O Apocalipse Para Leigos - Você Pode Entender a Profecia Bíblica
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O Apocalipse para leigos — você você pode pod e entender a profecia bíblica —
Kenneth L. Gentry Jr., Th.D.
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Dedicado a Steve Hill — fiel servo de Cristo, Cri sto, meu bom amigo.
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Sumário Prefácio à segu segunda nda edição Prefácio Abreviaturas Abreviatu ras de escritos ant antigos igos 1. Expectativa Expectativa e in i nterpretação A expectativa de João A interpretação de João A confirmação de João Conclusão 2. Tema e fluxo literário Tema literário Fluxo temático do julgamento Conclusão 3. A besta e sua fúria Introdução O tempo da besta A locali localização zação da besta A autoridade da besta A cronologia da besta O caráter da besta bes ta O número da besta A ação da besta A ressurreiç ressurreição ão da besta Conclusão 4. A meretriz e a noiva O tema do Apocalipse A grande cidade A questão da proeminência histórica O sangue dos santos
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Conclusão 5. Julgamentos principais e seus significados A queda das montanhas e esconderijos nas cavernas O sangu sangue correndo cor rendo e os freios dos cavalos caval os Conclusão 6. O milênio milênio e as ressurreições O reino milenar De Cristo Os mil anos A prisão de Satanás O reino de Cristo Cris to As duas duas ressurreições ress urreições 7. A nova nova criação cri ação e a igreja A nova criação declarada A descrição da nova noiva noiva A ausência ausência de templo Conclusão Conclusão Princípios básicos Personagens Personag ens e ações principais Concordância do Novo Testamen estamento to Bibliografia
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Prefácio à segunda edição edição Sou grato pela recepção entusiasmada da primeira edição de O Apocalipse para leigos. Também agradeço a disposição da American Vision de publicar esta nova edição. Neste novo prefácio, apresentarei uma uma breve explicação da necessidade ecessida de da nova versão. Depois de cinco anos de intensa pesquisa e escrita, acabo de completar o rascunho do me comentário de 1500 páginas sobre o Apocalipse. Pelo fato de eu ter trabalhado todos os versículos do Apocalipse com profundidade, descobri alguns elementos de minha compreensão anterior que precisavam de correção. De forma específica, fiz algumas mudanças importantes na minha compreensão de Apocalipse 20, o grande capítulo em torno do qual o debate milenar se concentra. Assim, corrigi o capítulo 6 da primeira edição: “O milênio e a nova criação”. Dada a necessidade de trazer mais material para o debate de Apocalipse 20, decidi transformar o capítulo 6 da primeira edição em dois capítulos. Assim, nesta edição, o capítulo 6 é agora intitulado: “O milênio e as ressurreições”, ressurreições” , e o capítu ca pítulo lo 7 agora a gora se chama: chama: “A nova nova criação cri ação e a igreja”. Nenhuma das minhas convicções preteristas foi alterada por essas mudanças. Na verdade, elas foram fortalecidas. Caso você tenha lido a primeira edição do meu livro, espero que você considere as mudanças udanças encontrada encontradass aqui a qui úteis.
― Ke Ke nne th L. L. Gen Ge ntry Jr., Jr., Th. Th. D. Dia do Trabalho, 2010
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Prefácio Dicionári o do diabo ] Ambrose Bierce definiu o vocábulo “apocalipse” em The Devil’s Dictionary [ Dicionário como um “livro famoso em que João ocultou todo o seu conhecimento. A revelação é feita pelos comentaristas que nada sabem”. O Apocalipse é tão difícil e requer tanto conhecimento técnico que um teólogo já reclamou que os comentários do Apocalipse muitas vezes são como um buraco negro, tão densos que q ue nenhu nenhum ma luz l uz lhes lhes pode escapar. esca par. Uma das grandes grandes ironias da Escritura Escritura é que que seu livro mais difícil chama-se chama-se “Apocalipse” [”revelação”, em grego]. “Revelar” significa “descobrir, abrir” — com vistas à compreensão. Como pode um livro tão intrincado como esse ser chamado “revelação”? Se déssemos nome ao livro, em vez de chamá-lo “Revelação de Jesus Cristo”, poderíamos ser tentados a intitulá-lo “Mistério do apóstolo João”. Na verdade, de tempos em tempos, o próprio João fica perplexo e confuso (Ap 7.13,14; 17.6,7; 19.10; 22.8,9). Uma das surpresas surpresa s constantes constantes da experiência experiê ncia pastoral pastora l é o profundo profundo interesse do novo convertido em estudar o Apocalipse. A fascinação com seus mistérios não se limita aos bem preparados em estudos cristãos, prontos para as coisas mais profundas de Deus. Essa curiosidade percorre todo o caminho de volta até os crentes mais novos em Cristo. Uma das grandes decepçõe dece pçõess do exegeta cristão cri stão sério séri o consiste na quase inutili inutilidade dade da proliferação de literatura sobre o Apocalipse. Quando combinamos a natureza misteriosa do Apocalipse com a fascinação fascinação contínu contínuaa por ele, o mercado está pronto para gerar todo tipo de supostos supostos “especial “es pecialistas istas em profecias” para atender à demanda. Em vez de nutrir-se com o puro leite da Palavra, não raro o novo cristão é alimentado com um milk-shake de interpretações confusas sobre o Apocalipse. Neste pequeno pequeno estudo, estudo, você descobrirá descobrir á as chaves absolutam absolutament entee essenciais para destravar a mensagem de João, os marcos necessários para seguir seu sinuoso caminho, e as identificações requeridas para discernir suas figuras principais e seus papéis. Não oferecerei uma exposição completa do texto; em vez disso, eu me concentrarei nas chaves necessárias para abrir seu significado.[1] significado. [1] Espero que este texto introdutório ajude-o a entender o significado fundamental e a força propulsora geral do Apocalipse, pois poi s só assim as sim você estará preparado para se engajar engajar na exposição exposição detalhada detalhada do texto. texto.
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Abreviaturas de escritos antigos Asc. Is. 1 Clem Sib. Or. Or.
Ascensi Ascension on of Isaiah Isai ah [ Ascensão Ascensão de Isaías I saías] 1 Clement [1 Clemente] Sibylline Oracles [Oráculos Oráculos sibilinos s ibilinos]
Dião Cássio Rom. Hist. Hist.
Roman Histor Historyy [ História Históri a romana romana]
Josefo g. Ap. nt. War
Against Against Apion [Contra Apião] Jewish Antiquities [ Antiguidade Antiguidadess judaicas judaic as] Jewish Jewis h War War [Guerra dos judeus]
Juvenal Sat.
