Nueva Escritura en Latinoamerica

 

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@oijrtj``e, Cïhtmr  Gujve ujve jshro jshroture ture jg @etogmekïr etogmekïrohe ohe / Cïhtmr   @oijrtj``e oijrtj``e22 hmg hmg prø`mdm prø`mdm aj< aj< Kert Kertëg ëg Bmceg -  `e ja. ja. - Iujgms Iujgms Eorjs< Eorjs< Jaoh Jaohomgjs omgjs J` Egaerojdm, 9>>3 9>>3..  ?6 p 2 5?x5 ?x58 hk. (Hmgtrehmrrojgtj) (Hmgtrehmrrojgtj) OXIG ?43-?34-91>95-5-9 5. Hrëtohe @otjr @otjrer eroe. oe. O. Bmceg, Kertë Kertëg, g, prm`md. prm`md. OO.  Qëtu`m HAA 3>5.?:

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Mtø tø`m `mdm dm,, pm pmrrKe Kertëg rtëg Bmceg

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Xmirj `ms cåiotms Jshroture-Hmgtogjgtj ½Xj `jj uge treaohoøg= ½Xj `e rjshroij= ‐@jgdueljs uto`ozei`js, pråhtohms, jfohojgtjs...‛ Ajvj`er `e o`usoøg aj ugovjrse`oskm Ajvj`ersj jg j` sostjke pm`ëtohm @e vegdueraoe jg j` heie``m aj Qrmye

OO. @e jshroture aj `es hujves

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@e epujste `otjreroe y sus jfjhtms Hmhoger< jshroior  Qreaohoøg, hujves, poher, rjhrjer, ruoges, pojare Ertjsegëe j ogaustroe< `es ams vegdueraoes J` prmyjhtm ‐hevjrgëhm`e‛ @es ams kåquoges aj ogtjrprjter 

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J` huearm aj `e treaohoøg y sus `jhtures @e forke sog eutmrtjørohm J` gujvm miljtm

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J g j` j` horhuotm ogtjraosho ogtjraoshop`ogerom p`ogerom  @e prmpujste ekjrohege

OV. Kmams aj `e pråhtohe

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@e kjtåfmre aj `e fohhoøg pmr `e tjmrëe

Xjirj rjdmgao rjtrmhjaj  Fe  F ereijuf  Hmire QcjIujgmsE orjs effeor  effeor    J`` kugam e`uhogegtj  J ajh hro rost ste` e` @0l mrqujste aj

 V.. Epïgaohj. J` lujdm aj `e gmvj`e ep`esteae  V

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^r ø ` m d m

Jg j` ier aj Heggogd y ^ereduey, quj ï` frjhujgteie, cey ecmre uge fmtm aj Cïhtmr @oijrtj``e. Jstå pujste smirj uge hm`ukge, lustm e` `eam aj `e kjse quj pmaëe ``ekersj suye.  Gmm kj perjhj  G perjhj quj cey ceyee quj vjr epjge epjgess uge jv jvmhe mheho hoøg øg jg `e jxostjghoe aj jse fmtm, y kuhcm kjgms ug cmkjgelj2 jse fmtm jg jsj ier js kås iojg uge ogshrophoøg, uge cuj``e aj @oijrtj``e, quj jxprjse pere tmams `ms ajkås, `m koskm quj hue`quojr cuj``e, tegtm su prjsjghoe hmkm su eusjghoe< `m quj aj @oijrtj``e qujae y `m quj gm vekms e tjgjr kås. E`duge vjz, pmr uge hmoghoajghoe kås m kjgms ezermse y kås m kjgms prjkjaoteae, jståiekms jg jsj ier veroms aj `ms quj gms ajaohekms jg `e voae e `jjr y e jshroior. Heae ugm jg su prmpoe kjse, y @oijrtj``e jg `e suye. Jg ug pjrkosm aj hmgvjrsehoøg, @oijrtj``e ajs`ozø su jgtusoeskm< ‐Jstm js hmkm ug gujvm Xe`øg @otjrerom‟‟. Gm `m aolm jxehtekjgtj hmg ïgfesos, sogm hmg uge kjzh`e drete aj ormgëe y aj sodo`m. Jre esë su okedogehoøg aj `e jspehoe`oaea `otjreroe, su kegjre aj pjgser j` `uder aj `es jshrotures jg j` kugam. @e @oirjrëe Erdjgtoge aj Kerhms Xestrj jg @e  @es ssedreaesjshrotures (5??8) m @oirjrëeE rdjgtoge (9>>8), y `ujdm `e trestojgae m j` eug jg @e @oi søtegm aj jse koske @oirjrëe2 j` Xe`øg @otjrerom hmkm rjfj rjgtj jg j` prø`mdm e uge hmkpo`ehoøg aj  @o  @ottjre` (9>>9)2 `e  J`` årim` ajXe jXeussurj(9>>>)2 j` fmsm aj `e `otj  ierre aj` a j` ier aj J  J`` hekogmaj` j`m mscopjriørjms (5?63)2 `e leu`e reture jstei`jhoae jg J cjrkïtohe aj / Hevjrgëhm`es! (5?3:) y `e hårhj` aj` `jgduelj aj  @es  @e s sedreaes jshroturer,  `e imajde aj` ierhm aj  @e @oi @oirjrëe

