NWFP 1 Flavours and Fragances of Plant Origin

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS

\ ON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS

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Flavours and fragrances of plant origin

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Food Food and and Agriculture Organization Organization of of the the United United Nations Nations

Agriculture

NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS NON-WOOD FOREST

1i Flavours and fragrances of plant origin by

J.J.W. J.J.W. Coppen

AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED UNITED NATIONS NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Rome, 1995 1995

--- l The designations employed and the presentation of material in this designations employed publication do not imply imply the the expression expression of of any anyopinion opinionwhatsoever whatsoever on the part of of the the Food Food and and Agriculture Agriculture Organization Organization of the the United United legal status status of of any any country, country, territory, territory, city city or or Nations concerning concerning the the legal area or of of its itsauthorities, authorities, or orconcerning concerning the thedelimitation delimitation of ofits its frontiers frontiers or boundaries.

M-37 92-5-103648-9 ISBN 92-5-103648-9

All rights reserved. stored in in a reserved. No part of this publication publication may be reproduced, reproduced , stored

retrieval system, or or transmitted in any retrieval system, transmitted in any form form or or by byany anymeans, means,electronic, electronic , mechanical, photocopying otherwise, without without the the prior prior permission permission of of the the mechanical, photocopying or or otherwise, Applications for such permission, permission , with statement of of the the copyright owner. owner. Applications copyright for such with a statement purpose purpose and extent of the the reproduction, reproduction, should should be addressed addressed to the the Director, Director, Puhlications Division, Division , Food Food and and Agriculture Agriculture Organization Organization of ofthe the United UnitedNations, Nations, Publications Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Rome , Italy.

0 ©FAO FAD 1995 1995

FOREWORD Non-wood forest products extremely heterogenous. products are are extremely heterogenous. They They playa play a vital vital role in the life and welfare of the people. people. AAlarge largenumber numberofofitems itemsofofour oureveryday everyday use use contain contain aavarying varying and welfare of non-wood non-wood forest forest products. products. proportion of

Sustainable utilisation utilisation and and development developmentof of non-wood forest products non-wood forest products are are highly highly Sustainable scientific knowledge demanding demanding on scientific knowledge and and information information relating relating to to their their resource resource distribution distribution and and management, chemical chemical and biological biological properties, properties, uses, supply-demand supply-demand situation situation and so on. on. management, and so However, non-wood forest Sources of existing existing However, the information base base of non-wood forest products productsisisstill stillweak. weak. Sources is a lack lack of of an anadequate adequate system system of ofcompiling compiling and and information are dispersed. dispersed. There information There is of disseminating information. These These exert a negative negative influence influence on the the development development of disseminating available information. non-wood non-wood forest products. In order to to remedy remedy this this deficiency, deficiency, the the FAO FAO Forest Forest Products Products Division Division has has initiated initiated In order non-wood forest forest products. The present present publication publication on on flavours flavours publication publication of a new series on non-wood products. The and fragrances and fragrances of plant origin is the first of the the series. series. The material for this this publication was prepared by John Coppen of the UK-ODA Natural Chandrasekharan, Chief of the Resources Institute under the advice and general Resources general guidance guidance of C. C. Chandrasekharan, Non-Wood Forest Products Products and and Energy Energy Branch. Branch. FAO Non-Wood We hope that this publication will serve as a useful reference for all concerned with with nonnonproducts. wood forest products. /

47-4'

Karl-Hermann Schmincke Director Products Division Division Forest Products

III

CONTENTS

Page FOREWORD ABBREVIATIONS

iii 111 X X

CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER

FLAVOURS AND AND FRAGRANCES FRAGRANCES OF OF PLANT PLANT ORIGIN ORIGIN INTRODUCTION FORMAT REPORT FORMAT OF THE REPORT SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEW REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUCCESSFUL SOURCES OF OF FLAVOURS FLAVOURS AND AND FRAGRANCES FRAGRANCES OR IMPROVED SOURCES SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 1

11 4 4 6

CHAPTER CHAPTER 2

CINNAMOMUM OILS (INCLUDING (INCLUDING CINNAMON CINNAMON AND CASSIA) DESCRIPTION AND USES USES WORLD DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND PLANT SOURCES SOURCES PROCESSING HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PRODUCTS OTHER THAN OIL PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OILS OTHER CINNAMOMUM CINNAMOMUM SPECIES SPECIES OILS FROM OTHER SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

77

7 7 10 10 11 11 11 12 13

CHAPTER CHAPTER 3

SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS OIL

19

DESCRIPTION AND USES USES WORLD DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND PLANT SOURCES SOURCES HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PRODUCTS OTHER THAN OIL OIL DEVELOPMENT AL POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PIPER SPECIES AS ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES SOURCES OF OF SAFROLE SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

vV

19 19 21 21 22 22 22 22 25

CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER

ROSEWOOD OIL

29

DESCRIPTION AND USES USES WORLD DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND PLANT SOURCES HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING PRODUCTS OTHER THAN PRODUCTS OTHER THAN OIL DEVELOPMENT AL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

