Numerical Technology

Substation Automation and

Basic Concept Of Numerical Technology

Protection Training

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Numerical Protection

Development of Protective Relays

Protective relays development has under gone following stages: • Electromechanical Relays – Started 100 years ago.

• Static or Electronics Relays – Introduced in 1960s

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• Microprocessor based Relays – Present era started in 1980s

Electromechanical Relays Introduction: Initially protective relays were of electromechanical design, attracted Armature or moving disc/cup type. Operating principal / characteristics of these relays is depended on operating force of electromagnet and Retarding force of spring. Four types of Electromechanical relays were widely used: Magnetic attraction, Magnetic Induction, D’Arsonval and Thermal units.

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These relays came in existence in the beginning of this century and were the only choice till 1970.

Electromechanical Relays Electromagnetic Relay

COIL

SHADING RING

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DISK

Electromechanical Relays

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The first time-overcurrent relay made by ABB, type TCB, manufactured 1905

Induction type time over-current relay type RI from 1920

Line distance relay type RYZKC from 1940

Electromechanical Relays Draw back of Electromechanical Relays: • High operating time due to inertia of moving parts and hence

slow in operating. • High error (upto ± 10%) of measurement • High burden on CT’s and PT’s • Drift in characteristics due to ageing of components • No flexibility in use hence become redundant when system grows and fault level increases. • Bigger dimensions • Frequent maintenance

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• Affected by vibrations and shocks caused by external sources

Static or Electronics Relays Introduction: The expansion and growing complexity of modern power systems have brought a need for protective relays with higher level of performance and more sophisticated characteristics. This has been made possible by the development of semiconductors and other associated components which can be utilised in relay designs, generally referred to as Solid-state or Static Relays.

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These relays use semiconductor devices like Diodes, Transistors, Thyristors, Resistors, Capacitors and Op-Amps. • • • • •

Faster operation More accurate Low burden on CT’/PT’s Compact size Less maintenance

Static or Electronics Relays

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Typical circuit configuration for a Solid-state instantaneous overcurrent relay

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Static or Electronics Relays

Waveforms of the Solid-state instantaneous overcurrent relay

Static or Electronics Relays

Still static relays have not fully met ever growing needs of users following short coming still observed in static relays: • Not much flexibility in application

• No memory features of previous faults

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• No self supervision

Static or Electronics Relays

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Combiflex Assembly

RAZFE full scheme line distance relay - 1975

Microprocessor Relays

Introduction: After electromechanical and static relays came the era of Microprocessor based relays. There has been a significant development in microprocessor based Technology and it has brought revolutionary changes in all walks of Life. How can protection relay technology be behind in adopting the same!

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Users now have a choice to use latest state of art microprocessor based Relays.

Microprocessor Relays

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Logic Devices

Simple Logic Gates

Microprocessor Relays Logic Devices

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Simple Combinational Circuit

Microprocessor Relays

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Logic Devices

Simple Sequential Circuit

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Microprocessor Relays

Basic Operation:

Microprocessor Relays

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Memories: ROM:

Read Only Memory, used to store the relaying program

RAM:

Random Access Memory, used for storing samples and intermediate quantities.

E2PROM:

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, used for storing relay settings.

Microprocessor Relays

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Binary Number Representation:

Microprocessor Relays Signal Processing is the extraction of information from measured data, And any subsequent transformation of signals representing this information For detection, estimation, classification or waveform synthesis. Signal processing may also include derivation of information and processing Of it.

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A digital protective relay receives several analogue input signals from Conventional current and voltage transformers. The digital relay does Seldom produce analogue output signals. Usually, a digital relay produces Binary output signals.