k Aodotozja iy

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 Errdjgtoge2 `es hujves m `es hevjrges m j` vojgtrj aj` heie``m aj  E Qrmye jg G  Gu ujve jshroture jg @e @ettogmekïrohe  (5?44). E @oijrtj``e

`j dusteie hmghjior jstj topm aj jspehoms pere `e `otjreture, jspehoms aj rjp`ojduj ogtjromroaea, aj rjugoøg y aj sjhrjtm, pmrquj hmg jsm y`j aj iesteie pere okprokor`j e `e jshro ture j` sj``m pmajrmsm, pjrm pere geae ogdjgum, aj `e hmgspo rehoøg pmtjghoe`. J` ajsefëm quj `e `otjreture pujae jvjgtue` kjgtj jgseyer gm sj vjrëe gughe prmh`ekeam jg dregajs egughoms, sogm jg tmam hesm kurkuream, tregsfjroam aj ugm jg ugm hmkm `es hmgtresjões aj `ms hmkp`mteams. Xøtegms, trestojgaes, imajdes, hevjrges< jse h`esj aj sotoms ogsporeie jg @oijrtj``e `ms trezms aj sus vosomgjs aj dujrre. ^mrquj @oijrtj``e jshroiëe hmg `jgdueljs aj ij`odjreghoe, y ajhëe tåhtohes m ajhëe jstretjdoe, ajhëe hmkietj, supjrvovjg hoe, etjgteam, jspëe, jgjkodm. Qmam jsm `m ehtoveie jg j` jshroior (‐tåhtohe sogtåhtohe‛, ajhëe pmr hesm, pere pmgjr ug jljkp`m aj djgoe`oaea) y `m aospmgëe jg su kegjre aj fodurer `uderjs. ^mrquj pere @oijrtj``e tmae dujrre jre sojkprj uge dujrre aj pmsohomgjs. _ jses pmsohomgjs e su vjz gm pmaëeg sogm hmgvjrtorsj jg pmsjs, jg j` sjgtoam jg quj jshroioø  ^j  ^ jrsmges jgpmsjajhmkietjjg 5?4:. Js iojg seioam quj so cey e`dm quj `ms d`mseroms jstïtohms `j ajijg e `es tjmrëes aj `e dujrre js `e gmhoøg aj vegdueraoe.  Gmm smrprjg  G smrprjgaj aj jgtmghjs quj @o @oijrtj` ijrtj```e sj ajtuvo ajtuvojre jre js jspjho pjhoee` kjgtj jg `e hujstoøg. hujstoøg. Xu Xu mrojgt mrojgteho ehoøg øg frjgt frjgtjj e `e pråhto pr åhtohe he ertës tohe hmgforke jg prokjre ogsteghoe uge aospmsohoøg efëg< su ogtjrïs pmr `e ogtjraoshop`ogerojaea, pmr `ms ceppjgogds aj `ms eõms sjsjgte, pmr j` cjrkjtoskm mpehm y su ajsefëm aj` sjg toam, pmr `e petm`mdëe aj `e jgughoehoøg y aj `e hmkugohehoøg hmg j` püi`ohm, pmr `ms `eimretmroms aj fmrkes y `e rjsostjg hoe e `e ogtjrprjtehoøg, pmr j` ajsvëm (m j` ajsverëm) y sus seg

homgjs, pmr j` ertofohom y pmr `e hmghrjtotua topmdråfohe, pmr j` 3 ▮^rø`mdm Aodotozja iy