Fílon
Satires [Sátiras]
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1. Expectativa e interpretação Neste capítulo apresentarei duas questões vitais e fundamentais para o entendimento adequado do Apocalipse. No próximo capítulo, focarei no tema exposto por João, e então traçarei em pinceladas amplas como seu tema se desdobra no Apocalipse. Por conseguinte, os dois primeiros capítulos têm o objetivo de prover p rover as ferrament ferramentas as básicas bási cas para o manejo manejo do Apocalipse. As duas questões tão cruciais para captar a intenção de João são: 1) a afirmação de sua expectativa expectativa sobre quando suas profecias transcorrerão; e 2) o método declarado relativo a como as suas profecias devem ser interpretadas. Como veremos, essas matérias são essenciais para “manejar bem” essa porção da Palavra da verdade (2Tm 2.15). Embora elas possam surpreendê-lo, insto você a examinar examinar as Escritu Escr ituras ras para pa ra ver se as coisas são assim assi m (At 17.11). 17.11). Surpreendentemente, as duas matérias encontram-se no capítulo inicial de João. Elas não estão escondidas atrás de todo o drama fantástico no centro do palco, perdidas sob o brilho de imagens aterradoras. Infelizmente, no entanto, o entusiasta moderno do Apocalipse tende a passar rápido por elas no desejo de “chegar logo à boa parte” dos capítulos posteriores. Porém, tão logo essas duas questões sejam consideradas com cuidado, elas simplificarão e revolucionarão seu entendimento do livro, que então então se tornará tornará uma uma “revelação” “reve lação” para você de verdade. verdade .
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A EXPECTATIVA DE J OÃO OÃO Antes de eu anunciar a expectativa de João, elaborarei meu argumento para dá-lo a conhecer em seguida. O Apocalipse, como a maioria das epístolas do Novo Testamento, é um escrito “peculiar”. Um escrito peculiar lida de forma direta com a ocasião e as circunstâncias históricas do público originário. Por exemplo, em 1 Coríntios, Paulo orienta como a igreja de Corinto deve lidar com diversos problemas que tanto feriram essa comunidade. Quando ele escreve que alguém lá se relaciona sexualmente com a mulher do próprio pai (1Co 5.1), Paulo não está declarando um princípio universal prevalente em todas as igrejas. De fato, trata-se de uma ocorrência bem rara e particular dos coríntios. Entender a situação histórica do público originário de João é de importância fundamental para compreender a intenção dele.
A relevância do público O primeiro passo para pa ra chegar à intenção intenção de João é reconhecer reconhecer seu público. público. Como Como veremos, o Apocalipse
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jul julgas, gas, nem vingas vingas o nosso sangu sa nguee dos dos que que habitam habitam sob s obre re a terra? Então, Então, a cada um deles deles foi dada dada uma uma vestidu vestidura ra branca, e lhes disseram que repousassem ainda por pouco tempo, até que também se completasse o número dos seus conservos e seus irmãos que iam ser mortos como igualmente eles foram. (Ap 6.9-11)
Assim, João não apenas escreve às igrejas do século I, mas a igrejas em circunstâncias terríveis. O que João espera e spera dessas igrejas em e m sofrim sofriment entoo enquant enquantoo escreve escr eve o Apocalipse? s igrejas instruídas
Quando João inicia sua carta às sete igrejas, ele declara com ênfase a intenção de que elas o entendam. De fato, fato, o versículo versí culo inicial (de onde se retirou o nom nomee do livro) l ivro) diz: Revelaçã o [apokalypsis] de Jesus Cristo, que Deus lhe deu para mostrar aos seus servos […] que ele, enviando por intermédio do seu anjo, notificou ao seu servo João. (Ap 1.1)
Ele expressamente afirma a pretensão de “revelar”, “mostrar”, “notificar” algo a elas — e não esconder informações delas. Assim, dois versículos vers ículos adiante, adi ante, ele as instrui a ouvir com entendimen entendimento, to, para que possam possa m guardar guardar as obrigações obr igações encontradas encontradas no livro: li vro:
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(Mt 26.18), a chegada do verão (Mt 24.32) e ocorrência de uma festividade com presteza (Jo 2.13). De novo, confira qualquer versão moderna; os resultados serão os mesmos. Se você duvida de um dos termos, termos, eis o outro! Esses termos termos se apoiam apoi am:: algo acontecer “em breve” indica sua “proximidade”. E apenas um versículo os separa. Eles tornam necessária, de forma inequívoca, a iminência dos acontecimentos do Apocalipse quando João escreve. Pense no seguinte: de que outra maneira João poderia ter declarado que os acontecimentos estavam próximos? Ele usa duas das palavras palavra s mais comu comuns, conhecidas conhecidas e claras para expressar a proximidade proximidade temporal. temporal. Agora, Agora, tenha tenha em mente nossos comentários comentários anteriores: anteriore s: João escreve escr eve para igrejas igrej as reais rea is e históricas do século I. Elas sofrem penosa “tribulação”. João seria sarcástico com elas ao usar termos conhecidos sobre a proximidade temporal? A esses homens e mulheres que passam sob tais provações? Claro que não! Ele ministra a elas — e espera que o entendam e ajam com base em suas orientações, pois o tempo está próximo (Ap 1.3).
Abertura
Encerramento
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Daniel viveu centenas de anos antes de João, e o anjo lhe ordena: “sele o livro”. Contudo, muito tempo depois, um anjo parecido instrui João (ao escrever também uma obra apocalíptica) a “não selar o livro” — “pois o tempo está próximo” (Ap 22.10). O que poderia ser mais claro? As expectativas de Daniel eram de longo prazo; as de João, de curto prazo. Tudo Tudo dito e feito, João escreve escr eve o Apocalips Apocal ipsee antecipando acontecimentos acontecimentos iminentes iminentes em seus dias. Ele não escreve escr eve sobre sobr e acon ac ontecim teciment entos os de dois ou três três mil anos depois. Ele El e zombaria zombaria com crueldade crueldade do público originário do século I, que sofre dura tribulação e lê que os juízos divinos sobre os malfeitores “virão em breve” ou “estão próximos”. Nosso entendim entendiment entoo da força propulsora principal do Apocalipse, então, então, deve ser “preterista”, e praeter itus , que significa não “futurista”. O termo “preterismo” é baseado na palavra latina praeteritus significa “passado”. “pas sado”. A abordagem preterista do Apocalipse ensina que João profetizava acontecimentos futuros em relação a seus dias, mas que se encontram agora no nosso passado. O “futurismo” ensina que todos os acontecimentos do Apocalipse (do cap. 4 em diante) ainda estão no nosso futuro. Como veremos, as catástrofes antecipadas por João se encaixam com perfeição nas circunstâncias históricas do século I.
