O Ciclo Do Salitre

 

YOD^I[ZDMHMI NIMI[HB MF [DF G[HOMI MF ZYB DOZ]D]Y]F MI NDBFZFNDH I JDÃOJDHZ EYLHOHZ MIQH[] MIQH[ ]HLIO]F M MI I EDZ EDZ]Ú[DH ]Ú[DH  

F JDJBF MF ZHBD][I I HZ F[DGIOZ MH DOMÓZ][DH OH EDZ]Ú[DH IJFOÝLDJH MF JEDBI  MHODIB IBDHZ QDSH[[F ^IBÈZXYIS 

]rhkhbef mi Jfojbusêf mi Jursf hprisiothmf jflf riqudsdtf phrjdhb phrh h fktioçêf mf tìtubf mi Bdjiojdhmf il Edstúrdh. Frdiothmfr3 Mr. Lhtedhs Zidkib Buji 

Qfrtf Hbigri, mizilkrf mi ;18:  

 

Hgrhmijdliotfs Hf liu istdlhmf frdiothmfr, prfnissfr Lhtedhs, pfr ehvir-li hjidthmf jflf lilkrf of siu grupf mi pisqudsh, f quhb dospdrfu i nfroijiu suksìmdfs phrh h ibhkfrhçêf misti trhkhbef, i  pfr isthr mdspfoìvib phrh li htiomir i frdiothr, ispijdhblioti ofs lfliotfs lhds jrìtdjfs. Zil f siu huxìbdf isth pisqudsh oêf tirdh sdmf jfojritdzhmh. Hfs prfnissfris Jishr Guhzzibbd i Jbèumdh Whssirlho pfr ehviril hjidthmf f jfovdti  phrh phrtdjdphr mh khojh hvhbdhmfrh misti trhkhbef. trhk hbef. H tfmfs fs prfnissfris jfl fs quhds tdvi h fpfrtuodmhmi mi jfovdvir hf bfogf mistis hofs, juch quhbdmhmi rijfoeijdmh dotirohjdfohblioti jfbfjh f jursf mi Edstúrdh mh YN[GZ iotri fs lhds jfojidtuhmfs mh m h Hlärdjh Bhtdoh. ^hbiu ^hbiu h pioh jhmh mdh il qui tdvi mi ‒vdhchr“ á ofdti htä f jhlpus, hpús misghsthotis cfrohmhs mi trhkhbef. Qirmfil-li fs htrhsfs. Hfs hldgfs qui ndz of jursf3 Jhldbh [hlhbef, Miodsi Khrridrf, Girsfo Khrul, Dsrhib Hqudof, Lhrjfs Zhomir, [fmrdgf Odj`ib, Zhlhrh Lfth i ]edhgf Mdhs. Qibhs phbhvrhs mi dojiotdvf murhoti h ldoeh jhldoehmh. Á Jbã mf xirfx, pibh nfrçh ofs lfliotfs mi ‒vhjhs lhgrhs“.  Hfs hldgfs jfl quil pfssf jfothr silpri3 Bujdhof, ^hoissh, Cfohs, Mäjdf, Ëogibh, Hurfrdoeh, Hbix, ]htd, ]htd, Bihomrf, ]hìs i hfs quirdmfs drlêfs Eibio i [hnhib Frtdz. Á ldoeh nhlìbdh3 hf liu phd, Ibdhs, pibf hpfdf dojfomdjdfohb i pfr isthr silpri pfr  pirtf quhomf lhds prijds prijdsid id i á CCubdh, ubdh, pibhs vèrdhs vizis qui ndjfu jfl h ldoeh ndbeh phrh qui iu  pumissi dr á hubh. Hf liu drlêf, Qhubf, pibf dojiotdvf mi ssilpri, ilpri, á ldoeh juoehmh, Ldjeibi, i ldoeh sfkrdoeh, ^hbiotdoh. Á ldoeh lêi, Lúodjh (do lilfrdhl). Hfs lius sfgrfs, ]dtf i Ibdhoh, i h tfmfs fs phriotis qui ndz il Jhlhquê. Á Jfrdoh, pibf jfovìvdf mdèrdf mi ludtfs hofs i pibh jfosthoti mdspfodkdbdmhmi il li htiomir doólirhs vizis, quhomf tivi mi ndjhr jfl h Dshkibh phrh qui iu pumissi istumhr i dr ás hubhs. Zil h suh hcumh sirdh dlpfssìvib sigudr hmdhoti. Á ldoeh hmfrhmh ndbeh Dshkibh, sdlpbislioti pibh suh prisioçh mi tfmfs fs mdhs. Á ldoeh libefr hldgh, phrjidrh, jólpbdji, hlhoti i ispfsh, ]doh. Qfr tfmf f siu hlfr.  Oêf tirdh jeighmf hqud si oêf nfssi pfr pf r td.

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[isulf F prisioti trhkhbef fptfu pfr hohbdshr h ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri oh nfrlhçêf mf Isthmf ohjdfohb i ohs frdgios mf prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf mf Jedbi mismi ndos mf säjubf UDU htä hs  prdlidrhs mäjhmhs mfjedbioh3 UU. Fquhds hspijtf jiotrhb mf istumful hkfrmhrè ulh quist quistêf êf khsthoti sdogubhr mi mh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh nhtfris jfomuzdrhl phìs qui hprisiothvh ulh ijfofldh iojbhvi, h phrtdr mh ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri pibfs jhpdthds istrhogidrfs, h oêf lhotir isshs jhrhjtirìstdjhs mi iojbhvi, lhs hf jfotrèrdf, jfosigudr dosirdr-si miotrf mi ul jfotixtf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr h 84:1. Qhrh isth hoèbdsi nfrhl tflhmfs jflf rinirãojdh fs jfojidtfs doiriotis á tifrdh lhrxdsth mh mipiomãojdh misiovfbvdmfs pfr ^ëodh Khlkdrrh, jflf suh jbhssdndjhçêf il tdpfbfgdhs mf ]dpf H, K fu J phrh fs phìsis bhtdof-hlirdjhofs, i fs jfojidtfs mi  phmrêf mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb i mi mdvdsêf dotirohjdfohb mf trhkhbef, trhkhbehmfs pfr [uy Lhurf Lhrdod i hprfnuomhmfs pfr Chdli Fsfrdf. Qhbhvrhs-jehvi3 Jedbi, shbdtri, Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, mipiomãojdh ijfoýldjh i edstúrdh ijfoýldjh

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Zulèrdf  Dotrfmuçêf ...................................................................................................................................... 9 8. F phmrêf hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi ......................................... 8= 8.8 F shbdtri .................................................................................................................................. 87 8.; H Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf .............................................................................................................. 84 8.: H jbhssi mfldohoti h phrtdr mf pirìfmf pús-guirrh mf Qhjìndjf ............................................. ;: 8.= F jdjbf mf shbdtri .................................................................................................................... ;> ;. Hs rinfrlhs hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf .................................................................................... :; ;.8 Edpútisis sfkri f mistdof mhs rijidths mhs ixpfrthçùis ......................................................... :> ;.; H mdvirsdndjhçêf mi htdvdmhmis of jdjbf mf sshbdtri, hbdtri, nirrfvdhs i lhistrhozhs .......................... =1 :. Jfojbusêf ................................................................................................................................. => =. Nfotis i [inirãojdhs kdkbdfgrèndjhs ......................................................................................... 91 =.8 Nfotis ..................................................................................................................................... 91 =.; [inirãojdhs kdkbdfgrèndjhs ...................................................................................................... 91 9. Hoixfs NDGY[H 8.....................................................................................................................................9: NDGY[H ;.....................................................................................................................................9= NDGY[H :.....................................................................................................................................99 NDGY[H =.....................................................................................................................................9> NDGY[H 9.....................................................................................................................................97 XYHM[F H ................................................................................................................................ 95 XYHM[F K ................................................................................................................................ >1 XYHM[F J ................................................................................................................................ >8 XYHM[F M ................................................................................................................................ >; = 

 

Dotrfmuçêf Isti trhkhbef til pfr fkcitdvf dovistdghr f jdjbf mf shbdtri oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi mivdmf á dlpfrtëojdh qui h ixpbfrhçêf misti ldoirhb riprisiotfu phrh h edstúrdh mf phìs. F shbdtri nfd murhoti lidf säjubf ul mfs pdbhris mi sustiothçêf mh ijfofldh mf Jedbi, f qui pfmi 8 sir fksirvhmf pibh tifrdh mh ‒lish ‒ lish mi trãs päs“, mi ^äbdz (84>:, p. 81=, hpum QHBLH) , mh quhb nhzdhl phrti fs ixpfrthmfris mi ldoärdfs mf ofrti, fs ixpfrthmfris hgrìjfbhs mf sub i hs grhomis jhshs mi dlpfrthçêf. Mismi f pirìfmf mi isthkdbdzhçêf pfbìtdjh pús-domipiomãojdh, sfk h hmldodstrhçêf mi Mdigf Qfrthbis il 85::, i htä h mäjhmh mi 85>1, hs ixpfrthçùis mf phìs jflpriiomdhl issiojdhblioti f trdgf, h prhth i f jfkri. Qfräl, h phrtdr mi lihmfs mh mäjhmh mi 85>1, f shbdtri vdrdh h mispirthr dotirissi ofs lirjhmfs iurfpius, ofs phìsis qui rihbdzhvhl suh rivfbuçêf domustrdhb. H milhomh pfr nirtdbdzhotis oh Iurfph bivfu fs ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs h hlpbdhr f tirrdtúrdf ixpbfrhmf il vèrdhs mdriçùis i dstf dojbudu rigdùis nfrh mfs mflìodfs ohjdfohds, jflf hs rigdùis hf ofrti mf Misirtf mi Hthjhlh. Hotirdfrlioti, il 85=>, f Jedbi cè dodjdhrh h ixpbfrhçêf mf guhof;  il Licdbbfois, oh prfvìojdh mi Hotfnhghsth, hdomh tirrdtúrdf kfbdvdhof, i il lihmfs mi 85>1, dodjdfu-si h ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri oh lislh prfvìojdh. F ldoirhb si tfrohrdh f prdojdphb prfmutf mi ixpfrthçêf mf Jedbi i h prdojdphb nfoti mi mdvdshs i mi hrrijhmhçêf ndsjhb, lhtirdhbdzhomf h vdojubhçêf mh ijfofldh jedbioh hf lirjhmf luomdhb, of lhrjf mh mdvdsêf dotirohjdfohb mf trhkhbef. H edstfrdfgrhndh til jfoviojdfohmf jehlhr mi jdjbf mf shbdtri f pirìfmf jflpriiomdmf iotri 85>1 htä f ndohb mh mäjhmh mi 84;1, jfl h Grhomi Miprissêf, lhs ä oh mäjhmh mi 8551, hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, quhomf fjfrri ulh mhs sdogubhrdmhmis missi jdjbf. Qhrhmfxhblioti, of pirìfmf hotirdfr á guirrh (85>1 -8574), quhomf Kfbìvdh i Qiru mitdoehl f jfotrfbi mhs rigdùis jfotiomf hs chzdmhs mi shbdtri, fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs isthvhl lhcfrdthrdhlioti ohs lêfs mi ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs. Hpús f jfonbdtf, quhomf f Jedbi hoixfu fs tirrdtúrdfs il quistêf, istis 8

 QHBLH, G. Bh ijfoflìh jedbioh mismi bh Guirrh mib Qhjìndjf h bh Grho Miprisdúo. Do3 JÈ[MIOHZ, I. it hb. Bh irh mi bhs ixpfrthjdfois bhtdofhlirdjhohs  ‚  ‚   mi ndois mi sdgbf UDU h prdojìpdfs mib UU . Läxdjf, Nfomf mi Jubturh Ijfoúldjh, ;11:, p. :::. ;  F guhof ä f ofli mhmf hf prfmutf risubthoti mf hjólubf mi nizis mhs hvis mh rigdêf. Hssdl jflf f shbdtri, irh utdbdzhmf nirtdbdzhoti mivdmf hf siu tifr mi odtrfgãodf. Zius mipúsdtfs jflpriiomdhl ixtioshs èrihs mf tirrdtúrdfjflf piruhof (hotirdfr á Guirrh mf hbtf Qhjìndjf), kil jflf hbgulhs dbehs, i nfd, murhoti fs hofs hotirdfris á ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri, khsi mh ijfofldh mi ixpfrthçêf piruhoh.

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jhpdthds phsshrhl h sir jfotrfbhmfs pfr ilprisèrdfs istrhogidrfs, il suh lhdfrdh krdtëodjfs :. Dstf riliti á siguomh lftdvhçêf qui susjdtfu isti trhkhbef. F lhdfr jfotrfbi sfkri f ldoirhb pfr phrti mi jhpdthds istrhogidrfs, sfkritumf dogbisis, ä ul prfjissf qui iojfotrh ixpbdjhçêf oh hoèbdsi mfs tiúrdjfs mh mipiomãojdh. Qfräl, oêf sêf hs rhzùis pibhs quhds fs jhpdthds dogbisis hpfmirhrhl-si mf oigújdf mf shbdtri, cuotf jfl sújdfs bfjhds, fs fkcitdvfs misti trhkhbef. F lftdvf qui frdioth f istumf ä dovistdghr pfr qui h ijfofldh jedbioh, qui si vdojubfu hf lirjhmf luomdhb htrhväs mh ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri, mdniriotilioti mi futrfs phìsis bhtdofhlirdjhofs qui thlkäl hprisiothvhl ulh sdtuhçêf mi iojbhvi =, jflf Guhtilhbh, Qiru, ^ioizuibh, Kfbìvdh i futrfs, oêf si tfrofu ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi fu ul phìs mi tdpf K, siguomf tdpfbfgdh9  hprisiothmh pfr ^ëodh Khlkdrrh il ‒ Ib jhpdthbdslf mipiomdioti >

bhtdofhlirdjhof“  . Ziguomf h hutfrh3

qui si bivh h jhkf mismi f doìjdf mf säjubf PUU\, hpishr mfs iojbhvis mf shbdtri i mf jfkri, thlkäl mivi sir ixpbdjhmf pibf misiovfbvdliotf mi ribhçùis mi prfmuçêf jhpdthbdsths il futrfs sitfris, jflf h hgrdjubturh i il sitfris jflpbiliothris á ijfofldh ixpfrthmfrh qui pirldtil h 7 ixphosêf mf lirjhmf dotirof.“    ‒Of Jedbi f misiovfbvdliotf domustrdhb

Qfrthotf, f Jedbi phriji sir ul jhsf htìpdjf 5, mivdmf ás jfomdçùis hprisiothmhs, i  prfssigui3 ‒Fs phìsis qui cè ehvdhl dodjdhmf suh domustrdhbdzhçêf hotis mf pús -guirrh

P84=9\ sêf3 Hrgiotdoh, Läxdjf, Krhsdb, Jedbi, Yruguhd i Jfbýlkdh. (...) Of Jedbi, hs prdlidrhs tiothtdvhs mi domustrdhbdzhçêf mhthl mf óbtdlf quhrtf mf säjubf UDU. (...) Istis sids  phìsis jfrrispfomil hf tdpf qui jehlhlfs ―phìsis jfl jfliçf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotdgh— (]dpf H).“ 4  :

FZF[DF, C. [hìjis mi bh milfjrhjdh io Jedbi, 8591  ‚  ‚ 8471.  8471. [idotirprithjdúo mib mishrrfbbf ijfoúldjf y pfbìtdjf.    8. Im. Läxdjf3 Imdjdfois Irh, 8441. p. =>. =  Ijfofldh mi iojbhvi riniri-si á ijfofldh mi ulh rigdêf qui si mdniriojdh mf risthoti mh ijfofldh á quhb istè dotigrhmh. Ibh hprisioth vhrdhçùis i ulh mibhs ä h qui istè hprisiothmh oisth pisqudsh, h mi ulh ijfofldh ldoirhmfrhh jfotrfbhmh pfr jhpdthds istrhogidrfs dosirdmfs oul lirjhmf ohjdfohb. ldoirhmfr 9   Ziguomf prfpfsth mh hutfrh phrh h tdpdndjhçêf mfs phìsis3 tdpf H sêf hquibis phìsis qui hprisiothvhl ul prdojìpdf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr hf pirìfmf pús-guirrh (84=9)0 tdpf K jfrrispfomi hfs phìsis juch domustrdhbdzhçêf dodjdfu-si hpús h Ziguomh Guirrh Luomdhb0 i tdpf J hquibis jfl pfujf fu oioeul prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hpús issi pirìfmf. Ivdmiotilioti h prfpfsdçêf mi Khlkdrrh ä ludtf lhds jflpbixh mf qui dstf. Hprisioth-si Hprisiot h-si hqud mi lhoidrh sdlpbdndjhmh phrh nfroijir h khsi mh hrguliothçêf h qui si prfpùi isti trhkhbef. >  KHLKD[[H, ^. Ib jhpdthbdslf mipiomdioti bhtdofhlirdjhof. 9. im. Läxdjf3 Zdgbf UUD, 8475. 858p. 7

5 Dmil,

p. ;1. f Jedbi, lhs thlkäl f Läxdjf, siguomf h hutfrh.  Oêf hpiohs  KHLKD[[H, p. ;= i ;>.

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Mismi h jfotrdkudçêf dofvhmfrh mf bdvrf mi Khlkdrrh, pukbdjhmf pibh prdlidrh viz of jfliçf mh mäjhmh mi 8471, pfujfs hutfris sigudrhl ul jhldoef sdldbhr hf mi suh edpútisi phrh ixpbdjhr hs frdgios mh domóstrdh i mf prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf of Jedbi i f pfrquã mi ul phìs jfl iojbhvis ldoidrfs oêf ehvir-si tfrohmf ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi. Hssdl, h prfpfsth mf istumf dospdrh-si oh tifrdh mh mipiomãojdh ijfoýldjh, misiovfbvdmh pfr [uy Lhurf Lhrdod, ^ëodh Khlkdrrh, ]eiftfodf mfs Zhotfs, Homrä Guomir Nrho`, Chdli Fsfrdf, iotri futrfs dotibijtuhds oh mäjhmh mi 84>1 i 8471 81, phrh hohbdshr tdpf mi misiovfbvdliotf ijfoýldjf h qui f phìs nfd suklitdmf murhoti f jdjbf mf shbdtri. Jfl khsi oh mdniriojdhçêf dotiroh iotri fs phìsis mipiomiotis, jfonfrli h tdpfbfgdh mi Khlkdrrh, prfjurh-si dovistdghr hbguos ibiliotfs edstúrdjfs jfojritfs qui hcumil h ixpbdjhr jflf, hpishr mf iojbhvi shbdtridrf, i htä lislf phrjdhblioti il nuoçêf mibi, f Jedbi hprisiotfu ulh trhcitúrdh ijfoýldjh ofs tirlfs mf qui h tdpfbfgdh il quistêf jehlfu mmii ]dpf H. Yl ixilpbf missh prijfji jhphjdmhmi domustrdhb, ofs bdldtis mh mipiomãojdh, ä jbhrf, vil mh ixpirdãojdh mh Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, quhomf il ul lfliotf mi grhomi jrdsi phrh f phìs hjrimdthvh-si qui isth si hgrhvhrdh hdomh lhds jfl h ijbfsêf mf jfonbdtf. F qui fjfrriu nfd  custhlioti f jfotrèrdf, jflf misthjh Khlkdrrh, jdthomf Nrhojdsjf Nrho jdsjf Iojdoh3 ‒H domóstrdh nhkrdb lubtdpbdjfu miz, vdoti i htä jil vizis h jfon ijçêf

mi vistuèrdf, jhbçhmfs, hrtdgfs phrh jfonijçêf mi khdoehs i jdotfs, púbvfrh, prfmutfs quìldjfs i nhrlhjãutdjfs, khrrds, lfjedbhs, khrrhjhs, iqudphliotfs mi hrtdbehrdh, jhbmidrhs phrh 88 ilkhrjhçùis, itj.“  

Qfrthotf, ä pfssìvib pirjikir h ixdstãojdh mi ulh prfmuçêf ohjdfohb, ofs lfbmis mi ulh dojdpdioti domustrdhbdzhçêf ohs óbtdlhs mäjhmhs mf säjubf UDU, jflf riniri h hutfrh i qui  pirldtil pfsdjdfohr f Jedbi oh jfomdçêf mi phìs ]dpf H.  Of iothotf, jfonfrli liojdfohmf, futrfs phìsis thlkäl tdvirhl ijfofldhs ixpfrthmfrhs khsihmhs of sdstilh mi iojbhvi, lhs pfr mdrijdfohliotfs h qui nfrhl domuzdmfs hprisiothrhl ul misiovfbvdliotf ijfoýldjf-sfjdhb qui fs jfbfjh iotri fs phìsis ]dpf K, jflf sêf fs jhsfs mi Iquhmfr, Qiru, ^ioizuibh, Kfbìvdh, Guhtilhbh, Jfsth [djh, Ib Zhbvhmfr, Qhohlè, 81  

mdniriojdh-si virtiotiimh tifrdh mh mipiomãojdh misiovfbvdmh pfr istis hutfris i hquibh riprisiothmh   pfrHqud Nirohomf Eiordquih Jhrmfsf Iozf Nhbittf. 88  BHGFZ, 84>>, p. ;=, hpum KHLKD[[H.  

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 Odjhrèguh, Efomurhs, [ipókbdjh Mfldodjhoh i Jukh 8;. H prfpfsth misti istumf ä dmiotdndjhr quhds nfrhl fs ibiliotfs qui pirldtdrhl hf Jedbi misiovfbvir of pirìfmf mhs grhomis ixpfrthçùis, fu sich, hf ndohb mf säjubf UDU i doìjdf mf UU, jfomdçùis mi jrisjdliotf qui ghrhotdssil suh dosirçêf of lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb jflf ulh mhs ijfofldhs ribhtdvhlioti lhds misiovfbvdmhs mh rigdêf. Jhki hqud futrh jfbfjhçêf sfkri f lhrjf tiúrdjf qui sirvi mi rinirãojdh h isti trhkhbef. Il suh fkrh, ^ëodh Khlkdrrh hprisioth fs isnfrçfs mi vèrdfs hutfris il tiothr nfroijir ulh dotirprithçêf lhrxdsth phrh f jhpdthbdslf bhtdof-hlirdjhof, lhs misthjh qui, hpishr mfs isnfrçfs, hdomh oêf si ehvdh jfosigudmf misiovfbvir (il 8478), mi nfrlh sdstilètdjh, f qui pfmirdh sir jehlhmf mi tifrdh lhrxdsth mh mipiomãojdh 8:. Il siu trhkhbef, h hutfrh hohbdsh f jhpdthbdslf bhtdof-hlirdjhof tflhomf jflf oójbif jiotrhb mh hoèbdsi h hjulubhçêf i h riprfmuçêf mipiomiotis8=. H hutfrh ixpbdjh3 ‒Oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh f jhpdthbdslf si misiovfbviu miotrf mf jfotixtf mi ixphosêf i

ivfbuçêf mf jhpdthbdslf luomdhb. Mivdmf h dstf ibi hssuldu nfrlhs ispijìndjhs i jfondgurfu, mh lislh nfrlh, tdpfs ispijìndjfs mi jhpdthbdslf mipiomiotis juchs jhrhjtirìstdjhss i lfmf mi nuojdfohliotf istêf dotdlhlioti bdghmfs jfl h mdoëldjh qui jhrhjtirìstdjh 89 edstfrdjhlioti hssuli f jhpdthbdslf ofs phìsis jiotrhds.“ ji otrhds.“  

Isth dmidh iojfotrh ul phrhbibf ofs pfstubhmfs mi Homrä Guomir Nrho` il ‒Mishrrfbbf 8>

mib sukmishrrfbbf“  , fomi isti riniri qui3

‒(...) h pisqudsh edstúrdjh milfostrh qui f sukmisiovfbvdliotf jfotilpfrëoif ä, il

grhomi phrti, f prfmutf edstúrdjf mhs ribhçùis ijfoýldjhs i mi futrfs tdpfs Pmi ribhçùis\,  phsshmhs i htuhds, qui lhotdoeh i lhotäl f phìs shtäbdti sukmisiovfbvdmf sukmisiovfbvdmf jfl fs phìsis 87 litrfpfbdthofs hgfrh misiovfbvdmfs.“  

Fomi f phìs shtäbdti ä f mipiomioti i fs phìsis litrfpfbdthofs jfrrispfomil hfs phìsis jiotrhds mi Khlkdrrh. Il siu hrtdgf, Nrho` thlkäl jrdtdjh f pfstubhmf il vfgh mi qui f 8;

 KHLKD[[H. Fp. Jdt., p. ;5.  Khlkdrrh, p. 8. 8= Dkdmil, p. ;. 89  Dkdmil, p. :. 8> N[HO@, H. G. Mishrrfbbf mib sukmishrrfbbf. Lfoteby [ivdiw Zibijjdfois il jhstibbh jhstibbhof of , Khrjibfoh, o. =, p. 8=9  ‚  8:

897, ;119 (84>>). Mdspfoìvib il  il  ettp3//www.jdiojdhsfjdhbjrdtdjh.jfl/limdh/1/8;>/lr=81VgVnrho`.pmn  Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. Dmil, p. 8=>.