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ajshjgtrekojgtm hrøgohm, pmr `e oguto`oaea. _ eug esë, gm  pujaj pesersj pesersj pm pmrr e`tm `e mi misj sjrve rveho hoøg øg quj hmgste jg G  Gu ujve  jshro rotture jg @ @et etoogmekïro roh he  y sj rjotjre, trjhj eõms ajspuïs, jg  @es sedreaesjshrotures, aj quj `e vegdueraoe gm js `m quj jstå kås eaj`egtj sogm `m quj js kås ëgtokm (mtre vjz j` provo`j dom aj` rjhmvjhm y j` rjp`ojduj, jg `uder aj `e jxpegsovoaea aj uge mfjgsove gmtmroe). Qekpmhm pujaj pesersj pmr e`tm `e oaje, p`egtjeae jg  Jgseyms m prujies smirj uge rrj ja cjrkïtohe  (5??>), aj quj `e vegdueraoe gm js `e egtohopehoøg, sogm `m kås eghjstre` (j` pohtmdreke). Go kuhcm kjgms `e hmgsodge quj rjdostre jg ^  ^j jrsmgesjgpmsjajhmkietj. ‐Zg pmhm aj etjg hoøg e rjtedueraoe‛. Hmgvojgj sjduor jstes sjõe`js pere jgtjgajr huå` js `e gmvjaea aj `e ‐gujve jshroture jg @etogmekïrohe‛< pmr quï @oijrt @o ijrtj` j``e `e ao aohj hj ‐g ‐gujve‛ ujve‛ y pm pmrr quï pm pmgj gj `e pe`e pe`eiire kås aj ug ugee vjz jgtrj hmko``es. Kås eaj`egtj, jg 5??1, huegam prm`mduj su hmkpo`ehoøg aj  J  J`` gujvm rj`etm erdjgtogm, cerå rjfjrjghoe e ug hojrtm ertj aj ogvjgter ruoges2 aj jstj kmam `e gmhoøg aj gmvjaea eperjhj sojkprj tjgseae, tormgjeae pmr `e treaohoøg. ^mr gujve jshroture @oijrtj``e jgtojgaj jsm< ‐hojrte `jhture ehtove aj `e treaohoøg‛. Ajsaj jstj pugtm aj voste, j` quj  iushee e`  iush e`dduge mt mtre re h` h`es esjj aj gmvj gmvjae aeaa aosto aostogt gtee aj `e ye se seio ioae ae,, `es vegdueraoes, ealjtoveaes hmkügkjgtj hmkm ‐h`åsohes‛ y jg @oijrtj``e, kås quj jsm, hmkm ‐egtodues‛, smg `e jxprj soøg aj uge prmkjse jg tmae su pmtjghoe pjrm tekioïg jg sus `ëkotjs y jg su ceijrsj vuj`tm ye j``es koskes treaohoøg. @e copøtjsos aj quj ‐j` kjrheam jxp`ohe e `es vegdueraoes kjlmr quj `es oajm`mdëes y hrjjghoes quj ïstes soku`jg esu kor‛ vehëe uge mpmsohoøg fugaegtj y mi`ode e rjajfogor tmams

`ms tïrkogms prmi`jke. _ mtrm tegtm cehj aj hmguge `e pmstu `ehoøg aj qujaj`esë prmdrekeam j` rm` mfohoe` gujve vegdueraoe, js prjvosoi`j su horhu`ehoøg jg `e Fjroe Kertëg Bmceg ▮? Aodotozja iy