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Microprocessor Relays

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Microprocessor Relays

Microprocessor Relays

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Analogue to Digital Conversion:

Successive Approximation Converter

Microprocessor Relays

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Sample and Hold Amplifier:

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Typical Numerical Relay Hardware

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REL5xx Numerical Relay Hardware Platform

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REL5xx Numerical Relay Software Platform

Numerical Relays Less wiring BI 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.8

Z_BLOCK Z_CR Z_CRG Z_BC

Z<

BO 2.1

Z_TRZ1 Z_TRZ2 Z_T2

OR START AR_CB_READY AR_CLOSE_CB

AR 1.9

2.2

AR_P3PH

TRIP_EXT_3PH TRIP_CB_A

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TRIP

1.1

Programmable and Interconnectible Protection Software Blocks and Logic

Numerical technique - Advantages Less wiring

Conventional relay

dz < dt

Z<

IN

>

10

L 4 I U 6 DC 4

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Numerical relay

I U DC

4 6 4

Z< dz < dt

IN I>

>

I>

Numerical technique - Advantages Less wiring R ΙΙ 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

BL O C K Z O N E

BO

TRZ 1

1.1

CR CR G BC

BASZ

Protection functions ST A RT _ A R

1.8

CB _RE AD Y

CL O SE _ CB

1.2

P 3P H

ARIF ICIB Auto-recloser T R IP _ 1P H 1.9

T R I P_ A R_ 3 PH

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SPHT RL

T R IP _ AR _ 3P H T R I PR

Trip logic

B.1

Numerical technique - Advantages Less aging problems

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Static relay

Numerical technique - Advantages Less aging problems

Numerical relay

Z<

#

I>

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# (01011)

Numerical technique - Advantages Self supervision Testing

Fault

Testing

MTTR: year Conventional protection

Repair

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Numerical protection with self supervision

MTTR: hours

Repair

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Numerical technique - Advantages Communication

Ready Start Trip 1993-Nov-02 14:49:25.425 TRZ1 TREFC ZM1

Test Kit

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RTS

C E

PC Local MMI Parametration Parametration Information Resetting of Energizing Automatic indications of contacts testing Change of Status check parameters Reporting Back-up control Directional Simulation check

SCS Supervision Control Status monitoring Sequential Control Statistics

SMS Calculation Parametration Evaluation Expert analysis

Numerical technique - Advantages Greater flexibility X

• Four groups of settings

XGFCF ZM3

• Independent setting of all parameters

ZM4 ZM2

• Enable/disable all functions

ZM1

R • Software configuration of logic RGFC2 RGFC1 ZM5

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XGFCR

• Software configuration of binary I/O:s • Reduced requirements on spares

Numerical technique - Advantages Better functionality X

• Full scheme distance protection

XGFCF ZM3 ZM4

• Phase segregated current differential protection

ZM2 ZM1

R RGFC2 RGFC1

• Phase segregated CS • Built-in DR • Built-in FL

ZM5

• Built-in Event Recorder

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XGFCR

Numerical technique - Advantages •Less space

•Self supervision

•Less wiring

•Communication

•Less terminations

•Greater flexibility

•Less components

•Better functionality

•Less aging problems

•Adaptive functions

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There are only advantages!

Numerical technique - Advantages •Better performance •Savings in civil works •Savings in erection, cabling and commissioning •Savings in maintenance •Savings in cost/function

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There are only advantages!

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Numerical technique - Advantages

Automated Substation

Numerical Technique

Not new, but well-proven REL 531 REC 561

RACID RACIF RAMDE

RELZ 100 REG 100 REOR 100

RANZA

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1980

82

84

86

88

REG 150 90

92

REL 501 REL 511 REL 521 REL 551 REL 561 REB 551

94

96

Technology Comparison Subject Measuring Elements & Hardware

Electromechanical Induction disc, Electromagnets, Induction cup, etc

Static Discrete R,L,C

Microprocessors,

Transistors

Digital IC’s

Analogue IC’s

Digital Signal Processors,

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Comparators

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Numerical

Measuring Method

Electrical quantities converted into Mechanical force, torque

Level detectors, comparison with reference value in analogue comparator

Analogue to Digital conversion, Numerical algorithms techniques evaluate trip criteria

Timing Function

Mechanical clock works, Dashpot

Static Timers

Counters

Visual Indication

Flags, Targets

LED’s

LED’s LCD display

Trip Command

Additional Trip Relay required

Additional Trip Relay required

Trip relay inbuilt

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Contacts Assignments

Fixed

Fixed

Freely Configurable

Sequence of Events

Not possible

Not possible

Available

Hardware size

Bulky

Modular, Compact

Most Compact

Parameter settings

Plug setting, Dial setting

Thumbwheel, Potentiometers, DIP switches

Human Machine Interface, Software’s

Binary Input & Output

Not available

Not available

Available & Freely configurable

Self supervision

No

Partially available

Yes

Calibration

Frequently required as settings drift due to ageing

Required as settings drift due to ageing

Not required as settings are stored permanently in memory in digital format

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Multiple characteristics

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Multiple Integrated Protection Func.