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A INTERPRETAÇÃO DE JOÃO OÃO Outro problema que enreda o suposto intérprete moderno é a presunção de literalismo ao lidar com o Apocalipse. Muitos estudantes contemporâneos de profecia resistem à abordagem simbólica da gloriosa profecia de João. “Literalismo!” torna-se o grito de guerra dos que creem que o Apocalipse refere-se a nosso futuro próximo. Afirm Afirmoo que, apesar da alegação popular pelo literalism literali smo, o, ninguém toma o Apocalipse em sentido literal . Nós o tomamos como a verdade de Deus, é claro. Sem dúvida, ele versa sobre acontecimentos históricos reais. Mas nós não podemos tomá-lo tomá-lo como como a verdade divina em forma literal . Vejamos como isso ocorre. Ao interpretar interpre tar qualquer obra literária, devemos sempre ouvir com atenção o próprio autor. Em especial se ele apresenta uma informação que afeta a forma adequada para interpretar sua obra. Com certeza, o Apocalipse é considerado o livro de mais difícil interpretação do Novo Testamento. Dado o interesse generalizado por ele, isso exacerba as dificuldades para apresentar a mensagem de João no
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história futura, mas sim a imagem simbólica do que ainda há de acontecer”.[5] acontecer”.[5] João João encoraja os leitores a esperar símbolos figurativos, em vez de acontecimentos literais. revelação revelação inicial de João
De fato, a primeira visão de João estabelece o padrão da interpretação simbólica posterior ao apresentar uma visão e, então, interpretar os seus elementos principais de modo não literal. Em Apocalipse 1.12-20, ele relata uma visão de Cristo a andar entre candeeiros. No pressuposto literalista, a visão deve ensinar
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E o que direm dir emos os dos chifres da besta? Eles não são chifres — embora embora certos mamíferos amíferos possuam mesmo chifres constituídos por um osso coberto por um revestimento de queratina. O anjo interpreta isso para João e para nós: Os dez chifres que viste são dez reis, os quais ainda não receberam reino, mas recebem autoridade como reis, com a besta, durante uma hora. (Ap 17.12)
Até a água que João vê não deve ser compreendida como referência à formula H2O. Em vez disso, o anjo explica: Falou-me ainda: As águas que viste, onde a meretriz está assentada, são povos, multidões, nações e línguas. (Ap 17.15)
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Ou dos cavalos e seus cavaleiros? Assim, nesta visão, contemplei que os cavalos e os seus cavaleiros tinham couraças cor de fogo, de jacinto e de enxofre. A cabeça dos cavalos era como cabeça de leão, e de sua boca saía fogo, fumaça e enxofre. (Ap 9.17)
Esperamos mesmo que um dragão literal de muitas cabeças arraste um terço dos trilhões de estrelas do universo e as lance sobre a terra? Viu-se, também, outro sinal no céu, e eis um dragão, grande, vermelho, com sete cabeças, dez chifres e, nas cabeças, sete diademas. A sua cauda arrastava a terça parte das estrelas do céu, as quais lançou para a terra; e o dragão se deteve em frente da mulher que estava para dar à luz, a fim de lhe devorar o filho quando nascesse. (Ap 12.3,4)
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A CONFIRMAÇÃO DE JOÃO OÃO Pelo fato de eu afirmar que o Apocalipse espera o cumprimento a curto prazo, preciso ser capaz de especificar quando, onde e como ele se realiza. Um dos documentos históricos mais úteis que demonstra seu cumprimento foi escrito por Flávio Josefo. Como farei várias referências a ele ao longo do estudo, segue uma breve biografia a seu respeito e sua importância. Flávio Josefo foi um historiador judeu rico e proeminente (não cristão) que viveu de 37 d.C. a
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CONCLUSÃO O Apocalipse de João é interpretado de forma equivocada quase universalmente, pois as chaves para destravar seus mistérios são negligenciadas — embora tenham sido deixadas na porta da frente por João há muito tempo. O apóstolo afirma com clareza, já no início de sua obra, que os acontecimentos por ele profetizados “em breve devem acontecer” porque “o tempo está próximo” (Ap 1.1, 3; cp. 22.6,10). Por mais estranho que possa parecer hoje ao cristão, quanto mais longe nos movemos em direção ao futuro,
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O SANGUE DOS SANTOS João apresenta várias vezes a meretriz ao leitor como “cheia do sangue dos santos”. Por exemplo, lê-se em Apocali Apocalipse pse 18.24: E nela se achou sangue de profetas, de santos e de todos os que foram mortos sobre a terra.
Essa ling li nguag uagem em tam também bém surge surge eem m 16.6, 17.6, 18.20, 24. Veja Vejam mos com c omoo isso i sso aponta para par a Jerusalé Je rusalém m. O evangelho como pano de fundo
Ao que parece, João reverberou uma declaração de Jesus aos líderes de Israel: Para que desta geração se peçam contas do sangue dos profetas, derramado desde a fundação do mundo; desde o sangue de Abel até ao de Zacarias, que foi assassinado entre o altar e a casa de Deus. Sim, eu vos afirmo, contas serão pedidas a esta geração. (Lc 11.50,51)
Não só a linguagem é muito conhecida, mas o período de tempo combina: João menciona fatos que “devem acontecer em breve”, enquanto Jesus fala da ocorrência desse juízo “nessa geração”. experiência em Atos
A perseguição perseguição de Israel contra contra os primeiros primeiros cristãos é recorren recorre nte em todo todo o livro de Atos: Persegui este Caminho até à morte, prendendo e metendo em cárceres homens e mulheres, de que são testemunhas o sumo sacerdote e todos os anciãos. Destes, recebi cartas para os irmãos; e ia para Damasco, no propósito de trazer manietados para Jerusalém os que também lá estivessem, para serem punidos. (At 22.4,5; v. tb. os seguintes capítulos de Atos: 4-7; 9; 11-13; 16-18; 20-25)
Isso teve início veemente em Atos 8.1: “Naquele dia, levantou-se grande perseguição contra a igreja em Jerusalém; e todos, exceto os apóstolos, foram dispersos pelas regiões da Judeia e Samaria” (cp. At 11.19; 13.50). s preocupações particulares
Embora Roma tivesse começado a perseguir os santos pouco tempo atrás, Jerusalém contava com uma longa experiência nessa obra maligna, estendendo-se desde os tempos do Antigo Testamento. Estêvão denun denunciou Israel com essas palavras: pal avras: Homens de dura cerviz e incircuncisos de coração e de ouvidos, vós sempre resistis ao Espírito Santo; assim como fizeram vossos pais, também vós o fazeis. Qual dos profetas vossos pais não perseguiram? Eles mataram os que anteriormente anunciavam a vinda do Justo, do qual vós agora vos tornastes traidores e assassinos. (At 7.51,52)
Roma nunca matou um profeta do Antigo Testamento (como em Ap 18.24); Jerusalém, sim. No sermão do monte, onte, Jesus mencionou a persegu pers eguiçã içãoo de Israel contra os profetas: Regozijai-vos e exultai, porque é grande o vosso galardão nos céus; pois assim perseguiram aos profetas que viveram antes de vós.
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Para entender a imensidão do fracasso de Israel, devemos refletir sobre suas bênçãos pactuais. Moisés desafiou Israel antes de entrar na Terra Prometida: Porque tu és povo santo ao SENHOR, teu Deus; o SENHOR, teu Deus, te escolheu, para que lhe fosses o seu povo próprio, de todos os povos que há sobre a terra. Não vos teve o S ENHOR afeição, nem vos escolheu porque fôsseis mais numerosos do que qualquer povo, pois éreis o menor de todos os povos, mas porque o S ENHOR vos amava e, para guardar o juramento que fizera a vossos pais, o SENHOR vos tirou com mão poderosa e vos resgatou da casa da servidão, do poder de Faraó, rei do Egito. (Dt 7.6-8)
Amós avisou Israel das responsabilidades procedentes das bênçãos especiais: De todas as famílias da terra, somente a vós outros vos escolhi; portanto, eu vos punirei por todas as vossas iniquidades. (Am 3.2)
Paulo falou com muita estima sobre as vantagens dos judeus: Qual é, pois, a vantagem do judeu? Ou qual a utilidade da circuncisão? Muita, sob todos os aspectos. Principalmente porque aos jud judeus eus foram confi confiados ados os oráculo oráculoss de Deus. (Rm 3.1,2) 3.1,2)
Estêvão acusou Israel de quebrar a lei da aliança: al iança: Vós Vós “que recebestes a lei por ministério ministério de anjos e não a guardastes” (At 7.53). Em tudo isso, devemos lembrar que Jesus “veio para os que eram seus, e os seus não o receberam” (Jo 1.1). Essa é efetivamente a mensagem de Jesus em Mateus 23.37,38: Jerusalém, Jerusalém, que matas os profetas e apedrejas os que te foram enviados! Quantas vezes quis eu reunir os teus filhos, como a galinha ajunta os seus pintinhos debaixo das asas, e vós não o quisestes! Eis que a vossa casa vos ficará deserta.