87

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sukmisiovfbvdliotf sirdh ul istègdf hotirdfr hf mf misiovfbvdliotf, fu sich, htrhväs mi ulh sujissêf mi istègdfs fs phìsis liofs misiovfbvdmfs hbjhoçhrdhl, il ul mitirldohmf lfliotf, hs lislhs jfomdçùis mfs phìsis misiovfbvdmfs. Isth tisi ä nhjdblioti misjhrthmh, pfds khsth vir 85 oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mfs phìsis qui f sukmisiovfbvdliotf ‒oêf ä frdgdohb, oil trhmdjdfohb“  trhmdjdfohb“   

hssilibeh-si i qui ‒il oioeul lfliotf f phsshmf fu f prisioti mfs phìsis sukmisiovfbvdmfs hssilibeh-si 84 il hbgul hspijtf ribivhoti hfs phìsis misiovfbvdmfs“  misiovfbvdmfs“   .

Isth bdghçêf jfl h mdoëldjh mh ijfofldh mfs phìsis mdtfs jiotrhds fkrdgh h ulh särdi mi lumhoçhs istruturhds ofs phìsis mipiomiotis. Isths trhosnfrlhçùis drêf rifrdiothr f siotdmf mh domustrdhbdzhçêf ofs phìsis fomi ibh cè ehvdh jfliçhmf i h drêf frdiothr ofs phìsis fomi, htä iotêf, f prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf oêf ehvdh sdmf misiojhmihmf. Qfstf dstf, ofs hprfxdlhlfs libefr mf tilh qui prisdmi isth lfofgrhndh, fu sich, mh kusjh pibh khsi lhtirdhb i mhs jfomdçùis qui htuhrhl ohs frdgios i of mijursf dodjdhb mf prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf of Jedbi, of jfotixtf mi ul jhpdthbdslf mipiomioti donbuiojdhmf pibfs jhpdthds istrhogidrfs mi phìsis jiotrhds. ^ëodh Khlkdrrh thlkäl nhz ulh jrìtdjh ás vèrdhs tiothtdvhs mi ibhkfrhçêf mi tdpfbfgdhs hotirdfris á suh phrh f istumf mfs phìsis bhtdof-hlirdjhofs, quistdfohomf hs bdldthçùis  prfviodiotis mhs mdvirshs litfmfbfgdhs utdbdzhmhs phrh ixpbdjè-bhs, nfssil ibhs ilpdrdsths, grhmuhbdsths fu sfjdfbúgdjhs. Qhrh h hutfrh3 ‒]fmhs isths tiothtdvhs tdpfbúgdjhs supùil ul lfmibf mi misiovfbvdliot f

dospdrhmf ofs phìsis misiovfbvdmfs (il ribhçêf hf siu oìvib mi domustrdhbdzhçêf, oìvib mi vdmh, oìvib jubturhb, itj.) il nuoçêf mf quhb hs tdpfbfgdhs sêf istruturhmhs siguomf h lhdfr fu liofr hprfxdlhçêf fs phìsis tioehl h isti lfmibf. (...) ulh Oêf jflpriiomil istis qui hutfris qui fbhtdof-hlirdjhofs ‒htrhsf“ mfs phìsis mipiomiotis til sdmf jfosiquãojdh mf misiovfbvdliotf mf jhpdthbdslf jhpdthbdslf luomdhb qui, pfr suh viz, ä h jfomdçêf ;1 mi misiovfbvdliotf mhs grhomis pftãojdhs jhpdthbdsths luomdhds.“  

H fkrh mi ^ëodh Khlkdrrh hprisioth ul istumf litfmfbúgdjf, jfl suh tdpfbfgdh mdniriojdhomf phìsis ]dpf H i ]dpf K (i thlkäl ]dpf J), jucfs nuomhliotfs mdniril mh jbdvhgil mhs ijfofldhs mi jfotrfbi ohjdfohb i ijfofldhs mi iojbhvi qui Jhrmfsf i Nhbittf ibhkfrhrhl il ‒Mipiomiojdh y mishrrfbbf io Hlärdjh Bhtdoh“  (84>4), utdbdzhmh phrh jbhssdndjhr fs phìsis bhtdof 

85 84 N[HO@.

 Dmil, p.Fp. 8=>.Jdt., p. 8=>.   KHLKD[[H. Fp. Jdt., p. 8;  ‚ 8:.

;1

4 

 

hlirdjhofs quhotf hf siu grhu mi misiovfbvdliotf i mi mipiomãojdh. Ibh prfjurh dmiotdndjhr fs  pfotfs nrhjfs, phrh iotêf hprisiothr h suh tdpfbfgdh, jfl h quhb drè trhkhbehr, i qui sirvdrè mi rinirãojdh phrh isti trhkhbef. Zil misjfosdmirhr fs lärdtfs mi Jhrmfsf i Nhbittf (‒fs (‒ fs hutfris prfpùil ulh hoèbdsi dotigrhmh mf misiovfbvdliotf, htrhväs mi ulh vhbdfsh mdsjussêf litfmfbúgdjh qui phrti mi ulh   ;8

jrìtdjh hfs ionfquis ilpdrdsths i istruturhbdsths“ istruturhbdsths“

), Khlkdrrh nhz ul jfocuotf mi jrìtdjhs hfs

hutfris. H prdlidrh jrìtdjh ä quhotf á husãojdh mf nhtfr ijfoýldjf of istumf mfs hutfris. Isti ä hkfrmhmf mi ulh nfrlh ludtf girhb h phrtdr mh quhb si misiovfbvi ulh hoèbdsi issiojdhblioti sfjdfbúgdjh;;, i sil f hprfnuomhliotf oijissèrdf, pfds ‒oêf pirldti rivibhr, il tfmh suh jflpbixdmhmi, h dotrdojhmh ghlh mh hçêf mfs mdvirsfs

grupfs i jbhssis sfjdhds qui htuhl il nuoçêf mi dotirissis ijfoýldjfs fkcitdvfs, juch dlpfsdçêf ixdgi h buth pibh eigilfodh pfbìtdjh. Zflioti h ixdstãojdhs mistis dotirissis  pfmi rivibhr f siotdmf mh hçêf pfbìtdjh i sfjdfbúgdjh mfs htfris, h qui si lhodnisth ;:

ludths vizis il lfvdliotfs sfjdhds hphriotilioti mdnusfs i dojfiriotis.“

 

H hutfrh oêf misliriji h dlpfrtëojdh mh hoèbdsi sfjdfbúgdjh, lhs misthjh suhs bdldthçùis mdhoti mi tilhs têf jflpbixfs jflf fs trhkhbehmfs pfr Jhrmfsf i Nhbittf. H siguomh jrìtdjh mdz rispidtf á tdpfbfgdh ibhkfrhmh pibfs hutfris. Ziguomf Khlkdrrh, ‒Nhbth oh fkrh ulh mdsjussêf lhds hlpbh sfkri f prfjissf mi lumhoçhs ohs istruturhs

qui tdvirhl bughr ohs sfjdimhmis mipiomiotis bhtdof-hlirdjhohs h phrtdr mh siguomh lithmi mf säjubf UDU i doìjdf mf UU, il nuoçêf mhs prfnuomhs trhosnfrlhçùis qui fjfrrirhl ofs phìsis jhpdthbdsths misiovfbvdmfs. Qfrqui, oh limdmh il qui oêf si nhz thb mdsjussêf, h frdgil i jfondgurhçêf mfs mfds tdpfs kèsdjfs (fu sich, fs phìsis qui jfosigudrhl f jfotrfbi ohjdfohb mf prfjissf prfmutdvf i fs mi ijfofldh mi iojbhvi) si ixpbdjhl hpiohs pibf qui ―cè isthvh hprisiothmf oh sdtuhçêf jfbfodhb—, fu sich, pibf lfmf jflf hs jfbýodhs si ribhjdfohrhl jfl hs litrúpfbis, oisti jhsf, Qfrtughb i Isphoeh.“ ;= 

Jflf isti trhkhbef tiothrè hprisiothr, h ixpbdjhçêf mi Jhrmfsf i Nhbittf ä dosundjdioti,  pfds oêf ixpbdjh jflf i pfr qui of Jedbi efuvi ul prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr h 84=9 (jfl ul ribhtdvf jfotrfbi ohjdfohb), hpishr mi sir ulh ijfofldh fomi ixdstdhl iojbhvis ldoidrfs. ;8

 KHLKD[[H. Fp. Jdt., p. 8:.

;;

;: Dkdmil,

 Dkdmil. p. 87.  Dkdmil, p. 85.

;=

81 

 

H tirjidrh jrìtdjh riniri-si á jbhssdndjhçêf mfs phìsis, pfds isth jhriji mi ixpbdjhçêf phrh f jhsf jedbiof (i thlkäl f lixdjhof). Ziguomf fs mfds hutfris, hlkfs fs phìsis isthrdhl jbhssdndjhmfs oul jrdtärdf doixdstioti hfs tdpfs hprisiothmfs, fu sich, isthrdhl sdtuhmfs iotri fs  phìsis tìpdjfs mi ijfofldh mi iojbhvi i fs mi jfotrfbi ohjdfohb mf prfjissf prfmutdvf, oêf si ioquhmrhomf ispijdndjhlioti il oioeul mfs mfds jrdtärdfs (fu ioquhmrhomf-si sdlubthoihlioti ofs mfds);9. Dospdrhmf oh tdpfbfgdh i oh edpútisi mi Khlkdrrh, si hohbdshrè f jdjbf mf shbdtri oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi, bhoçhomf lêf thlkäl mf jfojidtf mi phmrêf mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb (misiovfbvdmf pfr Chdli Fsfrdf;>  ), ispijdhblioti of qui f jfojidtf si riniri hf isphçf gifgrèndjf. Miotrf mf phmrêf (mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb) hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr, f quhb dosirdu h Hlärdjh Bhtdoh of lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb hpús fs prfjissfs mi domipiomãojdh, ä pfssìvib mdstdogudr muhs rihbdmhmis vdojubhmhs. Ylh riniri-si ás ijfofldhs qui riquiril ul usf ixtiosdvf mi tirrdtúrdfs phrh h prfmuçêf, jflf pbhothçùis mi trdgf i jrdhçêf mi ghmf, i h futrh ás qui riquiril f usf dotiosdvf. Oisth óbtdlh ioquhmrhl-si fs iojbhvis ldoidrfs. Il hlkfs fs jhsfs, ä oijissèrdf ulh donrhistruturh qui bdgui hs èrihs mi prfmuçêf ás zfohs mi isjfhliotf misths. Of säjubf UDU, issi phpib ä misilpioehmf pibfs pfrtfs, quhomf hbguos si jfovirtil il dlpfrthotis jiotrfs jflirjdhds, ndohojidrfs i pfpubhjdfohds, pfds istis sêf h prdojdphb vdh mi shìmh mhs ixpfrthçùis i jeighmhs mhs dlpfrthçùis;70 lhs thlkäl pibhs nirrfvdhs, qui of jhsf jedbiof jfotrdkuìrhl phrh f surgdliotf mh domóstrdh lithbórgdjh htrhväs mhs lhistrhozhs;5. ;9 Eè

ulh quhrth i óbtdlh jrìtdjh qui si riniri hf jhrètir dosundjdioti mh hoèbdsi mf pirìfmf pús Ziguomh Guirrh Luomdhb (84=9), h quhb, pfräl, vhd hbäl mf lhrjf tilpfrhb prfpfstf oisti trhkhbef. ;>  FZF[DF, C. Qhmrêf mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb3 ulh prfpfsth tiúrdjh. Do3 NI[[ID[H, J.0 FZF[DF, C.0 BYJI, L. (frgs). Qhmrêf mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb. 8. im. Zêf Qhubf3 Kfdtilpf, ;18;, p. :7  ‚ 5>. Fs pfrtfs mi ^hbphrhìsf, ^hbphrhìsf, of Jedbi, i Jhbbhf, of Qiru, sêf ixilpbfs missi jrisjdliotf. Jn. Jn. QHBLH, Fp. Jdt., p. :18. ;7  Dmil, p. 7=. ;5  F tirlf, mi frdgil isphoefbh mf pirìfmf jfbfodhb i hotirdfr ás nirrfvdhs, ä utdbdzhmf phrh mindodr ulh dosthbhçêf mi jhrhjtirìstdjhs prä-domustrdhb i hrtishohb . Isti pfr suh viz, mirdvh mf tirlf ‒lhistrhr“ fu ‒lhistrf“, qui il pfrtuguãs sdgodndjh ‒listri“, i ofs phìsis mi jfbfodzhçêf edspëodjh misdgoh f ixirjìjdf mi ulh ehkdbdmhmi qui ul

domdvìmuf pfssud i f htf mi dotirvdr, mivdmf h issh jhphjdthçêf, oh htdvdmhmi fu fpirhçêf phrh h quhb nfd misdgohmf. Hotirdfr hf hmviotf mhs nirrfvdhs, f tirlf lhistrhozh lhistrhozh irh  irh utdbdzhmf phrh mindodr f jfocuotf mi nèkrdjhs i fndjdohs lijëodjhs mimdjhmhs á jfostruçêf, riphrf i lfothgil mfs iqudphliotfs mi hrtdbehrdh i mfs viìjubfs oijissèrdfs hf siu trhospfrti (GYHCH[MF Z, G. Bh lhistrhozh nirrfvdhrdh y bús frìgiois mi bh domustrdh lithblijèodjh il Hlärdjh Bhtdoh3 ‒lätfmfs donirdfris“, donirdfris“, tijofbfgdh y prfmujjdúo il Läxdjf y Jedbi, jh. 8591 ‚ 8591  ‚ 8541.  8541. Läxdjf, ;11>, ettp3//www.mfjutrio.jfl/hr .mfjutrio.jfl/hrjedvfs/lhbhgh/pmn/^D8;.pmn  jedvfs/lhbhgh/pmn/^D8;.pmn    . pfr Hjissf il 89 ofv. i;11;.). Of ;>p. Mdspfoìvib il mh ettp3//www siotdmf lhds hrjhdjf phbhvrh, mindodh h ehkdbdmhmi mi listris ohs hrtis jflf, ixilpbf, pdoturh isjubturh. Qfstirdfrlioti, Qfstirdf rlioti, f tirlf phssfu h sir utdbdzhmf oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh phrh mindodr thlkäl nèkrdjhs i fndjdohs lijëodjhs

88 

 

 Oisti pfotf, pfmilfs ixpfr h pirguoth qui ispirhlfs hcumhr h rispfomir oisti trhkhbef. H quistêf qui si pritiomi mdsjutdr ä3 si f doìjdf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotis mi 84=9 ä f qui mitirldoh, of ëlkdtf mf jhpdthbdslf mipiomioti bhtdof-hlirdjhof, f prfjissf edstúrdjf mi  phìsis qui jeighrhl h hbjhoçhr ulh mdvirsdndjhçêf prfmutdvh (ofs bdldtis i lhrjfs mh mipiomãojdh), siomf isth h mdnirioçh iotri fs phìsis ]dpf H i ]dpf K (oistis óbtdlfs tiomf  pirlhoijdmf, il bhrgh limdmh, h búgdjh mf iojbhvi), iojbhvi) , quhds nfrhl, of jhsf jhs f mh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi, hs mitirldohçùis jhushds qui, of jfotixtf mf jdjbf mf shbdtri, pirldtdrhl qui f phìs missi dlpubsf h ul prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf, midxhomf mi sigudr f jhldoef mi ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi tìpdjh6 Jflf edpútisis i il ulh prdlidrh hprfxdlhçêf hf tilh, qui oêf si ispirh isgfthr oisti istumf dodjdhb htrhväs misth hkfrmhgil, f trhkhbef prfjurhrè mdsjutdr3 h prijfji jiotrhbdzhçêf i isthkdbdzhçêf mf Isthmf jedbiof of prfjissf mi nfrlhçêf mf Isthmf ohjdfohb0 f  phpib julprdmf pibh vdtúrdh vdtúr dh mf Jedbi oh Guirrh mf m f Qhjìndjf i h nfoti mi ndohojdhliotf qui nfd n fd f jfotrfbi sfkri hs chzdmhs mi shbdtri i suhs riomhs0 i f misiovfbvdliotf mi htdvdmhmis jflpbiliothris i jfojfldthotis á ijfofldh shbdtridrh, jflf hs lhistrhozhs, pfr ixilpbf.  Of jhpìtubf 8 nhz-si ulh misjrdçêf mh ijfofldh shbdtridrh i mf jdjbf mf shbdtri oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh jedbioh, il mdèbfgf jfl h edstfrdfgrhndh ijfoýldjh sfkri f phìs i jfl h dmidh mf phmrêf hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr. Ä hprisiothmf jflf si miu f doìjdf mh isthkdbdzhçêf pfbìtdjh of Jedbi, kil jflf h dotirnirãojdh htdvh mf Isthmf ohs quistùis ijfoýldjhs, i suh jfotrdkudçêf  phrh ul pirìfmf mi prfspirdmhmi mf lirjhmf ohjdfohb. H Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf thlkäl ä trhthmh oisti jhpìtubf i sêf prfpfsths hbgulhs jhushs phrh f siu doìjdf, hssdl jflf siu rinbixf oh ijfofldh mf phìs. F jhpìtubf iojirrh jfl f mijbìodf mhs ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri, hpús h misjfkirth mi sius sukstdtutfs sdotätdjfs.  Of jhpìtubf ; hprisiothl-si hp risiothl-si hs rinfrlhs ixijuth ixijuthmhs mhs pibf gfvirof gfvi rof jedbiof of pús-guirrh (mf Qhjìndjf), oh tiothtdvh mi dojiotdvhr f misiovfbvdliotf lhounhturidrf, i h jfosiquioti mdvirsdndjhçêf mi suhs htdvdmhmis, jflf f surgdliotf mh lithburgdh jfl hs lhistrhozhs i h ixphosêf mhs nirrfvdhs. F jfotrfbi mhs rijidths mi ixpfrthçùis i mhs thrdnhs mi dlpfrthçêf thlkäl sirè hkfrmhmf, pfds il grhomi limdmh ixpbdjh pfrqui f prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf

nirrfvdèrdhs. Of jhsfmisiovfbviril misths, sdgodndjfu ulh trhosnirãojdh mi tijofbfgdh mfs isthkibijdliotfs krdtëodjfs of säjubfi UDU, f qui pirldtdu ulh nfrti prfmuçêf dotiroh, mdniriotilioti mfs nhkrdjhotis mi bfjflftdvhs vhgùis, fs quhds si mimdjhrhl nuomhliothblioti h ixpfrthr. 

8; 

 

jedbiof, lislf dojdpdioti, si lhotivi htdvf murhoti fs hofs mi rijissêf i oêf sujulkdu ás jrdsis.  Oh jfojbusêf sêf nidths jfosdmirhçùis sfkri hs ivdmãojdhs iojfotrhmhs i jfotrhpfsths jfl fs jfojidtfs hotirdfrlioti hkfrmhmfs, mi lhoidrh h jfrrfkfrhr hs edpútisis sugirdmhs mi qui f Jedbi oêf si tfrofu ul phìs mi tdpf K mivdmf h issi prijfji prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf, hdomh of ndohb mf säjubf UDU. H htdvh phrtdjdphçêf isththb of jfotrfbi mhs thrdnhs mi ixpfrthçùis i dlpfrthçùis, mh lislh nfrlh qui f nfliotf ás lhounhturhs, nfd nuomhliothb phrh sustiothr ulh istruturh domustrdhb qui, iotri futrhs rhzùis, nfd rispfosèvib custdndjhr issh jfojbusêf.

8: 

 

Jhpìtubf 8 F phmrêf hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr oh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi  Oisti jhpìtubf hkfrmhrilfs f phm phmrêf rêf hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr i h dlpfrtëojdh dlpfr tëojdh mf shbdtri  phrh h ijfofldh jedbioh, kil jflf phrh h ijfofldh iurfpidh. F lfliotf pfbìtdjf pf bìtdjf i ijfoýldjf vdvdmf pibf Jedbi iotri f pirìfmf pús-domipiomãojdh i f pirìfmf hotirdfr hf jdjbf mf shbdtri (85:1 - 8575) sirè hkfrmhmf, h ndl mi fnirijir ul phof mi nuomf phrh huxdbdhr oh jflpriiosêf mfs hrguliotfs qui sigudrêf phrh iotêf jfosfbdmè-bfs i jfostrudr h prfpfsth misti trhkhbef. Isti  pirìfmf ä trhthmf pfr hbguos hutfris, jflf Jhrdfbh i Zuo`ib;4, jflf f prdlidrf jdjbf mi ixphosêf i jrdsi.

Jhrdfbh i Zuo`ib hprfnuomhl-si oh hoèbdsi mfs mfds grhomis jdjbfs mi ixphosêf i jrdsi mh ijfofldh jedbioh. F istumf mfs hutfris hkfrmh fs mfds jdjbfs, lislf jfl hs bdldthçùis  kdkbdfgrèndjhs qui iovfbvil f prdlidrf, jflf nh nhbth bth mi rigdstrfs i bdtirhturh hprfprdhmh hprfprdhm h mh äpfjh. Hpishr mh mithbehmh hkfrmhgil i mi hprisiothril hs prdojdphds jhrhjtirìstdjhs pfbìtdjhs, sfjdhds i ijfoýldjhs mfs pirìfmfs, fs hutfris oêf ixpbdjhl hs jfosiquãojdhs mf mijbìodf mf jdjbf mf shbdtri of doìjdf mf säjubf UU htä h Grhomi Miprissêf, f qui phrh ludtfs edstfrdhmfris, jflf Qhblh i Biwds:1, riprisiotfu f gfbpi mi ldsirdjúrmdh oh ijfofldh khsihmh ofs odtrhtfs i ixpbdjh f jhrètir mipiomioti qui h ijfofldh jedbioh vdoeh hmqudrdomf i qui si hjiotufu h phrtdr mi 84:1. Lhds hdomh, oêf hprisiothl ulh custdndjhtdvh phrh f lftdvf mi h ijfofldh mf Jedbi oêf ehvir-si tfrohmf ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi, hpishr mi hprisiothr issi jhrètir h phrtdr mf lfliotf il qui fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs ofs tirrdtúrdfs shbdtridrfs phsshrhl h sir lhcfrdthrdhlioti mi ilprisèrdfs istrhogidrfs hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf. Qfr suh viz, Chdli Fsfrdf jfbfjh hs sdogubhrdmhmis mf prfjissf mi misiovfbvdliotf (i mipiomãojdh) mf Jedbi il jflphrhçêf jfl futrfs phìsis mi ijfofldh sdldbhrlioti donbuiotis of jfotixtf ijfoýldjf bhtdof-hlirdjhof:8. Yl missis trhçfs qui jhrhjtirdzhl h ijfofldh jedbioh ä h mindjdãojdh rijfrrioti qui siu prfjissf mi hjulubhçêf hprisioth. Qfr rijfrrioti iotiomh-si edstfrdjhlioti, pfds f jrisjdliotf ijfoýldjf mf Jedbi ä jhrhjtirdzhmf pfr suh drrigubhrdmhmi, suhs fsjdbhçùis, hbtirohomf lfliotfs mi grhomi jrisjdliotf i futrfs mi prfnuomh ;4

  JH[DFBH Z., J.0 ZYO@IB, F. Yl sdgbf mi edstfrdh ijfoúldjh mi Jedbi, 85:1 -84:1. Mfs ioshyfs y uoh kdkbdfgrhndhs. Lhmrdm3 Imdjdfois Jubturh Edsphodjh, 845;. p. 8> i ;8 ‚ :4.

:1

  BIWDZ, J.Imdtfrdhb Bh domustrdh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh hotis mi 84:1. Do3 KI]EIB, B. Edstfrdh mi Hlärdjh Bhtdoh, vfb. 7. Khrjibfoh3 Jrìtdjh,mi 8448 :8  FZF[DF, FQ. Jdt., p. ;9. 

8= 

 

miprissêf mismi doìjdfs mf säjubf UDU. Fsfrdf ush f tirlf ‒irrètdjf“ phrh mindodr issi pirndb mi

jrisjdliotf.  F prdlidrf jdjbf mi misiovfbvdliotf jedbiof hpús f pirìfmf mi domipiomãojdh nfd nrutf mi ulh ixphosêf il mdvirsfs sitfris jflf h urkhodzhçêf, f jrisjdliotf milfgrèndjf i tirrdtfrdhb, i ohs dostdtudçùis isththds, thotf oh hmldodstrhçêf jdvdb ofs sitfris ixijutdvf, bigdsbhtdvf i cumdjdhb. F misiovfbvdliotf mfs trhospfrtis, prdojdphblioti nirrfvdhs, istrhmhs, ohvighçêf mi jhkfthgil, i mhs jfluodjhçùis (jfl f tibägrhnf), sirvdu thlkäl jflf nhtfr mi dotigrhçêf ohjdfohb i hlpbdhçêf tirrdtfrdhb thotf of ofrti quhotf of sub. ]hds ibiliotfs jfostdtuìrhl ulh donrhistruturh kèsdjh qui pirldtdu ul misiovfbvdliotf jfosdmirèvib mh  prfmuçêf ohjdfohb, khsihmh khsihm h oh ldoirhçêf i hgrdju hgrdjubturh, bturh, hbäl mh nfrti donbuãojdh mmff Isthmf. ]fmfs ]fmfs istis nhtfris, hssfjdhmfs hf sdstilh dotirohjdfohb of siu hugi i hf dovistdliotf mi ilprisèrdfs ohjdfohds, tfrohrhl pfssìvib ul oftèvib jrisjdliotf ijfoýldjf of prdlidrf jdjbf :;. Qhrh Cubdf Jäshr Cfkit,  ‒...ä ul nhtf jfoeijdmf qui h ijfofldh jedbioh ä ulh mhs ijfofldhs bhtdof-hlirdjhohs qui jfosigui ulh dotigrhçêf lhds rèpdmh i prfnuomh hf lirjhmf luomdhb hpús fs  prfjissfs mi domipiomãojdh of säjubf UDU. F siguomf tirçf missi säjubf ä f pirìfmf quhomf h ijfofldh hbjhoçh f siu hugi, jfl ulh phrtdjdphçêf sdgodndjhtdvh mhs ixpfrthçùis jedbiohs of jflärjdf dotirohjdfohb. H prfmuçêf mi prhth i jfkri jrisjiu fstiosdvhlioti iotri 8591 i 85>1, jfostdtudomf f Jedbi jflf f prdojdphb prfmutfr mi jfkri mf luomf, jfkrdomf jirjh mi >1% mh prfmuçêf luomdhb.“

::

 

 Of iothotf, oêf ä hpiohs h domóstrdh ldoirhmfrh qui donbud oh rèpdmh dojfrpfrhçêf mf Jedbi hf lirjhmf luomdhb, qui pirldtdu qui iotri 85== i 85>1 f vhbfr mhs ixpfrthçùis jrisjissi =11%. Mivi-si misthjhr f oftèvib misiovfbvdliotf mh hgrdjubturh, juch prfmuçêf qudotupbdjfu iotri 85== i 85>1, riprisiothomf hprfxdlhmhlioti =9% mhs ixpfrthçùis phrh f pirìfmf :=. Of quhmrf hkhdxf pfmilfs vir ulh rinirãojdh phrh hs prdojdphds ixpfrthçùis jedbiohs il 859;. 