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Ogtjrgehomge`‛. ^mr jsm @oijrtj``e ajhoaoø aostogduor ‐ug ami`j kmvokojgtm ogtjromr e `e vegdueraoe, m `e pmsoio`oaea aj ams vegdueraoes hmjxostjgtjs‛< uge quj sj smstojgj jg `e suhjsovoaea y `e jvm`uhoøg y mtre quj `m cehj jg `e soku`e hoøg, j` jshmgaotj, j` aosfrez, `e estuhoe, `e kåshere (egoae jg `es hujves y vojgj jg ug heie``m< j` aj Qrmye). @m quj sj prmpusm @oijrtj``e js smstjgjr jg p`jgotua j` efåg aj gmvjaea y aj rupture, ajlegam hejr gm mistegtj uge gmte aj ogjxmrei`j jshjptohoskm smirj e`dugms tøpohms rjkegoams aj `es utmpëes vegdueraostes. ^rjsjrvø hmg eism `ute hmgvohhoøg `e epujste e `e reaohe`oaea aj` cjrkjtoskm, `e o`jdoio`oaea, `e ketjroe`oaea aj `e jshroture jgtjgaoae hmkm  prmauhh  prma uhhooøg øg,, jg uge ddujrre ujrre ajh`ere ajh`ereae ae hmgtre `e tregsperjgh tregsperjghoe oe hmkugohetove y j` provo`jdom aj `e uto`oaea aj `ms `jgdueljs jgtjgaoi`js. ^jrm gm pmr jsm ajlø aj hmkp`jlozer `es ekio homgjs egtogøkohes rjspjhtm aj` kjrheam m aj` hmkprmkosm  pm`ëtoh  pm`ë tohm, m, m aj eavjrtor eavjrtor `e ajpjgajgho ajpjgajghoee hm` hm`mgoe mgoe`` aj `e kjre okpmrtehoøg aj` vegdueraoskm jurmpjm, m `e h`euaohehoøg aj uge vegdueraoe quj sj vuj`vj smhoei`j y ehhjaj e hmkugoher, m ceste `m ajsje. Jg su `uder @oijrtj``e aospusm ug kepe. Hmg jsj kepe feirohø hojrtm jspehom y jg jsj jspehom fugaø ug hmgtogjgtj hmg su hmrrjspmgaojgtj djmdrefëe. E jse djmdrefëe `e mfrjhoø e su vjz ‐hmkm uge suke aj ogshrophomgjs‛, `ujdm hevø jg j``e y rjhmgmhoø aostogtes ‐gepes hrëtohes‛, pmr fog `e prjsjr vø aj mtre h`esj aj hm`mgozehoøg< `e aj `ms Jsteams Zgoams (amgaj hojrtekjgtj @oijrtj``e jgsjõeie) y sus gmrketoves aj `jhture. Jsj kepe js Ekïrohe @etoge. @es ogshrophomgjs quj e``ë sukø @oijrtj``e sodujg jstes hmmrajgeaes< Msve`am

@ekimrdcogo, J`ozmgam, Xjvjrm Xerauy, Keguj` ^uod, Yjoge`amXe`veamr Erjges, Jgroquj @ocg. J` pesm aj `ms eõms gm cehj sogm jvoajghoer `e hmkp`jte `uhoajz y j` eism`utm ehojr5> ▮^rø`mdm Aodotozja iy

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tm aj `es `jhtures aj @oijrtj``e. Gm js ug amg aj prmfjhëe, sog jkierdm, `m quj `m ogsporø jg j` 44, sogm uge sjgsoio`oaea `otjreroe okpmsoi`j Xusjg`oirms jxpmgjg ojse sjgso  io  io` `oaea hmg jvo jvoajgh ajghoaj oe. supjrer. Egtjs quj su hmghjptue` hmghjptue`o ze zeho hoøg, øg, m egtjs quj jg sus j`jhhomgjs aj miljtm, `e jxpmgjg jg su prm  poe jsh jshro roture ture.. ^mrquj @o @oijrt ijrtj` j```e gm sm` sm`eekjgtj ajhëe j`  j` cjrk cjrkj j toskm, `e rja, j` ajsvëm, `e petmdrefëe, `e prm`ofjrehoøg, `e rjjs hroture, j` trezm2 eajkås aj ajhor`ms `ms cehoe.  Xu jshroture ceae tmam jsm quj ajtëe, y aj uge kegjre ajs`ukiregtj. Heae uge aj `es pådoges aj `e jshroture aj @oijrtj``e rjvj`e quï dreg `jhtmr supm sjr, y heae uge aj `es `jhtures aj @oijrtj``e rjvj`e `m quj kås eheieaekjgtj jre< ug jshrotmr aj `ms kjlmrjs. @oijrtj``e rjjshroiëe kuhcm, rjjshroiëe tmam. @m cehëe  pere rjpj rjpjto tor, r, hmkm so sj puaojsj puaojsj rjpjto rjpjtor, r, y es esëë tmhe tm herr jse jse vjr aea aj `e jshroture< `e aj `m quj js pmr ajfogohoøg orrjpjtoi`j.  Gmm ajle aj sj  G sjr, r, jg aj ajfo fogoto gotove ve,, uge vjrae vjraeaa pmso pmsoi` i`jj pere pere j` pr prm m  pom @oijrtj` ijrtj```e, pere C ïh ïhtm tmrr @oijrt @oijrtj` j```e js jshro hrotmr, tmr, pere C ïh ïhtmr tmr @oijrtj``e jshrotm. Js orrjpjtoi`j.  Ke  K ertëgBmieg

