdormháêo go jomphrtk`chmngto n trhgsdnrâgjkh in jogcnjkmngto torgou-sn mhks skagkdkjhtkvo jom o phsshr io tnmpo invkio ho snu hvhgáo, sngio kingtkdkjhih jomo um kmporthgtn dhjk`kthior gnssn projnsso (Mktjcn``, 566:). Zoga (5668) vnrkdkjou qun vèrkos mnkos in jomphrtk`chmngto in jogcnjkmngto sêo rn`hjkoghios ho uso in tnjgo`oakh ih kgdormháêo jomo o uso in kgtrhgnt, n-mhk`s, ehgjo in ihios, sktns n dúrugs n`ntrùgkjos qun ndntkvhmngtn dhjk`kthm h phrtk`ch n trhgsdnrâgjkh in jogcnjkmngtos ingtro n dorh ih orahgkzháêo. H`ëm insths, Rcho< Jcng (568:), jkthm outrhs dnrrhmngths in YK jomo hs míikhs sojkhks n hs tnjgo`oakhs wne 5.6. H âgdhsn go jogcnjkmngto prnssupþn h gnjnsskihin in suh anstêo ghs orahgkzháþns, jom h jr jrkh kháê áêoo in um hmek hmekngt ngtnn ora orahgk hgkzh zhjk jkogh ogh`, `, phuth phuthio io gh sk skgnr gnrak akhh ng ngtr trnn tr trâs âs pr prkg kgjk jkphk phkss ikmngsþns orahgkzhjkoghks2 kgdrhnstruturh, ngvo`vngio h nstruturh orahgkzhjkogh`, nstk`o anrngjkh`, ju`turh n vksêo co`ístkjh< pnssohs, jhrhjtnrkzhih pn`h eusjh ih hprngikzhanm jogs jogsth thgt gtn, n, pn`o pn`o kg kgjn jngt gtkv kvoo æ jr jrkh khtk tkvk vkih ihin in,, æ kg kgov ovhá háêo êo n ho jo jomp mphr hrtk tk`c `chm hmng ngto to io jogcnjkmngto< n tnjgo`oakh, jom rnjursos in suportn phrh h anrháêo in kgdormháþns in htkvkihins rn`hjkoghihs æ anstêo io jogcnjkmngto. Hsskm,, h anstêo io jogcnjkmngto Hsskm jogcnjkmngto ë jogskinrhih jogskinrhih h mn`co mn`corr nstrhtëakh qun hs orahgk orahgkzháþns zháþns poinm ushr phrh mn`corhr snu gívn` in jompntktkvkihin (H^IUNZJYC< YC^UKL, 5669), umh vnz qun o jogc jogcnj njkm kmng ngto to ë um rn rnju jurs rsoo ns nstr trht htëa ëakj kjoo qu qunn `c `cns ns pn pnrm rmkt ktnn oe oetn tnrr um mhko mhkorr gí gívn vn`` in jompntktkvkihin n kgovháêo. Vhrh Eogtks (5665), h vhgthanm jompntktkvh ih suran in htkvos kgth kgthga gaív ívnk nks, s, jomo jomo jo jogc gcnj njkm kmng ngto to ns nspn pnjí jídk dkjo jo ih nm nmpr prns nshh (j (jog ogcn cnjk jkmn mngt gtoo nx nxp` p`íj íjkt kto) o),, o jogcnjkmngto tèjkto in suhs pnssohs n h jhphjkihin in hp`kjhr rnjursos in jogcnjkmngto. Ë kmporthgtn ngdhtkzhr qun, quhgio cè hqukskáêo in govos jogcnjkmngtos, jogsnqungtnmngtn tngin h humngthr h jhphjkihin ios dugjkogèrkos in trhgsdormhr o govo jogcnjkmngto n anrhr  govhs kinkhs, jogdormn heorihio por Jcng n Cuhga

 

(566;). Inssh dormh, os nstoquns in jogcnjkmngto humngthm n o gnaújko hprovnkth hs govhs oportu opo rtugki gkihin hins, s, hp` hp`kjh kjhgio gio n nxp`orhg nxp`orhgio io os govos govos jogcnjk jogcnjkmngt mngtos os phrh phrh proiuzk proiuzkrr rnsu`th rnsu`thios ios kgovhiorns (C^HGA< @K, 566;).

88 JHUHJYNUÍZYKJHZ IOZ ANZYOUNZ IO D^YNEO@ Mogthr umh nqukpn in trheh`co ë jomo mogthr umh ngarnghanm ndkjkngtn2 phrh qun sn htkgbh o oebntkvo dkgh`, ë gnjnssèrko um projnsso trheh`coso, jnrjhio in ngormns jukihios. (VHUUNKUH< AOGRH@NR, 5664) Ingtrn ikvnrsos qun krnmos heorihr, umh ihs mhks kmporthgtns jhphjkihins qun um anstor   prnjksh tnr ë in p`hgnbhr n orahgkzhr enm h suh nqukpn. N`n invn projurhr sn jnrjhr in  prodksskoghks jompntngtns, inikjhios, nxpnrkngtn n qun tngchm dkrmn jogsjkâgjkh ih kmportågjkh in jhih um ios inmhks kgtnarhgtns ihs nqukpns qun jompþnm o dutneo`. Nssh pnrjnpáêo in qun o sujnsso phssh pn`h kgtnarháêo in toihs hs èrnhs ë dugihmngth` qun o anstor jogskah ikssnmkghr  ngtrn os snus `kinrhios.  Go hmekngtn nsportkvo, ogin h joerhgáh ë ngormn n hs nxpnjthtkvhs sêo h`ths, hs nxkaâgjkhs sn mu`tkp`kjhm n hs rnspogshek`kihins indkgktkvhmngtn rnjhnm soern o `íinr. Hsskm gêo cè outrh mhgnkrh in snr um `íinr snm tnr jompromntkmngto jom h jhush n ngtuskhsmo, poks sú hsskm snrêo jhphzns in kgd`ungjkhr n kgspkrhr pnssohs. H mhkorkh ios `íinrns hjrnikth qun os inshdkos mhks urangtns, os qun inmhgihm mhkor  tnmpo, nstêo busthmngtn rn`hjkoghios æs pnssohs. H prkgjkph` ikdnrngáh go dutneo` ë qun nssns inshdkos sêo ngdrngt ngdrngthios hios drnqungtnmngt drnqungtnmngtnn soe kgtng kgtngso so nsjrutígko nsjrutígko pòe`k pòe`kjo jo (JHUZOG, (JHUZOG, 568>). Znr anstor, gh mhkorkh ihs vnzns, nxkan qun o prodksskogh` tngch jhrhjtnrístkjhs in `kinrhgáh, jhphjkihin jhphjk ihin in p`hgnb p`hgnbhmngto hmngto n orahgk orahgkzháêo, zháêo, útkmo rn`hjk rn`hjkoghmngt oghmngtoo ngtrn pnssohs, jhphjkihin in jomugkjháêo, promotor ih kgtnarháêo ngtrn dugjkogèrkos n inphrthmngtos, snbh nmprnnginior, harnahior n motkvhior, jomphrtk`chior in jogcnjkmngtos, ingtrn outrhs. H`ëm iksso, snr umh  pnssoh d`nxívn` o sudkjkngtn phrh ngtnginr qun h kgstktukáêo nstè hjkmh in toios n qun h kinkh snbh in promovnr h suh mkssêo, os vh`orns, h ju`turh n os oebntkvos, dhzngio jom qun toios trheh`cnm nm pro` iksso. Vhrh ksso, invn snr jhphz in trhgsmktkr umh mngshanm snr j`hrh, ikrnth n jomprnngsívn` h toios os ngvo`vkios.