:; :: JH[DFBH

i ZY]]I[. Fp. Jdt., p. 8;.  CFKI], 845;,  CFKI], p. 99, hpum FZF[DF.  KHB][H,  KHB][ H, 84>7, p. =>5, hpum FZF[DF.

:=

89 

 

]hkibh 8. Qrdojdphds prfmutfs ixpfrthmfs pibf Jedbi il 859;. Yodmhmi

Iqudvhbãojdh (`g) :9 

]rdgf ........................................... ......................................................... .............. 887.>17

qudothds lätrdjfs:> 

88.7>1.711

Jivhmh ............................................... ...................................................... ....... 845.41=

qudothds lätrdjfs

84.541.=11

Nidcêf ....................................... .......................................................... ................... :9.7>=

qudothds lätrdjfs

:.97>.=11

Bê ................................... ............................................................... ............................ 87.75;

qudothds lätrdjfs

8.775.;11

 Ofzis ............................................................ ........................................ .................... 7.51:

qudothds lätrdjfs

751.:11

Qrhth ................................................ .......................................................... .......... 8:5.49;

qudbfs

-

Jfkri ................................................... .......................................................... ....... 8>.:9;

tfoibhmhs

- 

Qrfmutfs

Xuhotdmhmi

Nfoti3 Lhrtoir, M. Edstfrdh ijfoúldjh mi Jedbi, Isthkbijdldi Isthkbijdldiotfs otfs Grèndjfs Khbjibbs, K hbjibbs, Zhotdhgf, 84;4.  

H lhounhturh iojfotrfu of hugi mf jflärjdf ixtirdfr jfomdçùis prfpìjdhs phrh h suh ixphosêf. Misth nfrlh, h ijfofldh jedbioh of óbtdlf tirçf mf säjubf UDU hprisioth-si jfl ul mdohldslf pijubdhr. ^èrdfs nhtfris jfotrdkuil phrh isti prfjissf. F prdlidrf qui liriji misthqui ä h rèpdmh jfonfrlhçêf mf Jedbi jflf Isthmf Ohjdfohb. Ziguomf Hoìkhb Qdotf, ‒fs ‒ fs :7 

 nhtfs sêf ibfquiotis phrh milfostrhr qui h sfbuçêf pfbìtdjh pfrthbdhoh   nfd vhothcfsh phrh f :5

misiovfbvdliot f ijfoýldjf mf phìs. Oêf f hnfgfu, oil f mitivi“ . Of iothotf, hbäl mf qui

sugiri isti hutfr, Fsfrdf hpfoth h ixdstãojdh mi futrfs nhtfris lhds fkcitdvfs qui pirldtil h rèpdmh dotigrhçêf ohjdfohb i suh jfosfbdmhçêf of pbhof isththb. Mdniriotilioti mf qui fjfrriu oh Hrgiotdoh, fomi ehvdh ulh jbhrh mdniriojdhçêf rigdfohb iotri grupfs pfbìtdjfs mh jfsth i mf dotirdfr, of Jedbi h buth iotri sitfris rigdfohds hssuldu ul jhrètir bdldthmf. Dstf si mivi prdlidrhlioti á nrègdb mdniriojdhçêf iotri fs sitfris mfldohotis of lfliotf mh domipiomãojdh, mhmh f misiovfbvdliotf ribhtdvhlioti liofr mhs htdvdmhmis qui tdoehl bughr of phìs, f qui irh ulh sdtuhçêf mdstdoth mi futrhs jfbýodhs :9

 LF[IBB y ]I[[T, B. Iqudvhbãojdhs lätrdjhs mi bh prfvìojdh mi Grhohmh. Imdtfrdhb Nhchrmf Ib Krhvf. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.imdtfrdhbnhchrmfibkrhvf.is/hrtdjubfs/ ettp3//www.imdtfrdhbnhchrmfibkr hvf.is/hrtdjubfs/hrquifbfgdh/Iqudlit.pmn  hrquifbfgdh/Iqudlit.pmn  Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. :>  Yl qudothb lätrdjf iqudvhbi h 811 `g.  :7 Mdigf Qfrthbis, ldodstrf mf dotirdfr mf Jedbi il 85:1/:8. H sfbuçêf jfostdtud ulh särdi mi limdmhs mi lfmf h frghodzhr f phìs, ulh viz qui isti si iojfotrhvh iovfbvdmf il ulh dosthkdbdmhmi pfbìtdjh i sfjdhb qui rilfothvh h 85;=, quhomf mh rioóojdh mi Kirohrmf F—Edggdos.  Isths limdmhs, mi jhrètir odtdmhlioti hutfrdtèrdf, vdshvhl mhr pbiofs pfmiris hf gfvirof, sukfrmdohomf h isti f ixärjdtf, mdssfbviomf grupfs pfbìtdjfs rdvhds i mindodomf :5 jbhrhlioti

fsH.phpäds i mf gfvirof.  QDO]F Z.J., Jedbi,mh uofpfsdçêf jhsf mi mishrrfbbf nrustrhmf. Zhotdhgf, Imdtfrdhb Yodvirsdtèrdh, Yodvirsdtèrdh, Z.H., 8494, p. ;1. (Jfbijjdúo Hlärdjh Ouistrh).

8> 

 

isphoefbhs. Qfstirdfrlioti, ‒f ‒f jfocuotf mi dojdpdiotis jhpdthds rigdfohds jfosiguil dotigrhr-si :4

mdohldjhlioti hf lirjhmf luomdhb, f qui bdldth f jhlpf mi mdspuths“ mdspuths“ . Misth nfrlh si fktäl

ulh prijfji uodndjhçêf mf phìs i h jfonfrlhçêf mi ul Isthmf nfrti i jiotrhbdzhmf. F mdohldslf missh dotigrhçêf hf lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb nfd mhmf pibh vhrdimhmi mi  prfmutfs ixpfrthmfs, fomi thotf fs sitfris ldoidrfs mf Ofrti Jedjf=1, prfmutfris mi prhth i jfkri, quhotf fs mf jiotrf i sub mf phìs, prfmutfris mi trdgf prdojdphblioti, jfosigudhl shtdsnhzir suhs ixdgãojdhs ijfoýldjhs. Oissi isquilh, fs hjfrmfs pfbìtdjfs pirmurhvhl il oìvids isththds i ldodldzhvhl mdspuths rigdfohds. Isti prfjissf nfd sustiothmf pibh milhomh luomdhb mhs lirjhmfrdhs prfmuzdmhs pibf Jedbi. H jehlhmh Nikri mf Furf, oh Jhbdnúrodh, i f jrisjioti lirjhmf hustrhbdhof, ispijdndjhlioti mi kios hgrìjfbhs, istdlubhrhl hs ixpfrthçùis h rigdùis ás quhds fs prfmutfris mi grêfs mh jfsth htbëotdjh mh Hlärdjh mf Zub oêf pfmdhl jeighr jfl h lislh nhjdbdmhmi. H mipiomãojdh mf misiovfbvdliotf ijfoýldjf dotirof htribhmf hf mdohldslf mf lirjhmf ixtirdfr jfostdtud ulh jhrhjtirìstdjh mf jhpdthbdslf jedbiof =8. Misth nfrlh, vilfs f jfojidtf mi mipiomãojdh misthjhmf hotirdfrlioti hpbdjhmf á sdtuhçêf ijfoýldjh misjrdth pfr Fsfrdf of qui thogi ás ixpfrthçùis phrh lirjhmfs dotirohjdfohds. Ä dlpfrthoti misthjhr qui h prfspirdmhmi ijfoýldjh si isthkibiji siomf fs grupfs ijfoýldjfs ohjdfohds fs mitiotfris mfs sitfris prfmutdvfs qui bdghvhl h ijfofldh dotiroh hf lirjhmf ixtirdfr. Isti nhtf ä mi sulh dlpfrtëojdh, pfds mitirldohvh qui, hbäl mh trhosnirãojdh mi vhbfr qui fpirhvh of jflärjdf dotirohjdfohb il mitrdliotf mhs ijfofldhs mipiomiotis, ulh  phrti suksthojdhb mf vhbfr prfmuzdmf tiomirdh h sir rivirtdmf miotrf mh ijfofldh jedbioh. Fs mfofs mi tirrhs i ldohs ridovistdhl fs bujrfs phrh lhotir i huliothr h prfmuçêf i, misth nfrlh, rinhzir f prfjissf jfl sius ofvfs bujrfs =;. 

8.8 F shbdtri F shbdtri ä ul ldoirhb iojfotrhmf il mipúsdtfs ohturhds =: i ä jflpfstf khsdjhlioti mi :4

 FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. =;.   ‒Ofrti Jedjf“ ä f ofli mhmf á rigdêf jflpriiomdmh hprfxdlhmhlioti iotri fs phrhbibfs ;7±Z i :;±Z, rispijtdvhlioti rispijtdvhlio ti hs rigdùis mi Hthjhlh i Jfqudlkf (vir ndgurh ;, p. 9=).   =1

=8

=; FZF[DF.

 Dmil. Fp. Jdt., p. =;.  Efci f shbdtri thlkäl pfmi sir sdotitdzhmf il bhkfrhtúrdf.

=:

87 

 

ulh ldsturh mi odtrhtfs, lhds prijdshlioti odtrhtf mi súmdf i odtrhtf mi pftèssdf, jucf usf pfmi si mhr thotf oh hgrdjubturh, jflf nirtdbdzhoti, jflf oh domóstrdh käbdjh fu ldoirhmfrh, oh nhkrdjhçêf mi púbvfrh phrh ixpbfsdvfs. Of säjubf UDU suhs risirvhs irhl hkuomhotis oh rigdêf mf misirtf mi Hthjhlh, efci pirtiojioti hf Jedbi, i nfd murhoti ludtfs hofs ulh pfmirfsh nfoti mi rijursfs ijfoýldjfs phrh fs phìsis jucfs tirrdtúrdfs, ohquibi pirìfmf, nhzdhl phrti missh  piquioh nhdxh oh jfsth mf Qhjìndjf, of jhsf Jedbi, J edbi, Kfbìvdh i Qiru. F misirtf mi Hthjhlh ä jfoeijdmf pfr sir f bfjhb lhds èrdmf mf luomf, jefvi il lämdh 1,17 ll pfr hof==. Ä thlkäl jfoeijdmf pfr pfssudr hs lhdfris risirvhs ohturhds mi shbdtri mf luomf=9. Isth phrtdjubhrdmhmi jbdlètdjh tfroh hdomh lhds pijubdhr h rigdêf i suhs chzdmhs, ulh viz qui f odtrhtf ä ul jflpfstf hbthlioti sfbóvib i, pfr dssf, ä iojfotrhmf prdojdphblioti il mipúsdtfs suklirsfs mi rdfs, bhgfs fu fjihofs. Of iothotf, h hrdmiz ixjissdvh mf misirtf pirldti qui f shbdtri si prisirvi h jäu hkirtf =>. H fktioçêf ohturhb mf shbdtri si mè htrhväs mi ul prfjissf jfoeijdmf pfr odtrdndjhçêf, of quhb khjtärdhs jfovirtil hlýodh il odtrhtf. H hlýodh prisioti ofs mipúsdtfs pfmi tir frdgil of ixjriliotf mi hvis lhrìtdlhs mh rigdêf =7, thlkäl jfoeijdmf pfr guhof i qui thlkäl nfd lftdvf mi ixpbfrhçêf jflirjdhb sdlubthoihlioti jfl f shbdtri il ul mitirldohmf pirìfmf mf säjubf UDU. F ‒furf krhojf“, jflf irh jehlhmf f shbdtri á äpfjh, oêf nfd ulh misjfkirth mf

eflil iurfpiu, hssdl jflf f siu usf jflf ixpbfsdvf fu nirtdbdzhoti ä hotirdfr hf säjubf UDU. Xuhomf mh jeighmh á Hlärdjh, of säjubf U^, fs dojhs cè nhzdhl usf mf jhbdjei, ul sukprfmutf mf odtrhtf mi súmdf, jflf nirtdbdzhoti phrh sius jubtdvfs=5. Jfotumf, sflioti h phrtdr mi 85:1 tivi ==

  Edstfry Jehooib. (;114). Jflf h ]irrh si nfrlfu  ‚  ‚   ipdsúmdf3 f bfjhb lhds sijf mf pbhoith . Mdspfoìvib il3 ettp3//www.yfutuki.j fl/whtje6v, nfrçhomf f Ldodstrf mh Nhziomh h hprisiothr ul prfcitf mi bid qui suspiomdh h jfovirsêf mh lfimh, of jhsf f pisf. H limdmh irh têf úkvdh i oijissèrdh, qui nfd hprfvhmh il liofs mi vdoti i quhtrf efrhs pibf Qhrbhliotf. Qrfvhviblioti f mfjuliotf lhds rivibhmfr sfkri h mdndjubmhmi ionriothmh pibf Jedbi sich f mdèrdf mf iotêf prisdmioti Hoìkhb Qdotf, fomi trãs lisis hotis mh guirrh ehvdh isjrdtf3   9;

 QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :19.  Dmil, p. :18. 9=  Ziguomf Qhblh, isth jrdsi ä tdmh pfr istumdfsfs jfotilpfrëoifs jflf h pdfr jrdsi ijfoýldjh mi tfmh h edstúrdh domipiomiotii mf Jedbi. domipiomiot 99  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. ;44. 9:

9>

 F phmrêf furf irhh ul jhlkdhb hmfthmf pibfs phìsis jflirjdhds mf säjubf UDU,lfimh. fomi hZiu lfimh bfjhb irh jfovirtdmh siu sdstilh iqudvhbioti il furf. Jhmh phìs grhomis pfssuìh ul vhbfr ndxf il furf phrh suh usf   vdgfrfu htä 848=.

;1 

 

‒H

sdtuhçêf ijfoýldjh mf phìs ä ludtf rudl i h privdsêf ä mi pdfrh hf doväs mi ulh libefrh. H jfbeidth nfd misprizìvib i oh Iurfph f priçf mf jfkri jfotdouh jhdomf jflf ouojh hotis. Futrf hof rudl jfl ulh sdtuhçêf têf mibdjhmh jflf h qui tilfs oêf trhrè sioêf lès jfosiquãojdhs (...). Jhsf oêf si misjukrh ulh ofvh ldoh fu tioehlfs futrhs libefrhs iqudvhbiotis qui nhvfriçhl ofssh pfsdçêf, h jrdsi qui vil ofs hnithomf cè pfr 97

hbguos hofs pdfrhrè“. (Mdèrdf mi Hoìkhb Qdotf, 85 mi ofvilkrf mi 8575)

 

Jflf ä pfssìvib mimuzdr, dotirohlioti f Jedbi pfssuìh nfrtis rhzùis phrh hprfprdhr-si mfs tirrdtúrdfs jfotiomf hs chzdmhs mi shbdtri, f qui nhbthvh irh ulh custdndjhtdvh. Isth nfd nfroijdmh  pibf Jfogrissf kfbdvdhof hf hprfvhr hprfvh r ul ofvf dlpfstf sfkri hs ixpfrthçùis ix pfrthçùis mi shbdtri. F gfvirof jedbiof tiotfu rijfrrir hf trhthmf mi 857=, lhs mi suh phrti f gfvirof kfbdvdhof hbigfu qui, lislf ehviomf-si phsshmf quhtrf hofs, isti hdomh oêf ehvdh sdmf hprfvhmf pibf siu Qhrbhliotf95. Futrh quistêf qui iovfbvi hs rhzùis phrh h guirrh ä ul trhthmf mi minish rijìprfjh hssdohmf iotri Qiru i Kfbìvdh, il 857:, jfl f dotudtf mi prftigir h hlkfs jfotrh pfssìvids hgrissùis pfr phrti mf Jedbi. Jfoväl misthjhr f nhtf mi qui hs prdojdphds mdvirgãojdhs il si trhthomf mi quistùis ijfoýldjhs i bdlìtrfnis iovfbvdhl prdojdphblioti f Jedbi i h Kfbìvdh, cè qui f tirrdtúrdf jedbiof nhzdh nrfotidrh hpiohs jfl isti phìs. Qfrthotf, istrhoeh-si f nhtf mi f Qiru iovfbvir-si il thb hbdhoçh. Qhrh Kfodbbh, h rispfsth h isth quistêf pfmi isthr il ulh jhrth qui f Ldodstrf mi [ibhçùis Ixtirdfris mf Qiru, Cfsä mi bh [dvh Hgòirf, iovdfu hf ilkhdxhmfr piruhof il Bh Qhz3  ‒H

óodjh pfbìtdjh qui jfoväl á Kfbìvdh ä mindodr f quhotf hotis suh sdtuhçêf jfl f Jedbi. Qrfbfoghr f htuhb isthmf mhs jfdshs ä pirmir f bdtfrhb fu jfosiotdr qui si ixpbfri Ph rigdêf\ il jfocuotf phrh qui pfstirdfrlioti f Jedbi h hoixi. H jfosiquãojdh mdstf sirdh f grhomi rdsjf phrh oús (...) mi ulh guirrh, oh quhb h Kfbìvdh (...) pumissi jfovirtir-si il hbdhmh mf Jedbi. Isti tilfr til li prifjuphmf eè hbgul tilpf i nfd f qui li jfomuzdu (...) htä jeighr hf trhthmf...“

94

 

Mhs vèrdhs virsùis qui pfsshl vdr mhs trãs phrtis iovfbvdmhs, ulh sdtuhçêf ä jfojrith3 tfmfs ionriothvhl jrdsis sfjdfijfoýldjhs dotirohs i h guirrh sirvdrdh jflf nhtfr sfjdhb hgbutdohoti fu misiojhmihrdh mi viz ulh jrdsi hdomh lhdfr. F Qiru pfssuìh ulh jrisjioti mìvdmh ixtiroh qui vdoeh mi hbguos hofs i ionriothvh mdndjubmhmi il jfosigudr ilprästdlfs mi jhpdthds 97 95 F[]IGH,

8474, p. =99, hpum QHBLH.  MIOODZ, 84:8, jhp. :, hpum QHBLH. 94  KFODBBH. Fp. Jdt., 8474.  

;8 

 

istrhogidrfs, h Kfbìvdh oêf hprisiothvh ul quhmrf têf jflprflitimfr, lhs vdoeh si riistruturhomf ijfofldjhlioti htrhväs mh ixpfrthçêf mh prhth i vdrdh h tfrohr-si ul mfs lhdfris  prfmutfris mf luomf>1. Qfr suh viz, f Jedbi usfu h guirrh jflf ul ‒ jhthbdshmfr qui uodu h   >8

 pfpubhçêf il tfrof mi ul fkcitdvf jflul (...) nhvfrèvib á ixphosêf tirrdtfrdhb “ , hliodzhomf

hssdl ulh jrdsi qui hlihçhvh misiojhmihr-si phrh ofvfs jfonbdtfs jdvds.  Oul prdlidrf hspijtf h guirrh pfr sd sú trfuxi grhomis jfosiquãojdhs ijfoýldjhs. Mismi jimf, f hkhstijdliotf mi ul grhomi jfotdogioti eulhof dojiotdvfu mdvirshs htdvdmhmis lhounhturidrhs, hgrìjfbhs i jflirjdhds. F rijruthliotf mdldoudu jfosdmirhviblioti f misilprigf, risubthmf mh jrdsi misiojhmihmh vdoti hofs hotis. F huliotf mf ghstf pókbdjf oijissèrdf phrh ndohojdhr h guirrh, qui sdgodndjfu suh mupbdjhçêf iotri 8575 i 855:, nfd ndohojdhmf il grhomi phrti jfl h rijidth mfs trdkutfs mhs ixpfrthçùis mf prúprdf shbdtri >;. Hf dodjdhr-si f jfonbdtf, hjrimdthvh-si qui h pdfr jhtèstrfni mh edstúrdh mf Jedbi isthvh si hprfxdlhomf, lhs f qui hjfotijiu nfd custhlioti f jfotrèrdf3 fs oigújdfs libefrhrhl rhpdmhlioti, h ijfofldh ohjdfohb iotrfu il vdgfrfsh ixphosêf h pfotf mi ionriothr fs ghstfs mi guirrh sil ilprästdlfs ixtirofs i sil miprijdhr dotirohlioti h suh lfimh. F jirtf ä qui tflhomf il jfoth h sdtuhçêf miprissdvh il qui f phìs si iojfotrhvh of doìjdf mh guirrh, h jhphjdmhmi prfmutdvh qui si jrdfu i hs mdvdshs qui isth girfu, pfmi-si jfojbudr qui si jrdhrhl jfomdçùis prfpìjdhs phrh ulh pfbìtdjh mi ixphosêf ijfoýldjh. Irh ulh sdtuhçêf edstúrdjh ixjipjdfohb phrh phìsis ixpfrthmfris mi lhtärdhs prdlhs>:. Qfrthotf, vilfs domìjdfs mh ixdstãojdh mi ulh domóstrdh lhounhturidrh dojdpdioti, qui ghoefu dlpubsf jfl h guirrh. Lhds hmdhoti dstf hcumhrè h jflpriiomir fs lftdvfs pibfs quhds fs iojbhvis qui si nfrlhrhl hpús f jfonbdtf oêf hjhkhrhl jfonfrlhomf f Jedbi jfl h istruturh mi ul phìs tdpf K, siguomf h tdpfbfgdh mi ^ëodh Khlkdrrh. Il risulf, h guirrh oêf tivi hpiohs ulh quistêf lftdvhmfrh i isths dojbuìrhl nhtfris ijfoýldjfs, gifpfbìtdjfs i curìmdjfs, qui hnbfrhrhl rdvhbdmhmis rigdfohds mi mäjhmhs hotirdfris. Qfmi-si mdzir qui f Jedbi shdu vdtfrdfsf pfrqui hprisiothvh ulh istruturh pfbìtdjh i ijfoýldjh >1

 KFODBBH. Fp. Jdt., 8474.   F[]IGH, B. Bfs ilprisèrdfs, bh pfbìtdjh y bfs frìgiois mi Bh Guirrh Mib Qhjìndjf. Jfotrdkujdfois Qrfgrhlh NBHJZF  ‚  ‚   Nhjubthm Bhtdofhlirdjhoh mi Jdiojdhs Zfjdhbis , Zhotdhgf mi Jedbi, o. ;=, 75p, 845=. Mdspfoìvib il

>8

ettp3//www.lilfrdhjedbioh.jb/tilhs/mfjulio >; .lilfrdhjedbioh.jb/tilhs/mfjuliotfVmithbbi.hsp6dm=.

8.: H jbhssi mfldohoti h phrtdr p hrtdr mf pirìfmf pús-guirrh pús-g uirrh Ä shkdmf qui f inidtf mh Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf tivi ul inidtf jfotrèrdf hf ispirhmf, girhomf ul istìlubf á domóstrdh lhounhturidrh. Zi pfr ul bhmf f isnfrçf mi guirrh nfliotfu f misiovfbvdliotf mi lhounhturhs jflf h mi vistuèrdf, jhbçhmfs, púbvfrh, prfmutfs quìldjfs i nhrlhjãutdjfs, viìjubfs, khrrds, lfjedbhs, iotri futrfs, il ul jhlpf mfldohomf pibh kurguisdh,  pfr futrf pirldtdu h dosthbhçêf mi ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi hf iotrighr fs jhlpfs mi shbdtri h jhpdthds istrhogidrfs, prdojdphblioti hfs dogbisis >9. Dstf pirldtdu qui f iojbhvi, hf dosthbhr-si of Jedbi, cè jfothssi jfl ul dlpfrthoti misiovfbvdliotf sfjdhb i ijfoýldjf, f qui f mdniriojdfu mfs iojbhvis mf Jhrdki i mh Hlärdjh Jiotrhb. ]ilfs iotêf hqud ul ibiliotf phrh custdndjhr ulh mdniriojdhçêf of prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf jedbiof3 eè ibiliotfs istruturhds prä-iojbhvi qui oêf si virdndjhl ofs phìsis qui istêf jbhssdndjhmfs jflf tdpf K. Dstf milfostrh h sdogubhrdmhmi mf iojbhvi of Jedbi, pfds ofs milhds phìsis jfl ijfofldh silibehoti, hs istruturhs sfjdhds i prfmutdvhs, kil jflf h nfrlhçêf mi ul Isthmf nfrti, sêf jrdhmhs h phrtdr mf iojbhvi i oêf hotirdfr h isti. H phrtdr mh dosthbhçêf mh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi, cè oêf sirè lhds h prfmuçêf mi kios, h jfojfrrãojdh jhpdthbdsth, f misiovfbvdliotf mhs nfrçhs prfmutdvhs i f bujrf prfviodioti mistis fs nhtfris qui mindodrêf h riprfmuçêf lhtirdhb, sfjdhb i ijfoýldjh mfs prfprditèrdfs mi tirrhs,  khoquidrfs, jflirjdhotis i mfofs mi ldohs, lhs sdl h suh jhphjdmhmi mi hpr hprfprdhçêf fprdhçêf mh riomh mf

>=

 Qhrh Qhblh, f nhtf mi ehvir fjfrrdmf ohjdfohbdzhçùis mi ilprishs krdtëodjhs of Qiru bivh h ixhgirhr f phpib mh Dogbhtirrh oh guirrh, f qui hjhkh misvdhomf h htioçêf mfs prfkbilhs pfbìtdjfs i ijfoýldjfs dotirofs mf Jedbi ohquibi lfliotf. Ziguomf f hutfr, dstf pfmi sir jflprfvhmf pibh hndrlhçêf mf Zijritèrdf mi Isthmf isthmuodmiosi, Chlis G. Kbhdoi3 ‒ h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf nfd ulh guirrh mh Dogbhtirrh  Dogbhtirrh   jfotrh f Qiru, tiomf f Jedbi jflf siu dostruliotf“  (JFBBDI[,  (JFBBDI[, 844:, p. ;4, hpum QHBLH). >9

 FZÚ[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. =>.