29 29 31 32 32 32 32 34

CHAPTER CHAPTER 5

EUCALYPTUS EUCALYPTUS OIL

37

DESCRIPTION AND USES USES

37

WORLD SUPPLY AND AND DEMAND DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS PLANT SOURCES SOURCES HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING ALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING V VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS PRODUCTS OTHER OTHER THAN THAN OIL DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

37 40

42 43 44 44 46

CHAPTER CHAPTER 6

SANDALWOOD OIL OIL

53

DESCRIPTION AND USES USES WORLD DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND PLANT SOURCES SOURCES HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING ALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING V VALUE-ADDED

53 53 54 56 56

PRODUCTS OIL PRODUCTS OTHER THAN OIL DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

56 57

58

CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER

LITSEA CUBEBA CUBEBA OIL

61

AND USES USES DESCRIPTION AND WORLD SUPPLY AND AND DEMAND DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS SOURCES PLANT SOURCES PROCESSING HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING VI vi

61 61 62 62

VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING

63 63 63 64

PRODUCTS OTHER THAN OIL PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER

TURPENTINE FROM PINE RESIN RESIN AND USES USES DESCRIPTION AND WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS WORLD PLANT SOURCES SOURCES PROCESSING HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING PROCESSING V ALUE-ADDED PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED THAN TURPENTINE/RESIN TURPENTINE/RESIN PRODUCTS OTHER THAN POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

65 65 65 68 69 72 72 72 73

CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER

OLffiANUM AND OLIBANUM (FRANKINCENSE), MYRRH AND OPOPANAX RESINS AND AND OILS USES DESCRIPTION AND USES WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS PLANT SOURCES SOURCES PROCESSING HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING PRODUCTS OTHER THAN RESIN RESIN DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

81 81 81

83 83 85 85

86 86 86 87

CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER

CEDARWOOD OILS

93

DESCRIPTION AND USES DESCRIPTION USES WORLD SUPPLY AND DEMAND DEMAND TRENDS TRENDS PLANT SOURCES SOURCES HARVESTING/PRIMARY PROCESSING PROCESSING VALUE-ADDED V ALUE-ADDED PROCESSING PROCESSING PRODUCTS OTHER OTHER THAN THAN OIL OIL DEVELOPMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AL POTENTIAL POTENTIAL SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vll vii

93

93 95

96 96 96 97 97 97 97

TABLES 1: Table 1:

Exports of cmnamon bark oil from from Sri Sri Lanka, Lanka, and and destinations, destinations, Exports of cinnamon bark oil 16

1987-92

Table 2:

Exports of cinnamon cmnamon leaf leaf oil from from Sri Sri Lanka, Lanka, and destinations, Exports 1987-92

16

Table 3:

into the the United United States, States, and and sources, sources, 1987-93 1987-93 Imports of cassia oil into

17

Table 4:

Cinnamomum sources of ofchemical chemical Cinnamomum species species with actual actual or potential use as sources isolates

17

Table 5:

of sassafras sassafras oil oil from from Brazil, Brazil, and and destinations, destinations, 1986-90 1986-90 Exports of

27

Table 6:

of rosewood rosewood oil oil from from Brazil, Brazil, and and destinations, destinations, 1986-92 1986-92 Exports of

36

Table 7:

Imports of eucalyptus eucalyptus oil into into the the European European Community, Community, and and sources, sources, Imports 1984-90

50

Table 8:

Imports of eucalyptus eucalyptus oil into the United United States, 1984-90 1984-90

50

Table 9:

World production and and exports exports (excluding (excluding re-exports) re-exports) of of cineole-type cineole-type World production eucalyptus oil estimated estimated for for 1991 1991

51

Table 10: 10: Exports of sandalwood 1987/88-1992/93

oil

from

India,

and

destinations, 60

11: Exports of of sandalwood sandalwood oil oil from from Indonesia, Indonesia, and and destinations, destinations, 1987-92 1987-92 Table 11:

60

Table Principal producers producers and and production production volumes volumes of gum gum turpentine turpentine (and (and Table 12: 12: Principal rosin)

79

gumturpentine turpentinefrom fromIndonesia, Indonesia, and and destinations. destinations, 1988-92 1988-92 Table 13: Exports Exportsofofgum Table 13:

79

incensegum gumfrom fromSomalia, Somalia, and anddestinations, destinations, 1975-80 1975-80 Table Exportsofofincense Table 14: Exports

90

Table 15: Exports Exports of ofmyrrh myrrhfrom fromSomalia, Somalia, and and destinations, destinations, 1976-79 1976-79 Table 15:

90

Table Exportsofofincense incensegum gumfrom fromEthiopia, Ethiopia,and anddestinations, destinations, 1981-83 1981-83 Table 16: Exports

91

Table Exports of olibanum/frankincense from Table 17: 17: Exports 1987/88-1992/93 1987/88-1992/93

91

India,

and

destinations destinations,,

18: Principal sources sources of of olibanum, olibanum, myrrh myrrh and and opopanax opopanax and and estimated estimated world world Table 18: 1987 trade, 1987

92

cedarwood oil oilinto into the the United United States, States, and and sources, sources, 1989-93 1989-93 Importsofofcedarwood Table 19: Imports

99

Table Imports of ofcedar cedar oil oil into into Japan, Japan, and and sources, sources, 1989-93 1989-93 Table 20: 20: Imports

99

viii Vlll

PHOTOGRAPHS 1. 2.