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Range of settings

Limited

Wide

Wide

Service value indication

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Disturbance recording

External hardware

External Hardware

Inbuilt

Communication facility

Not possible

Not possible

Available

Burden on CTs and PTs

Higher

Lower than Lower Electromechanical.

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Protection,Control, Monitoring

Only protection

Protection, Monitoring

Protection, Control, Monitoring

Solution

Fixed

Fixed

Extension and New development possible, open architecture

Fault History

Not possible

Not possible

Stored in Memory

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CONTROL AND PROTECTION 1 - Distance protection

1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

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Two relay panels 600mm x 650mm x 2250mm

2 - Three phase power swing unit 3 - Directional earth fault protection 4 - AC supervision circuits 5 - DC supervision circuits 6 - STUB protection 7 - Auxiliary relays 8 - Fault locator 9 - (Printer for fault locator) 10 - Disturbance recorder 11 - Signaling unit 12 - Parts of event recorder 13 - Breaker failure protection - 1 CB 14 - Tripping relays 15 - Autoreclosing for one CB 16 - Synchro check for one CB 17 - Auxiliary transformers for disturbance recorder

CONTROL AND PROTECTION Philosophy

Platform concept Flexible functionality selection

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Application well proven “algorithms” using new technology

An open and modular concept

(E.g. 12 U + 12I)

A/D 5 kHz

Disturbance recording for 40 analog channels Memory, HMIup andto Control & Monitoring communication and 100 disturbances

~ ~ ~ ~

Fundamental 50/60 Hz 2nd, 3rd, 5th

24 analog channels ~ Current and/or voltage)

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~

PDIS

RPSB

PSOF

PIOS

POCM

PEFM

PTTR

RBRF

PTOC

RPLD

PUVM

POVM

600 PDIS PTOF MHz 600 MHz CPU CPU PFRC PGPF RDIF

Logic PTRC GGIO

I/O

PTUF

RSYN

RREC

PSCH

RFLO

MMTR

RDRE

11/14 I/O Boards (E.g. 96 BO + 160 BI)

Trip & Signal Matrix

Remote Protection Communication (Differential, Inter trip etc.)

Main Basic Functions in IED670 Service Value Measurement (I,U,P,Q,S,f) Configurable logic and event counter Signal and Tripping matrix Remote communication (6 x 32 signals) Event list (1000 signals) Disturbance recorder for 40 analogue & 96 digital channels for 100 disturbances Trip value & internal signals report Self supervision & diagnostics Supervision of I, U and mA inputs Real time clock with external sync. 1 ms time resolution 6 selectable pre-defined parameter sets >< U, I, I1 , I2 , 3I0 , f, Z configurable functions

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See Buyers Guide for more

Main Application Functions in IED670 Five Zone full scheme distance protection Five terminal line differential protection Six input transformer differential protection High impedance and restricted EF differential Ultra High Speed bus differential protection* Phase segregated directional comparison Adaptive Breaker Failure Protection Four step Dir/Undir overcurrent protection Four step Dir/Undir earthfault protection Over Excitation & Over Load Protection Multi purpose protection (E.g. Generators, Mho) Multi bay & Multi breaker Control, AR & SC Multi input measurement (24 AI) High accuracy fault locator

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See Buyers Guide for more

*Next release end 2005

Functionality – Screens Co n t r o l

Control Screen

Sc r een BB 1 4 2 1 k V 0 kV BB 2 QB 1

QB 2

QC 1 QA 1 QC 2 0A 0 kV QB 9 QC 9 So u t h Po i n t

4 0 0 k V OH L

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Las t D i s t u r bance Re c # 0 6 0 2004 - 12 - 16 Fa u l t l o c a t i o n : 2 4 0 . 5 km of 0 1 1 TOC1 - TR I P 0 1 2 TR I P - TR I P of 0 2 5 ZM1 - S T L 1 of 2004 - 12 - 17 08 : 37 No r