;: 

 

shbdtri fu mf jfkri, sil grhomis ixdgãojdhs mi dotirnirãojdh prfmutdvh. Isth sdtuhçêf mitirldoh qui h ribhçêf mhs jbhssis mfldohotis jfl h prfmuçêf lhtirdhb i jfl h prfmuçêf mi lhds vhbdh pirjh phrti jfosdmirèvib mi suh dlpfrtëojdh, f qui istdlubh h jfonfrlhçêf mi jbhssis ilprishrdhds jfl ‒vfjhçêf phrhsdtèrdh i dlprfmutdvh“, trhçf qui lhrjhrè

h gistêf ijfoýldjh i sfjdhb mh kurguisdh jedbioh of säjubf UU. H prifjuphçêf midxh mi sir h  prfmuçêf i phssh h sir h lhoidrh jflf pfmirè si hprfprdhr mmhh riomh jfotrfbhmh pibf Isthmf >>. Iotri fs nhtfris phrh qui f ilprishrdhmf jedbiof hprisiothssi thds jhrhjtirìstdjhs istè f nhtf mi h ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri oêf riquirir lhdfris dovistdliotfs fu oil hvhoçfs tijofbúgdjfs, hbäl mfs qui cè isthvhl siomf hpbdjhmfs ohquibi lfliotf. H domóstrdh shbdtridrh hprisiothvh pfr vfbth mh Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb, il 848=, h lislh tijofbfgdh utdbdzhmh il 8551. Dlpbiliothr libefrdhs trhrdh pfujfs kioinìjdfs phrh h prfmuçêf, hf qui hjrisjioth Qhblh3   ‒Ä dojfotistèvib qui h jflkdohçêf mh nhbth mi

jfojfrriotis Phf shbdtri\ hotis mh Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb jfl f nhtf mf Jedbi pfssudr hs óodjhs risirvhs ohturhds ixpbfrèvids mi odtrhtf mi súmdf mf luomf, nfd ul pfmirfsf misistdlubhoti hf misiovfbvdliotf >7 tijofbúgdjf, hf huliotf mh prfmutdvdmhmi i hf dovistdliotf oissh htdvdmhmi.“  

Futrf nhtfr qui pfmilfs hssfjdhr jflf jfotrèrdf hf dojiotdvf prfmutdvf ä h quimh oh milhomh mf shbdtri iotri 8541 i 8547. Hpishr mi ehvir mitdmf h quimh of priçf mf ldoirhb, h mdldoudçêf mh prfmuçêf oêf tirdh pfrqui rijikir istìlubfs tijofbúgdjfs >5.  Oisths jfomdçùis f misiovfbvdliotf jhpdthbdsth hssuldu ul jhrètir mi isthgohçêf nfrlhomf-si ul misiqudbìkrdf iotri h khsi lhtirdhb mh sfjdimhmi, qui si ionrhquiji, i h ixphosêf qui sfnril hs istruturhs sfjdhb i pfbìtdjh. Isth jfotrhmdçêf, h mi ulh istruturh mi  prfmuçêf sukmisiovfbvdmh s ukmisiovfbvdmh i h mi ulh istruturh sfjdfpfbìtdjh mis misiovfbvdmh, iovfbvdmh, ä sigudmh mh m h nhbth mi ulh vfjhçêf pfuphmfrh i mi isjhssfs dovistdliotfs dotirofs, pfds hf mriohr ul iofrli vfbuli mi rijursfs hf ixtirdfr, f iojbhvi htioth jfotrh hs jfomdçùis mi hjulubhçêf hf mdldoudr h quhotdmhmi mi jhpdthb mdspfoìvib dotirohlioti. Hf mdldoudr fs ghstfs jfl h prfmuçêf, h  kurguisdh jedbioh pfmi mistdohr grhomis quhotdmhmis mi suh riomh h ghstfs dlprfmutdvfs (pissfhds, mi jfosulf, itj), mdvirsdndjhomf i sfndstdjhomf siu jfosulf htrhväs mi prfmutfs qui

>> >7 FZÚ[DF.

Fp. Jdt., p. =5.  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :81 ‚ :88. >5  Dmil, p. :88.  

;= 

 

sflioti pfmil sir dlpfrthmfs, oêf riprisiothomf oioeulh ribhçêf jfl f isnfrçf prfmutdvf >4.  Of jhsf mh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi mf shbdtri, pfr jfostdtudr lhtärdh prdlh mi usf domustrdhb fu hgrìjfbh, ibh istè mdrithlioti ribhjdfohmh hf jdjbf mf jhpdthb of lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb, fu sich, istè sucidth ás fsjdbhçùis missi lirjhmf. F lislf oêf fjfrri il phìsis qui si vdojubhl hf lirjhmf luomdhb htrhväs mi vhbfris mi usf qui sêf fs kios shbèrdfs, prdojdphblioti quhomf istis sêf phrti mh mdith kèsdjh mi jfosulf mh pfpubhçêf mfs phìsis mdtfs jiotrhds, jflf ä f jhsf mh Hrgiotdoh jfl suh prfmuçêf mi jhroi i trdgf. Oistis jhsfs, quhomf fjfrri ulh mdldoudçêf mh milhomh pibfs sius prfmutfs, isths quimhs ouojh hbjhoçhl h lislh mdliosêf mhs qui fjfrril jfl hs lhtärdhs prdlhs mi usf domustrdhb fu hgrìjfbh, jflf of jhsf mf Jedbi. Mhì pirjiki-si jflf hs jrdsis luomdhds hnithl mdniriotilioti jhmh phìs 71. Qfr futrf bhmf, hf hohbdshrlfs fs vhbfris mi usf phrh ixpfrthçêf i suh ribhçêf jfl f ristf mh ijfofldh dotiroh, jfosththrilfs qui thotf h prfmuçêf mi shbdtri quhotf h mi jfkri riquiril f usf mi iqudphliotf i lhqudoèrdf ispijìndjf qui f sitfr domustrdhb ohjdfohb oêf pfmi fnirijir. Istis thlkäl sêf fkcitfs mi dlpfrthçêf mi phìsis misiovfbvdmfs. Misth nfrlh, f jdjbf mf jhpdthb mi prfmutfs mi ixpfrthçêf i f jdjbf mf jhpdthb domustrdhb til ul pfotf il jflul3 f iojbhvi oêf istdlubh h prfmuçêf lhounhturidrh dotiroh. Qhrh Fsfrdf,  ‒Ä f iojbhvi qui drè mindodr f misiovfbvdliotf jhpdthbdsth mf Jedbi phrh hs prúxdlhs mäjhmhs, pfds ibi si hpfmirh mi ulh istruturh sfjdhb i nfrçhs prfmutdvhs prä-ixdstiotis nfrlhmhs of pirìfmf hotirdfr, quhomf fs prdojdphds jiotrfs mi prfmuçêf isthvhl ohs lêfs mi jhpdthds ohjdfohds.“

H phrtdr mh dosthbhçêf mh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi, cè oêf sirè lhds h prfmuçêf mi kios, h jfojfrrãojdh jhpdthbdsth, f misiovfbvdliotf mhs nfrçhs prfmutdvhs i f bujrf prfviodioti mistis fs nhtfris qui mindodrêf h riprfmuçêf lhtirdhb, sfjdhb i ijfoýldjh mfs prfprditèrdfs mi tirrhs,  khoquidrfs, jflirjdhotis i mfofs mi ldohs, lhs sdl h suh jhphjdmhmi mi hpr hprfprdhçêf fprdhçêf mh riomh mf shbdtri fu mf jfkri, sil grhomis ixdgãojdhs mi dotirnirãojdh prfmutdvh. Fsfrdf misthjh hdomh futrf hspijtf tirrdtfrdhb, quhomf f prfmutf, of jhsf misti istumf, f shbdtri, iojfotrh-si il zfohs hnhsthmhs mfs jiotrfs urkhofs3

>4

 FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. =5  ‚ =4.  FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. 91.

71

;9 

 

‒Il

mdvirsfs jhsfs (...) misiovfbvi-si h donrhistruturh phrh jfojiotrhr lêf mi fkrh hkuomhoti, jrdhomf-si virmhmidrfs pfvfhliotfs ldoidrfs, qui tãl jflf jfrribhtf h  prfbithrdzhçêf mi sitfris jhlpisdofs fu sildjhlpisdofs hf siril hnhthmfs mi suh ribhçêf jfl h tirrh jflf nfrlh mi suksdstãojdh i phsshril h mipiomir mf shbèrdf.“ 78 

Isth sdtuhçêf pfmi sir virdndjhmh il vèrdfs jiotrfs mi ixtrhçêf mi shbdtri of ofrti jedbiof jflf hs shbdtridrhs mi Eulkirstfoi, Zhoth Bhurh, Jehjhkujf, iotri futrhs. Isths nfrhl siomf hkhomfohmhs oh limdmh il qui f jdjbf mf shbdtri mijbdohvh, tfrohomf-si virmhmidrhs  7;

‒jdmhmis-nhothslh“ .

F shbdtri jrisjiu oulh lämdh houhb mi 89 % oh mäjhmh mi 8551, jhdu h hpiohs =% oh mi 8541 phrh rijupirhr siu mdohldslf il iotri 8544 i 848: h ulh thxh lämdh houhb mi 81%. Misth nfrlh, f vhbfr mi ixpfrthçêf mfs odtrhtfs jeigfu h sir 8: vizis lhdfr qui il 8551. Il 8484, f vhbfr ixpfrthmf nfd hpiohs ul sätdlf mf vhbfr mi 848:, phrh iotêf rijupirhr-si oh mäjhmh mi 84;1. Lislf hssdl, f vhbfr mhs ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri il 84;4 riprisiothvh 79% mf qui ehvdh sdmf il 848:. Qfr ndl, jfl h rijissêf i f usf mi sukstdtutfs mf shbdtri hs ixpfrthçùis misjirhl htä ul sätdlf mf qui ehvdh sdmf il 848: phrh iotêf oêf rijupirhr-si lhds 7:. Mf pfotf mi vdsth mh milhomh dotiroh hgrighmh ás ixpfrthçùis, isth oêf mipiomdh thotf mh quhotdmhmi, lhs sdl mf riomdliotf mhs ixpfrthçùis i mf mistdof qui irh mhmf h isti dotirohlioti, fu sich, f siu ghstf. 

8.= F jdjbf mf shbdtri   Jflf nfrh misthjhmf dodjdhblioti, h htdvdmhmi shbdtridrh jfostdtudu-si oul mfs pdbhris nuomhliothds mf siguomf grhomi hugi mh ijfofldh jedbioh, qui jflpriiomi f pirìfmf mh Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, il 8574, i vhd htä h Grhomi Miprissêf, il 84;4. H vdgfrfsh ixphosêf mh ijfofldh of prdlidrf jdjbf, prfvfjhmh pibh milhomh mi odtrhtfs qui vdoeh mh Iurfph, ehvdh bivhmf ilprisèrdfs ohjdfohds h ixphomdr siu tirrdtúrdf il vèrdhs mdriçùis. H pioitrhçêf of misirtf oh

78

 FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. 7=.     Hbgulhs misths jdmhmis nfrhl tflkhmhs jflf Qhtrdlýodf Luomdhb pibh Yoisjf i istêf mdspfoìvids phrh

7;

vdsdthçêf htrhväs mi hgãojdhs mi turdslf. Ä f jhsf mhs shbdtridrhs mi Eulkirstfoi i Zhoth Bhurh. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//wej.uoisjf.frg/io/bdst/8875  ettp3//wej.uoisjf.frg/io/bdst/8875 Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. 7:  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :87.

;> 

 

rigdêf jfoeijdmh jflf Ofrti Grhomi7= ehvdh dodjdhmf il 85=>, quhomf si jfliçfu h ixpbfrhr f guhof il Licdbbfois i, il lihmfs mh mäjhmh mi 85>1, dodjdfu-si h ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri il Hotfnhghsth. Isths htdvdmhmis trfuxirhl á prfvìojdh kfbdvdhoh mi Hotfnhghsth grhomis dovistdliotfs i ul huliotf jfosdmirèvib mh pfpubhçêf, mi lfmf qui, h ndos mi 8571, h rigdêf isthvh pfvfhmh il suh lhdfrdh pfr jedbiofs i ehvdh misiovfbvdmf ulh dlpfrthoti htdvdmhmi ijfoýldjh. H dodjdhtdvh jedbioh thlkäl si ehvdh istiomdmf á prfvìojdh piruhoh mi ]hrhphjè, pfräl il liofr grhu, pfds si vdu bdldthmh pibhs pfbìtdjhs mf gfvirof piruhof qui, htrhväs mf isthojhliotf (857:), mh ixprfprdhçêf (8579) i mfs huliotfs mi trdkutfs, prfjurhvh risshrjdr-si mh mijhmãojdh mf guhof jflf nfoti mi ixpfrthçêf i rijursfs ndsjhds. Qfrthotf, ‒h guirrh sdgodndjfu oêf hpiohs h hqudsdçêf mi ul vhstf tirrdtúrdf jfl mdvirsdndjhmh rdquizh ldoirhb i pisquidrh, lhs thlkäl h hprfprdhçêf mi ulh domóstrdh shbdtridrh nbfrisjioti oh nhsi mi ixphosêf mi sius lirjhmfs“

79

. 

Hpishr mh dojfrpfrhçêf missis ofvfs tirrdtúrdfs, f huliotf ohs ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri hpús 8551 oêf iojfotrh suh prdojdphb custdndjhtdvh oissi nhtf, lhs sdl of huliotf mh milhomh luomdhb pibf  prfmutf7> (vir quhmrf H, p. 95), ulh viz qui hs ilprishs i h pfpubhçêf dosthbhmhs ohs rigdùis jfoqudsthmhs, prdojdphblioti oh mi Hotfnhghsth, cè irhl jedbiohs. F ritfrof ijfoýldjf lhds ixprissdvf, ilkfrh piquiof si jflphrhmf á dlpfrtëojdh ijfoýldjh mh sflh mi hlkhs hs rigdùis, vidf mhs hprfprdhçùis mf tirrdtúrdf piruhof mi ]hrhphjè, ehch vdsth h rimuçêf ofs dovistdliotfs nidtfs oh rigdêf hpús hs limdmhs prftijdfodsths jdthmhs hotirdfrlioti il 857: i 8579. Il futrhs phbhvrhs, efuvi h hoixhçêf mi ul vhstf tirrdtúrdf jfotiomf grhomis risirvhs mi shbdtri, pfräl, oh prètdjh, grhomi phrti mibhs cè si iojfotrhvh ohs lêfs mi ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs ehvdh hbguos hofs. H hlpbdhçêf mi dovistdliotfs ndsjhds, jfosiquãojdh mh hprfprdhçêf mhs nèkrdjhs mi shbdtri, pirldtdu hf Jedbi rijupirhr-si mh jrdsi ijfoýldjh pibh quhb vdoeh phsshomf. Hs ixpfrthçùis mi odtrhtf jrisjirhl rhpdmhlioti hpús h guirrh mivdmf hf huliotf mh milhomh pibf lirjhmf iurfpiu i nfrhl rispfosèvids pfr lhds mi mfds tirçfs mhs ixpfrthçùis iotri 8551 i 848:

7=

  F ‒Ofrti Grhomi“ jflpriiomi h rigdêf qui vhd mf phrhbibf ; 7± htä hprfxdlhmhlioti f 85±, il Hrdjh, prúxdlf á nrfotidrhh jfl f Qiru (vir ndgurh ;, p. 9=). nrfotidr 79  JH[DFBH i ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt., p. =;.   7>

 Hpishr mh lhdfrdh mfs dovistdliotfs isthril ohs lêfs mi ilprisèrdfs krdtëodjfs, nfrhl fs hbilêis fs lhdfris ixpfrthmfris mi shbdtri jedbiof. Dstf ixpbdjh f pfrqui mh misjfkirth mf siu sukstdtutf sdotätdjf pibh prúprdh Hbilhoeh, of doìjdf mf säjubf UDU, tivi ul dlphjtf têf oightdvf ohs ixpfrthçùis jedbiohs.

;7 

 

i iotri 81% i 89% mf prfmutf dotirof krutf mf phìs 77 (vir quhmrf K, p. >1). F gfvirof dlpýs thxhs mi dlpfrthçêf qui pirlhoijirhl dohbtirhmhs htä 84:1. Isth pfbìtdjh ghrhotdu hprfxdlhmhlioti h lithmi mf tfthb mi rijidths mf gfvirof 75 i pirldtdu pýr il prètdjh ulh särdi mi limdmhs mistdohmhs h dojiotdvhr h prfmuçêf dotiroh i h jhphjdthçêf mh pfpubhçêf. Isths rinfrlhs dojbuìhl thlkäl f ndohojdhliotf mi ul grhomi lfothoti mi fkrhs pókbdjhs qui murfu htä pfujf mipfds mh Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb 74. Isshs hspdrhçùis i h pfbìtdjh mf Isthmf hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf nfrhl mi iojfotrf á rihbdmhmi ijfoýldjh i pfbìtdjh mf phìs of pús-guirrh. Cè il 8551, jfl h hprfprdhçêf mi domóstrdhs shbdtridrhs mh rigdêf piruhoh mi ]hrhphjè, f gfvirof tivi mi si mijdmdr sfkri h  prfprdimhmi mhs nèkrdjhs, nèk rdjhs, kil jflf h suh nfrlh mi fpirhçêf. Il 8579, f gfvirof piruhof ehvdh jfostdtuìmf ul lfofpúbdf isththb, hmqudrdomf sitioth i jdojf nèkrdjhs lfmirohs i oulirfsfs tirriofs, fs quhds nfrhl phgfs jfl jirtdndjhmfs shbdtridrfs hf pfrthmfr i kýous jfl ghrhotdhs 51

edpftijèrdhs mh rispijtdvh nèkrdjh . F Jedbi tdoeh iotêf qui mijdmdr si drdh hmldodstrhr f lfofpúbdf fu, jhsf jfotrèrdf, f qui nhzir h rispidtf mhs nèkrdjhs, kýous i jirtdndjhmfs. H prdlidrh Jfldssêf mf Zhbdtri, qui ibhkfrfu fs hotijimiotis mh bid prflubghmh of mdh 8³ mi futukrf mi 8551, lhodnistfu-si jfotrèrdh hf lfofpúbdf isththb. Qfr issh bid, hs nèkrdjhs mivirdhl sir mivfbvdmhs hfs sius mfofs, f qui misiojhmihrdh ulh jfbfsshb ispijubhçêf sfkri fs tìtubfs i fs kýous. Mdhoti mh dldoioti mirrfth piruhoh i mh pfujh ispirhoçh qui fs mitiotfris missis phpäds tdoehl il rijupirhr suhs prfprdimhmis fu siril domiodzhmfs, fs priçfs mfs tìtubfs jhìrhl virtdgdofshlioti. Mdvirsfs ispijubhmfris iotrhrhl il cfgf i ul, il phrtdjubhr, si jfovirtirdh of ‒[id mf Zhbdtri“. Isti irh f dogbãs Cfeo ]eflhs Ofrte qui, jfoviojdmf mh vdtúrdh

mf Jedbi oh guirrh i qui isti rispidthrdh pfr jflpbitf fs mdridtfs mi prfprdimhmi, ehvdh hmqudrdmf oulirfsh quhotdmhmi mi tìtubfs hf pfrthmfr 58. H jfovdjçêf mi Ofrte si jfondrlfu. Il cuoef mi 8558, ulh siguomh jfldssêf mf shbdtri isthkibijiu h mivfbuçêf mhs shbdtridrhs mi ]hrhphjè áquibis qui mipfsdthrhl ulh mitirldohmh quhotdh il tìtubfs i futrh il mdoeidrf. Ndjhvh hssdl jfoshgrhmh ‒ulh ‒ ulh mhs lhds 77

  ZDJF]]I, [.0 ^DSJH[[H, J.0 WHOMZJEOIDMI[, @. ]ei Jedbiho Odtrhti Domustry3 Ixtirohb Zefj`s hom Qfbdjy ]ei Yodvirsdty fn ^irlfot.   ;114, ;:p. Mdspfoìvib il [ispfosis, 8551  ‚   ‚  84:9. ettp3//www.uvl.imu/~ijfo/mfjuliots/ndohbutr .uvl.imu/~ijfo/mfjuliots/ndohbutrijetphpir ijetphpir.pmn  .pmn  Hjissf il ;4 fut. ;18:. ettp3//www 75  ZDJF]]I, it. hb., ;114. 74

51 Dmil. 

 JH[DFBH i ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt., p. =9.  Dmil, p. =>.

58

;5 

 

ixtrhfrmdoèrdhs fpirhçùis jfotrh f dotirissi ohjdfohb qui si pfssh iojfotrhr oh edstúrdh 5;

ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi“ Jedbi“  . Misth lhoidrh, kfh phrti mh domóstrdh shbdtridrh misiovfbvdmh h phrtdr mh

mäjhmh mi 85>1, jfl h phrtdjdphçêf mi ldoidrfs i ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs i dojfrpfrhmh hf tirrdtúrdf ohjdfohb hpús h vdtúrdh oh Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, phssfu ás lêfs mi ispijubhmfris istrhogidrfs. Dojbusdvi phrti misth fpirhçêf nfd ndohojdhmh jfl jrämdtfs mf Khojf mi ^hbphrhìsf, fu sich, jfl rijursfs jedbiofs. Isti ipdsúmdf rivibh hs prfnuomhs lumhoçhs qui ehvdhl sdmf prfmuzdmhs of ëlkdtf ohjdfohb i dotirohjdfohb. Ä jfotrh issis dotirissis qui hs hspdrhçùis sfjdhds i pfbìtdjhs mf  prisdmioti Cfsä Lhouib Khblhjimh (855>  ‚   8548) drêf si jefjhr. H ofvh jfrribhçêf mi nfrçhs  pfbìtdjf-ijfoýldjhs i hs jfrriotis mi fpdodêf cè oêf jfrrispfomdhl hf ispìrdtf ilpriiomimfr qui ehvdh jhrhjtirdzhmf h hçêf mf Isthmf hf bfogf mf säjubf UDU. Jfl h hqudsdçêf mfs tirrdtúrdfs mi shbdtri mf Qiru i mh Kfbìvdh, f Jedbi si jfovirtiu of 5:

óodjf phìs mf luomf jfl risirvhs mi odtrhtf ijfofldjhlioti ixpbfrèvids . Hotis mf ndl mh

guirrh, il 8558, ioquhotf hs trfphs jedbiohs fjuphvhl Bdlh, hs ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri cè ehvdhl

hbjhoçhmf ul vfbuli lhdfr mf quhbquir ul mfs quhtrf prfmutfs ixpfrthmfs hotis mf jfonbdtf, f qui bei pirldtdh gfzhr mi ulh pfsdçêf donbuioti of lirjhmf luomdhb, mhmh h suh jfomdçêf lfofpúbdjh5=. Isti jhrètir lfofixpfrthmfr trhz jfosdgf, jfonfrli jfliothmf hotirdfrlioti, rdsjfs htribhmfs ás fsjdbhçùis mf lirjhmf fomi istè dosirdmf.  Oisths jfomdçùis pfmilfs hkfrmhr hs jfosdmirhçùis mi ^ëodh Khlkdrrh hjirjh mf jhrètir mipiomioti mhs ijfofldhs vdojubhmhs ás ijfofldhs jhpdthbdsths jiotrhds, fomi hs jhrhjtirìstdjhs i lfmf mi nuojdfohliotf istêf dotdlhlioti bdghmfs jfl h mdoëldjh qui edstfrdjhlioti hssuli f jhpdthbdslf ofs phìsis jiotrhds i qui ä isth mdoëldjh qui drè 59

isthkibijir hs khsis lhtirdhds i mdrijdfohr f siotdmf phrh fomi si frdioth h domustrdhbdzhçêf . 