Isso agrava o fracasso pactual de Israel, pois a nação detinha muitas vantagens relativas à redenção e responsabilidades pactuais designadas para guiá-la nos caminhos da retidão, por amor ao nome de Deus. O Senhor Jesus Cristo avisou: “A quem muito é dado, muito será cobrado” (Lc 12.48). Ele até disse a Pilatos: Nenhuma autoridade terias sobre mim, se de cima não te fosse dada; por isso, quem me entregou a ti maior pecado tem. (Jo 19.11)
A epístola aos Hebreus Hebreus inteira expõe o grave fracasso da rejeiçã re jeiçãoo judaica de Cristo. Por exemplo: exemplo: Sem misericórdia morre pelo depoimento de duas ou três testemunhas quem tiver rejeitado a lei de Moisés. De quanto mais severo castigo julgais vós será considerado digno aquele que calcou aos pés o Filho de Deus, e profanou o sangue da aliança com o qual foi santificado, e ultrajou o Espírito da graça? Ora, nós conhecemos aquele que disse: A mim pertence a vingança; eu retribuirei. E outra vez: O Senhor julgará o seu povo. Horrível coisa é cair nas mãos do Deus vivo. (Hb 10.28-31)
O fracasso de Israel é tão grande que João a apresenta a nação como a grande meretriz embriagada com o sangue do povo de Deus! Então, ela não apenas é culpada de “traspassar” o Messias (Ap 1.7), mas é impenitente e até aumenta sua rebelião ao lhe atacar os seguidores.
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AS VESTES DA PROSTITUTA Enquanto continuamos apresentando as evidências de que a grande meretriz é Jerusalém, encontramos outra linha argumentativa excepcional quando observamos suas roupas no grande drama de João. Se vestido não parece ser incidental, um mero colorido artístico da obra-prima vívida de João. Na verdade, o apóstolo apresenta uma informação importante para definir seu verdadeiro papel. João faz duas afirmações afirmações curtas, curtas, mas reveladoras, revelado ras, sobre sob re os ornament ornamentos os dela: del a: púr pura a e de escarlata, adornada de ouro , de pedras ped ras preciosas preciosa s e de pérolas, tendo na mão um Achava-se a mulher vestida de púrpur cálice de ouro transbordante de abominações e com as imundícias da sua prostituição. (Ap 17.4) finíssimo, de púrpura púr pura , e de escarlata, adornada de ouro , e de ped ras Ai! Ai da grande cidade, que estava vestida de linho finíssimo preciosas preciosa s, e de pérolas. (Ap 18.16)
Dada a forte ligação de João com o Antigo Testamento, o que podemos aprender da Escritura a respeito de suas roupas? Suas vestes sacerdotais sacerdotais
O esquema de cores, joias e o cálice de ouro da prostituta mostram outro afluente a correr para o lago de evidências que a identificam como a Jerusalém do século I. Suas roupas refletem sua posição pactual como um reino de sacerdotes, lembrando, em particular, ao leitor do século I o templo central de Jerusalém e seu eminente sumo sacerdote (repare em sua grande autoridade em At 23.4). Lê-se em Êxodo Êxodo 28 sobre o vestuário do sumo sumo sacerdote: sace rdote: As vestes, pois, que farão são estas: um peitoral, uma estola sacerdotal, uma sobrepeliz, uma túnica bordada, mitra e cinto. Farão púr pura , vestes sagradas para Arão, teu irmão, e para seus filhos, para me oficiarem como sacerdotes. Tomarão ouro, estofo azul, púrpura carmesim e linho linho fino. […] E o cinto de obra esmerada, que estará sobre a estola sacerdotal, será de obra igual, da mesma obra de ouro, e estofo azul, e púrp ura , e carmesim, e linho fino retorcido. Tomarás duas pedras ped ras de ônix e gravarás nelas os nomes dos filhos de Israel. (Êx 28.4,5,7,8)
As roupas dela também combinam com a decoração do tabernáculo (precursor do templo): Farás o tabernáculo, que terá dez cortinas, de linho retorcido, estofo azul, púrp ura e carmesim; com querubins, as farás de obra de artista. (Êx 26.1)
A descrição do Antigo Testamento sobre o templo indica que o altar (que recebia o sangue dos sacrifícios, Êx 24.6; 29.12; Lv 1.5) era de ouro — como o cálice do qual a meretriz bebeu o sangue dos santos: Assim, cobriu de ouro toda a casa, inteiramente, e também todo o altar que estava diante do Santo dos Santos. (1Rs 6.22)
De fato, o templo templo continha continha muitos muitos utensílios utensíli os de d e ouro: Demais disto, os utensílios de ouro e de prata, da Casa de Deus, que Nabucodonosor tirara do templo que estava em Jerusalém, levando-os para a Babilônia, serão devolvidos para o templo que está em Jerusalém, cada utensílio para o seu lugar; serão recolocados recolocados na Casa Ca sa de Deus. (Ed 6.5)
Josefo foi testemunha ocular do templo do século I, que também se compara ao vestido da meretriz: “A escarl ata e tapeçaria do templo era babilônica [!], nessa tapeçaria estavam misturados azul, púrpura, escarlata linho” (War 5.5.4). Ele também mencionou o destaque do ouro nos recipientes do templo: “A maior parte
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também em outro contexto mais adiante. Lê-se ê-s e na descriç desc rição ão do sumo sumo sacerdote sace rdote do Antigo Antigo Testamento: estamento: Farás também uma lâmina de ouro puro e nela gravarás à maneira de gravuras de sinetes: Santidade ao SENHOR… E estará sobre a testa de Arão, para que Arão leve a iniquidade concernente às coisas santas que os filhos de Israel consagrarem em todas as ofertas de suas coisas santas; sempre estará sobre a testa de Arão, para que eles sejam aceitos perante o SENHOR. (Êx 28.36,38)
João coloca as vestes da meretriz de modo a chamar a nossa atenção para a testa dela. E, quando olhamos para lá, vemos o oposto do que aparece na testa do sumo sacerdote, o que mostra a avaliação de João para o que a santa cidade, o templo de Deus e o sacerdócio se tornaram. (Curiosamente, Jeremias também menciona a fronte de prostituta de Jerusalém em Jr 3.3).