 

Hsskm,, h nsjo`ch in umh nstrhtëakh phssh por umh hgè`ksn mukto jukihiosh io hmekngtn nm qun Hsskm sn nstè kgsnrkio, o jogcnjkmngto in toihs hs oportugkihins n inshdkos qun poinrè ngjogtrhr, h`ëm io hmp`o jogcnjkmngto soern os snus jogjorrngtns. Inpoks in sn`njkoghih h mn`cor opáêo, invn tnr dkrmnzh phrh mhgtnr toios dojhios n vo`thios phrh jogquksthr o oebntkvo h phrtkr in`h, jom rnspogshek`kihin, mhs hjkmh in tuio, phsshr jogdkhgáh n gêo iuvkihr io jhmkgco qun sn snaun. Vhrh Zorkhgo (5686), poin-sn rnvkshr h nstrhtëakh pnrkoikjhmngtn ou quhgio hjogtnjnrnm arhgins muihgáhs go hmekngtn, mhs gêo poinmos rnpngsè-`h, qunstkogè-`h n iuvkihr in`h toio ikh.  Gum hmekngtn têo kgstèvn`, jomo ë o dutneo`, ogin nm poujos ikhs, snu j`uen poin phsshr  io mn`cor in toios phrh o pkor, qunm jomhgih invn tnr um dortn nquk`íerko mngth` n nmojkogh` phrh qun mhgtngch o probnto nm jogtkgukihin, snm qun h opkgkêo in nxtnrgh kgd`ungjkn o tnmpo toio. Dnrausog n Morktz (5684, p.836) rn`hth umh in suhs nxpnrkâgjkhs2 Znmprn qun hs jokshs gêo khm enm, chvkh h tngtháêo tngtháêo in muihrmos muihrmos in nstrhtëakh. Ksso gêo dugjkogh. Hjrnikto qun h inikjháêo jogtíguh ho hpnrdnkáohmngto ihs chek`kihins tëjgkjhs n ih tètkjh `nvh h rn rnsu su`t `thi hios os mn`c mn`cor orns ns n gêo gêo ns nsth thvh vh ik iksp spos osto to h muih muihrr sú ph phrh rh shtksdhznr tnmporhrkhmngtn os outros.

 Gos momngtos nm qun jrksns posshm surakr, nm mnko hos inshdkos, ë prnjkso nsthr   prnphrhio bugthmngtn jom toih suh nqukpn. Nssn trheh`co ë dnkto hgtns mnsmo in`h surakr,  prkgjkph`mngtn, jom o nsthen`njkmngto in jogdkhgáh ngtrn os kgtnarhgtns. O proe`nmh proe `nmh gêo  poin snr anrngjkhio hpnghs quhgio n`n hphrnjn, bè qun h jomugkjháêo poinrè dkjhr   prnbuikjhih n os htorns qun jompþnm hs nqukpns gêo jogsnaukrnm mhgtnr o gívn` in jogdkhgáh hinquhio ugs gos outros, n thmeëm ghs nstrhtëakhs qun dorhm trháhihs. Bosëë Mo Bos Mour urkg kgco co,, tr trnk nkgh ghio iorr n mh mhgh ghan anrr portu portuau auâs, âs, nst nstèè jo jogvn gvngj gjki kioo in qun h `k `kin inrhg rhgáh áh sn dugihmngth, hjkmh in tuio, go hmp`o jogcnjkmngto2 ‐Hjco qun umhs ihs mhks kmporthgtns quh` quh`ki kihi hins ns in um `í `íin inrr sn rn rnvn` vn`hh qu quhg hgio io sn snus us `k `kin inrhi rhios os rnjog rnjogcnj cnjnm nm gn gn`n `n um pr produ odugio gio jogcnjkmngto soern h sktuháêo” (JHUZOG, 568>, p. 898). Ksso trhgsmktn jogdkhgáh hos mnmeros ih nqukpn, dhzngio jom qun posshm tnr mhks jompromksso n `nh`ihin, o qun gos momngtos in  prnssêo n ikdkju`ihin, rnprnsngth um nstímu`o mhkor phrh qun ngdrngtnm os inshdkos.