Kerrtëg Bmceg ▮5 Ke ▮ 55 Aodotozja

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O. @e   ‐g u j v e ‛ JXHYOQZYE 

Xmirj`ms cåiotms cåiotms 

Ogh` h`ogeam ogeam smirj smirj ug hujr hujrppm costør costøroh ohmm ‑j` aj `e `otjreture `etogmekjrohege- j` preh tohegtj vj e``ë `ms rjstms aj ug vojlm hmkietj< rje`ostes hmgtre kjtefësohms, hmgstruhtovms hmgtre ajheajgtjs, ‐gmvj`ostes aj `e tojrre‛ hmgtre ‐pmjtes ke`aotms‛ rjprmauhoams, tmams, e `e smkire aj ug cåiotm... ^jgjtream ï` koskm aj te` cåiotm, j`odj cehjr ug vehëm quj `m aofjrjghoj, y frjgtj e `es kåsheres quj sm`oaofoheg fjgøkjgms `otjreroms ‐prmpoms‛ aj @etogmekïrohe vojgj e esukorsj hmkm ug mlm hmrrmsovm. Ecmre jg su koreae ajtjhte kïtmams ye okpujstms ajsaj egtodum< j` rjhursm e `e djmdrefëe pm`ëtohe, j` jstuaom aj `es rezes y kmams aj sjr ‐jxprjsågamsj‛ jg ug tjrrotmrom y jg uge hmgvjghoøg (jurmpje) aj hoghm sod`ms, j` egå`osos aj `es fmrkes hmkm ``jdø j` Kjgselj aj Mhhoajgtj, `e aoshusoøg smirj `e pråhtohe `otjreroe hmkm cjhcm eutøgmkm m `e iüs qujae aj su fughomge`oaea jg j` prmhjsm. Jg su d`mim, ajs  puïs,, ogvojrtj  puïs gvojrtj `ms rjs rjsu` u`teams teams y `ms `ms `jj oghrïau` ghrïau`m< m< jg tegtm `e  prmauhho  prm auhhoøg øg aj @etogmekï @etogmekïroh rohee sod soduj jx jxp`o p`ohe heae ae pm pmrr hjrtjze hjrtjzess kjtmam`ødohes quj `e mhu`teg, `es tjgajghoes aj jshroture toj gjg j` sodgm aj `e ajpjgajghoe -ehjptehoøg, hmstukirj-, y ceste equj``e treaohoøg aj kmvokojgtms jurmpjëstes vjrsus

`mhe`ostes kujstre, ajskmgteaes, `es ams veroegtjs aj mtre hmstukirj< huegam `ms drupms sj ed`utogeg jg oajm`mdëes y jg hmrrjspmgaojgtjs amdkes `otjreroms pmr kmtovms aj smirjvovjghoe y jfohehoe jg ssu u kmkjgtm, y huegam `ms jshrotmZ8[ Mrodoge` frmk Aodotozja iy

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rjs vjgoajrms -rjprokoams- ajijg hmgtoguer ogtjrprjtehom gjs aeaes aj su mfohom pmr ug kjhegoskm aj sokp`j cjrjg hoe jgtrj Yjaup`ohehoøg, so `esø`m etkøsfjre prjhrëtohe `e djgjrehomgjs. jshroture pmr cåiotms jg heajge eyuae ejsmhu` ter mtrm pmhm `e jstruhture hmgtogjgte`< soduj aovmrhoeae aj j``e (sj soduj mhu`tegam e së koske). Yjvuj`tm jg su prmpom veam, esë rjhmgstruyjgam j` lujdm, ep`ohegam uge hmrrjhaøg e hojrtes pjrspjhtoves oajm`ødohes -eugquj tmaevëe pjgjtream aj j``es hmkm kegofjsteamgjs e`tjrgetovekjgtj amkogegtjs jg j` sostjke- y misjrvågamsj frjgtj e su prmpoe oajm`mdozehoøg jg ug kmkjgtm prjvom ½gjutre`= qujaj quojrj ‐tjørohm‛,‐Vegdueraoe‛, jsj mlm sj ve eceajgam j` mlm ogtjrjseam tmae sjr vegdueraoe. hmgtoguea ø g , m ‐gujve ‐gujve‛‛ jshroture,5 jshroture,5 sj sjrå rågg `ms `ms kmams tåhto tåhtohms hms aj jkpjzer gmkiregam jsm quj perjhj aofjror rorjg j` hmglugtm aj `es `jtres `etogmekjroheges.  Js  J shroture-Hmgtogjgtj  G  Gmm uge rj`e rj`ehoøg hoøg quj aajfo jfoge ge `m tëpo tëpohm hm