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O PADRÃO DE NOMEAÇÃO Poderíamos nos perguntar por que João dá a Jerusalém o nome “Babilônia”, em vez de chamá-la pelo próprio nome. Assim, ele segue o padrão comum da denúncia profética. Para entender o significado desses nomes na Escritura, precisamos reconhecer a significado bíblico de dar nomes. Na Escritu Escri tura, ra, os nomes nomes não consistiam consistia m apenas em modulações odulaçõ es tonais tonais atrativas atrativa s (como o são muitíssimos nomes modernos). Na verdade, quando alguém dava um nome a algo, isso impunha autoridade sobre a pessoa ou o objeto; o nome definia o caráter ou a função da coisa. Por exemplo, durante a semana da criação, o Criador soberano nomeia seus aspectos: “Chamou Deus à luz Dia e às trevas, Noite” (Gn 1.5; cp. v. 8,10). Também vemos Adão nomeando os animais, a fim de lhes especificar a função sob o seu governo (Gn 2.19) — um exercício de seu “domínio” como imagem divina (Gn 1.26,28). Ele até dá nome à sua mulher, mostrando o papel dela em seu reino como sua auxiliadora em gerar filhos (Gn 2.23; 3.20). Várias ári as vezes, quando quando um santo sofria uma uma crise cri se espiritual espi ritual ou renovação, renovaç ão, seu nome nome era mudado para refletir sua nova condição, caráter ou função. Por exemplo, veja: Abrão/Abraão (Gn 17.5); Jacó/Israel (Gn 32.27,28); Simão/Pedro (Mc 3.16; Jo 1.42). Curiosamente, os santos redimidos no Apocalipse recebem um novo nome (Ap 2.17). De fato, há um lugar em que os redimidos recebem “o nome da cidade do meu Deus, a nova Jerusalém” — um “novo nome” (Ap 3.12). No entanto, entanto, por que João não chama chama a Jerusalém Jerusal ém histórica históric a por seu nome? nome? O nome nome “Jerusalém” “Jer usalém” significa “cidade de paz, plenitude”. Por causa dessa associação com a “paz”, João não aplicou esse nome nome à Jerusalém histórica histórica no livro do Apocalipse; ele el e só pertence pertence à nova Jerusalém (Ap 3.12; 21.2,10). Na verdade, à medida que o caráter da Jerusalém histórica torna-se mais evidente, ele mais tarde consigna o nome “Babilônia” à Jerusalém velha, histórica e condenada. Essa prática de dar nomes é uma forma de discurso profético de juízo. Isaías repreendeu os governadores e o povo de Israel de forma parecida: Ouvi a palavra do SENHOR, vós, príncipes de Sodoma; prestai ouvidos à lei do nosso Deus, vós, povo de Gomorra. (Is 1.10)
Jeremias fez o mesmo: Mas nos profetas de Jerusalém vejo coisa horrenda; cometem adultérios, andam com falsidade e fortalecem as mãos dos malfeitores, para que não se convertam cada um da sua maldade; todos eles se tornaram para mim como Sodoma, e os moradores de Jerusalém, como Gomorra. (Jr 23.14; cp. Lm 4.6)
Ezequiel também agiu assim (Ez 16.46,48,53,55). Como mostrarei no próximo ponto, é assim que João usa “Babilônia” para descrever Jerusalém no Apocalipse.
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JOÃO OÃO APLICA NOMES PAGÃOS Como profeta instigado pelo juízo, João aplicou a Jerusalém nomes que envolvem associações bíblicas malignas. Em Apocalipse 11, ele seguiu a forma específica de Isaías de denúncia ao chamar Jerusalém de “Sodoma” (Is 1.10; 3.9). Ele até acrescentou a esse apelo maligno o nome odioso de “Egito”. Falando dos dois profetas mortos, mortos, ele escreveu: E o seu cadáver ficará estirado na praça da grande cidade que, espiritualmente, se chama Sodoma e Egito, onde também o seu Senhor foi crucificado. (Ap 11.8)
Note que ele chama essa cidade “espiritualmente” de Sodoma e Egito, mas ele de fato a localiza no lugar “onde também o seu Senhor foi crucificado”, isto é, Jerusalém (Lc 9.31; 13.33; 18.31; 24.18). Depois, no Apocalipse, João chama chama Jerusalém de “Babilônia”. Ele parece fazer fazer isso por causa da destruição vindoura do segundo templo, o templo da época de Jesus. O primeiro templo havia sido destruído pela Babilônia histórica no Antigo Testamento (2Rs 25.8,9; 2Cr 36.17-20; Ed 5.12; Jr 52.13). Agora, a própria Jerusalém está conectada com a Babilônia como destruidora do templo, por causar a destruição destruição final final da casa de Deus.
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JOÃO OÃO DENUNCIA SATANÁS Por todo o Apocalipse, pode-se ver Satanás por trás das cenas. João associa a própria nação de Israel com Satanás quando denuncia os judeus como meros reivindicadores da herança judaica, mas, na verdade, são membros da “sinagoga de Satanás” (Ap 2.9). Ele promete aos cristãos que eles testemunharão a derrota desses judeus inspirados por Satanás que os haviam perseguido com tanta severidade: Eis farei que alguns dos que são da sinagoga de Satanás, desses que a si mesmos se declaram judeus e não são, mas mentem, eis que os farei vir vir e prostrar-se prostrar-se aos teus pés e con c onhecer hecer que eu e u te amei. (Ap 3.9)
A forma da repreensão de João nos lembra das palavras do Senhor contra Israel em seu ministério terreno, quando ele menciona Satanás, nega a relação dos judeus com Abraão e fala sobre a mentira: Então, lhe responderam: Nosso pai é Abraão. Disse-lhes Jesus: Se sois filhos de Abraão, praticai as obras de Abraão. […] Vós sois do diabo, que é vosso pai, e quereis satisfazer-lhe os desejos. Ele foi homicida desde o princípio e jamais se firmou na verdade, porque nele não há verdade. Quando ele profere profe re mentira mentira , fala do que lhe é próprio, porque é mentiroso e pai da mentira. (Jo 8.39,44)
Os judeus do século I que rejeitam Cristo também rejeitam a própria herança; eles não eram judeus de verdade, no melhor sentido do termo (Rm 2.28,29; 9.6), embora afirmassem com frequência sua relação com Abraão (Mt 3.9; Lc 3.8; Jo 8.39; Rm 2.17). Logo, João segue o exemplo exemplo do Antigo Antigo Testamento Testamento de chamar chamar Jerusalém Jer usalém por nomes nomes pagãos quando ela se rebela contra Deus. Como vimos antes, o nome “a grande Babilônia” aparece primeiro na forma truncada de “a grande cidade”, que é onde Cristo foi crucificado, isto é, Jerusalém (Ap 11.8).