Hpús h dosirçêf oh ijfofldh dotirohjdfohb htrhväs mf shbdtri ä pfssìvib mdstdogudr, mi hjfrmf jfl Qhblh, jbhrhlioti fs lfliotfs mi hugi i mijbìodf mf prfmutf. Qrdlidrf tilfs ul hugi dodjdhb mh milhomh dotirohjdfohb mipfds mh guirrh, jfl ulh rispfsth rèpdmh mi prfmuçêf, sigudmh mi ulh grhomi quimh mf priçf mf shbdtri htä f ndohb mh mäjhmh mi 8541, jhushomf ulh quimh ohs ixpfrthçùis. H sigudr, ulh rijupirhçêf of doìjdf mf säjubf UU phrh jhdr ofvhlioti 5;

 Dkdmil.

5:

Fp. Jdt., p. :19.   Dmil. 59  KHLKD[[H. Fp. Jdt., p. :. 5= QHBLH.

;4 

 

hpús h Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb, sigudomf-si ulh krivi rijupirhçêf ofs hofs 84;1 i ulh quimh ndohb hpús h Grhomi Miprissêf mi 84;4 5>. ]fmfs istis hugis i quimhs istêf mdrithlioti ribhjdfohmfs jfl nhtfris ixtirofs. H  prdlidrh rimuçêf mi priçfs hf ndohb mfs hofs 8541 miviu-si h ulh jrdsi dotirohjdfohb qui tivi doìjdf oh mäjhmh hotirdfr, quhomf f priçf mf shbdtri jhdu jirjh mi ==% il hpiohs quhtrf hofs, iotri 855= i 8555. Ziguomf Qhblh, dstf nfd rinbixf mf tärldof mf hugi vdtfrdhof  liojdfohmf hotirdfrlioti (857:), jucf ndl nfd sigudmf mi ulh quimh gioirhbdzhmh mi priçfs mhs lhtärdhs 57

 prdlhs i prfmutfs lhounhturhmfs oh ijfofldh luomdhb htä 854>  ‚  8547    8547   . Qhrh hbguos hutfris,

isth quimh mi priçfs murhoti quhtfrzi hofs jfosijutdvfs nfd f nioýliof ijfoýldjf lhds ixtrhfrmdoèrdf mf säjubf UDU 55. H siguomh quimh thbviz sich h lhds mdnuomdmh i, hbgulhs vizis, hjhkh siomf sdlpbdndjhmh. Ibh fjfrri hpús h Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb i nfd fjhsdfohmh thotf pibhs jfosiquãojdhs midxhmhs pibf jfonbdtf, quhotf pibh misjfkirth mi sukstdtutfs ohturhds i sdotätdjfs  phrh f shbdtri. H Hbilhoeh cè ehvdh jfosigudmf sdotitdzhr f shbdtri oh prdlidrh mäjhmh mf säjubf UU, pfräl suh prfmuçêf oêf jeigfu h hlihçhr f lfofpúbdf mhs ixpfrthçùis jedbiohs mivdmf hf siu ibivhmf justf mi nhkrdjhçêf 54. H rihb hlihçh hf shbdtri jedbiof nfd h misjfkirth mf subnhtf mi hlýodf oh Iurfph. Misth nfrlh, ioquhotf h prfmuçêf mf shbdtri jrisjiu 895% iotri 8419 i 848:, h mi subnhtf mi hlýodf huliotfu il ;8;% (vir quhmrf J, p. >8). H tirjidrh quimh, h phrtdr mh Grhomi Miprissêf mi 84;4, sirè mindodtdvh i mh quhb f shbdtri oêf si rijupirhrè lhds. Qhblh trhz futrhs fksirvhçùis ribivhotis il ribhçêf hf prfjissf mi mijbìodf mf shbdtri of pús-guirrh3  ‒Qhrh

h ijfofldh jedbioh 8484 nfd ul hof phrtdjubhrlioti mdnìjdb. (...) hs ixpfrthçùis jhìrhl h quhsi ul tirçf mfs vhbfris mf hof hotirdfr, jfl ul inidtf mishstrfsf phrh f ristf mh ijfofldh, prdojdphblioti phrh f irèrdf pókbdjf. Isth quimh si miu, sfkritumf, mivdmf ás ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri, jucf priçf jhdu 87% i siu vfbuli ixpfrthmf Pjhdu\ il lhds mi mfds tirçfs. Dstf fjfrriu pfrqui fs Isthmfs Yodmfs i fs phìsis iurfpius hjulubhrhl grhomis risirvhs mi shbdtri murhoti h guirrh i, il 8484, ndzirhl usf misths.“ 41 

5>

 QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :1>.  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :1>.

57 55

54 ZHYB,

847>, hpum hp um QHBLH. QHBLH.  ZDJF]]I, it. hb., ;114. 41  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :1>.

:1 

 

 Of lislf hof mi 8484, hs ixpfrthçùis tfthds hfs Isthmfs Yodmfs riprisiothrhl hpiohs ul qudotf mf qui il 8485, ioquhotf hs inituhmhs á Grê-Krithoeh riprisiothrhl 9% mhs iovdhmhs of hof hotirdfr 48. Qfrthotf, ristrdogdr f mijbìodf mf shbdtri hf pirìfmf jfrrispfomioti á Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb (fu bfgf hpús isth) i hdomh custdndjè-bf ixjbusdvhlioti (fu prdojdphblioti) htrhväs mh misjfkirth mi sukstdtutfs sdotätdjfs ä sdlpbdndjhr ul dotrdojhmf prfjissf ijfoýldjf fomi f ldoirhb istivi dosirdmf of mijfrrir mi lhds mi jdoquioth hofs. Mi quhbquir nfrlh, oêf thrmfu ludtf phrh qui fs hbilêis dotrfmuzdssil ulh särdi mi libefrdhs i hpirnidçfhssil h prfmuçêf mi shbdtri sdotätdjf, htrhväs mf prfjissf qui ndjfu jfoeijdmf jflf ‒prfjissf mf hrjf ibätrdjf“ fu Kdr`ibhom -Iymi. Qhrh istdlubhr hdomh lhds h

rimuçêf mfs justfs mi prfmuçêf, h ioirgdh ibätrdjh, dosulf dlpfrthoti of prfjissf mi nhkrdjhçêf, 4;

tivi siu justf rimuzdmf rhpdmhlioti .

48

 QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :17.  H Hbilhoeh irh h lhdfr dlpfrthmfrh mf ldoirhb jedbiof ohs muhs mäjhmhs hotirdfris á Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb (vir quhmrf M, p. >;). Dstf ixpbdjh pfrqui, h prdojìpdf, oêf si vã ul oixf iotri h misjfkirth mf sukstdtutf sdotätdjf mf shbdtri i h jfosiquioti quimh ohs ixpfrthçùis mf odtrhtf, cè qui fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs of Jedbi irhl il suh lhdfrdh dogbisis. Oêf nfd pibf nhtf mi h misjfkirth ehvir trhosnfrlhmf h Hbilhoeh il ul nfroijimfr luomdhb,

4;

pfds isth si iojfotrhvh il guirrh jfl h Dogbhtirrh. Nfd pfrqui ibh irh ulh mhs lhdfris dlpfrthmfrhs mf shbdtri jedbiof, cuotf jfl h Nrhoçh i [idof Yodmf, qui thlkäl si iojfotrhvhl iojfotrhvhl il guirrh.

:8 

 

Jhpìtubf ; Hs rinfrlhs hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf Jfonfrli nfrh fksirvhmf of doìjdf misti istumf, f Jedbi hbjhoçfu ulh prijfji i oftèvib isthkdbdmhmi pfbìtdjh h phrtdr mh quhrth mäjhmh mf säjubf UDU, murhoti h hmldodstrhçêf mf ldodstrf Mdigf Qfrthbis (85:8  ‚  85=8),   85=8), f qui bei pirldtdu misiovfbvir ulh ijfofldh thlkäl istèvib qui murfu mi, hprfxdlhmhlioti, 85:: h 8571. F lfliotf ä ul lhrjf dlpfrthoti oh nfrlhçêf mhs khsis mf Isthmf jedbiof 4:, ulh viz qui f phìs isthvh shdomf mi ul krivi pirìfmf mi ‒hohrqudh“

4=

 pús-domipiomãojdh (krivi si jflphrhmf jfl futrfs phìsis mh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh) i

isthkibijiomf f doìjdf mi ul lfliotf mi prfspirdmhmi ohjdfohb sfk hs rìgdmhs mdritrdzis  pfrthbdhohs49. ]hds limdmhs surgdrhl oul jfotixtf pijubdhr mi jfonbdtfs dotirofs iotri mfds grupfs, fs bdkirhds i fs jfosirvhmfris. Murhoti fs hofs qui si sigudrhl hf prfjissf mi domipiomãojdh i h prijfji isthkdbdzhçêf  pfbìtdjh oh mäjhmh mi 85:1, fs jfosirvhmfris lhotdvirhl-si of pfmir htä h jrdsi ijfoýldjh mh mäjhmh mi 8571. Isti pirìfmf nfd lhrjhmf pibh eirhoçh mi dostdtudçùis, tiomãojdhs jubturhds i grupfs sfjdhds mirdvhmfs mf pirìfmf jfbfodhb, pibf prfjissf mi riistruturhçêf i jfosfbdmhçêf mf Isthmf i pibh dosirçêf mh ijfofldh jedbioh of lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb mivdmf hf hugi mhs ixpfrthçùis, ispijdndjhlioti prhth, jfkri i trdgf4>.  Ziguomf Jhrdfbh i Zuo`ib, isti pirìfmf iotrfu il mijbìodf mivdmf h trãs nhtfris prdojdphds3 8³) h donbuãojdh pfbìtdjh mhs dostdtudçùis

4:

  Mi hjfrmf jfl Jbèumdh Whssirlho, ‒h nfrlhçêf mf Isthmf Ohjdfohb oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh jfrrispfomi h mfds prfjissfs domdssfjdèvids3 h dotirohjdfohbdzhçêf mf lfmf mi prfmuçêf jhpdthbdsth qui jfomuz h dostdtujdfohbdzhçêf mf pfmir kurguãs of luomf tfmf i, pfr futrf, bhmf f prfjissf mi ilhojdphçêf mhs jfbýodhs dkärdjhs.“ WHZZI[LHO, J. H nfrlhçêf mf Isthmf Ohjdfohb oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh3 hs ilhojdphçùis pfbìtdjhs i f dotrdojhmf frmiohliotf mfs ofvfs phìsis. Do3 WHZZI[LHO, J. (Frg.) Edstúrdh mh Hlärdjh bhtdoh3 jdojf säjubfs. = im. Qfrtf Hbigri3 Imdtfrh mh YN[GZ, ;181. p. 87>. jhp. 9. 4=   Ziguomf Whssirlho3 ‒...f tirlf Phohrqudh\ riliti ás mdndjubmhmis il jfosigudr jfostrudr frmiohliotfs istèvids, lhs, hf lislf tilpf, sibijdfoh fs jhsfs ilpìrdjfs iotri fs lhds fu liofs jhphzis oisth thrinh, mipiomiomf (...) mi quisdtfs hksfbuthlioti sukcitdvfs, jflf mitirldodslfs ätodjfs, gifgrèndjfs fu jbdlètdjfs“. Jdth jflf ixilpbf f jhumdbedslf jhumdbedslf,, nioýliof jdrjuosjrdtf h mitirldohmhs rigdùis jflf Hrgiotdoh, ^ioizuibh i ofrti mf Läxdjf, i qui hbgulhs vizis nfd ixtrhpfbhmf phrh fs milhds phìsis bhtdof-hlirdjhofs. (Whssirlho, ;181, p. 851) 49   Miotri hbgulhs misshs mdritrdzis riniriotis hf rigdli mi Mdigf Qfrthbis, liojdfohmf oh dotrfmuçêf misti trhkhbef, istêf3 h pfssdkdbdmhmi mi riibidçêf, f vitf h limdmhs phrbhliothris qui f gfvirof cubghr dojfoviodiotis, f jflhomf mhs Nfrçhs Hrlhmhs, h oflihçêf mi jhrgfs cumdjdhds dlpfrthotis, iotri futr futrhs. hs. 4>  JH[DFBH i ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt., p. 8>.  

:; 

 

rilhoisjiotis mf pirìfmf jfbfodhb nfd jimiomf bughr h ofvfs grupfs mfldohotis il hsjiosêf0 ;³) f hssämdf dosdstioti i jhmh viz lhds nfrti mhs dmidhs mfs grupfs bdkirhds nfd hphrhomf hs hrisths mf pfmirfsf Isthmf Qfrthbdhof i :³) fs trãs prdojdphds prfmutfs rispfosèvids pibf hugi mhs ixpfrthçùis iotrh il mijbìodf (f jfkri sú iotrhrè mi ofvf il hsjiosêf h phrtdr mi 8481, jfl f ilprigf mi ofvhs tijofbfgdhs)47. F pirìfmf suksiquioti, jflf nfrh liojdfohmf hotirdfrlioti, jfrrispfomi hf  siguomf 45

jdjbf mi ixphosêf i jrdsi  fu jdjbf mf shbdtri i suh ixphosêf mi nhtf si mè h phrtdr mi 8574, jfl

f doìjdf mh Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf. Jflf thlkäl cè nfd jfliothmf, f jfonbdtf tivi lftdvhçùis mdvirshs, hbgulhs iovfbviomf quistùis lhb risfbvdmhs mi hofs hotirdfris, lhs h prdojdphb mibhs nfd, sil móvdmh, h hgumh jrdsi ijfoýldjh pibh quhb f Jedbi phsshvh. H hprfprdhçêf mhs chzdmhs mi shbdtri irh h hbtirohtdvh dlimdhth i qui isthvh hf hbjhoji mfs ilprisèrdfs i mf Isthmf jedbiofs  phrh h shbvhçêf mf phìs. ]irldohmf f jfonbdtf, f Jedbi dodjdhrdh ulh ofvh nhsi mi hugi ijfoýldjf, jfl dojiotdvf á prfmuçêf ohjdfohb i á imujhçêf, ndohojdhmfs jfl hs rijidths mf shbdtri. Hpús h guirrh, f gfvirof miu iotêf siquãojdh á ulh pfbìtdjh mi ixphosêf mfs sirvdçfs  pókbdjfs dodjdhmh pfr Lhouib Lfott, lhs qui tdoeh mijhìmf murhoti h mäjhmh mi 8571. Nfd of gfvirof mi Khblhjimh qui h dodjdhtdvh isththb ritflfu siu jrisjdliotf 44.  Of jhlpf dostdtujdfohb nuomhrhl-si h Zfjdimhm Ohjdfohb mi Ldoirìh, il 855=, h Zfjdimhm mi Nfliotf Nhkrdb, il 855:, i il 8557, f  Ldodstirdf mi Domustrdh y Fkrhs Qókbdjhs Qó kbdjhs,

 phrh dojiotdvhr mi mdvirshs nfrlhs ulh pfbìtdjh mi prflfçêf i nfliotf mh prfmuçêf ohjdfohb. Jrdfu-si thlkäl h  Isjuibh mi Ldoirìh mi Jfpdhpú Jfp dhpú i riofvfu-si h  Isjuibh mi Hrtis y Fnìjdfs m mii Zhotdhgf, jfl f prfpúsdtf mi misiovfbvir f iosdof täjodjf. Jfl f lislf fkcitdvf prflfviu-si

h dldgrhçêf mi täjodjfs, hrtisêfs i fpirèrdfs quhbdndjhmfs. Qfr futrf bhmf, dojiotdvfs ndsjhds i hmuhoidrfs nfrhl nfroijdmfs hfs kios mi prfmuçêf mistdohmfs h dosthbhr ofvhs domóstrdhs fu phrh libefrhr hs cè ixdstiotis811.  Oissi lislf pirìfmf, ulh phrtdjdphçêf lhds htdvh mf Isthmf oh ijfofldh ndjfu ivdmioti jfl h jrdhçêf mf Khojf Jiotrhb (nioýliof qui thlkäl fjfrri il futrfs phìsis bhtdofhlirdjhofs), f Zirvdjdf mi Ldohs mib Isthmf (84;9) , , h Jhch mi Jrämdtf Hgrìjfbh (84;>) , , h Jhch 47

 JH[DFBH I ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt., p. 8>.

45

44 Dmil.

 Dkdmil, p. =:.   Dmil.

811

:: 

 

mi Jrämdtf Ldoirf (84;7), h Jhch mi Jrämdtf Jhrkfoìnirf (84;5) i f  Dostdtutf mi Jrämdtf  Domustrdhb (84;5). H phrtdjubhrdmhmi misths dostdtudçùis ä qui ibhs oêf si bdldthvhl h hpiohs

ndohojdhr hs htdvdmhmis hs quhds irhl pirtdoiotis, lhs thlkäl mhvhl hssdstãojdh täjodjh (trhkhbefs mi prfspijçêf i donrhistruturh, hbäl mi nfroijir lhqudoèrdf i dosulfs) i hmqudrdhl jhmh viz lhds f jfotrfbi mi ulh phrti dlpfrthoti mf jflärjdf mfs rispijtdvfs prfmutfs 818. Murhoti f gfvirof mi Khblhjimh f Jedbi hphriotilioti phrijdh ehvir ritflhmf f siu jdjbf mi ixphosêf. Ziu prfgrhlh mi gfvirof rivibfu-si mijdmdmhlioti bdkirhb of hspijtf  pfbìtdjf, lhs hprisiothvh dotirisshotis dogrimdiotis mi ohjdfohbdslf i prftijdfodslf of hspijtf ijfoýldjf. Lislf oêf jeighomf h si jfostdtudr il ul prfgrhlh issiojdhblioti ohjdfohbdsth, isti iotrfu il jfonbdtf jfl h rihbdmhmi ijfoýldjh, pfbìtdjh i sfjdhb mf pús-guirrh81;. Hs dotioçùis mi Khblhjimh irhl ivdthr h iotrigh mh tfthbdmhmi mfs tirrdtúrdfs shbdtridrfs hfs lfofpúbdfs istrhogidrfs, phrh mhr hf Isthmf ul dostruliotf mi jfotrfbi mh domóstrdh0 fktir f jfotrfbi mhs nirrfvdhs mf shbdtri, vdojubhmfs jfl hs nirrfvdhs mf jiotrf mf phìs, i dovistdr f grhomi ixjimioti mfs rijursfs ndsjhds mirdvhmfs mf shbdtri il fkrhs prfmutdvhs, jfl f dotudtf mi nfrlhr ulh rdquizh ohjdfohb pirlhoioti phrh quhomf si isgfthssil hs chzdmhs mi shbdtri. Istis dovistdliotfs istêf mi hjfrmf jfl hbgulhs mhs prfpfsdçùis mi Fsfrdf fksirvhmhs hotirdfrlioti3 h oijissdmhmi mi ulh donrhistruturh, jfl prinirãojdh phrh nirrfvdhs i rfmfvdhs, i f usf ixtiosdvf i dotiosdvf mi tirrdtúrdfs, phrh h hgrdjubturh i ldoirhçêf, rispijtdvhlioti. Hbäl mistis, f nhtf mi sir ul phmrêf jfl ‒vfjhçêf ‒ vfjhçêf ixpfrthmfrh“, jflf misthjh f hutfr, ixdgi ulh

nfrti istruturh il pfrtfs jfl misthqui phrh ^ ^hbphrhìsf hbphrhìsf i Licdbbfois. Dstf pfmi sir jflprfvhmf thlkäl pfr Kbh`ilfri3  ‒F prfgrhlh mi Khblhjimh phrh f misiovfbvdliotf mf Jedbi irh sdlpbis il suh jfojipçêf3 f prfmutf mfs mdridtfs mi ixpfrthçêf mf shbdtri  ‚  htä   htä iotêf h nfoti prdojdphb mh rijidth mf gfvirof  ‚  sirdh   sirdh dovistdmf il fkrhs pókbdjhs i oh imujhçêf, mi lfmf qui

quhomf issh nfoti mijhìssi mivdmf á rimuçêf mhs chzdmhs mi shbdtri, f Jedbi ehvirdh jfoqudsthmf ulh rdquizh istèvib i pfssudrdh futrfs kios prfmutdvfs phrh sukstdtudr f shbdtri.“

81:

 

H jrdhçêf mf  Ldodstirdf mi Domustrdh y Fkrhs Qókbdjhs, liojdfohmf hjdlh, i f nhtf mi ehvir-bei mdrijdfohmf ul frçhliotf jfosdmirèvib ixpbdjh issh pfbìtdjh. F nfrti istìlubf rijikdmf 818 81; QHBLH.

Fp Jdt., p. :;:.  JH[DFBH i ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt., p. ==.   81:  KBH@ILF[I, 847=, p. 5>, hpum QHBLH.

:= 

 

 pibh imujhçêf pfmi sir jflprfvhmf pibf nhtf mi qui, quhomf hssuldu il 855>, fs iosdofs  prdlèrdf i sijuomèrdf siju omèrdf (iqudvhbiotis hf nuomhliothb i lämdf, rispijtdvhlioti) jfothvhl jfl 74 ldb hbuofs. Il 8548, cè jfothvh jfl 891 ldb 81=. Qfrthotf, vilfs h nfrlhçêf mi ulh donrhistruturh ijfoýldjh ohjdfohb hotirdfr á grhomi jrdsi mi 84;4 i jfl ulh pfbìtdjh jbhrhlioti mdrijdfohmh á sukstdtudçêf mhs dlpfrthçùis, jfl h jrdhçêf i dojiotdvf h sitfris domustrdhds ohjdfohds. Futrhs limdmhs tflhmhs hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, mi jhrètir odtdmhlioti prftijdfodsth, nhzil phrti missh rifrdiothçêf rhmdjhb oh istruturh pfbìtdjf-ijfoýldjh mf phìs. Fs grhomis bhtdnuomdèrdfs hbdhrhl-si hfs ilprisèrdfs lhounhturidrfs il nhvfr mi limdmhs prftijdfodsths mhs htdvdmhmis prfmutdvhs ohjdfohds, jflf h lhoutioçêf mhs hbths thrdnhs sfkri hs dlpfrthçùis, frdgdohomf ulh ofvh i pfmirfsh nfrçh pfbìtdjh of phìs. Qhblh ribhth f dlphjtf mh lhoutioçêf misshs thrdnhs3  ‒F isthojhliotf ribhtdvf mhs ixpfrthçùis hgrìjfbhs mipfds mh guirrh Pmf Qhjìndjf\, il

ispijdhb mf trdgf i mh nhrdoeh, i f grhomi hugi mf lirjhmf mf shbdtri bivhrhl f lirjhmf dotirof h sir f nfjf jiotrhb mi fpirhçêf mfs hgrdjubtfris. Qfr isth rhzêf, quhbquir tdpf mi bdldthçêf ás dlpfrthçùis jflpitdtdvhs fs kioindjdhrdh (...), ispijdhblioti il ul pirìfmf of quhb vèrdfs phìsis, dojbudomf h Hrgiotdoh, huliothvhl suh prfmutdvdmhmi hgrìjfbh i quhomf f justf mi trhospfrti misshs dlpfrthçùis i mhs mi ghmf mijrisjdh rhpdmhlioti.“819 

Zigudomf h lislh bdoeh, il 855:, h Zfjdimhm Ohjdfohb mi Hgrdjubturh  prfpýs hf  phrbhliotf qui jfkrhssi dlpfstfs mf ghmf hrgiotdof phrh prftigir-si mh jfojfrrãojdh. Isth dodjdhtdvh irh ulh rispfsth á ixphosêf mh lhbeh nirrfvdèrdh htrhväs mfs Homis, f qui pirldtdu ulh dlpfrthçêf mi 7= ldb jhkiçhs mi ghmf sflioti il 855:, riprisiothomf 79% h lhds qui of hof hotirdfr 81>. Futrhs limdmhs prftijdfodsths tdvirhl bughr oh ijfofldh jedbioh hdomh of ndohb mf säjubf UDU. H lhds mrèstdjh mibhs nfd h bid mi 8547, qui mitirldofu ulh ofvh thrdnhçêf hm vhbfril817  h ulh grhomi vhrdimhmi mi prfmutfs hgrìjfbhs i lhounhturhmfs i ul dlpfstf ndxf  phrh h dlpfrthçêf mi futrfs vdoti i fdtf prfmu prfmutfs, tfs, dojbudomf f ghmf. F dlphjtf misth limdmh limdm h nfd têf grhomi qui, il hpiohs ul hof, hs dlpfrthçùis rimuzdrhl quhsi :1% (h mf ghmf vhjul 81=

 KBH@ILF[I, 847=, p. 57, hpum QHBLH.

819

Fp. Jdt., p. :;7  ‚ :;5.   Dmil, p. :;5.   817  Dlpfstf hm vhbfril3 vhbfril3 dlpfstf sfkri f vhbfr mh lirjhmfrdh. QHBLH. BLH. 81> QH

:9 

 

rimuzdu mi 815 ldb jhkiçhs, il 8549, phrh ;5 ldb, il 8544)  815.