aj @etogmekïrohe pmr `ms tjkes aj su `otjreture. Xø`m uge suke aj prmauhtms quj feiroheg ajrtm jspehom, y quj jg vjz aj jxp`ohersj pmr cåiotms aj` drupm aj jshrotmrjs m pmr kotm`mdëes pjrsmge`js ‐jghergeaes‛ jg `ms tjxtms, sj rjvj`e jg `e ogshropaøg< j` Hmgtogjgtj hmkm uge W‐Gujve‛ jshro jshroture ture gm ce aj sjr sjr, equ equë, ë, `e `e aj `ms løvjgjs< løvjgjs< tjgar tjgarå å 

epjges hmkm epjges hmkm rjfjrjghoe uge kegjre egjre aj jshro jshroio iorr trezeae smirj smirj aj ajr te `jhtur `jhture e ehtov ehtove e aj `e treaoho treaohoøg, øg, y esmhoeae e` prmyjhtm prmyjhtm aj `e hrëto hrëtohe he  jg uge uge hmgvovjgho hmgvovjghoe e (gm (gm jxp`o jxp`ohei`j hei`j pmr pmr e`oegzes e`oegzes djgj djgjreh rehoomge`js) mge`js)  amgaj `e prmauhto prmauhtovo voaea aea aj pertj pertj aj `e fohhoøg fohhoøg tojgj su gjdet gjdetoovm  fmtmdråfoh fmt mdråfohm m jg mtrm mtrm upm aj prmauhto prmauhtovoaea voaea aeam aeam pmr pmr `e pjsq pjsquose uose  tjørohe. 51  u @e @e

"gujve" jshro roture ture

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 pojare quj sj js  pojare jshro hroij, ij, `e djmdrefë djmdrefëee hmkm uge suke aj ogs hrophomgjs. Ketjroe`oste, tekioïg, j` mlm sj ep`ohe aj mtrm kmam e su miljtm aj pure ketjroe jshrote. Kore ug kepe hmkp`jlm quj ogh`uyj vjrtohe`kjgtj e tmams `ms peësjs ekjrohegms (ajsaj  Gmrt  G mrtje jekïro kïrohe he ceste ceste Xuaekïro uaekïrohe he,, tmaevë tmaevëe sog sog aostogduo aostogduorr rj` rj`e e homgjs pm`ëtohes), rjdostre jg jse treke `es kerhes mpujstes aj uge hu`ture eaågtohe-hmskmpm`ote-ajserreodeae y aj uge hu` ture `mhe`, aj tjgajghoe tj`ürohe, ogh`ogeae e ug jsto`m aj sjao kjgtehoøg y e `e hmgsjrvehoøg aj ‐petrokmgoms hu`ture`js‛ -pjsm aj` peoselj, egtodðjaea aj `es treaohomgjs, reëhjs këto hes< puji`m, reze, treaohoøg- quj sjråg jsteaoms aj ehuku`e hoøg jspmgtågje (`e pojare jkpojze e jshroiorsj y j` Hmgtogjgtj sj djgjre jg sus sodgms). Vj ug kjhegoskm cos tørohm quj fughomgø jg j` suj`m hmküg< `es hmgaohomgjs soko `erjs aj `oijrehoøg frjgtj e` amkogom jurmpjm, aoiuleaes jg ug tjloam hmglugtm aj prmyjhtms, kmaj`ms y Hmgstotuhomgjs gehoomg geh mge` e`js js quj jkpjzermg e prjperer uge pr prookotove kotove jstr jstruht uhtu u re ekjrohege, y ajtjhte `e hmkiogetmroe aj jgjrdëe psëquohe, ogdjguoaea, kjsoegoskm y mkgopmtjghoe jgtrjkjzh`eams jg hojrte ‐jxprjsoøg ekjrohege‛, aj Frey Xjrvegam e Kertë, Xerkojgtm, Tcotkeg, Aerëm, Keroåtjduo, Kertëgjz Jstreae, @jzeke @oke... Mtre ogshrophoøg cmrozmgte` jxostj e``ë< `e rj`ehoøg hmg Jurmpe, jstm js, `e esoko`ehoøg, rjhcezm, sukosoøg m smijre gëe frjgtj e fmrkes aj uge hu`ture esukoae hmkm ‐ugovjr