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O CONTRASTE LITERÁRIO Os rios de evidências que estamos traçando aparentemente nunca se esgotam. Agora, descobrimos outro afluente correndo através do Apocalipse para a mesma conclusão. João estrutura o material focando nas duas principais imagens femininas do escrito de modo a exigir nosso reconhecimento delas como uma imagem imagem positiva e a outra negativa. negativa. Vejam eja mos com c omoo é isso. isso . Havendo chamado chamado a meretriz eretri z de “a grande Babilônia” Babil ônia” e a apresentado apre sentado em todo o seu caráter cará ter maligno aligno em Apocalips Apocalipsee 17, João relata a destruição destruição dela del a em Apocali Apocalipse pse 18-19. Por exemplo, exemplo, leem lee m-se algumas algumas declaraç decl arações ões sobre sobr e esse fato no capítu capí tulo lo 18: Então, exclamou com potente voz, dizendo: Caiu! Caiu a grande Babilônia e se tornou morada de demônios, covil de toda espécie de espírito imundo e esconderijo de todo gênero de ave imunda e detestável. (Ap 18.2) E, conservando-se de longe, pelo medo do seu tormento, dizem: Ai! Ai! Tu, grande cidade, Babilônia, tu, poderosa cidade! Pois, em uma só hora, chegou o teu juízo. (Ap 18.10) Então, um anjo forte levantou uma pedra como grande pedra de moinho e arrojou-a para dentro do mar, dizendo: Assim, com ímpeto, será arrojada Babilônia, a grande cidade, e nunca jamais será achada. (Ap 18.21)
Havendo profetizado sua destruição, o apóstolo apresenta uma nova mulher no ápice do drama: “a cidade santa, a nova Jerusalém” (Ap 21.2): Vi também a cidade santa, a nova Jerusalém, que descia do céu, da parte de Deus, ataviada como noiva adornada para o seu esposo.
Em outras passagens, o Novo Testamento usa a nova Jerusalém celestial para desclassificar a velha e histórica: Ora, Agar é o monte Sinai, na Arábia, e corresponde à Jerusalém atual, que está em escravidão com seus filhos. Mas a Jerusalém lá de cima é livre, a qual é nossa mãe. (Gl 4.25,26)
O escritor aos Hebreus encoraja encoraja os judeus professos professos a permanecer permanecer fiéis à conversão c onversão cristã, pois: Mas tendes chegado ao monte Sião e à cidade do Deus vivo, a Jerusalém celestial, e a incontáveis hostes de anjos, e à universal assembleia. (Hb 12.22)
O modo de João estruturar esses últimos capítulos acrescenta forte evidência sobre a identidade de Babilônia como Jerusalém. Aqui, aprendemos que, por causa da queda da velha Jerusalém, Deus envia a “nova Jerusalém” para substituí-la. Ele intencionalmente descreve as duas mulheres usando a mesma estrutura literária. Como Cristo, que ensina que o odre velho do judaísmo não pode conter o vinho novo
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A APRESENTAÇÃO DAS MULHERES João registra para nós sua experiência visionária ao testemunhar a grande meretriz e a noiva celestial. O registro faz um paralelo tão próximo entre elas que uma se torna a imagem negativa da outra. Veio um dos sete anjos que têm as sete taças e falou comigo, dizendo: Vem, mostrar-te-ei o julgamento da grande meretriz que se acha a cha sentada se ntada sobre mui muitas águas. á guas. (Ap 17.1) 17.1) Então, veio um dos sete anjos que têm as sete taças cheias dos últimos sete flagelos e falou comigo, dizendo: Vem, mostrar-teei a noiva, a esposa do Cordeiro. (Ap 21.9)
O caráter das mulheres
Não só isso, mas o caráter das duas mulheres contrasta bastante — sugestão de seu relacionamento. Veio um dos sete anjos que têm as sete taças e falou comigo, dizendo: Vem, mostrar-te-ei o julgamento ju lgamento da grande gra nde meretriz meretriz que se acha sentada sobre muitas águas. (Ap 17.1) Então, veio um dos sete anjos que têm as sete taças cheias dos últimos sete flagelos e falou comigo, dizendo: Vem, mostrar-te-ei a noiva, a esposa do Cordeiro. (Ap 21.9)
O ambiente das mulheres
O contraste positivo-negativo, em que a nova Jerusalém desclassifica a velha, continua na apresentação de João. O anjo, nas duas instâncias, carrega João, mas para ambientes muito diferentes. Transportou-me o anjo, em espírito, a um deserto e vi uma mulher montada numa besta escarlate, besta repleta de nomes de blasfêmia, com sete cabeças e dez chifres. (Ap 17.3) E me transportou, em espírito, até a uma grande e elevada montanha e me mostrou a santa cidade, Jerusalém, que descia do céu, da parte de Deus. (Ap 21.10)
A estrutura artística utilizada por João na visão das duas mulheres demonstra um contraste intencional. Ele sublinha a relação das duas mulheres: uma (a nova Jerusalém) é a gloriosa substituta da outra repreensível (a velha Jerusalém).
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CONCLUSÃO O Apocalipse dramatiza a “troca de guarda” na história da redenção. João profetiza o juízo do Senhor contra o povo do Antigo Testamento enquanto estabelece a igreja do Novo Testamento. Assim, ele segue o padrão de substituição dos avisos de Jesus a Israel: Digo-vos que muitos virão do Oriente e do Ocidente e tomarão lugares à mesa com Abraão, Isaque e Jacó no reino dos céus. Ao passo que os filhos do reino serão lançados para fora, nas trevas; ali haverá choro e ranger de dentes. (Mt 8.11,12) Portanto, vos digo que o reino de Deus vos será tirado e será entregue a um povo que lhe produza os respectivos frutos. (Mt 21.43)
Aprendemos, em outros lugares na Escritura, que o povo judeu, um dia, converter-se-á a Cristo (p. ex., Rm 11.1,25). A queda de Israel foi devastadora, mas não total (Rm 11.11,15). Os judeus virão ao Messias nos mesmos termos do evangelho como todas as outras pessoas. Porém, seu lugar especial de proeminência no plano de Deus foi removido. Sua distinção geopolítica terminou; Israel não será exaltada acima nem destacada entre as outras nações. Isaías profetiza essa mudança de status com estas palavras: Naquele dia, haverá estrada do Egito até à Assíria, os assírios irão ao Egito, e os egípcios, à Assíria; e os egípcios adorarão com os assírios. Naquele dia, Israel será o terceiro com os egípcios e os assírios, uma bênção no meio da terra; porque o SENHOR dos dos Exércitos os abençoará, dizendo: Bendito seja o Egito, meu povo, e a Assíria, obra de minhas mãos, e Israel, minha herança. (Is 19.23-25) 19.23-25)
Com a vinda da nova aliança, “não há judeu nem grego”, pois “sois todos um em Cristo Jesus” (Gl 3.28).