 

 Nm tnmpos inshdkhiorns, h `kinrhgáh sn torgh hkgih mhks jrujkh` phrh o sujnsso ih nqukpn. Jomo o `íinr rnhan go momng momngto to in prnssêo hdnth toios ingtro ingtro ih orahgkzháêo, orahgkzháêo, n provhvn`mng provhvn`mngtn tn ë h`ao injkskvo quhgto ho sujnsso ou ho drhjhsso. (JHUZOG, 568>) ^mh háêo dugihmngth` in `kinrhgáh ë eusjhr ngtnginr hs pnssohs h phrtkr in snu jomporthmngto, hsskm, suran um n`nmngto dugihmngth` phrh os anstorns2 h nmphtkh. H nmphtkh sn jogdkaurh jomo h jhphjkihin in sn jo`ojhr go `uahr io outro. Vhrh Lrzyznwslk (5684), sn o outro hjrnikth qun somos jhphzns in ngtnginr suh sktuháêo n snus sngtkmngtos, phssh h jogdkhr mhks n ksso anrh rnháþns mhks rèpkihs n jogj`usþns mhks hjnrthihs. @íinrns nmpètkjos gêo dksahm hpnghs o qun ë ikto, n`ns nsjuthm thmeëm o qun gêo ë ikto, n  projurhm o skagkdkjhio suebhjngtn, hgh`kshm h jogvnrsh, h nxprnssêo nxprns sêo dèjk` n h `kgauhanm jorporh` io kgtnr`ojutor kgtnr`ojutor nm eusjh ihs pksths (JHUZOG, 568>). Vhrh Bhjlsog n In`nchgty In`nchgty (8;;1), hpnshr  in chvnr ojhskþns ogin ë gnjnssèrko pu`so dkrmn, umh ihs mhks kmporthgtns quh`kihins in um `íinr ë ouvkr snm bu`ahr. H gêo snr qun vojâs ngtngihm hs pnssohs, ë mukto ikdíjk` motkvè-`hs. Znm Zn m qun sn jomp jomprn rnngi ngihh h pn pnrso rsogh` gh`ki kihi hinn ih pnssoh pnssoh,, ë km kmpos possí sívn vn`` tk tkrhr rhr o mèxk mèxkmo mo in in`h `h (DNUA^ZOG< MOUYKR, 5684). Hsskm, h jomugkjháêo hphrnjn jomo um n`nmngto dugihmngth` phrh h anstêo ihs nqukpns, ogin o `íinr invn snr jhphz in mogthr umh nstruturh phrh qun toios shkehm o qun os outros dhznm n jomo o trheh`co in jhih um jomp`nth o io outro, nm pro` io oebntkvo anrh`. H kgt kgtnar narháêo háêo inss insshs hs nqu nqukpn kpns, s, phss phssh, h, prkgjk prkgjkph` ph`mng mngtn, tn, pn` pn`hh dormh dormh jomo jomo sn jomugk jomugkjhm jhm.. Kgtuktkvhmngtn nu jomprnngikh qun, sn couvnssn umh qunerh in jomugkjháêo jom h mkgch nqukpn, sn hs kgstruáþns gêo dossnm ngtngikihs jorrnthmngtn ou dossnm ikstorjkihs gh corh in suh trhgsmkssêo, ksso `nvhrkh æ jogdusêo (DNUA^ZOG< MOUKYR, 5684). Jhrsog (568>) ngtngin qun o prodksskogh` qun nstè go jngtro in tuio prnjksh in umh nxjn`ngtn chek`kihin in jomugkjháêo. O hutor jkth jkgjo htktuins in arhgin vh`or2

Hprovnkthr o snu phpn` go jngtro ih háêo<

Indkgkr mukto enm suhs prkorkihins<

 

  Nsthen`njnr n ikvu`ahr um probnto jomum (vksêo jomphrtk`chih)<

Hjnkthr progthmngtn qun outrhs phrtns nstnbhm ngvo`vkihs<

Jogjngtrhr-sn gumh rn`háêo in jhih vnz

H`ëm ihs jhrhjtnrístkjhs jhrhjtnrístkjhs heorihihs hgtnrkormngtn hgtnrkormngtn,, outrhs mhrjhs in um `íinr sn rndnrnm h hrtn in in`nahr thrndhs n h suh iksposkáêo nm jomphrtk`chr kgdormháþns, h`ëm in kgjngtkvhr  qun suhs nqukpn nqukpnss thmeëm dháhm. Cobn o `íinr in umh ikrnto ikrntorkh rkh ou inphrthmngto inphrthmngto `kih jom nqukpns in snamngtos ikdnrngtns qun jompþnm toio o hrjheouáo nstruturh` phrh ihr  suportn æs suhs injksþ injksþns. ns. Hsskm, o `íinr possuk h rnspogshek`ki rnspogshek`kihin hin in in`nahr in`nahr thrndhs thrndhs ngtrn hs nqukpns n dhznr jom qun o jogcnjkmngto snbh phsshio phrh toios, poks o `íinr invn sn jogjngtrhr nm dhznr o qun somngtn n`n poin dhznr. Hsskm, hs arhgins nqukpns in sujnsso possunm j`hrnzh go qun ikz rnspnkto h phpëks n projnssos qun invnm nsthr ngahbhios, phrh qun tngchm jogsjkâgjkh io qun sn nspnrh in`ns n o quhgto krè joopnrhr phrh h jogquksth ios oebntkvos. Nssn ngtngikmngto dhz jom qun hs pnssohs sn skgthm mhks phrtn io toio n ih suh kmportågjkh phrh h kgstktukáêo. Vhrh Lrzyznwslk (5684) quhgio phsshm h tnr um sngso in proprknihin, n`ns ahgchm hutogomkh n sn sngtnm orau`cosos. N o mhks kmporthgtn2 sn motkvhm phrh jukihr io probnto, prnsnrvhr  gossos phirþns n indnginr gossos prkgjípkos.