se`‛. Costmroes gehomge`js rj`eteaes pmr drupms aj pmajr, kmaj`ms aj ajserrm``m okpujstms pmr ï`otjs y kmaj`ms hu`tu re`js esmhoeams e j``ms oghmrpmreg jg `e pojare prmauhtms `otj reroms y sostjkes aj pjgsekojgtm quj rjspmgajg e aostogtms  prmyjh  prmy jhtms2 tms2 j` mlm vo vojgj jgj e `jjr `jjr jjsms sms prmyjh prmyjhtms tms jg ogtjrïs aj su  prmpoe  prm poe pråhto pråhtohe he quj js, js, ecmr cmre, e, tekio tekioïg ïg pm`ë pm`ëto tohe he.. Yjhmrr Yjhmrrjj `e Cïht ïhtmr mr @oijr @oijrtj tj``e ``e ▮5 ▮ 5: Mrodoge` frmk Aodotozja iy

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ajsodue` prjsjghoe aj Jspeõe jg Ekïrohe @etoge, aj jstj e mjstj y aj` trøpohm e` Yëm aj `e ^`ete aosjõågamsj jg `ms kmams aj uge `jgdue y jg `es mphomgjs `otjreroes ½poherjshe, ïpohe, psohm`mdoskm= quj rjvj`eg uge ku`top`ohoaea aj jshro tures y quj, e su vjz, sjõe`eg ug Hmgtogjgtj gm js hrosos aj djstehoøg, sogm djsteam y  ye e {foljze< >< pepj`js pepj`js jshrotms smirj smirj pepj`js pepj`js -tjx tjxtms tms  aj ïpmhe, ïpmhe, amhuk amhukjgtms, jgtms, kjkmroes kjkmroes-- jg uge uge etk etkøsfjre øsfjre aj gmvj`e aj  evjgtur evjg tures es quj treaoh treaohoomge`kjgtj mge`kjgtj supmgëe j` j` jkp`jm jkp`jm `o `oirj j orrjstro rrjstroh h tm aj `e okedo okedogehoøg. Cïhtmr @oijrtj``e «5? Aodotozja iy

Dmhv

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hohom aj uge `otjreture ajskotofoheamre quj prjtjgaj ‐ajskotofo her `e rje`oaea‛ j ogeavjrtoaekjgtj kotofohe ug topm aj jshro ture jfohojgtj, jsh`eve aj kmaj`ms prjshroptms pmr j` hepote `oskm. Jg jse rjhåkere suhjaj `e ogvjrsoøg aj` prmhjsm< amgaj j` hepote`oskm prmpmgj prmauhtms jfohehjs, j` jshrotmr `etogmekjrohegm sj vj ep`ohegam vom`jghoe hmgtre tmam cåio tm aj Mrajg y Xe`ua quj okpmgde jsj kjrheam2 amgaj `ms `jgdueljs aj purm ogtjrhekiom pjrsmge` eutmr-püi`ohm, `es jstruhtures jstru htures kegse kegsess quj iu iushe shegg ‐tr ‐tregsperjgho egsperjghoe‛ e‛ (e (egt gtoke oketjroe tjroe `oskm), y `e misjsove iüsqujae aj ug ‐fmgam‛ (ogfmrkehoøg, erdukjgtms, tjkes) prmpmgjg uge `jde`oaea Zgovjrse` jg `e `otjreture, e``ë j` jshrotmr `etogmekjrohegm rjhupjre su djgje `mdëe quj gm ajscjhce ug topm aj okedogehoøg -ecmre rjuioheae-, ug topm aj jgjrdëe psëquohe quj pujaj rjhupjrer `m smhoe` aostogduoïgam`m aj `m smhoei`j, uges jstruhtures quj sjeg `e ogshrophoøg aj ug prmhjsm esë hmkp`jlm, jspjsm, y quj supmgj equj``e ehuku`ehoøg suitjrrågje aj gepes hrëtohes. Ceste j` prmpom eudj aj `e gmvj`e pm`ohoe`, jg uge aj sus vjr tojgtjs (ve`mrehoøg ‐pråhtohe‛ aj` `jgduelj, erkezøg jfohojg tj jg fugaøg aj uge treke, rjspjtm e ug høaodm prjjstei`jaam aj lujdm hmg hojrtes hmkiogetmroes tïhgohes), eperjhj