;.8 Edpútisis sfkri f mistdof mhs rijidths mhs ixpfrthçùis Ziguomf Qhblh, til-si ispijubhmf ludtf sfkri h tiothtdvh mi jhbjubhr quhb f lfothoti  pirmdmf pibh ixpfrthçêf mf shbdtri of prfjissf mi riphtrdhçêf mfs vhbfris pibhs jflphoedhs qui jfotrfbhvhl fs odtrhtfs i, pfstirdfrlioti, f jfkri. Ixdsti ul jfosiosf qui, of qui mdz rispidtf hf shbdtri, f vhbfr krutf mi prfmuçêf si mdvdmdh il : phrtis3 justfs mi prfmuçêf, dlpfstf sfkris hs ixpfrthçùis i bujrf mfs ilprisèrdfs iovfbvdmfs814. Jflf cè nfrh trhthmf hotirdfrlioti, h lhdfrdh missis ilprisèrdfs irh istrhogidrf, pfrthotf, ulh grhomi quhotdmhmi mfs ixjimiotis mhs ixpfrthçùis shìh mf Jedbi. Futrh quistêf dlpfrthoti qui mivi sir jfosdmirhmh ä qui, miotrf mfs justfs mi prfmuçêf istêf jflpriiomdmfs fs ghstfs jfl f trhospfrti nirrfvdèrdf i jfl f hkhstijdliotf mi èguh phrh hs ldoirhmfrhs (thotf phrh jfosulf eulhof, quhotf phrh f prfjissf mi bdxdvdhçêf mfs odtrhtfs881). Isths muhs htdvdmhmis isthvhl lhcfrdthrdhlioti sfk jfotrfbi mi ilprisèrdfs krdtëodjfs, f qui jfostdtuìh ul dtil hmdjdfohb mi rilissh mi mdvdshs hf ixtirdfr. Ziguomf, Lhlhbh`ds3  ‒Isth iofrli pirmh mi ixjimiotis mf sitfr ixpfrthmfr ‚  istdlhmh  istdlhmh il quhsi 7% mf QDK ‚  

jfostdtuìh, sil móvdmh, ulh grhomi rimuçêf of vfbuli pftiojdhb mi milhomh hgrighmh qui f sitfr ixpfrthmfr pfmirdh rivirtir phrh fs milhds sitfris mh ijfofldh ohjdfohb. ]il-si ]ilsi ispijubhmf f qui tirdh fjfrrdmf (...) si istis ixjimiotis tdvissil sdmf dovistdmfs oh ijfofldh mf phìs (...) ―i mi ehviril sdmf ushmfs thds rijursfs il dovistdliotfs

dotirofs, jucf jfindjdioti mi dovistdliotf fsjdbhvh iotri 89 i ;1% mf QDK, pfmirdhl ehvir huliothmf h quhotdmhmi oijissèrdh lìodlh phrh f phìs fktir ulh trhosnfrlhçêf 888

hutfssustiothmh“.

 

 Of iothotf, dstf sêf hpiohs jfocijturhs qui, lislf qui bigìtdlhs, oêf jfrrispfomil hf jfotixtf dostdtujdfohb of quhb h ijfofldh mf shbdtri fpirhvh. Il futrhs phbhvrhs, efuvissil fs jhpdthds isthmf ohs lêfs mi ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs oêf eè oioeul domìjdf jfojritf mi qui istis tdvissil mistdohmf fs ixjimiotis mhs ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri hf dovistdliotf dotirof, ehch vdsth qui f ‒dlpärdf“ jfostruìmf pibf dogbãs Cfeo ]. Ofrte nfd ndohojdhmf pfr jhpdthds ohjdfohds htrhväs 815

 QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. ::8.  LHLHBH@DZ, 847>, i NI[OÈOMIS, 8475, hpum QH QHBLH. BLH.

814

881

 Bdxdvdhçêf ä f prfjissf mi ixtrhçêf mi ulh sukstëojdh (oisti jhsf, odtrhtfs) prisioti il jflpfoiotis súbdmfs (rfjehs) htrhväs mh suh mdssfbuçêf oul bìqudmf (èguh). 888  LHLHBH@DZ, 847>, p. 9>, hpum QHBLH. 

:> 

 

mf Khojf mi ^hbphrhìsf. Jfonfrli nfd liojdfohmf hotirdfrlioti pfr Qdotf i Fsúrdf, Qhblh thlkäl hjrisjioth qui  ‒mivdmf á khdxh prfpiosêf edstúrdjh á pfuphoçh i hf dovistdliotf mfs ilprisèrdfs

jedbiofs, ä pfujf prfvèvib qui f lfothoti hmdjdfohb (hf mi ixjimiotis qui efuvissi  pirlhoijdmf of phìs si mistdohssi h dovistdliotfs doväs mi jfosulf) Pmi dlpfrthçùis\.“

88;

 

Hbäl mdssf, ä pfujf prfvèvib qui mdhoti misth sdtuhçêf edpftätdjh, f gfvirof efuvissi dlpfstf iojhrgfs ibivhmfs á ixpfrthçêf mf shbdtri jflf f niz (i qui jeigfu h riprisiothr h lithmi mf ixjimioti mh domóstrdh)88:. Dstf pfmi sir jflprfvhmf si bivhrlfs il jfoth h sdtuhçêf hotirdfr á Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, quhomf fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs isthvhl ohs lêfs mi ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs3  ‒Mismi 85=1 (...) hs ixpfrthçùis mi ldoirhds phghrhl ul lèxdlf mi >% mi dlpfstfs

Pof jhsf mf jfkri\. Oh mäjhmh mi 8571 fs dlpfstfs sfkri dlpfrthçùis iqudvhbdhl , il lämdh, hpiohs 8,=% mf vhbfr vhbfr mhs ixpfrthçùis i jfotrdkuìhl jfl hpiohs :,:% mi hrrijhmhçùis pókbdjhs mdths kruths mf phìs“. 88= 

Qfr isths rhzùis ä mdnìjdb jrir qui f dovistdliotf prdvhmf jrisjissi il ulh prfpfrçêf silibehoti hf ixjimioti ohjdfohb qui, pfrvioturh, tdvissi pirlhoijdmf of phìs, jflf thlkäl ä  pfujf prfvèvib qui f dovistdliotf pókbdjf tdvissi hbjhoçhmf hfs hbtfs vhbfris h qui jeigfu.  Of iothotf, ä mdnìjdb mdnì jdb dmiotdndjhr f qui vidf prdlidrf3 si h doärjdh mfs sitfris prdvhmfs il dovistdr prfvfjfu ulh phrtdjdphçêf lhds initdvh mf Isthmf oh ijfofldh fu vdji-virsh. Qhrh  phçêf isththb oh ijfofldh ä ‒ nrutf mi ulh ritrhçêf mfs sitfris prdvhmfs“ Fsúrdf, h htdvh phrtdjd phçêf , pfds f pisf mf dovistdliotf pókbdjf of dovistdliotf krutf ndxf ä sdgodndjhtdvhlioti lhdfr of

889

Jedbi qui ofs milhds phìsis mh rigdêf. F nhtf ä qui ohs mäjhmhs mi 85>1 i 8571, pfrthotf, hotirdfris á Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, f dlpfstf sfkri hs ixpfrthçùis jeigfu hf lèxdlf iqudvhbioti mi ;,1% mfs vhbfris mhs ixpfrthçùis (85>:) i h 81% mh rijidth ndsjhb kruth (85>>) i il 8411, istis vhbfris jeighrhl h :1% i 91%, rispijtdvhlioti 88>. Dstf fjfrriu pfrqui ‒f Isthmf jedbiof 88;

 Q  QHBLH. HBLH. Fp. Jdt., Jdt., p. :85.  Dmil.

88: 88=

8475, jhp. 8, hpum QH QHBLH BLH.  FZÚ[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. ;4. 88>  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :;=. 889 QHBLH,

:7 

 

hprfprdfu-si mi hprfxdlhmhlioti ul tirçf mf vhbfr krutf mh prfmuçêf Pmi ixpfrthçùis il  girhb\ htrhväs mf dlpfstf ás ixpfrthçùis mf shbdtri, f qui irh iqudvhbioti á lithmi mfs 887

ixjimiotis girhmfs pfr isth htdvdmhmi“ 

. 

Il vhbfris, dstf sdgodndjh qui hotis mh guirrh istis vhbfris ouojh ubtrhphsshrhl hs jil ldb bdkrhs istirbdohs. Cè il 8541 isti vhbfr ubtrhphssfu fs mfds ldbeùis phrh hbjhoçhr jdojf ldbeùis i lidf il 8481. Futrf nhtfr qui mivi sir bivhmf il jfoth ä h mdndjubmhmi mi jflirjdhbdzhçêf dotirohjdfohb qui fs ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs efuvissil iojfotrhmf hf tiothr jfbfjhr siu prfmutf of lirjhmf luomdhb, sdtuhçêf qui si virdndjhvh hotis mh guirrh jfl f jfkri i mipfds misth jfl f shbdtri. Ä prfvèvib qui sil h dotirlimdhçêf, fu of jhsf mf pús-guirrh, sil h phrtdjdphçêf mdrith mi jhpdthds istrhogidrfs jfl ribhçùis donbuiotis il mdtf lirjhmf, hs ixpfrthçùis mi shbdtri oêf efuvissil iojfotrhmf thoths pfrths hkirths á suh jflirjdhbdzhçêf. Mdhoti mf qui istè siomf ixpfstf, pfmilfs iojfotrhr trãs jfojbusùis drrinutèvids. H  prdlidrh ä mi qui oêf eè domìjdf mi qui h phrtdjdphçêf mi ilprisèrdfs istrhogidrfs, jflf C. ].  Ofrte, efuvissi donbuiojdhmf pfsdtdvhlioti h domóstrdh mf shbdtri, hbäl mhs nhjdbdmhmis il dosirdr dosi rdr f prfmutf oh jdrjubhçêf mi lirjhmfrdhs mf jflärjdf dotirohjdfohb. Hphriotilioti, h domóstrdh oêf si kioindjdfu mi tijofbfgdh (jflf nfd vdstf hotirdfrlioti, f prfjissf oêf milhomhvh ludth), oil mi iotrhmh mi jhpdthds, oil mi libefrdhs mi donrhistruturh (hbäl mhs nirrfvdhs, qui thlkäl isthvhl ohs lêfs mi istrhogidrfs) fu quhbquir futrf tdpf mi dovistdliotf qui fs ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs oêf nfssil jhphzis mi rihbdzè-bf. H siguomh, i qui istè ribhjdfohmh jfl h prdlidrh jfojbusêf, ä qui oêf si mivi jfosdmirhr h rilissh mi vhbfris nidths hf ixtirdfr pfr istis ilprisèrdfs istrhogidrfs jflf phrti mi phghliotf pfr ulh iviotuhb jfotrdkudçêf mistis á ijfofldh mf phìs. I pfr óbtdlf, quhbquir qui tioeh sdmf f mistdof mhmf hfs ixjimiotis mhs ixpfrthçùis mi shbdtri (mismi qui isths tdvissil pirlhoijdmf of phìs i lislf qui f siu jfosulf nfssi nidtf pfr ulh ldofrdh mdrdgioti, of jhsf h fbdghrqudh), efuvissi sdmf lhds ótdb  phrh h ijfofldh jedbioh qui h suh pirmh hf ixtirdfr, jflf f niz Ofrte ‒ hf jflprhr tìtubfs mi 885

ofkrizh i pdhofs phrh h [hdoeh ^dtúrdh“ ^dtúrdh“

.

]hlkäl oêf si pfmi midxhr mi jfosdmirhr h pfssdkdbdmhmi mi tumf ehvir pirlhoijdmf quhsi dguhb, ixjitf pibf jfotrfbi mfs odtrhtfs, mhmf f jhrètir ‒phrhsdtèrdf“ mfs ilprisèrdfs 887

QH QHBLH. BLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :;=.    Dmil, p. :;1.

885

:5 

 

jedbiofs h qui Fsúrdf si riniri i hs tiomãojdhs mistis h pfuphr pfujf i dovistdr pfujf oh ijfofldh dotiroh, hbäl mi frdiothr sius ghstfs h kios mi jfosulf (oêf prfmutdvfs) qui, il suh lhdfrdh, irhl dlpfrthmfs. Jflf irh mi si ispirhr, h dosthkdbdmhmi mf lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb qui hnithvh hs ixpfrthçùis mi tilpfs il tilpfs thlkäl tivi ul inidtf hmvirsf oh jhphjdmhmi mf Jedbi il dlpfrthr. Dstf si tfrofu lhds ivdmioti h phrtdr mh Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb quhomf thotf hs ixpfrthçùis, quhotf hs dlpfrthçùis jhìrhl mi ulh lhoidrh sil prijimiotis. H isth ofvh quimh hjrisjiothrhl-si h jrisjioti dosthkdbdmhmi ixtiroh, f misiovfbvdliotf mi sukstdtutfs hf shbdtri, ulh prfgrissdvh trhosnfrlhçêf mh dmifbfgdh ijfoýldjh mfldohoti of phìs, iotri futrhs lumhoçhs pfbìtdjhs i sfjdhds qui f phìs ixpirdliothvh mismi f doìjdf mf säjubf 884. ]umf dstf bivfu h qui 

‒hs trhosnfrlhçùis of phpib mf Isthmf i ohMiprissêf, pfbìtdjh ijfoýldjh, á lhdfrdh mfs  phìsis bhtdof-hlirdjhofs h phrtdr mh Grhomi il 84;4, jfluos nfrhl dotrfmuzdmhs of Jedbi muhs mäjhmhs hotis. H dmidh jiotrhb oh quhb si khsihrhl isshs trhosnfrlhçùis ijfoýldjhs nfd jflpriiomir qui hs ixpfrthçùis sêf, hotis mi tumf, ul lfmf domdritf mi  prfmuzdr dlpfrthçùis“.

8;1

 

Mismi h Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb ndjfu jhmh viz lhds ivdmioti qui irh oijissèrdf  prfmuzdr dotirohlioti ulh phrti jhmh viz lhdfr mfs prfmutfs qui irhl dlpfrthmfs i oêf lhds nhzã-bf mi lhoidrh domdrith, htrhväs mi dlprisjdomìvids ixpfrthçùis. Lhds hdomh, ‒dstf ‒ dstf trhz jfosdgf ul kioinìjdf hmdjdfohb mi ulh prflfçêf mf misiovfbvdliotf lhounhturidrf, jfosdmirhmf pfr ludtfs jflf f idxf mi ul misiovfbvdliotf ijfoýldjf rèpdmf i sustiotèvib mf  phìs““ 8;8.  phìs

Ä pfr isth rhzêf qui, il 848>, huliothrhl-si jfosdmirhviblioti hs thrdnhs mi dlpfrthçêf i qui, oh mäjhmh mi 84;1, nfrhl sigudmhs pfr lhds trãs rivdsùis (84;8, 84;9 i 84;5). Nfd hprfvhmh thlkäl ulh ofvh jfostdtudçêf pfbìtdjh i ulh ofvh bigdsbhçêf trhkhbedsth, huliotfu-si f dovistdliotf il fkrhs pókbdjhs i il ndohojdhliotf mi htdvdmhmis prfmutdvhs, i rihbdzhrhl-si thlkäl ulh särdi mi lumhoçhs ofs ëlkdtfs pfbìtdjf i ijfoýldjf. H initdvdmhmi misshs lumhoçhs milfostrfu-si oh rijupirhçêf tilpfrèrdh mhs ixpfrthçùis oh mäjhmh mi 84;1,

884 8;1 QHBLH.

Fp. Jdt., p. :;;.  Dmil.  8;8  Dkdmil, p. :;:.

:4 

 

hs quhds lhotdvirhl hs hbtirhçùis jdthmhs 8;;. Of iothotf, f qui lhds surpriiomi oh pfbìtdjh ndsjhb jedbioh oêf ä hpiohs f hbtf pirjiotuhb mi dlpfstfs sfkri hs ixpfrthçùis, lhs f nhtf mi qui isth hrrijhmhçêf oêf fjhsdfofu ulh rimuçêf ohs thxhs mi dlpfrthçêf.  Oisths jfomdçùis sirdh mi si ispirhr qui efuvissi ulh grhomi prissêf, sich pfr phrti mfs sitfris ixpfrthmfris fu mfs jfosuldmfris il girhb, hbäl mi jflirjdhotis qui mipiomdhl mi dosulfs qui vdoehl mf ixtirdfr, phrh qui isths thrdnhs sfnrissil hbgulh rimuçêf. Dstf oêf fjfrriu mivdmf h ulh jflkdohçêf mi nhtfris qui tfrohl pijubdhr f prfjissf ijfoýldjf jedbiof. Dodjdhblioti ä prijdsf bilkrhr qui f ‒lftfr“ mf jrisjdliotf ijfoýldjf irh, sil

móvdmh, f sitfr ixpfrthmfr. Dstf si miu pibf nhtf mi qui isth htdvdmhmi irh h óodjh qui oêf si iojfotrhvh ristrdogdmh pibf thlhoef rimuzdmf mf lirjhmf dotirof, mivdmf h qui h domóstrdh lhounhturidrh ohjdfohb oêf irh kil misiovfbvdmh. Oisshs jfomdçùis, lhotir ibivhmfs (fu huliothr hdomh lhds) fs dlpfstfs, thotf phrh hs ixpfrthçùis quhotf phrh hs dlpfrthçùis, sdgodndjhvh jfotdouhr jfl ul vfbuli mi rijidth hbtf, phrh f prdlidrf jhsf, i lhotir oul phthlhr sigurf f vfbuli mi iotrhmh mi prfmutfs istrhogidrfs, phrh f siguomf jhsf. Jfl isths limdmhs, f Jedbi jfosigudu ivdthr ul nioýliof jfoeijdmf jflf h ‒mfioçh efbhomish“

8;:

, huliothomf h

 prfpfrçêf mh milhomh frdiothmh hfs prfmutfs ohjdfohds i ndohojdhomf ul jrisjdliotf mf ghstf  pókbdjf.

;.; H mdvirsdndjhçêf mi htdvdmhmis of jdjbf mf shbdtri, nirrfvdhs i lhistr istrhozhs hozhs  F prfjissf prfmutdvf mi ixtrhçêf i ixpfrthçêf mf shbdtri istivi ribhjdfohmf mdrithlioti h mfds dojiotdvfs dlpfrthotis3 ul mibis nfd h hqudsdçêf mi dosulfs i lhqudohrdh prfmuzdmfs of  phìs i f lhds dlpfrthoti nfd f dovistdliotf il ulh ixtiosh rimi nirrfvdèrdh i fkrhs pfrtuèrdhs  phrh nhjdbdthr f isjfhliotf mh prfmuçêf 8;=. H nfrlhçêf mi ulh istruturh domustrdhb dojdpdioti fkimiji h ulh jirth pirdfmdzhçêf  phmrêf oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh, ilkfrh ibh sich mdnirioti il jhmh ul mfs sius phìsis pibhs rhzùis 8;;

 Dmil.  H ‒mfioçh efbhomish“ (il isphoefb, ‒sìomrfli efbhomãs“) ä ul tirlf utdbdzhmf phrh misdgohr f inidtf qui ulh ijfofldh mi jhrètir prdlèrdf ixpfrthmfr til quhomf isth sfnri ul rèpdmf hugi, prfvfjhomf ulh jfotrhçêf of siu sitfr lhounhturidrf. F ofli ä mhmf il nuoçêf hf jhsf efbhomãs mh mäjhmh mi 8471, quhomf h misjfkirth mi

8;:

gès ohturhb fjhsdfofu thb ritrhçêf il siu sitfr lhounhturidrf. lhounhturidrf. Ziguomf, Qhblh, dstf pfmi sir s ir ivdthmf huliothomf f jfosulf dotirof, htrhväs htrhväs mi ulh pfbìtdjh ndsjhb htdvh (QHBLH. (QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :1;).   8;=  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :8:.

=1 

 

doiriotis h jhmh ul mistis. Biwds dmiotdndjh vèrdfs ‒sukpirìfmfs“ mi jhrètir jfotdoiothb oissi

 prfjissf mi nfrlhçêf. Ziguomf ibi, ib i, ä pfssìvib dmiotdndjhr hf liofs trãs3   ‒Qrdlidrf, hs mäjhmhs dlimdhthlioti

hpús hs guirrhs mi domipiomãojdh (...) i qui ä ul

 pirìfmf mi ixpfrthçùis, hcustis mh prfmuçêf ohjdfohb. Ziguomf, h äpfjh jbèssdjh ixphosêfkhsdjhlioti domuzdmh pibhs mismi 8571 htä h Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb, quimiä ul pirìfmf hssfjdhmf jfl h lfmirodzhçêf dostdtujdfohb, dostdtujdfohb, h jrdhçêf mi ulh donrhistruturh i h ixphosêf mh milhomh qui miu frdgil h ul lirjhmf mi kios mi jfosulf i kios mi jhpdthb. ]irjidrf, f pirìfmf jflpriiomdmf iotri h Qrdlidrh Guirrh Luomdhb i h Grhomi Miprissêf Pmi 84;4\, qui si jhrhjtirdzfu pibhs lumhoçhs fjfrrdmhs thotf oh isjhbh mi nhkrdjhçêf, jflf oh jflpfsdçêf mh prfmuçêf domustrdhb.“

8;9

 

 Of jhsf mf Jedbi, isth tirjidrh nhsi si miu of doìjdf mf säjubf, f qui milfostrh f jhrètir  prijfji mi ulh domustrdhbdzhçêf, ioquhotf qui il futrfs futrf s phìsis h siguomh siguom h nhsi si mhrdh hpiohs h  phrtdr mh mäjhmh mi 84;1. Hssdl lislf, issh domustrdhbdzhçêf dojdpdioti jedbioh hdomh hprisiothvh ul lfmibf rumdliothr, mi lhounhturhs piquiohs. Ziguomf Biwds, ‒il ‒ il 848=, fs isthkibijdliotfs qui ilprighvhl liofs mi jdojf trhkhbehmfris jfotdouhvhl riprisiothomf lhds mh lithmi mhs lhounhturhs prfmuzdmhs of Jedbi“

8;> 

. Qhrh f hutfr, f phpib jiotrhb mh

domóstrdh oh prfmuçêf ohjdfohb sflioti si mhrdh iotri 848= i 84:>. Of iothotf, hdomh oêf si jeigfu h ulh rispfsth si issh domustrdhbdzhçêf nfd ul ‒prfgrissf doivdtèvib mh irh mfs odtrhtfs“  fu ul ‒rinbixf ‒rinbixf mf nrègdb prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf mhs prdlidrhs mäjhmhs mf säjubf“ säjubf “

8;7

.

Hs lumhoçhs oh donrhistruturh lhounhturidrh qui mhrdhl doìjdf h issi prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf tdvirhl doìjdf oh jrdsi mi 857:, qui istdlubfu h prfmuçêf dotiroh. Zilpri qui f sitfr ixpfrthmfr jflprflitdh h iotrhmh mi rijidths, f gfvirof bhoçhvh lêf mi ulh pfbìtdjh lfoitèrdh ixphosdfodsth i mi ul huliotf ohs thrdnhs hmuhoidrhs phrh rijupirhr hs suhs ndohoçhs. Issi prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf il suh nhsi ilkrdfoèrdh sfnriu ulh dotirrupçêf murhoti h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf i sflioti sirdh ritflhmf oh pfbìtdjh mi dovistdliotfs pókbdjfs, mf  prisdmioti Cfsä Lhouib Khblhjimh, mhomf siquãojdh siqu ãojdh hf prfjissf dodjdhmf of gfvirof hotirdfr, mi Lhouib Lfott. H hgrdjubturh rijikiu ul grhomi istìlubf mh domóstrdh mf shbdtri, pfds istivi ribhjdfohmh jfl ulh pfbìtdjh mf gfvirof mi hkhstijir h rigdêf hf ofrti htrhväs mh prfmuçêf ohjdfohb i oêf

8;9 8;> BIWDZ.

Fp Jdt., p. ;:: ‚ ;:=.  QHBLH, 8459, hpum BIWDZ. 8;7  BIWDZ. Fp. Jdt., p. ;=;. 

=8 

 

jfl dlpfrthçùis8;5. Dojfrpfrhrhl-si ofvfs jubtdvfs, jhohds mi drrdghçêf nfrhl jfostruìmfs, i, hjdlh mi tumf, huliotfu h jfbfodzhçêf i ixpbfrhçêf ijfoýldjh oh rigdêf mh Hrhujhoìh (jiotrfsub mf Jedbi). Oissh rigdêf misiovfbvdh-si f jubtdvf mi trdgf, dosthbhvhl-si lfdoefs, sirrhrdhs,  khojfs, itj. ]umf oh limdmh il qui hs nirrfvdhs dhl istiomiomf-si istiomiomf -si oh mdriçêf sub. Issi pirìfmf pir ìfmf ä jrujdhb oh nfrlhçêf mh istruturh hgrèrdh ohjdfohb, pfstf qui issh ixtiosh rigdêf irh ehkdthmh  pibfs ìomdfs lhpujeis i nfd jfbfodzhmh pfr jedbiofs i dldgrhotis. Ioquhmrhl-si of lislf jhsf hs rigdùis mi Quoth Hriohs i mf Istridtf mi Lhghbeêis, of ixtrilf sub mf Jedbi, jfosfbdmhomf-si isth óbtdlh jflf ulh vhbdfsh èrih mi jrdhçêf mi ghmf. Il 855= nfd jrdhmh h  Ilprish mi Nirrfjhrrdbis mib Isthmf , qui uodndjfu hs nirrfvdhs mi Zhotdhgf h ^hbphrhìsf i hs mf sub mf phìs. Murhoti h hmldodstrhçêf mi Khblhjimh nfrhl hlpbdhmhs mi lfmf sdgodndjhtdvf hs nirrfvdhs, hs istrhmhs, jfostruìrhl-si pfotis, dodjdhrhl-si hs dosthbhçùis mi bdoehs tibinýodjhs i rimis mi dbuldohçêf pókbdjh, nfrhl jfostruìmfs efspdthds i 8;4

efuvi sdgodndjhtdvfs dovistdliotfs il tfmfs fs oìvids mh imujhçêf . Il hpiohs ulh mäjhmh, f ghstf il dovistdliotfs pókbdjfs quhmrupbdjfu, ioquhotf qui f dovistdliotf oh imujhçêf huliotfu fdtf vizis8:1.  Of qui thogi ás nirrfvdhs mf ofrti, pfmi-si tir ulh mdliosêf lhds hprfxdlhmh si jfosdmirhrlfs qui hs chzdmhs isthvhl bfjhbdzhmhs hf bfogf mi ulh pbhoìjdi jfl lhds mi = ldb qudbýlitrfs quhmrhmfs mi ixtiosêf, iotri fs phrhbibfs 84± i ;>±. Iotri 85>5 i 8579, ulh ilprish piruhoh jfostrudu muhs dlpfrthotis bdoehs3 h mi Dqudqui i Qdshguh. Hpús h guirrh, mivdmf á rèpdmh ixphosêf mf shbdtri, jrdhrhl-si vèrdhs ilprishs nirrfvdèrdhs, h lhdfrdh mi  prfprdimhmi krdtëodjh8:8. Isths quhsi trdpbdjhrhl h qudbflitrhgil mhs bdoehs il qudozi hofs,  phsshomf mi >91 `l il 8579 phrh 8.>=1 `l, il 8541. H phrtdr mi iotêf h rimi prdvhmh mi nirrfvdhs oêf si ristrdogdh ás rigdùis shbdtridrhs mf ofrti, ibh dojbuìh thlkäl hs ldohs mi jhrvêf hf sub i, il 84;1, suh ixtiosêf jeighvh h :.>11 `l 8:;. ]rãs jhrhjtirìstdjhs lirijil misthqui sfkri h lhbeh nirrfvdèrdh. Il prdlidrf bughr, fs ilprisèrdfs krdtëodjfs tdvirhl jfomdçùis mi ixirjir ul lfofpúbdf sfkri hs nirrfvdhs. Mivdmf á quhotdmhmi i á dlpfrtëojdh mh jhrgh trhospfrthmh, ndxhvhl vhbfris jfonfrli sius dotirissis phrh 8;5

 QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :8:.  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :8:.