12 : 43 : 57 . 349 f f f t

- >on - >on - >on h Co n n e c t i o n

Can be used as Default Screen Single Line Diagram allows user to view and operate the apparatuses in one bay Last two disturbances displayed at the bottom of the screen. - the two disturbances change cyclically, after a fixed time - configurable (if there’s no DR, the SLD covers the whole screen) Important measurements are displayed on the single line

IED670 is designed for YOUR requirements want

Unique open system which can be configured for integrated or distributed protection & control architecture Pre configured for all protection and control applications.... ...or freedom to distribute all functions & logical nodes in any IED Unique library of optimized algorithms + “customizer” to solve special functions

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You can tailor the protection & control of your substation for the performance, redundancy and cost you want to have

It is flexible

Configurating IED670 for your needs Object Protection & Monitoring Lines & Cables Transformers & Generators Busbar & Breaker

Bay Control & Measurement Single Bay Multi Bay One-and-a-half breaker

Integrated Bay/Object Automation Bay Control & Protection Object Protection & Control

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Customized Combinations

Configuring IED670 for each customer Pre- configured IEDs are fully documented, pre-tested and ready to use products for: General utility & industry end users & integrators REL670, RED670, RET670, REC670, REB670* Pricelist & short delivery time

Customized IEDs are configured for specific requirement as a “service offer” to: Larger customers with own specification Application & Simulation Service Package

Open IEDs for licenced partners Licencees (ABB, ECP & selected end users)

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Training, Licence & Support from ABB

*Next release end 2005

Type solution 3a Breaker-and-a –half x 5 bays

Bus 1

Bay Control Breaker Protection

Bus 2

1 REC670 REB 670

REB 670

Line Protection (Breaker Protection) CB1 REL670

2 REL670

CB2 REC670

1 RET670

Combiflex

Combiflex

2 REC670

RET670

CB3

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Transformer Protection

ore reasons to improve your netwok with IED 00 MHz ”state-of-the-art” CPU for high performance algorithms x 4 = 24 analog inputs (24I, 12I + 12U, 18I + 6U, 21 I + 3U) pre configured setting groups

applications in ONE IED (line, cable, transformer, reactor, bay, bus) pages for different single line diagrams in graphical HMI

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1850 enabled from start (Designed for 61850 - not an after thought)

70

REB500 update Fully supported as REB500 distributed & centralized bus & breaker protection and as REB500sys station protection (bus, breaker, line, transformer) REL316 algorithms integrated as back up distance protection RET316 algorithms integrated as back up transformer protection

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Optional IEC61850 on request for central unit

REx5xx series update 1994 Version 1.1 of REL, REB and REC 1998 Version 2.0 of REL, REB and REC 1999 Version 2.1 of RET 2000 Version 2.3 of REL, REB, REC and RES 2001 Version 2.3 of RET and version 1.0 of RED 2003/2004 Version 2.5 of REL, REB, REC, RES & RET

2005 REL, REB, REC, REO, RES, RED & REO 5xx Fully supported with optional 61850 for selected versions on request*

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2005 IED670 first release for REL, RED, RET, REB, REC Gradually offer equal & extended options to 316/500-series with full IEC61850 implementation as well as new applications *with converter

670 vs 500 series Evolution not Revolution Same mechanical 19” design Same internal CAN bus & I/O boards Same basic algorithms & logic Extended modular hardware Max 24 Analogue Inputs Max 14 I/O Boards (E.g.160 BI/98BO)

Higher CPU & memory capacity Extended Function Library Extended Disturbance Reporting (100 x 40)

Extended communication 5 terminal Line Differential 2 + 2 IEC61850/Ethernet

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Optional larger HMI Multiple objects application

A major leap in grid reliability

Designed to

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communicate

A major In Grid Reliability

Summary of customer benefits Reliable: Ensures grid reliability through innovation, experience and commitment - Made in ABB Efficient: Provides efficient substation automation solutions for any high voltage application Flexible: You can tailor the protection & control of your substation for the performance, redundancy and cost you want to have Informative: Impoved availability and asset management through right information, in right time, to the right user, for right decisions User friendly: Simple to select, set, operate and maintain through pre configurated IEDs with built in multi page HMI and advanced PCM tool

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Forever young: Adds value to your investment for the total life cycle through simple re-configuration, evergreen upgrades and interoperability

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