Wild Piper hispidenerviutn hispidenervium [c. NRI]. [C. Green, NRI].

growing

on

forest

verge,

Acre

state,

Brazil 26

Coppiced Piper Piper hispidenervium hispidenervium awaiting Field trials: Coppiced awaiting its its fourth fourthharvest, harvest, Brazil Brazil [D. [D. Baker, NRI].

26

3.

Rosewood the distillery, distillery, Brazil Rosewood logs logs (Aniba (Aniba rosaeodora) rosaeodora) being being transported transportedby by river river to to the [FCAP]. 35 [FCAP] .

4.

Propagation partial shade, shade, Brazil Brazil Propagation trials: trials: Seedling Seedling of of Aniba Aniba rosaedora rosaedora growing growing III in partial [FCAP]. 35

5.

Propagation trials: Branch Branch method of developing developing juvenile juvenile stems stems of of Aniba Anibarosaeodora rosaeodora for for clonal propagation, Brazil Brazil [FCAP]. [FCAP]. 36

6.

Eucalyptus leaves awaiting distillation. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus, showing juvenile and adult globulus, showing Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. 48 leaves, leaves, Portugal [J. Coppen,

7.

Harvesting about 24 months months [J. [J. Coppen, Coppen, Harvesting Eucalyptus Eucalyptus smithii, stnithii, Swaziland. Swaziland.First First cut cut at at about NRI].

48

8.

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus smithii, Swaziland Eucalyptus leaves being being loaded loaded into into stills stills for for distillation. distillation. Eucalyptus [J . Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. [J. 49

9.

Regularly coppiced natural natural stands stands of ofEucalyptus Eucalyptus polybractea polybractea awaiting awaiting harvesting, harvesting, Regularly coppiced [J. Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. Australia [J.

10. Traditional form of tapping practised in Indonesia, Indonesia, Pinus Pinus merkusii merkusii [J. [J. Coppen, Coppen, NRI].

49

75

11 . Tapping Pinus merkusii in Thailand, which also involves involves removal removal of wood wood from from the tree [J. [J. Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. 75 12. Tapped of Pinus Pinus elliottii elliottii showing showing bark bark removal removal (wide (wide face). face), South South Africa Africa Tapped face face of NRI]. 76 [J. Coppen, NRI]. 13. Tapped Pinus elliottii elliottii showing showing bark bark removal removal (narrow (narrow face), face), South South Africa Africa Tapped face face of Pinus [J. Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. 76 [J. 14. Tapping elliottii in Brazil illustrating illustrating use plastic bags bags for resin resin collection collection Tapping Pinus Pinus elliottii in Brazil use of plastic 77 [J. Coppen, NRI]. NRI]. [J. 15. Pinus cafibaea caribaea in in third third year year of oftapping, tapping, South South Africa Africa [J. [J. Coppen, Coppen, NRI]. NRI].

77

16. Quality Quality assessment: sample of resin from from Pinus Pinus merkusii, merkusii, Thailand Thailand assessment: Collection Collectionofof aa sample of resin [J. Coppen, Coppen, NRI]. NRI] . 78 17. Olibanum ("beyo") Somalia [J. NRI]. ("beyo") collected from from Boswellia Boswellia sacra, sacra, Somalia [J. Coulter, NRI].

89

18. Boswellia Somalia [J. Coulter, NRI]. NRI]. Boswellia sacra, sacra, Somalia

89

APPENDIX 1: Appendix 1:

steam distillation Basic principles of steam

ix IX

101

ABBREVIATIONS CENARGEN C&F C &F CIF EMBRAPA EC EOA FAO FCAP FMA FOB FOT INPA ISO ITE NRI ODA OFI pa

Centro Nacional Nacional de de Recursos Recursos Genéticos Geneticos ee Biotecnologia Biotecnologia (Brazil) (Brazil) Cost and freight Cost, insurance, freight freight Cost, insurance, de Pesquisa Pesquisa Agropecuária Agropecmiria (Brazil) (Brazil) Empresa Brasileira de Community European Community Essential Oil Association of USA Essential Food and Agriculture Agriculture Organization Organization of the the United United Nations Nations Agrarias do do Para Para (Brazil) (Brazil) Ciencias Agrarias Faculdade de Ciéncias USA Materials Association Association of USA Fragrance Materials board Free on board tanker Free on tanker Pesquisas da da Amazônia Amazonia (Brazil) (Brazil) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas International Standardization Standardization Organization Organization Ecology (UK) (UK) Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Resources Institute Institute (UK) (UK) Natural Resources Development Administration Administration (UK) (UK) Overseas Development Forestry Institute Institute (UK) (UK) Oxford Forestry annum per annum

In all Tables: Tables:

indicates nil indicates < 0.5 0.5 tonnes tonnes (except (except Table 0.05tonnes) tonnes) indicates Table 1,I,