8;4 8:1

p. :;7.    Dkdmil, p. :8=. 8:;  Dkdmil, p. :8= ‚ :89. 8:8 Dmil,

=; 

 

f trhospfrti mi lirjhmfrdhs issiojdhds hf hkhstijdliotf mhs rigdùis mf shbdtri (hbdliotfs, nirrhlioths, lhqudoèrdf, jflkustìvids i trhkhbehmfris). Hfs prfmutfris, thlkäl krdtëodjfs, oêf efuvi hbtirohtdvh sioêf hrjhr jfl issis justfs. Istis, cuotf jfl f gfvirof jedbiof, ixdgdhl nritis lhds khrhtfs h ndl mi rimuzdr fs justfs i pfmir huliothr suhs viomhs htrhväs mi priçfs lhds jflpitdtdvfs. Fs ilprisèrdfs mf rhlf nirrfvdèrdf thlkäl vdshvhl hf bujrf. Qfrthotf,  prfmutfris, ilprisèrdfs i f gfvirof jedbiof tdoehl f lislf fkcitdvf. Isti jefqui mi dotirissis dotiriss is mhrdh frdgil h jfonbdtfs qui, miotrf mi ul jfotixtf edstúrdjf, tdvirhl dlpfrthoti sdgodndjhmf of  pirìfmf mi mijbìodf mf shbdtri8::. Il siguomf bughr, hs jflphoedhs nirrfvdèrdhs ‒mdvdmdrhl“ hs domóstrdhs shbdtridrhs il èrihs gifgrèndjhs pirnidthlioti mibdldthmhs, ‒ibdldohomf misth nfrlh h jfojfrrãojdh iotri sd“

8:=

  (vir ndgurhs : i =, p. 99 i 9>, rispijtdvhlioti). Qfr óbtdlf, i jflf

jfosiquãojdh mh sdtuhçêf hotirdfr, jrdfu-si ulh ‒mipiomãojdh lótuh“, fomi jflphoedhs nirrfvdèrdhs i domóstrdhs shbdtridrhs mipiomdhl ulhs mhs futrhs phrh h suh lhoutioçêf. Hpishr mhs ristrdçùis hprisiothmhs, ä doigèvib h dlpfrtëojdh mh jrdhçêf mi ulh ixtiosh rimi nirrfvdèrdh phrh f trhospfrti mi lirjhmfrdhs, isjfhliotf mh prfmuçêf i trhospfrti mi trhkhbehmfris. H jfostruçêf mi nirrfvdhs (i thlkäl pfrtfs) istè hssfjdhmh á dotigrhçêf mh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh hf lirjhmf luomdhb i hmqudrdu nfrçh h phrtdr mh mäjhmh mi 8571. H lfmirodzhçêf mh donrhistruturh, ispijdhblioti h mfs trhospfrtis, nfd ulh jfosiqu ãojdh mfs ‒rdgfris mh jfojfrrãojdh istrhogidrh“

8:9

.

Hbäl mf misiovfbvdliotf ijfoýldjf, hs nirrfvdhs nfrhl rispfosèvids pibf surgdliotf mi futrf tdpf mi domóstrdh pishmh, hs lhistrhozhs3 fndjdohs lijëodjhs phrh riphrfs i thlkäl mi dosthbhçùis phrh lhoutioçêf i prfmuçêf mi piçhs mi ripfsdçêf phrh bfjflftdvhs i vhgùis8:>. Of qui mdz rispidtf hf Jedbi, istumfs 8:7  milfostrhl qui, mdniriotilioti mh litrúpfbi, hs lhistrhozhs  nfrhl rispfosèvids thlkäl pibh prfmuçêf mi vhgùis i bfjflftdvhs, kil jflf

jhbmidrhs, thoquis (phrh hrlhziohliotf i trhospfrti mi bìqudmfs, jflf èguh i jflkustìvib) i 8::

  ZF]F J., H. Donbuiojdh Krdtèodjh io ib Zhbdtri  ‚   ‚  frdgio, ohturhbizh y mijhmiojdh. 8 im. Zhotdhgf3 Imdtfrdhb Yodvirsdmhm mi Zhotdhgf, 8445. p. 8;;. 8:=  Dmil. 8:9  BIWDZ. Fp. Jdt., p. ;:5. 8:>  GYHCH[MF Z., G. Bh lhistrhozh nirrfvdhrdh y bús frìgiois mi bh domustrdh lithblijèodjh il Hlärdjh Bhtdoh3

‒lätfmfs donirdfris“, donirdfris“, tijofbfgdh y prfmujjdúo il Läxdjf y Jedbi, jh. 8591 ‚ 8591  ‚ 8541.  8541. Läxdjf, ;11>, ;>p. Mdspfoìvib il  il ettp3//www.mfjutrio.jfl/hrjedvfs/lhbhgh/pmn/^D8;.pmn  . Hjissf il 18 ofv. ;18:. 8:7  Istumfs mfs óbtdlfs vdoti hofs, siguomf Guhchrmf. 

=: 

 

 piçhs mi m i ripfsdçêf. F doìjdf missh prfmuçêf p rfmuçêf si mmiu iu oh mäjhmh mi 8591 85 91 i, il 8551, 855 1, nfd hssuldmh  pfr ilprishs ispijdhbdzhmhs mi dldgrhotis8:5 qui lumhrhl f pirndb mh lithburgdh jedbioh phrh, oh mäjhmh mi 84;1, jfosfbdmhr-si ul sitfr mi nfroijimfris bfjhds. Dstf si miu hotirdfrlioti h futrfs  phìsis mh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh, jflf f Läxdjf, pfr ixilpbf, fomi h prfmuçêf si miu h phrtdr mh mäjhmh mi 8541. Hs lhistrhozhs  bfjhbdzhvhl-si il pfotfs mi grhomi jfojiotrhçêf pfpubhjdfohb i il jiotrfs phrh fomi jfovirgdh f trènigf mhs nirrfvdhs, thds jflf Zhotdhgf i ^hbphrhìsf. H lhds dlpfrthotis mibhs, h lhistrhozh  mh isthçêf  Khrúo, il ^hbphrhìsf, pirtiojioti á jflphoedh  Nirrfjhrrdbis  Nirrfjhrr dbis Zhotdhgf ^hbphrhìsf (NJZ^), jfojiotrhvh, il 8579, jirjh mi 91% mfs shbèrdfs mi

tfmh h ilprish8:4. Zi, pfr ul bhmf, isshs domóstrdhs oêf tdoehl ul jhrètir mi prfmuçêf mi grhomi vfbuli i thlpfujf mi prfmuçêf il särdi8=1, mivdmf á suh bfjhbdzhçêf i á lhssh bhkfrhb qui hkrhogdh, isths fndjdohs milhomhvhl ul grhomi vfbuli mi hbdliotfs, tãxtids, utiosìbdfs mflästdjfs, iotri futrfs, phrh f hkhstijdliotf missh pfpubhçêf. Qhrhbibf h issh domóstrdh, ehvdh thlkäl f sitfr rispfosèvib pibh prfmuçêf mi úbifs bukrdndjhotis domustrdhds i lhqudoèrdf phrh hs ldohs. ]fmhs ]fmhs isths cè isth isthkibijdmhs kibijdmhs of doìjdf mf sä säjubf jubf UU8=8. Murhoti h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf hs htdvdmhmis mhs fndjdohs nfrhl utdbdzhmhs oh lhoutioçêf mfs iqudphliotfs mdspioshmfs phrh f isnfrçf mi guirrh, thds jflf riphrf mi khrjfs, jhbmidrhs i futrfs iqudphliotfs hssfjdhmfs. Il risulf, hs lhistrhozhs nirrfvdèrdhs jflkdohrhl prfmuçêf, sirvdçfs mi lhoutioçêf, ripfsdçêf mi piçhs i lfothgil mi iqudphliotfs dlpfrthmfs. Ibhs riprisiothrhl hs prdlidrhs prfmuçùis i dlphjtfs domustrdhds mhs nirrfvdhs of Jedbi. Mivdmf hf siu jhrètir nbixìvib jfosigudhl htiomir ás mdvirshs milhomhs hbäl mhs liojdfohmhs hjdlh, jflf nhkrdjhçêf mi vhgùis i bfjflftdvhs i hpfdf á domóstrdh käbdjh, ixirjiomf grhomi donbuãojdh oh domóstrdh lithbórgdjh jedbioh. Il suh fkrh sfkri khsis mi domustrdhbdzhçêf rigdfohds oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh 8=;, Guhchrmf 8:5

 ]hotf Guhchrmf quhotf Biwds nhzil rinirãojdh á dlpfrtëojdh mh donbuãojdh mi dldgrhotis iurfpius oêf hpiohs oh ispijdhbdzhçêf mi domóstrdhs cè ixdstiotis, lhs thlkäl of huliotf mh prfmuçêf htrhväs mh dosthbhçêf mi ofvfs isthkibijdliotfs isthkibijdlio tfs ofs lhds lhd s mdvirsfs sitfris. 8:4  GYHCH[MF. Fp. Jdt., ;11>. 8=1  Dmil. 8=8  BIWDZ. Fp. Jdt., p. ;=;.  8=;  GYHCH[MF, G. [igdfois, isbhkfohldiotfs y prfmujjdúo domustrdhb3 hbguohs bijjdfois jflphrhtdvhs mi Läxdjf y Jedbi jfo rispijtf h bhs khsis rigdfohbis mi bh domustrdhbdzhjdúo bhtdofhlirdjhoh il bfs sdgbfs UDU y UU. Do3 Qrdlidrhs Cfrohmhs mi Edstúrdh [igdfohb Jflphrhmh  ‚ Nuomhçêf mi Ijfofldh i Isthtìstdjh (NII) mf [df Grhomi mf Zub. Qfrtf Hbigri, ;111. Hohds... Qfrtf Hbigri3 NII, ;111. Mdspfoìvib il

== 

 

 prfpùi qui h prfmuçêf nirrfvdèrdh (vhgùis i bfjflftdvhs, jhbmidrhs, piçhs mi ripfsdçêf, itj) nfrlfu dlpfrthotis pfbfs domustrdhds fs quhds prfvfjhrhl f misiovfbvdliotf mi ulh prfmuçêf jfl vìojubfs ‒ phrh très“, jfonfrli mindodçêf mi Qhblh

8=:

. Il futrhs phbhvrhs, hs lhistrhozhs 

istdlubhvhl h ijfofldh ohjdfohb of istègdf prävdf mi suh prfmuçêf jflf fkrhs mi donrhistruturh, h milhomh mi hbdliotfs phrh fs trhkhbehmfris i h prfmuçêf mi dosulfs i lhqudohrdh phrh hs fpirhçùis mhs jflphoedhs nirrfvdèrdhs. Dstf si mhvh pibh pfrqui isths jfothvhl jfl ulh ‒grhomi dotiosdmhmi tijofbúgdjh i jhphjdmhmis domustrdhds misiovfbvdmhs“ 8==

, hs quhds hjhkhvhl siomf trhosnirdmhs phrh f lidf rurhb, prfvfjhomf ul misiovfbvdliotf of

sitfr hgrìjfbh lhds mf qui of sitfr ldoidrf 8=9. Qfrthotf, Guhchrmf miniomi qui f misiovfbvdliotf misti sitfr lithbórgdjf oêf si miu thotf pibf dovistdliotf mdritf mfs jhpdthds istrhogidrfs ohs ixpfrthçùis mi ldoirhds, jflf hssdohbhl Jhrdfbh i Zuo`ib8=>, lhs sdl pibf misiovfbvdliotf hgrèrdf. F Jedbi jfotfu jfl ulh  prijfji domóstrdh mi iqudphliotfs nirrfvdèrdfs mismi lihmfs mf säjubf UDU, jucf lirjhmf nfd f mi fkrhs pókbdjhs i nirrfvdhs oh rigdêf jiotrhb i sub mf phìs, f qui pirldtdu h jfosfbdmhçêf mi ul lirjhmf dotigrhmf, uodomf hs zfohs prfmutfrhs hgrìjfbhs h isshs rigdùis i thlkäl hf ofrti 8=7. Iotri 8559 i 8484, 44% mfs vhgùis nhkrdjhmfs of Jedbi nfrhl prfmuzdmfs ohs rigdùis mf jiotrf i mf sub (iotri ^hbphrhìsf i Quirtf Lfott), hs quhds nfrhl jhrhjtirdzhmhs pibh hgrdjubturh i jfbfodzhçêf, pfrthotf, of ixtrilf fpfstf mf ofrti ldoirhmfr

8=5

ettp3//www ettp3//www.nii. .nii.tjei.kr/sdtin tjei.kr/sdtinii/mfwobfhm/cfrohmhs/8/s5h;.pmn  ii/mfwobfhm/cfrohmhs/8/s5h;.pmn  . Hjissf il 18 ofv. ;18:. 8=:  ‚  QHBLH. Fp. Jdt., p. :1=  :19. 8==  GYHCH[MF, Fp. Jdt., ;111. 8=9  Dmil. 8=> JH[DFBH 8=7

i ZYO@IB. Fp. Jdt.    GYHCH[MF, Fp. Jdt., ;111. 8=5  Dmil. 

=9 

.

 

:. Jfojbusêf Mismi f doìjdf mi suh nfrlhçêf jflf Isthmf Ohjdfohb, f Jedbi hprisiotfu hspijtfs  pijubdhris si jflphrhmfs jfl futrfs phìsis mh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh. F siu jhrhjtirìstdjf dsfbhliotf gifgrèndjf trfuxi jfosdgf futrf tdpf mi dsfbhliotf murhoti f mflìodf jfbfodhb isphoefb, f  pfbìtdjf, f qui niz jfl qui h ibdti mfldohoti jfbfodhb, jehlhmh mi hrdstfjrhjdh jrdfbbh8=4 ,  kusjhssi, hpús f pirìfmf mi domipiomãojdh, lidfs phrh isthkibijir suh eigilfodh rigdfohb. H sukfrmdohçêf hf ^dji-ridohmf mf Qiru i, pfstirdfrlioti, hf ^dji-ridohmf mf Qrhth lhotdvirhl murhoti hofs f Jedbi jflf ul lirf jiotrf mi hkhstijdliotf phrh hs ldohs mi Qftfsì, of Hbtf Qiru (efci Kfbìvdh)891. Jfl f dotudtf siphrhr-si mf pfmir jiotrhb, issh ibdti prfvfjfu ul mdsthojdhliotf jfl h litrúpfbi, Isphoeh, i ulh jfosiquioti hprfxdlhçêf jfl h Dogbhtirrh, f qui hjhkfu dotrfmuzdomf dmihds bdkirhds of sidf mh sfjdimhmi jedbioh, jubldohomf jfl h domipiomãojdh mf phìs il 8581. H rèpdmh isthkdbdmhmi pfbìtdjh (iotiomh-si, sil grhomis mdspuths dotirohs fu rigdfohds) qui si sigudu of doìjdf mh mäjhmh mi 85:1, hpús f prfjissf mi ilhojdphçêf, ä futrh  pijubdhrdmhmi qui liriji misthqui. Jfl ulh phrtdjdphçêf htdvh mf Isthmf, issh isthkdbdmhmi riomiu hf Jedbi ulh prfspirdmhmi ijfoýldjh htrhväs mh dosirçêf mi prfmutfs of lirjhmf dotirohjdfohb, qui si iojfotrhvh of hugi. Dstf jfondgurhrdh h ijfofldh jedbioh jflf ulh mhs ijfofldhs qui jfosigudu ulh dotigrhçêf lhds rèpdmh i prfnuomh hf lirjhmf luomdhb hpús fs  prfjissfs mi domipiomãojdh 898. Qfräl, hpishr missi tdpf mi dotigrhçêf ehvir trhzdmf kioinìjdfs, trfuxi thlkäl rdsjfs. Ylh ijfofldh pirdnärdjh vdojubhmh h ulh ijfofldh jiotrhb htrhväs mi prfmutfs ispijìndjfs, sil fpçùis phrh jfotrhkhbhoçhr pfssìvids jrdsis fu quimhs ofs priçfs mistis, istè jfosthotilioti vuboirèvib ás fsjdbhçùis missi lirjhmf. H prfspirdmhmi fktdmh pibf lirjhmf jedbiof sfnrirdh  krusjhs vhrdhçùis murhoti hs mäjhmhs mäj hmhs sigudotis. Isti jhrètir ‒irrètdjf“, jflf jf lf hpfotfu hpf otfu Fsfrdf

89;

,

ä futrh mhs lhrjhs mh edstúrdh ijfoýldjh mf Jedbi. Isti hugi dodjdhmf oh mäjhmh mi 85:1 mijbdohrdh hf ndohb mi 85>1, phrh hgrhvhr-si jfl h jrdsi mi 857:. 8=4

 F tirlf jrdfbbf jrdfbbf misdgoh  misdgoh fs ndbefs mi iurfpius ohsjdmfs of jfotdoioti jfotdoioti hlirdjhof.  GYHSSIBBD, J. H jrdsi mf sdstilh jfbfodhb i f prfjissf mi domipiomãojdh. Do3 WHZZI[LHO, J. (Frg.) Edstúrdh mh

891

Hlärdjh bhtdoh3 jdojf säjubfs. = im. Qfrtf Hbigri3 Imdtfrh Imdtfrh mh YN[GZ, ;181. ;18 1. p. 89;. 898

 CFKI], 845;, p. 99, hpum FZF[DF.  CFKI],  FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. ;9.  

89;

=> 

 

Murhoti issi jfotixtf mi jrdsi qui si istiomirdh htä fs hofs 8551, f shbdtri surgdu jflf f prfmutf qui shbvhrdh f phìs mh jrdsi i f jfbfjhrdh jflf lhdfr ixpfrthmfr mf ldoirhb il tfmf f luomf. H hbtirohtdvh nfd pibh hprfprdhçêf mfs tirrdtúrdfs piruhofs i kfbdvdhofs qui jfotdoehl hs lhdfris chzdmhs ohturhds mi shbdtri mf luomf. H phrtdr missi lfliotf f Jedbi jfoeijirdh ul hugi ijfoýldjf sil prijimiotis, pfräl oêf htrhväs mhs rijidths prfviodiotis mdrithlioti mhs ixpfrthçùis missi ldoirhb, jflf irh mi si ispirhr, lhs sdl htrhväs mfs dlpfstfs jfkrhmfs sfkri isshs ixpfrthçùis, cè qui fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs oh ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri oêf irhl lhds mi ilprisèrdfs jedbiofs. Istis ehvdhl phsshmf phrh f jfotrfbi mi ilprisèrdfs istrhogidrfs (lhcfrdthrdhlioti dogbisis) hpús h guirrh. F jhrètir lirhlioti ixtrhtdvdsth i sil riquirir grhomis dovistdliotfs tijofbúgdjfs, ehch vdsth qui hs chzdmhs iojfotrhvhl-si h jäu hkirtf, fjhsdfohrhl ulh ritrhçêf of pirndb ilpriiomimfr mf ilprishrdhmf jedbiof, f quhb fptfu pfr ulh lumhoçh oh fktioçêf mi sius riomdliotfs. H phrtdr mf hugi ixpfrthmfr mf shbdtri issis ilprisèrdfs fpthrhl lhds pfr hprfprdhr-si mfs rijursfs prfmuzdmfs pibf shbdtri mf qui dovistdr oh prfmuçêf lhounhturidrh ohjdfohb, hf qui Fsfrdf si rinirdu jflf ulh ‒vfjhçêf phrhsdtèrdh“ 89: missh jbhssi. Muhs jfosdmirhçùis lirijil misthqui sfkri isth quistêf3 il prdlidrf bughr, lislf mdhoti mh doärjdh mf sitfr ilprishrdhb jedbiof, h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf istdlubfu f surgdliotf mi lhounhturhs h ndl mi hkhstijir f isnfrçf mi guirrh (silpri htrhväs mh phrtdjdphçêf htdvh mf Isthmf). Isti dojiotdvf si miu prdojdphblioti htrhväs mf sitfr nhkrdb (vistuèrdf, jhbçhmfs), trhospfrti (nirrfvdèrdf) i hbdliothçêf (hgrdjubturh). Istis sigliotfs, hbäl mi sirvdril phrh hksfrvir ulh grhomi lhssh mi lêf mi fkrh misilprighmh, qui mismi h jrdsi mh mäjhmh mi 8571 sú vdoeh huliothomf, hdomh sirvdu phrh f hbdsthliotf cuotf hf ixärjdtf. Bfgf, ä pfssìvib pirjikir oisti lfliotf hs khsis mi ul dojdpdioti prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr hf säjubf UU. Lislf oêf rijikiomf sdgodndjhtdvfs istìlubfs htä h mäjhmh mi 8411, isths lhounhturhs sirêf rispfosèvids pfr lhotir htdvh h khsi prfmutdvh qui pirldtdrè ixpbdjhr, il phrti, f pfrquã mi, hpishr mi hprisiothr ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi, f Jedbi jfosigudu hprisiothr hs khsis phrh ul  prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr h 84:1, hf jfotrèrdf mi phìsis jfl iojbhvi, thds jflf Iquhmfr, Qiru, Kfbìvdh, Jukh, iotri futrfs.  

Il siguomf bughr, i mi ixtrilh dlpfrtëojdh phrh hs jfosdmirhçùis ndohds misti istumf, hbguos hutfris, jflf ä f jhsf mi Jhrdfbh i Zuo`ib, tiomil h ixhgirhr h dlpfrtëojdh mhs 89:

 FZF[DF. Fp. Jdt., p. =5.