Vhrrnkrh n Aogzh`nz (5664, p.:8) ngtnginm qun2

Ë prnjkso snr skgjnro skgjnro,, cognsto, trhgsphrng trhgsphrngtn. tn. O `íinr tnm in ihr ho arupo o qun n`n prnjksh, gêo o qun n`n qunr. Ynm in shtksdhznr shtksdhznr hs gnjnsskihins, gnjnsskihins, n gêo hos insnbos. Ë dugihmngth` jogquksthr h jogdkhgáh ih nqukpn. N

 

jogcn jog cnjn jnrr snu snuss `k `kmk mktn tns. s. Gêo Gêo kg kgtn tnrdn rdnrk rkrr go po poinr inr io out outro, ro, in inkx kxh-` h-`oo trheh`chr. Hs pnssohs prnjkshm snr ngjorhbhihs.

Himkgkstrhr umh orahgkzháêo in sujnsso inpngin, nm arhgin phrtn, in jhphjkihin in jogvngjnr  hs pnssohs h sn bugthrnm h vojâ, mnsmo qun n`hs tngchm outrhs proposths mhks `ujrhtkvhs. (DNUA^ZOG< MOUKYR, 5684) Inssh dormh, o mhks kmporthgtn phrh os anstorns ë dormhr umh nqukpn in h`to insnmpngco,  proporjkoghr um nxjn`ngtn hmekngtn in trheh`co n vngjnior, ihr hutogomkh n kgjngtkvhr o jomphrtk`chmngto in jogcnjkmngto ngtrn n`ns n, prkgjkph`mngtn, tnr p`ngo ngtngikmngto io hmekngtn ho quh` h kgstktukáêo nstè kgsnrkih, phrh qun sn himkgkstrn toihs hs oportugkihins n hmnháhs qun poinm ngdrngthr.

88.8 Z^JNZZÊO IH ANZYÊO GOZ J@^ENZ

O kgarnsso io pngshmngto prodksskogh`, prkgjkph`mngtn, go Erhsk` ë vksto in dormh mukto  posktkvh n dnkth por prodksskoghks qun eusjhm umh quh`kdkjháêo hinquhih phrh `kihr jom nssn hmekngtn hmekngtn jomp`nxo. Vor snr h ngtrhih in umh govh dormh in pngshmngto pngshmngto nm rn`háêo ho ns nspo port rtn, n, o pnrd pnrdk` k` io go govo vo anst anstor or vnm vnm sngi sngioo mo`i mo`ihi hio, o, pr prkg kgjk jkph ph`m `mng ngtn tn jo jom m hs trhgsdormháþns qun o mnrjhio vnm hprnsngthgio. Zngio hsskm, h jomp`nmngtháêo hjhiâmkjh ios anstorns ë rnh`kzhih go ikh h ikh, jom suhs htkvkihins htkvk ihins n jom os inshdk inshdkos os qun suranm, suranm, dhzngio jom qun ahgcnm nxpnrkâgjkh nxpnrkâgjkh gnjnssèrkh phrh sn hihpthr n jo`ojhr o j`uen nm um phthmhr in h`to insnmpngco. Jomphrhgio jom umh nmprnsh, nm ikvnrshs vnzns, h dormháêo ios anstorns n `íinrns jomnáh insin jnio jom o projnsso in nstèako ou in trhkgnn, posskek`kthgio qun vkvngjkn o hmekngtn go quh` h nmprnsh nstè ngvo`vkih, ngdrngthgio os inshdkos qun sêo pnju`khrns n sn mo`ihgio

 

jogdormnn h ju`turh ih nmprnsh jogdorm nmprnsh.. Vngshgio gos j`uens, j`uens, bè qun o hmekngtn hmekngtn nsportkvo vnm oetngio nssh nvo`uáêo, ë in jomprnngsívn` nspnrhr qun utk`kznm nssh prètkjh nm um duturo prúxkmo. Vhrrnkrh n Aogzh`nz tâm o mnsmo pngshmngto, phrh n`n o `íinr in um arupo thmeëm prnjksh gn gnjn jnssh sshrk rkhm hmngt ngtnn intn intnjt jthr hr qu qunm nm sêo sêo out outros ros `í `íin inrns rns nm potngj potngjkh kh`, `, phrh phrh su suest estkt ktuí uí-`o -`o gu gumh mh nvngtuh`kihin, ou rnprnsngtè-`o (VHUUNKUH< AOGRH@NR, 5664). Vhrh Lnnahg, h mn`cor joksh jom rn`háêo æ trhgskáêo ë qun o ghvko snaun ghvnahgio (JHUZOG, 568>). Nssh dk`osodkh poin rnvn`hr h ju`turh in um arhgin j`uen in dutneo`, ho phsshr hos snus dugjkogèrkos, os prkgjípkos, hs jrngáhs, os vh`orns, snm tnr qun inpnginr ih jogtrhtháêo go mnrjhio. mnrjhi o. Ksso vh`n thgto phrh h jogtrh jogtrhtháêo tháêo in tëjgkjos, jomo anstorns n htë boahiorns, bè qun nssns j`uens kgvnstnm pnshio ghs jhtnaorkhs in ehsn. Mhs tuio ksso snmprn h`khio æ  prnphrháêo. Gêo hikhgth um nx-boahior sn torghr tëjgkjo snm nstuihr. Zkr H`nx Dnrausog, hjrnikth qun h trhgskáêo in boahiorns, ho dkgh` in suh jhrrnkrh, phrh o jomhgio io j`uen qun boahrhm ë in arhgin vh`kh2 ‐Gug ‐G ugjh jh tk tkvn vn h jc jchg hgjn jn in tn tngt gthr hr hb hbui uihr hr h` h`au augs gs io ioss mn`c mn`cor orns ns  boahiorns io Mhgjcnstnr ^gktni h sn torghrnm huxk`khrns tëjgkjos n  ‚ nvngtuh`mngtn ‚ mhghanrs mhghanrs,, mhs snmprn hjcnk qun tnrkh skio umh út útkm kmhh dormh dormh in ah ahrhg rhgtk tkrr h jog jogtk tkguk gukih ihin in ih nx nxjn jn`â `âgj gjkh kh in O` O`ii Yrhddori” (DNUA^ZOG< MOUKYR, 5684, p. >5). Dormhr um suestktuto æ h`turh ho `hio in um anstor nxpnrkngtn poin ngrkqunjnr n mukto h dormháêo in umh bovnm prntngingtn ho jhrao. H oportugkihin in trojhr kinkhs n kgdormháþns jom qunm h`auëm nxpnrkngtn n qun bè phssou por ikvnrshs sktuháþns, eohs n rukgs, dhz jom qun os hprngikzns hprngik zns sn prnphrn prnphrnm m mn`cor phrh quhgio suh corh jcnahr in kgarnssh kgarnsshrr go jhrao in dhto. H`nx Dnrausog, trhz h rnd`nxêo2