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5. Julgamentos principais e seus significados Até este ponto, salientei os princípios e as personagens principais do livro do Apocalipse. Acredito que os capítulos antecedentes são cruciais para entender esse livro misterioso com correção. Neste capítulo, destacarei alguns tipos de acontecimentos históricos que demonstram a plausibilidade de se cumprimento no século I. Mas antes, recordarei com brevidade os pontos importantes já apresentados. No Apocalipse, João profetiza profetiza sobre o juízo juízo divino contra contra Israel, resultando resultando na devastação do povo, da terra e do templo. Por meio desse julgamento, Deus remove o templo do palco histórico de uma vez para sempre, usando os exércitos romanos (que Jesus chamou de “seus exércitos”, em sentido profético, em Mt 22.7). A rejeição do Messias, por parte de Israel, e a perseguição contra os seguidores de Jesus resultam em consequências desoladoras. Elas deram ensejo à expansão da verdadeira fé, por meio da nova aliança, até alcançar influência universal, sem as restrições raciais, geográficas e ritualísticas inerentes à economia da antiga aliança. A chave primária primária para entender entender o Apocalipse são as palavras palavra s iniciais do próprio João sobre quando os acontecimentos ocorrerão. João envia o Apocalipse para cristãos sofredores (p. ex., Ap 1.9; 6.9-11) a respeito de acontecimentos que se aproximavam com rapidez durante sua existência. Revelação de Jesus Cristo, que Deus lhe deu para mostrar aos seus servos as coisas que em breve devem acontecer e que ele, enviando por intermédio do seu anjo, notificou ao seu servo João. (Ap 1.1) Bem-aventurados aqueles que leem e aqueles que ouvem as palavras da profecia e guardam as coisas nela escritas, pois o tempo está próximo. (Ap 1.3)
Esses indicadores temporais claros lançam a luz interpretativa essencial sobre a declaração do tema de João:
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A QUEDA DAS MONTANHAS E ESCONDERIJOS NAS CAVERNAS Focarei em dois elem e lement entos os do sexto sexto selo sel o de Apocalipse 6, pois ele abre de fato fato as cenas de julgament julgamento. o. s montanhas se movendo
Em Apocalipse 6, uma das imagens mais incríveis envolve o tremor de todas as montanhas em razão do despejo da ira de Deus: E o céu recolheu-se como um pergaminho quando se enrola. Então, todos os montes e ilhas foram movidos do seu lugar. Os reis da terra, os grandes, os comandantes, os ricos, os poderosos e todo escravo e todo livre se esconderam nas cavernas e nos penhascos dos montes. (Ap 6.14,15)
Como explicaremos esse movimento de todas as montanhas? Qual é a realidade histórica por trás desse imagin imaginário ário apocalíptico? apocalí ptico? Para entender entender a imagem imagem,, devemos considerar conside rar as circun cir cunstâncias stâncias do século I envolvidas envolvi das no ataque romano romano contra contra Israel. Grande parte do terreno de Israel, Israel , ao redor r edor das cidades importan importantes, tes, provia defesas naturais significativas que serviam como obstáculos a exércitos saqueadores. Isso é verdadeiro em especial para as forças armadas dos exércitos muito organizados e mecanizados dos romanos. Josefo mencionou várias vári as vezes v ezes os obstáculos montanhosos ontanhosos no cam ca minho inho dos do s rom r omanos: anos: Agripa observou que até os afazeres dos romanos estavam provavelmente em perigo, enquanto uma multidão tão imensa de inimigos havia capturado a área ao redor das montanhas. (War 2.19.3) Agora, Jotapata está quase toda construída em um precipício, e todos os seus outros lados são vales muito profundos e íngremes, de tal modo que quem olhasse para baixo não conseguiria enxergar até o fundo. Só é possível chegar até ela pelo lado norte, no qual a maior parte da cidade está construída na montanha, e termina obliquamente em uma planície. Josefo havia envolvido essa montanha
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Essas ocorrências históricas impressionantes em Josefo se encaixam bem com as profecias espantosas e simbólicas de João. Dada a expectativa de curto prazo estabelecida por João e o absurdo da interpretação literal direta, nada impede o intérprete razoável de reconhecer esses acontecimentos como os cumprimentos históricos em vista. Os esconderijos nas cavernas
Esconder-se em cavernas é algo bastante bastante fácil de entender entender de modo literal. li teral. Todavia, precisam preci samos os perceber perc eber quão importante uma ação assim se torna na guerra judaica. Sua aparição no Apocalipse não é uma simples questão de dar cores ao relato; era algo de grande significado. Josefo registra muitos exemplos que mostram como cavernas e grutas foram usadas pelos judeus nas tentativas de escapar da ira dos exércitos romanos, como: Nesse dia, ocorreu que os romanos abateram toda a multidão que apareceu ao ar livre; mas, nos dias seguintes, eles procuraram nos esconderijos e arremeteram contra o que estavam sob o solo e nas cavernas (War 3.7.36). Assim, agora, a última esperança que dava força aos tiranos, e aos recrutas de salteadores que estavam com eles, estava nas grutas e nas cavernas sob o chão; para onde, se eles pudessem voar uma vez, não esperariam que fossem buscados; mas resolveram que, depois que toda a cidade fosse destruída, e os romanos fossem embora, pudessem sair de novo e escapar deles. Isso não passou de um sonho, pois não puderam ficar escondidos nem de Deus nem dos romanos. Porém, eles dependeram desses subterfúgios subterrâneos (War 6.7.3). Simão, no cerco de Jerusalém, estava na parte mais alta da cidade; mas, quando o exército romano adentrou suas muralhas, e desolava a cidade, então ele tomou os seus amigos mais fiéis consigo, e alguns que sabiam cortar pedras dentre eles, com as ferramentas de ferro que pertenciam à sua ocupação, e uma quantidade de provisões grande o suficiente para que lhes bastasse por muito tempo, e desceram todos para uma certa caverna subterrânea que não era visível acima do chão (War 7.2.1).
Ao contrário das esperanças dos judeus, as montanhas não eram imóveis, nem as cavernas impenetráveis. Como Como Apocalipse 6.16, 17 alerta: ale rta:
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Apocalipse 16.17-21: Então, derramou o sétimo anjo a sua taça pelo ar, e saiu grande voz do santuário, do lado do trono, dizendo: Feito está! E sobrevieram relâmpagos, vozes e trovões, e ocorreu grande terremoto, como nunca houve igual desde que há gente sobre a terra; tal foi o terremoto, forte e grande. E a grande cidade se dividiu em três partes, e caíram as cidades das nações. E lembrou-se Deus da grande Babilônia para dar-lhe o cálice do vinho do furor da sua ira. Todas as ilhas fugiram, e os montes não foram achados; também desabou do céu sobre os homens grande saraivada, com pedras que pesavam cerca de um talento; e, por causa do flagelo da chuva de pedras, os homens blasfemaram de Deus, porquanto o seu flagelo era sobremodo grande.
Eu me concentrarei em dois aspectos notáveis da profecia: a divisão da cidade em três partes e a chuva de pedras de um talento. divisão da cidade
Um aspecto trágico da guerra judaica enfatizado repetidas vezes por Josefo é a convulsão interna em Jerusalém. A guerra civil destruiu todas as esperanças de uma frente unificada contra o cerco de Roma a essa cidade murada. De fato, a divisão se dava em uma linha tripartida, bem conhecida por Josefo: Assim, quando Tito marchou sobre o deserto entre o Egito e a Síria, da maneira supracitada, chegou a Cesareia, tendo resolvido pôr em ordem suas forças nesse lugar antes de começar a guerra. E mais, na verdade, enquanto ajudava seu pai em Alexandria a organizar o novo governo que havia sido outorgado a eles por Deus, aconteceu que a sedição em Jerusalém foi reavivada, e dividida em três facções, e elas lutavam entre si; partição essa que, nesses casos maus, pode ser chamada de coisa boa, e resultado da justiça divina. Agora, quanto ao ataque dos zelotes contra o povo, eu o considero o princípio da destruição da cidade — ele já havia havia sido sido expli explicado de maneira maneira precisa; e também a respeito de quando quando ele surgiu, surgiu, e quão quão grandes grandes danos danos causou. Todavia, quanto à presente sedição, ninguém deve subestimá-la se fosse chamada de sedição gerada por outra sedição, e de ser ela como uma besta selvagem enlouquecida, e que, pela falta de alimento externo, passou a comer a própria carne ( War 5.1.1). E havia três facções traiçoeiras na cidade, uma tendo saído da outra. Eleazar e seu partido, que mantinham as primícias sagradas, vieram contra João com seus golpes. Os que estavam com João saquearam as massas e se lançaram com zelo contra Simão. Esse Simão detinha detinha o suprimento suprimento de provisões provisões da cid c idade, ade, ao a o contrário dos se diciosos. diciosos. (War 5.1.4).