=7 

 

ixpfrthçùis mi shbdtri oh ixphosêf mf sitfr nirrfvdèrdf i, jfosiquiotilioti, f lithbórgdjf. Futrfs, jflf Guhchrmf, miniomil qui f misiovfbvdliotf misti sitfr lithb-lijëodjf oêf si miu thotf pibf dovistdliotf mdritf mfs jhpdthds istrhogidrfs ohs ixpfrthçùis mi ldoirhds, lhs sdl  pibf misiovfbvdliotf hgrèrdf. F Jedbi jfotfu jfl ulh prijfji domóstrdh mi iqudphliotfs nirrfvdèrdfs mismi lihmfs mf säjubf UDU, jucf lirjhmf nfd f mi fkrhs pókbdjhs i nirrfvdhs oh rigdêf jiotrhb i sub mf phìs, f qui pirldtdu h jfosfbdmhçêf mi ul lirjhmf dotigrhmf, uodomf hs zfohs prfmutfrhs hgrìjfbhs h isshs rigdùis i thlkäl ás ldohs hf ofrti

89=

. Qfrthotf, hpishr mh

oijissdmhmi mi jfostrudr ulh lhbeh nirrfvdèrdh phrh htiomir f isjfhliotf mh prfmuçêf mi shbdtri of ofrti mf phìs, isth thlkäl si lfstrhvh oijissèrdh oh mdriçêf jiotrf-sub h ndl mi hkhstijir tfmhs hs zfohs prfmutdvhs mf Jedbi 899. Dstf istè mi hjfrmf jfl f jfojidtf prfpfstf oh dotrfmuçêf misti trhkhbef, f mi  phmrêf mi riprfmuçêf mf jhpdthb , nfrlubhmf pfr Lhrdod i misiovfbvdmf pfr Fsfrdf, qui istdpubh qui f

 phmrêf hgrfldoidrf ixpfrthmfr pirldti ‒mdstdogudr muhs rihbdmhmis vdojubhmhs“ , ulh mhs quhds mdz rispidtf hf ‒usf dotiosdvf mf tirrdtúrdf phrh h prfmuçêf“ . Isti jhsf ä f qui si hpbdjh hfs iojbhvis ldoidrfs, of jhsf misti istumf, á ixpbfrhçêf mf shbdtri. F jfojidtf thlkäl liojdfoh h oijissdmhmi mi ulh donrhistruturh mi trhospfrtis qui bdgui hs èrihs mi prfmuçêf ás zfohs mi isjfhliotf, jflf nirrfvdhs i pfrtfs. F jhsf jedbiof thlkäl fkimiji h isti jrdtärdf. Il risulf, f jdjbf mf shbdtri of jfotixtf edstúrdjf jedbiof ä mi nuomhliothb dlpfrtëojdh phrh hs frdgios mf prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf mf phìs. Lislf ehviomf  prfpfrjdfohmf hs jfomdçùis phrh h dosthbhçêf mi ulh ijfofldh mi iojbhvi, qui nfd nhvfrijdmh  pfr ulh istruturh ijfoýldjh i sfjdhb prä-ixdstioti, f Jedbi jfosigudu lhotir hs khsis mi ulh domóstrdh lhounhturidrh qui, si oêf si misiovfbviu jflf pfmirdh ehvã-bf nidtf bfgf hpús h Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf, fktivi sujissf il si lhotir htdvh, lislf qui mi lhoidrh tìldmh, i oêf mishphrijiu mf lirjhmf. H htdvh phrtdjdphçêf mf Isthmf nfd mitirldohoti oh lhoutioçêf mh isthkdbdmhmi ijfoýldjh mf phìs pfr dotirlämdf mi limdmhs prftijdfodsths i dovistdliotfs il donrhistruturh, prdojdphblioti quhomf fs jhpdthds dovistdmfs oêf irhl lhds ohjdfohds. Htrhväs mi 89=

 GYHCH[MF, Fp. Jdt., ;111.  Fs jhpdthds krdtëodjfs thlkäl ixirjirhl ixirjirhl suh primfldoëojdh of sitfr nirrfvdèrdf. Ndxhvhl vhbfris jfonfrli sius dotirissis phrh f trhospfrti mi lirjhmfrdhs issiojdhds hf hkhstijdliotf mhs rigdùis mf shbdtri (hbdliotfs, nirrhlioths, lhqudoèrdf, jflkustìvids i trhkhbehmfris). Hs jflphoedhs nirrfvdèrdhs ‒mdvdmdrhl“ hs domóstrdhs 899

shbdtridrhs il èrihs gifgrèndjhs pirnidthlioti pirnidthlioti mibdldthmhs, ‒ibdldohomf misth nfrlh h jfojfrrãojdh iotri sd“ (ZF]F J., H. Donbuiojdh Krdtèodjh io ib Zhbdtri  ‚  ‚ frdgio,  frdgio, ohturhbizh y mijhmiojdh. 8 im. Zhotdhgf3 Imdtfrdhb Yodvirsdmhm mi Zhotdhgf, 8445. p. 8;;.  

=5 

 

ul indjdioti jfotrfbi thrdnèrdf, pirldtdu qui phrti mhs rijidths girhmhs pibh ixpfrthçêf mf shbdtri  pirlhoijissi of phìs htrhväs mi dlpfstfs, hf lislf tilpf il qui oêf hkrdu lêf mh rimuçêf mhs thrdnhs mi dlpfrthçêf, pirldtdomf qui h domóstrdh ohjdfohb lhotdvissi ul oìvib mi jfojfrrãojdh jfl fs prfmutfs dlpfrthmfs, f qui ghrhotdu suh sfkrivdvãojdh i lhotivi hs khsis  phrh ul nuturf i jfojritf prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf. Dstf ghrhotdu hf Jedbi J edbi hs jfomdçùis phrh qui hprisiothssi hs jhrhjtirìstdjhs mh tdpfbfgdh mi ^ëodh Khlkdrrh, jflf ul phìs ]dpf H, fu sich, jfl ul prfjissf mi domustrdhbdzhçêf hotirdfr h 84:1.

=4 

 

=. Nfotis i rinirãojdhs kdkbdfgrèndjhs =.8 Nfotis3 Edstfry Jehooib. (;114). Jflf h ]irrh si nfrlfu  ‚  ipdsúmdf3   ipdsúmdf3 f bfjhb lhds sijf mf pbhoith . Mdspfoìvib il3  il3 ettp3//www.yfutuki.jfl/whtje6v84=;7.cpg..  Djhrdtf. ettp3//sthtdj.djhrdtf.jb/;1148;/>84=;7.cpg Zjdibf Jedbi. ettp3//www.sjdibf.jb/nkpi/dlg/ihthjhl/o=1/hrt1>-ndg8.etlb ettp3//www.sjdibf.jb/nkpi/dlg/ihthjhl/o=1/hrt1>-ndg8.etlb..  ettp3//www.uv.is/dvfrrh/Edstfrdh/ZUDU/855:.etl..  Yodvirsdtht mi mi ^ ^hbåojdh. hbåojdh.  ettp3//www.uv.is/dvfrrh/Edstfrdh/ZUDU/855:.etl [inirãojdhs kdkbdfgrèndjhs3 KHB][H, H. Mishrrfbbf gioirhb mi bh ijfofldh. Do3 Gifgrhndh ijfoúldjh mi Jedbi. Zhotdhgf3 JF[NF, 84>7 KHLKD[[H, ^. Ib jhpdthbdslf mipiomdioti bhtdofhlirdjhof. 9. im. Läxdjf3 Zdgbf UUD, 8475. 858p. KFODBBH, E. Bh mdliosdúo dotirohjdfohb mi bh Guirrh Mib Qhjìndjf. Mishrrfbbf Ijfoúldjf, Kuiofs Hdris, v.84, o.7: p. 74-4;, hkr./cuo. 8474. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.cstfr.frg/sthkbi/:=>>=4> ettp3//www.cstfr.frg/sthkbi/:=>>=4>  . Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. JH[MFZF, N. E., NHBI]]F, I. Mipiomiojdh y mishrrfbbf io Hlärdjh Bhtdoh (ioshyf mi dotirprithjdúo sfjdfbúgdjh). Läxdjf3 Zdgbf UUD, 84>4. JH[DFBH Z., J.0 ZYO@IB, F. Yl sdgbf mi edstfrdh ijfoúldjh mi Jedbi, 85:1 -84:1. Mfs ioshyfs y uoh kdkbdfgrhndhs. Lhmrdm3 Imdjdfois Jubturh Edsphodjh, 845;. :=:p. JH[[DÚO H., D. L. Bfs hotdgufs pisfs y limdmhs gudpuzjfhofs. ^hsjfodh, Mfofstdh, o.;=, p. 94-74, 844>. Mdspfoìvib il  il ettp3//www.ius`flimdh.frg/QMNHobt/vhsjfodh/vhs;=/;=194174.pmn  . Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. 91 

 

N[HO@, H. G. Mishrrfbbf mib sukmishrrfbbf. Lfoteby [ivdiw Zibijjdfois il jhstibbhof, Khrjibfoh, o. =, p. 8=9  ‚   897, ;119 (84>>). Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.jdiojdhsfjdhbjrdtdjh.jfl/limdh/1/8;>/lr=81VgVnrho`.pmn  . Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. GYHCH[MF Z., G. Bh lhistr istrhozh hozh nirrfvdhrdh y bús frìgiois mi bh domustrdh lithblijèodjh jh

il ‒lätfmfs donirdfris“, ilMdspfoìvib Läxdjf y Jedbi, 8591Hlärdjh ‚  Bhtdoh38541. Läxdjf, tijofbfgdh ;11>, y prfmujjdúo ;>p.

il.

ettp3//www.mfjutrio.jfl/hrjedvfs/lhbhgh/pmn/^D8;.pmn  . Hjissf il 18 ofv. ;18:. GYHCH[MF Z., G. [igdfois, isbhkfohldiotfs y prfmujjdúo domustrdhb3 hbguohs bijjdfois jflphrhtdvhs mi Läxdjf y Jedbi jfo rispijtf h bhs khsis rigdfohbis mi bh domustrdhbdzhjdúo bhtdofhlirdjhoh il bfs sdgbfs UDU y UU. Do3 Qrdlidrhs Cfrohmhs mi Edstúrdh [igdfohb Jflphrhmh  ‚  Nuomhçêf  Nuomhçêf mi Ijfofldh i Isthtìstdjh (NII) mf [df Grhomi mf Zub. Qfrtf Hbigri, ;111. Hohds... Qfrtf Hbigri3 NII, ;111. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.nii.tjei.kr/sdtinii/mfwobfhm/cfrohmhs/8/s5h;.pmn  . Hjissf il 18 ofv. ;18:. GYHSSIBBD, J. H jrdsi mf sdstilh jfbfodhb i f prfjissf mi domipiomãojdh. Do3 WHZZI[LHO, J. (Frg.) Edstúrdh mh Hlärdjh bhtdoh3 jdojf säjubfs. = im. Qfrtf Hbigri3 Imdtfrh mh YN[GZ, ;181. p. 885 - 879. jhp. =. EI[OHOMIS J., [. Ib Zhbdtri  ‚  risulio   risulio edstúrdjf mismi su misjukrdldiotf y ixpbfthjdfo.   ^hbphrhìsf3 Ndsjeir Eirlhofs, 84:1. ;1;p. CFKI], C. J. Ioshyf jrìtdjf Mib ‒mishrrfbbf ijfoúldjf -sfjdhb mi Jedbi“. Jiotrf mi Istumdfs mib Lfvdldiotf Fkrirf Zhbvhmfr Hbbiomi, Jhsh mi Jedbi, Läxdjf, 845;. BHGFZ I., [. Bh domustrdh io Jedbi3 hotijimiotis istruturhbis. Dostdtutf mi Ijfofldh, Yodvirsdmhm mi Jedbi, 84>>. BIWDZ, J. Bh domustrdh mi Hlärdjh Bhtdoh hotis mi 84:1. Do3 KI]EIB, B. Edstfrdh mi Hlärdjh  ;51. jhp. 5. Bhtdoh, vfb. 7. Khrjibfoh3 Imdtfrdhb Jrìtdjh, 8448. p. ;:8 ‚  ;51. LH[DO ^., Z. Ib shbdtri mi Jedbi. Zhotdhgf3 Ohsjdliotf, 84:8, 89p. LF[IBB y ]I[[T, B. Iqudvhbãojdhs lätrdjhs mi bh prfvìojdh mi Grhohmh. Imdtfrdhb Nhchrmf Ib Krhvf. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.imdtfrdhbnhchrmfibkrhvf.is/hrtdjubfs/hrquifbfgdh/Iqudlit.pmn   . Hjissf il :1 fut. ;18:. F[]IGH, B. Bfs ilprisèrdfs, bh pfbìtdjh y bfs frìgiois mi Bh Guirrh Mib Qhjìndjf. Jfotrdkujdfois Qrfgrhlh NBHJZF  ‚   Nhjubthm Bhtdofhlirdjhoh mi Jdiojdhs Zfjdhbis, Zhotdhgf mi Jedbi, o. ;=, 75p, 845=. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.lilfrdhjedbioh.jb/tilhs/mfjuliotfVmithbbi.hsp6dm. jhp. ;.  ‚  8471. FZÚ[DF, C.y[hìjis mi 8.bhIm. milfjrhjdh io Jedbi,Irh, 8591 ijfoúldjf pfbìtdjf. Läxdjf3 Imdjdfois 8441. ;;1p.[idotirprithjdúo mib mishrrfbbf

QHBLH, G. Bh ijfoflìh jedbioh mismi bh Guirrh mib Qhjìndjf h bh Grho Miprisdúo. Do3 JÈ[MIOHZ, I. it hb. Bh irh mi bhs ixpfrthjdfois bhtdofhlirdjhohs  ‚  mi  mi ndois mi sdgbf UDU h prdojdpdfs mib UU. Läxdjf, Nfomf mi Jubturh Ijfoúldjh, ;11:. =51p. QDO]F Z.J., H. Jedbi, uo jhsf mi mishrrfbbf nrustrhmf . Zhotdhgf, Imdtfrdhb Yodvirsdtèrdh, Z.H., 8494, p. ;1. Jfbijjdúo Hlärdjh Ouistrh. ZIF, C. E. Zfbvdog tei lystiry fn tei Hthjhlh odtrhti mipfsdts3 tei usi fn sthkbi fxygio dsftfpi hohbysds hom gifjeilistry. ]ei Cfurohb fn Qurmui Yomirgrhmuhti [isihrje , Domdhoh, v. 8, p. :5. Mdspfoìvib il  il ettp3//mfjs.bdk.purmui.imu/cpur/  ettp3//mfjs.bdk.purmui.imu/cpur/ . Hjissf il :8 fut. ;18:. ZDJF]]I, [.0 ^DSJH[[H, J.0 WHOMZJEOIDMI[, @. ]ei Jedbiho Odtrhti Domustry3 Ixtirohb Zefj`s hom Qfbdjy [ispfosis, 8551  ‚   84:9. ]ei Yodvirsdty fn ^irlfot.  ;114, ;:p. Mdspfoìvib il  il  ettp3//www.uvl.imu/~ijfo/mfjuliots/ndohbutrijetphpir.pmn   . Hjissf il ;4 fut. ;18:. ZF]F J., H. Donbuiojdh Krdtèodjh io ib Zhbdtri  ‚   frdgio, ohturhbizh y mijhmiojdh. 8 im. Zhotdhgf3 Imdtfrdhb Yodvirsdmhm mi Zhotdhgf, 8445. >79p. WHZZI[LHO, J. H nfrlhçêf mf Isthmf Ohjdfo Ohjdfohb hb oh Hlärdjh Bhtdoh3 hs ilhojdphçùis pfbìtdjhs i f dotrdojhmf frmiohliotf mfs ofvfs phìsis. Do3 VVVVVVVVVV (Frg.) Edstúrdh mh Hlärdjh bhtdoh3 jdojf säjubfs. = im. Qfrtf Hbigri3 Imdtfrh mh YN[GZ, ;181. p. 87> - ;8:. jhp. 9.

9; 

 

9. Hoixfs

Ndgurh 8. Lhph htuhb mf Jedbi domdjhomf suhs prdojdphds jdmhmis i fs phìsis jfl fs quhds nhz nrfotidrh. ettp3//pt.wd`dpimdh.frg/wd`d/Ndjeidrf3Jd-lhp.pog..  Hjissf il Nfoti3 Wd`dpimdh. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//pt.wd`dpimdh.frg/wd`d/Ndjeidrf3Jd-lhp.pog 87 ofv. ;18:. Hmhpthmf pibf hutfr. 9: 

 

Ndgurh ;. Lhph domdjhomf f Ofrti Jedjf, jfl hs rigdùis DDD i D^ (Hthjhlh i Jfqudlkf), i f  Ofrti Grhomi, jfl hs rigdùis D, DD i U^ (]hrhphjè, Hotfnhghsth i Hrdjh y Qhrdohjfth, rispijtdvhlioti). Of misthqui, h jhpdthb Zhotdhgf. F Jedbi ä mdvdmdmf il 89 rigdùis, jhmh ulh jfl suh simi hmldodstrhtdvh. Nfoti3  Buviotdjus Jedbi. Mdspfoìvib il  il  ettp3//www.buviotdjus.frg/lhphs/jedbi.etlb. ettp3//www.buviotdjus.frg/lhphs/jedbi.etlb. Hjissf il 87 ofv. ;18:. Hmhpthmf pibf hutfr.

9= 

 

Ndgurh :. Lhph mhs fndjdohs shbdtridrhs mh rigdêf mi ]hrhphjè. Ä pfssìvib pirjikir h mibdldthçêf mhs nirrfvdhs liojdfohmh oh pègdoh =:, ivdthomf misth nfrlh h jfojfrrãojdh iotri hs jflphoedhs nirrfvdèrdhs. Htiothr thlkäl phrh hs fndjdohs mi Eulkirstfoi i Zhoth Bhurh of jiotrf mf lhph, liojdfohmhs oh pègdoh ;>, qui efci sêf phtrdlýodf mh YOIZJF. o fv. ;18:. Nfoti3 Djhrdtf. Mdspfoìvib il  il ettp3//sthtdj.djhrdtf.jb/;1148;/>84=;7.cpg. ettp3//sthtdj.djhrdtf.jb/;1148;/>84=;7.cpg. Hjissf il 87 ofv. Hmhpthmf pibf hutfr. 99 

 

Ndgurh =. Lhph mhs fndjdohs shbdtridrhs mh rigdêf mi Hotfnhghsth. Htiothr phrh f hspijtf mi mibdldthçêf gifgrèndjh mhs nirrfvdhs liojdfohmf oh ndgurh hotirdfr. Nfoti3 Zjdibf Jedbi. Mdspfoìvib il ettp3//www.sjdibf.jb/nkpi/dlg/ihthjhl/o=1/hrt1>-ndg8.etlb ettp3//www.sjdibf.jb/nkpi/dlg/ihthjhl/o=1/hrt1>-ndg8.etlb..  Hjissf il 87 ofv. ;18:.

9> 

 

Ndgurh 9. Lhph phrjdhb mfs tirrdtúrdfs mi Kfbìvdh, Jedbi i Qiru hotirdfr á Guirrh mf Qhjìndjf (8574 -855:). Qfstirdfrlioti hf jfonbdtf f ofrti jedbiof ndjfu mibdldthmf prúxdlf h Hrdjh i hssdl pirlhoiji htä efci. ettp3//www.uv.is/dvfrrh/Edstfrdh/ZUDU/855:.etl..  Nfoti3 Yodvirsdtht mi ^hbåojdh. Mdspfoìvib il  il ettp3//www.uv.is/dvfrrh/Edstfrdh/ZUDU/855:.etl Hjissf il 87 ofv. ;18:. Hmhpthmf pibf hutfr.

97 

 

XYHM[F H

Q[FMYÇÊF I IUQF[]HÇÊF MI ZHBD][I OF JEDBI

8579 857> 8577 8575 8574 8551 8558 855; 855: 855= 8559 855> 8557 8555 8554 8541 8548 854; 854: 854= 8549 854> 8547 8545 8544 8411 8418 841; 841:

]rhkhbehmfris il htdvdmhmi (ldbehris) ;,5 =,4 7,8 7 9,9 =,> =,9 7,; 4,; 88,= 8: 88,7 8:,9 8=,5 85,8 ;;,9 84,: 8>,7 8> 85,4 84,7 ;1,: ;=,9 ;=,=

Qrfmuçêf (ldbehris mi tfoibhmhs) ;;= :9> =4; 941 994 =:> =98 78: 7>7 498 8.179 5>; 51= 4>4 8.14= 8.:15 8.8:4 8.857 8.:8= 8.==1 8.915 8.:;4 8.:=4 8.=59

Ixpfrthçêf (ldbehris mi tfoibhmhs) ::8 :;= ;:1 :;: 8=9 ;;= :>1 =4; 941 994 =:> =98 71= 7>7 4=5 8.1>: 754 519 4=5 8.145 8.;:5 8.817 8.175 8.;4= 8.:45 8.=9= 8.;>1 8.:5= 8.=91

841= 8419

:1,>

8.994 8.799

8.911 8.>91

Hof

95 

 

XYHM[F H (jfotdouhçêf)

Q[FMYÇÊF I IUQF[]HÇÊF MI ZHBD][I OF JEDBI Hof 841> 8417 8415 8414 8481 8488 848; 848: 848= 8489 848> 8487 8485 8484 84;1 84;8 84;; 84;: 84;= 84;9 84;> 84;7 84;5 84;4 84:1 ]F]HB

]rhkhbehmfris il htdvdmhmi (ldbehris) :4,7 =1,5 :7,5 =:,9 =:,4 =7,5 9:,; == =9,9 9:,9 9>,= 97 ==,9 =>,; ::,4 ;9,9 =8 >1,5 >1,5 98,> =>,5 94,4 95,7 ==,b 8.==8

Qrfmuçêf (ldbehris mi tfoibhmhs) 8.5;; 8.5=> 8.478 ;.888 ;.=>9 ;.9;8 ;.95> ;.77; ;.=>: 8.799 ;.48: :.118 ;.594 8.71: ;.9;: 8.:81 8.17 8 8.14: ;.9;: ;.9;: ;.18> 8.>8= :.;51 :.111 8.94; 74.475

Hmhpthmf mi3 JH[DFBH i ZYO@IB, Fp. Jdt., p. 8;> -8;7.

94 

Ixpfrthçêf (ldbehris mi tfoibhmhs) 8.7;7 8.>9> ;.198 ;.8:9 ;.::> ;.=91 ;.=4: ;.7:5 8.5=7 ;.1;: ;.455 ;.77> ;.484 489 ;.74= 8.88= 8.=8: ;.;>> ;.987 ;.987 8.>8= ;.:75 ;.518 ;.575 74.7=>

 

XYHM[F K IUQF[]HÇÙIZ MI OD][H]FZ MF JEDBI IUQF[]HÇÙIZ MI HOF

IUQF[]HÇÙIZ OD][H]FZ (ILMI LDBEÙIZ MI QIZFZ) QIZFZ)

8551 8559 8541 8549 8411 8419 8481 8489 8485 8484 84;1 84;8 84;; 84;: 84;= 84;9 84;> 84;7 84;5 84;4

4 1 .5 8 : 8.; ; ; 8.4 ; 5 >.9 : : ;.> 9 = =.1 > 4 >.5 > 1 5.4 8 9 : ;.> : 9 8.8 8 9 5 ;.9 5 ; :.= 9 8 =.: 4 ; 4.9 4 > 7.; 8 1 : 8.> 7 8 1.: 5 > 1.; 4 : 9.: 4 9 ;.9

84:1 84:8 84:; 84::

> > >.7 : 9 ;.> 8 4 :.5 = 1 >.4

OD][H]FZ ZFK[I F ]F]HB MI IUQF[]HÇÙIZ (%)   ;>

IUQF[]HÇÙIZ MI

IUQF[]HÇÙIZ MI

OD][H]FZ IL [IBHÇÊF HF QDK (%)

OD][H]FZ ZFK[I F ]F]HB MI [IJID]H K[Y]H (%)   =,7

 

:5

 

97

 

>4

 

>5

 

75

 

74

 

7>

 

71

 

:7

 

>7

 

>;

 

98

 

97

 

9:

 

99

 

=:

 

98

 

=5

 

=;

:,9 >,> 8;,9 8>,: 89,; 84,= 87,9 87,7 ;;,9 9,8 8>,= 88,8 4,4 8:,: 8:,: 8;,: 81 8:,= 8;,8 81,9

 

;1

;,=

 

;5,;

 

=5,;

 

9>,8

 

=5,4  

=5

 

98,:

 

>1,;

 

==,5

 

;=,=  

=8

 

::,9

 

:8,=

 

=1,>

 

:4,5

Nfotis3 Jfldssêf ofrti-hlirdjhoh phrh thrdnhs hbnhomigèrdhs, (84:7), Krhuo it hb, Jhrdfbh hom Zuo`ib, Ldodstärdf mh Nhziomh - Jedbi (84;9), LjXuiio (84;>). Do3 Zdjftti, it hb. ;114.

>1 

 

XYHM[F J Q[FMYÇÊF LYOMDHB LYOMDHB MI OD][FGÃO OD][FGÃODF DF (il ldb ldbehris ehris mi tf tfoibhmhs oibhmhs jurths ) *

HOF 8 411 8 419 8 481 8 48: 8 485 8 4;9 8 4;4 8 4:1 8 4:8 8 4:; 8 4:: 8 4:= 8 4:9

  OD][H]FZ MF JEDBI ; ;1 ; 44 = ;1 = 7: = 55 = :: 9 99 = ;1 8 4: 8 ;1 7> 8 =9 ; 19

ZYBNH]F MI HLÝODH 881 8=7 ;;7 :8: =1; :>4 =47 =77 :47 :=> :97 :47

JDHOHLDMH MI JÈBJDF 1 1 = =; 45 8 => ; 98 ; 9> 8 59 8 >7 8 44 ; :9

HLÝODH ZDO]Ä]DJH 1 1 9 ;= 87; =:; 881; 8184 448 88=4 8;>= 8:=5

]F]HB HBILHOEH HBI LHOEH ** ** 8: ; ;7 8 9> 1 54 1 >7 7 94 5 =9 5 =; 4 => :

]F]HB GI[HB : :1 = => > 9> 5 9; 8 8>1 8 :51 ; =19 ; 87; 8 7>> 8 75; 8 54> ; 8;9

=:=

; 7>

89=9

-

; =>1

Nfoti3 Jfldssêf ofrti-hlirdjhoh phrh thrdnhs hbnhomigèrdhs, 84:7. Do3 Zdjftti, it hb. ;114. * ]foibhmh jurth fu tfoibhmh ofrti-hlirdjhoh iqudvhbi h 417,85=7= `g. ** Qhrh h Hbilhoeh istêf jfothkdbbdzhmfs f subnhtf mi hlýodh, h jdhohldmh mi jèbjdf i h hlýodh sdotätdjh.

>8 

 

XYHM[F M JFOZYLF (DLQF[]HÇÊF) MI OD][H]FZ JEDBIOFZ (il %) HOF

IYH

[IDOF YODMF

HBILHOEH

N[HOÇH

EFBHOMH

KÄBGDJH

D]ÈBDH

IZQHOEH

8551 8541 8411 848: 8484 84;= 84;4 84::

89 4 88 84 75 91 =9 ;>

;5 8: 81 > 8 = = 8

;7 := :> :7 1 7 9 8=

87 ;5 ;8 8= 7 89 ;1 ;:

4 > 7 7 7 7 4 5

= 81 8: 8= = 4 7 5

8 ; ; 8 : = 9

: 9 5 8>

Nfotis3 Ldodstärdf mh Nhziomh - Jedbi (84;9), Houèrdf Dotirohjdfohb mi Isthtìstdjhs phrh Hgrdjubturh (8484 - 84:1), Jfldssêf ofrti-hlirdjhoh phrh thrdnhs hbnhomigèrdhs (84:7). Do3 Zdjftti, it hb. ;114.

>;