‐Gêo tngco iòvkih in qun os j`uens in dutneo` poinrkhm hprnginr  umh ou iuhs `káþns jom jomphgckhs qun dorhm enm-sujnikihs ho  phsshrnm por trhgskáþns in anrâgjkh. Vor nxnmp`o, gugjh mn dkznrhm h pnraugth qun insjoerk mhks thrin snr jomumngtn dnkth

 

hos JNOs in mukths nmprnshs2 ‐Zn vojâ dor htropn`hio por um ùgkeus, qunm hssumkrè o snu `uahr? Ë umh eoh pnraugth, poks doráh hs pnssohs h jogskinrhr h qunstêo” (DNUA^ZOG< MOUKYR, 5684,  p. 11). Mnsmo hkgih nm projnsso in nvo`uáêo ingtro ih prodksskogh`kzháêo, os j`uens invnm sn  prnojuphr jom hs duturhs anrháþns qun krêo jomhgihr os j`uens n pnrpntuhr hs eohs prètkjhs in himkgkstrháêo. Jomo o mugio io dutneo` sn ikdnrngjkh io mugio jorporhtkvo, por ikvnrshs rhzþns nxp`hghihs ho `ogao io tnxto, quhgto mhks jogthto os govos prodksskoghks tkvnrnm, mhks nxpnrkngjkh hiqukrkrêo n, hsskm, poinrêo nsthr mhks prnphrhios phrh os govos inshdkos.

JHVKY^@O KKK. MNYOIO@OAKH IH VNZX^KZH Mhtnrkh` n mëtoios  Gnstn jhpítu`o ë hprnsngthio in dormh skstnmhtkzhih toio o projnikmngto mntoio`úakjo ushio  phrh h jogjnpáêo ih pnsquksh, insjrnvn-sn h hmostrh, o `ojh` in pnsquksh, os kgstrumngtos utk`kzhios phrh o trheh`co in jhmpo, phssos ushios phrh h n`heorháêo n rnjo`ch in ihios, hs vhrkèvnks in htrkeuto n hgugjkh-sn os projnikmngtos nsthtístkjos nmprnahios gh hgè`ksn ios rnsu`thios. Aogáh` Aog áh`vns vns n Mnk Mnkrn` rn``ns `ns (5669) (5669) hraumng hraumngthm thm snr kgi kgiksp kspngsè ngsèvn` vn` æ rnh`kzh rnh`kzháêo áêo in jhih jhih nstuio nstuio jkngtídkjo h nxposkáêo in um jhpítu`o jubo oebntkvo ë hprnsngthr n bustkdkjhr quhks mëtoios, dnrrhmngths n jogcnjkmngtos sêo utk`kzhios nm suh jogstruáêo.

HEOUIHANM O prnsngtn nstuio jogskstn gumh pnsquksh pnsquksh quh`kthtkvh quh`kthtkvh in jhrètnr nxp`orhtúrk nxp`orhtúrko, o, jubh nstrhtëakh nstrhtëakh ë h in nstuios in jhsos, pnsquksh eke`koarèdkjh n iojumngth`.

 

YKVO IN VNZX^KZH  H pnsquksh pnsquksh phrtn in um nstuio rnh`kzh rnh`kzhio io nm 5668 soern pnrdk` in anstorns nsportkvos nsportkvos go Erhsk` Erhsk`,, qun tnvn jomo proiuto umh ikssnrtháêo in mnstrhio nm himkgkstrháêo pn`h Dugiháêo Antò`ko Thrahs. Jomo o oebntkvo prkgjkph` ë hprnsngthr umh hgè`ksn n h jomphrháêo io pnrdk` io anstor io dutneo`, nm 5668 n 5681, nm jogsnquâgjkh ihs trhgsdormháþns ojorrkihs gh himkgkstrháêo nsportkvh, dorhm utk`kzhihs jomo dogtn in pnsquksh2 ikssnrtháþns in mnstrhio, `kvros, pnrkúikjos, rnvksths nspnjkh`kzhihs nm anstêo nsportkvh,  prkgjkph`mngtn, hrtkaos hjhiâmkjos n ngtrnvksths jo jom m prodksskoghks qun htuhm gh anstêo io dutneo`. Vhrh Vh rh Tn Tnrah rahrh rh (56 (566>) 6>),, rn rnh` h`kz kzhr hr ns nstu tuio io in jh jhsos sos,, po possk sskek ek`k `kth thm m ho pn pnsqu squks kshi hior or um umhh hg hgè` è`ks ksnn hprodugihih ihs vhrkèvnks ngvo`vkihs gh suh nxp`kjháêo. N, por sn trhthr in um nstuio hmp`o n jomp`nxo, jom vhrkèvnks ikvnrshs n h gnjnsskihin in snr nstuihio ingtro in um jogtnxto qun ojorrn ghturh`mngtn, dorhm nsjo`ckios os nstuios in jhsos mò`tkp`o insjrktkvo jomo nstrhtëakh. Znaugio [kg (5668, p. 49)2

^GKTNUZO N JO@NYH IN IHIOZ Hs tëjgkjhs in jo`nth in ihios sêo um jogbugto in rnarhs ou projnssos utk`kzhios por umh jkâgjkh, ou snbh, jorrnspogin æ phrtn prètkjh ih jo`nth in ihios (@HLHYOZ< MHUJOGK, 5668).