Josefo lamenta o potencial destrutivo dessa facção tríplice: foi “sedição gerada por outra sedição, e de
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resolveram evitar essa reação escurecendo a pedra, pois poderia ser mirada neles com sucesso: não sendo a pedra observada de antemão, como antes, eles matavam muitos adversários com uma só explosão. ( War 5.6.3)
Imagine a cena: Jerusalém cercada por catapultas que lançavam pedras brancas pesando um talento [cerca de 30 kg] cada. Isso se encaixa incrivelmente bem com o retrato simbólico de João da destruição como um granizo enorme. Os acontecimentos históricos se engrenam muito bem com o imaginário impressionante. A interpretação histórica não é nem um pouco absurda.
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O SANGUE CORRENDO E OS FREIOS DOS CAVALOS Em Apocalipse 14.17-20, João registrou a visão do banho de sangue que sobreviria aos inimigos de Deus: Então, saiu do santuário, que se encontra no céu, outro anjo, tendo ele mesmo também uma foice afiada. Saiu ainda do altar outro anjo, aquele que tem autoridade sobre o fogo, e falou em grande voz ao que tinha a foice afiada, dizendo: Toma a tua foice afiada e ajunta os cachos da videira da terra, porquanto as suas uvas estão amadurecidas! Então, o anjo passou a sua foice na terra, e vindimou a videira da terra, e lançou-a no grande lagar da cólera de Deus. E o lagar foi pisado fora da cidade, e correu sangue do lagar até aos freios dos cavalos, numa extensão de mil e seiscentos estádios.
A Escritura muitas vezes usa o símbolo da vinha de Deus para representar Israel (Sl 80.8; Is 5.1-7; Jr 2.21; 12.10; Ez 17.2,6; 19.1,10; Mt 21.33-40). João seguiu o mesmo padrão do Antigo Testamento aqui no Apocalipse. Onde ficava esse lagar pisado “fora da cidade”? E como esse enorme fluxo de sangue pode ser aplicado aos acontecimentos do ano 70 d.C.? Acreditamos que o sangue realmente correu por 1600 estádios (c. de 300 km), e sua altura chegava aos freios dos cavalos? São essas perguntas que vamos vamos considerar agora.
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Assim, ao longo da história, a carnificina repleta de sangue estendeu-se não só através da extensão da terra (1600 estádios ou c. de 300 km), mas também no mar. Isso se encaixa em outras imagens do Apocalipse, como o mar virando sangue (Ap 8.8; 16.3). João vê isso como se o sangue corresse até alcançar os freios dos cavalos. Seu imaginário é forte — e histórico. O Cordeiro que foi morto (Ap 5.58,12) derram derr amaa a sua ira (Ap 6.16,17) sobre os que o crucificaram (Ap 1.7).
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CONCLUSÃO Ainda que o cumprimento do Apocalipse no século I surpreenda os evangélicos modernos, a evidência a seu favor é muito ampla e convincente. Uma vez que nos desiludimos com a suposta abordagem literalista do Apocalipse, estamos em uma posição melhor de entender o livro como João pretendia. Embora Embora as grandes imagens imagens no Apocalipse Apocal ipse não sejam sej am literai li terais, s, elas ela s de fato retratam acontecimentos históricos. Quando pesquisamos os registros históricos da guerra judaica, descobrimos correspondências incríveis entre a simbologia de João e a realidade de Josefo. Apresentei só algumas amostras ilustrativas, mas há muitas outras disponíveis. Os acontecimentos previstos por João abalaram de fato judeus e cristãos do século I. Daí o uso que João fez de imagens que sacodem a terra.
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6. O milênio e as ressurreições Por fim, quando se chega ao final do Apocalipse, deixamos para trás muitas cenas de juízo para observar assuntos mais gloriosos. Nos últimos dois capítulos de João, chegamos aos resultados finais dos juízos de Deus. O Apocalipse não está totalmente entregue à ira e ao juízo.
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O REINO MILENAR D DE CRISTO Nos capítulos anteriores, demonstrei que o Apocalipse se concentra em ocorrências que “devem acontecer em breve” porque “o tempo está próximo”. Descobrimos que os juízos espetaculares do Apocalipse retratam as catástrofes históricas conducentes ao ano 70 d.C. Ainda que não tenha sido possível explorar o material com profundidade, acredito que pudemos perceber que os acontecimentos históricos respeitantes à destruição de Jerusalém e do templo se encaixam com facilidade no imaginário
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OS MIL ANOS Em Apocalipse 20, lemos sobre o reino milenar de Cristo: “Serão sacerdotes de Deus e de Cristo e reinarão com ele os mil anos” (Ap 20.6b). Contudo, devemos perceber logo que, embora ela seja comum nos debates escatológicos, a designação do reino de Cristo com a duração de mil anos é rara na Escritura. De fato, fato, ela só ocorre ocor re aqui, nessa única única passagem no livro mais simbólico simbólico de toda a Escritura. Escritura. Isso deve nos alertar para a possibilidade de que o período de mil anos, em si, possa representar algo
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A PRISÃO DE SATANÁS Em Apocalipse 20.1-3, João abre a visão do reino de mil anos de Cristo associando-a à prisão de mil anos de Satanás: Então, vi descer do céu um anjo; tinha na mão a chave do abismo e uma grande corrente. Ele segurou o dragão, a antiga serpente, que é o diabo, Satanás, e o prendeu por mil anos; lançou-o no abismo, fechou-o e pôs selo sobre ele, para que não mais enganasse as nações até se completarem os mil anos. Depois disto, é necessário que ele seja solto pouco tempo.
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Chegou o momento de ser julgado este mundo, e agora o seu príncipe será expulso . E eu, quando for levantado da terra, atrairei todos a mim mesmo .
Temos aqui os dois componentes fundamentais da prisão de Satanás no Apocalipse: o próprio Satanás atingido em sentido negativo e o mundo libertado do domínio satânico. No Apocalipse, João expressa esses temas da seguinte maneira: Ele seg urou o dragão dra gão,, a antiga serpente, serpe nte, que é o diabo, diab o, Satanás Sata nás,, e o prendeu por mil mil an os; lançou-o no abismo, encerrou-o e pôs selo sobre ele, para que não mais enga nasse nas se as a s na ções até se completarem os mil anos. (Ap 20.2,3)
Observamos a vitória legal de Cristo sobre Satanás também em outras referências do Novo Testamento.
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Todas
civili civi lizações zações antig contavam
deuses nacionais (demônios) (demônios)
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Se, porém, eu expulso demônios pelo Espírito de Deus, certamente é chegado o reino de Deus sobre vós.
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injustos”.
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