H jo`nth ios ihios sn inu pn`h hgè`ksn iojumngth`, prkgjkph`mngtn, htrhvës in rnvksths n  pnrkúikjos rn`hjkoghios h anstêo nsportkvh, `kvros, sítkos n`ntrùgkjos odkjkhks ios j`uens, in gotí gotíjk jkhs hs ns nspo port rtkv kvhs hs,, io ioju jumn mngt gtos os ik iksp spog ogke kek` k`kz kzhi hios os pn pn`o `oss j` j`ue uens ns,, h` h`ëm ëm in ng ngtr trnv nvks ksth thss snmknstruturhihs jom prodksskoghks `kahios h anstêo io insporto. Znaugio Jnrvo n Enrvkhg (5665), h ngtrnvksth ë umh ihs prkgjkphks tëjgkjhs in jo`nths in ihios n  poin snr indkgkih jomo jogvnrsh rnh`kzhih dhjn h dhjn pn`o pnsqukshior bugto ho ngtrnvksthio, snaukgio um mëtoio phrh sn oetnr kgdormháþns soern intnrmkghio hssugto. Anrh`mngtn, hs ngtrnvk ngt rnvksth sthss snmkns snmknstru trutur turhihs hihs ehsn ehsnkhm khm-sn -sn nm um rot rotnkr nkroo jogstk jogstktuí tuíio io in ‐\...] ‐\...] umh sërkn sërkn in  pnraugths henrths, dnkths vnreh`mngtn nm umh orinm o rinm prnvksth” (@HTK@@N< IKOGGN, 8;;;).

 

Znaugio Zna ugio Yrk Yrkvkø vkøos os (8;3 (8;31), 1), h ngt ngtrnv rnvkst ksthh snm snmkns knstru trutur turhih hih phrtn phrtn in qunstk qunstkoghm oghmngto ngtoss eèskjos, eèskjos, suporthios nm tnorkhs qun kgtnrnsshm æ pnsquksh, poingio surakr ckpútnsns govhs jogdormn hs rnsposths ios ngtrnvksthios. O rotnkro in pnraugths ngjogtrh-sn go HGNSO K.

Eke`koarhdkh HKIHU, Hgtùgko Jhr`os Ldourk.< @NOGJKGK, Mhrvko Vnrnkrh< O@KTNKUH, Boêo Bosë. H govh

anstêo io dutneo`. Uko in Bhgnkro2 Ni. DAT, 5666. 569 p. H@TH H@ THUN UNGA GAH H GN GNYO YO,, Uk Ukvh vhiè ièvk vkhh Jo Jorrn rrnhh Irumm Irummog ogii in in.. An Anstê stêoo io jogcn jogcnjk jkmn mngto gto nm

orahgkzháþns2 proposth in mhpnhm mhpnhmngto ngto jogjnktuh` kgtnar kgtnarhtkvo htkvo.. Zêo Vhu`o2 Ni. Zhrhkvh, Zhrhkvh, 5663. 5:4 p. HMH@KH, Mkrth< G^AUOCO, [hguhr. Hg kggovhtkog pnrspnjtkvn od lgow`nian mhghanmngt kg h mu`tkghtkogh` sueskikhry. Bourgh` od Lgow`nian Mhghanmngt, v. 8>, p. 18‚31, 5688. H^IU H^ IUNY NYZJ ZJC, C, Ih Ihvk vki. i. E. E., g. 4, p. 34;‚3;6, 5689. ECHYYK, Lomh` Lch`ki< X^UNZCK, Yhckr Mhsooi. Kmphjt od nmp`oynn phrtkjkphtkog og boe shtksdhjtkog, nmp`oynn jommktmngt hgi nmp`oynn proiujtkvkty. Kgtnrghtkogh`

EHUUOZ, Ukjhrio Mhjchio @nktn in< ENUAO, Dn`kpn Auhzzken< HGKIO, Ukjhrio< J^GCH, Zërako Zër ako Hua Huaust usto< o< @KM @KMH H DK@ DK@CO, CO, Nuj Nuj`yi `yins< ns< EUNGRK EUNGRKLOD LODNU, NU, Ungë< Ungë< DUNKUN DUNKUN,, Boêo Boêo Ehtkst Ehtksth. h. Zkstnmh phrh hgotháêo in háþns in boahiorns in dutneo`. Unvksth Erhsk`nkrh in Jkâgjkh n

Movkmngto, Erhsí`kh, v. 86, g. 5, p. 1-89, 5665. ENUU[,, Cnhtc ENUU[ Cnhtcnr. nr. A`oeh A`oeh`` Kgtnarhtkog Kgtnarhtkog hgi Kggovht Kggovhtkog2 kog2 Mu`tkjougt Mu`tkjougtry ry Lgow`nian Lgow`nian Angnrhtkog Angnrhtkog wktckg MGJs. Ztrhtnakj Mhghanmngt Bourgh`, v. :>, g. 4, p. 34;‚3;6, 5689. ECHYYK, Lomh` Lch`ki< X^UNZCK, Yhckr Mhsooi. Kmphjt od nmp`oynn phrtkjkphtkog og boe shtksd sht ksdhjt hjtkog kog,, nmp nmp`oy `oynn nn jom jommk mktmn tmngt gt hgi nmp nmp`oy `oynn nn proi proiujt ujtkvk kvkty. ty. Kgt Kgtnrgh nrghtko tkogh` gh` Un Unvk vknw nw od 

Euskgnss Unsnhrjc Vhpnrs, v. :, p. >9‚43. 5661. E@^MNG E@^ MNGZJC ZJCNKG NKG,, D.< GNI GNIH@, H@, U. L. H kmport kmportågjk ågjkhh io dutneo` dutneo` gh njogom njogomkh kh erhsk` erhsk`nkr nkrh. h.

Jhinrgos DAT Vrobntos, v. >, g. 8:, p. :1-9:, 5686. EOGYKZ, Gkjl. Mhghakga orahgkzhtkogh` lgow`nian ey ikhagoskga kgtn``njtuh` jhpkth`. Kg Jcoo, Jcug Jc ug Qn Qnk< k< Eo Eogt gtks ks,, Gk Gkjl jl (N (Nis is.) .),, Ycn strh strhtnak tnakjj mhghanm mhghanmngt ngt od kgt kgtn`` n``njtu njtuh` h` jhpk jhpkth` th` hgi

orahgkzhtkogh` lgow`nian (p. 458‚495). Gnw [orl, G[2 Oxdori ^gkvnrskty Vrnss. 5665. EU^GOUO, Bosë Jhr`os< HDKD, Hgtùgko. Dutneo` 866% prodkss prodksskogh` kogh`.. Zêo Vhu`o2 Ni. Angtn, 8;;1. 5>8 p.

 

E@^MNG E@^ MNGZJC ZJCNKG NKG,, D.< GNI GNIH@, H@, U. L. H kmport kmportågjk ågjkhh io dutneo` dutneo` gh njogom njogomkh kh erhsk` erhsk`nkr nkrh. h.

Jhinrgos DAT Vrobntos, v. >, g. 8:, p. :1-9:, 5686. EOGYKZ, Gkjl. Mhghakga orahgkzhtkogh` lgow`nian ey ikhagoskga kgtn``njtuh` jhpkth`. Kg Jcoo, Jcug Jc ug Qn Qnk< k< Eo Eogt gtks ks,, Gk Gkjl jl (N (Nis is.) .),, Ycn strh strhtnak tnakjj mhghanm mhghanmngt ngt od kgt kgtn`` n``njtu njtuh` h` jhpk jhpkth` th` hgi

orahgkzhtkogh` lgow`nian (p. 458‚495). Gnw [orl, G[2 Oxdori ^gkvnrskty Vrnss. 5665. EU^GOUO, Bosë Jhr`os< HDKD, Hgtùgko. Dutneo` 866% prodkss prodksskogh` kogh`.. Zêo Vhu`o2 Ni. Angtn, 8;;1. 5>8 p.

JHVN@O, Uoirkao. D`hmngao tnm um p`hgo phrh iomkghr o dutneo` erhsk`nkro (nm arhgh n tháhs)

htë

5656.

Unvk Un vkst sthh

Ëp Ëpoj ojhh.

Inznmero,

5681.

Ikspogívn`

nm2

0

cttp2//npojh.a`oeo.jom/nsportn/npojh-nsportn-j`uen/gotkjkh/5681/85/o-d`hmngaotnm-um p`hgo-phrh-iomkghr-o-dutneo`-er hsk`nkro-nm-arhgh-n-thjhs-htn-5656.ctm`7.  p`hgo-phrh-iomkghr-o-dutneo`-erhsk`nkro-nm-arhgh-n-thjhs-htn-565 6.ctm`7. Hjnsso nm2 6>/85/5681. JHUZOG, Mkln. Os jhmpnþns2 por très ih mngtn ios arhgins `íinrns io dutneo`. Zêo Vhu`o2 Ni. En`hs-@ntrhs. 568>. 559 p. JHUTH@CO, Uoirkao Ehrogk. Hp`kjháþns in sodtwhrns in anstêo io jogcnjkmngto2 tkpo`oakh n usos. 5666. 899 p. Ikssnrtháêo io Mnstrhio nm Jkâgjkh ih Kgdormháêo ‚ ^gkvnrskihin Dninrh` in Mkghs Anrhks, En`o Corkzogtn, 5666.

 

  JHUTH@CO, Jrkstkgh Hmë`kh< AOGÁH@TNZ, Bò`ko Jëshr< H@JÅGYHUH, Erugo Jëshr.

 

Inznmero,

5681.

Ikspogívn`

nm2

0

cttp2//npojh.a`oeo.jom/nsportn/npojh-nsportn-j`uen/gotkjkh/5681/85/o-d`hmngaotnm-um p`hgo-phrh-iomkghr-o-dutneo`-erhsk`nkro-nm-arhgh-n-thjhs-htn-565  p`hgo-phrh-iomkghr-o-dutneo`-er hsk`nkro-nm-arhgh-n-thjhs-htn-5656.ctm`7. 6.ctm`7. Hjnsso nm2 6>/85/5681.

JHUZOG, Mkln. Os jhmpnþns2 por très ih mngtn ios arhgins `íinrns io dutneo`. Zêo Vhu`o2 Ni. En`hs-@ntrhs. 568>. 559 p.

JHUTH@CO, Uoirkao Ehrogk. Hp`kjháþns in sodtwhrns in anstêo io

jogcnjkmng jogcnjk mngto2 to2 tkpo`oakh n usos. 5666. 899 p. Ikssnrtháêo io Mnstrhio nm Jkâgjkh ih Kgdormháêo ‚ ^gkvnrskihin Dninrh` in Mkghs Anrhks, En`o Corkzogtn, 5666.

JHUTH@CO, Jrkstkgh Hmë`kh< AOGÁH@TNZ, Bò`ko Jëshr< H@JÅGYHUH, Erugo Jëshr.

O @òikjo, o prodksskogh` n o gnaújko go dutneo`.  Kg2 JHUTH@CO, Jrkstkgh Hmë`kh< TKNKUH, Mhrjn`o Mk`hgo Dh`jêo (Ora.). Orahgkzháþns, ju`turh n insngvo`vkmngto `ojh`2 h hangih in pnsquksh io Oesnrvhtúrko ih Unh`kihin Orahgkzhjkogh`. Unjkdn2 Niktorh ^gkvnrsktèrkh ^DVN, 566:.

JHZYN@O, Boran. Dutneo` ‚ orahgkzháêo ikgåmkjh io boao. @kseoh2 Nikáþns @usúdoghs, 566;. 463 p.

 

JNUTO, Hmhio @ukz< ENUTKHG, Vniro H`jkgo. Mntoio`oakh jkngtídkjh. >.ni. Zêo Vhu`o2 Vrngtkjn Ch``, 5665. JCHQ@H JCH Q@H,, Inn Innphl phl, 5686. cttps2//iok.ora/86.8863/8:41:5186886193>9

JCN@@HI^UHK, Vhjlkhghtchg. Zport Mhghanmngt2 indkgkga tcn dkn`i. Nuropnhg

Bourgh` dor Zport Mhghanmngt. v.8, p.1-58.8;;9. hpui VKMNGYH, Uoaërko ih Josth. O pnrdk` pnr dk` prodks prodkssko skogh` gh` io ans anstor tor in orahgk orahgkzhá zháþns þns nspo nsportk rtkvhs vhs erhs erhsk`n k`nkrh krhss . 5668. 8>4 d. Ikssnrtháêo in mnstrhio nm himkgkstrháêo, Dugiháêo Antò`ko Thrahs, Uko in Bhgnkro, 5668.

JCNG, Jcuga-Bng< C^HGA, Bkga-Qng. Ztrhtnakj cumhg rnsourjn prhjtkjns hgi kggovhtkog  pnrdormhgjn - Ycn mnikhtkga ro`n od lgow`nian mhghanmngt jhphjkty.

Bourgh` od Euskgnss Unsnhrjc, v. 45, p. 869‚889, 566;. cttps2//iok.ora/86.8684/b.beusrns.5661.88.684

 

HGNSO K   H) UOYNKUO IN NGYUNTKZYHZ JOM ANZYOU IO D^YNEO@ VUODKZZKOGH@

 Gomn2

Htuháêo2

Dormháêo2 Vossuk jurso nspnjídkjo phrh trheh`chr jom dutneo`? Jhrao go j`uen2

8  ‚ Xuhks hs prkgjkphks dugáþns qun um u m anstor in dutneo` prodksskogh` nxnrjn? 5 - Xuhks hs prkgjkphks jompntâgjkhs sêo nxkakihs phrh o jhrao? :  ‚ Xuh` h suh opkgkêo n jomo ngxnrah o projnsso in prodksskogh`ksmo qun os j`uens in

dutneo dut neo`` vâm eusjh eusjhgio gio?? N jo jomo mo hdnth hdnth ik ikrnt rnthm hmng ngtn tn o in inph phrt rthm hmng ngto to in hg hgè` è`ks ksnn in insnmpngco? 9 - Mhks nspnjkdkjhmngtn (nm snu j`uen), poinrkh insjrnvnr um poujo jomo nrh quhgio o

jcnaou ho j`uen n jomo sn ngjogtrh cobn. Hs prkgjkphks trhgsdormháþns.

 

> - Jomo ë dnkto o p`hgnbhmngto in um j`uen in dutneo` go qun ikz rnspnkto hs jompntkáþns

qun iksputhrè go hgo? Ë prkorkzhio o `hio njogùmkjo ou o insnmpngco nsportkvo? 4 - H jomkssêo tëjgkjh phrtkjkph ikrnthmngtn ih nsjo`ch ios oebntkvos ih tnmporhih ou ë

h`ao qun ë kmposto pn`os gívnks mhks nstrhtëakjos io j`uen? 1 - Xuhgto ho jogtro`n ih anstêo, sêo hiothios kgstrumngtos in mnikáêo ho `ogao in toih h

tnmporhih jom umh jomugkjháêo ikrnth h jomkssêo tëjgkjh n boahiorns? Ou dkjh rnstrkth somngtn ho gívn` kgstktujkogh`? 3 - H`ëm iksso, boahiorns sêo suemntkios h kgstrumngtos in hvh`kháêo in insnmpngco ho

`ogao ih tnmporhih? ;  ‚ Jom h prodksskogh`kzháêo ios j`uens in dutneo`, nm um duturo prúxkmo snrêo

gnjnssèrkos govos anstorns jom dormháþns mhks nspnjídkjhs. Jomo ngxnrah hs dormháþns qun hs ugk ugkvn vnrsk rskih ihin inss od odnrn nrnjn jnm m go mnrjh mnrjhio io?? Unh` Unh`mn mngt gtnn prnph prnphrhm rhm os h` h`ug ugos os phrh phrh o hmekngtn io dutneo`? 86

- Cobn, o j`uen possuk h`aum projnsso in dormháêo in govos anstorns n hgh`ksths, os

quhks poinrkhm snr mo`ihios jogdormn h dk`osodkh, vh`orns n oebntkvos io j`uen? (por  nxnmp`o, proarhmh in nsthakèrkos n trhkgnns). 88

- ^m pogto dugihmngth` in quh`qunr kgstktukáêo ë h suh ju`turh orahgkzhjkogh`, ogin

 poin-sn ngtnginr soern snus rktuhks, snus vh`orns, snus prkgjípkos. Nxkstn um trheh`co sngio rnh`kzhio jom nssn oebntkvo? Jomo o j`uen trhgsmktn h suh ju`turh phrh os bovngs ht`nths qun jcnahm ho j`uen? 85

 ‚ Mukto sn dh`h cobn gh kmp`hgtháêo in umh dk`osodkh ògkjh in boao gos j`uens, phrh h

mn`c mn `cor or dor dormh mháê áêoo in ht ht`n `nth thss ph phrh rh os prodk prodkssk sskogh oghks ks.. Cobn Cobn o j` j`ue uenn tr trheh heh`c `chh jo jom m nssn nssn  pngshmngto? 8:

 ‚ Zn skm, nxkstn umh po`ítkjh phrh qun os anstorns n jomkssþns tëjgkjhs, ihs

ikdnrngtns jhtnaorkhs, troqunm nxpnrkâgjkhs soern boaos n trnkghmngtos, nm pro` in um hprngikzhio jomphrtk`chio?

 

89

 ‚ Cobn, Co bn, o j`uen kgvns kgvnstn tn nm tnjgo`oakh phrh hgè`ksn in insnmpngco in boahiorns boahior ns nm

 boaos n trnkghmngtos? Xuh`(ks) o(s) prkgjkph`(ks) kmphjtos qun anrhm ndntkvhmngtn go dutneo`? 8>

 ‚ N quhgto h dnrrh dnrrhmngths mngths in hgè`ksn in mnrjhio in boahio boahiorns, rns, o j`uen kgvnstn gnss gnsshh

govh inmhgih? Jomo o j`uen vnm trheh`chgio gnssn sngtkio? 84

- Aosthrkh in insthjhr h`aum outro pogto gêo heorihio, qun bu`aun snr kmporthgtn gh

anstêo io dutneo`?