rjdostream jg jse håkere gjdre y jkpojze e smspjhcersj hmkm ug kmam sjhrjtm aj hm`mgoe`oskm quj tojgj sus ïpm hes e`tjrgetoves aj jsp`jgamr jg @etogmekïrohe. @ms jfjhtms aj jstj hm`mgoe`oskm, e su vjz, pujajg misjrversj jg hojrte vm`ugtea aj gmrketovozer quj tekioïg f`mrjhj pmr pjrëmams e`tjrgeams, y quj rjspjte sukose uge jhmgmkëe aj` jsto`m -j` jsto`m sjgho``m- jstoku`eae pmr su ïxotm jg hojrtms horhuotms aj` hmgsukm, m soko`erkjgtj gojde tmae prmpjgsoøg e` treie  l lmm ‐i ‐ierrmhm‛, errmhm‛, ‐cjrkïtohm‛ m ‐hmkp`j ‐hmkp`jllm‛ ogajrt ogajrtekjgt ekjgtjj ``e `e keam, jgtmghjs, jxpjrokjgte`. @ms prmpoms kjaoms kesovms y `ms hjgåhu`ms hrëtohms aj @etogmekïrohe smg tekioïg kore"gujve‛ jshroture 9> ▮  @k  "g Aodotozja iy

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ams -rjvj`eams- e``ë eajgtrm, jg j` kmkjgtm hm`mgozeam hueg am quojrjg oajm`mdozer jse tjgajghoe e `e jshroture sjgho``e. Cåiotms aj` Okpjrom, cåiotms aj `e Hm`mgoe... Zge hmg vjrsoøg soku`tågje suhjaj huegam `e pråhtohe gmrtjekjrohe ge aj e`heghjs ‐kesovms‛, voste jg ug frosm aj mphomgjs quj hmgtogüeg uge kjhågohe aeae (treielm prjfoleam smirj sotue homgjs smhoe`js m psëquohes2 eusjghoe aj hmkpu`soøg hrëtohe cehoe j` aoshursm `otjrerom miljtovozeam2 rjspjtm e ug sostjke aj prmauhhoøg epmyeam jg ketrohjs ogtmhei`js sudjroaes pmr j` Xostjke2 `e `o`otjret reture hmkm ug j`jkjgtm "getur geture` e`‛‛ aj ajh hmkugoh ugohe hoøg), sj hruze jg j` kjrheam hmg ug kujstrjm aj hojrte pråh tohe `etogmekjrohege< `e quj sudojrj ug treielm aj aostogte hue`oaea hmkugohetove, ug hujstomgekojgtm reaohe` aj` cjhcm `otjrerom (‐egtogeture`‛) y uge ajaohehoøg frmgte` e` tjxtm hmkm miljtm ogh`usm ½mpehm= pere quj prokeroekjgtj sj `m vje  hmkm te`. Hergj, drmsmr, ajgsoaea tjxtue` quj jstei`jhj jg proghopom `e aofjrjghoe ketjroe` aj Ekïrohe @etoge jg equj` troågdu`m aj ogtjrhekiom aj Mhhoajgtj.

Hmgtoguoaea aj `e ajpjgajghoe hmg Jurmpe2 ug hmkp`jlm pegm reke aj egtodues `jyjs ogtmheaes y aj gujve suimraogehoøg, quj sj petjgtoze jg su pugtm kås ajsguam< j` hmgtehtm jgtrj `es vegdueraoes jurmpjes y `es ekjroheges. @e råpoae aosyughoøg `jgdue vjrsus cei`e (tmke ae hojrte ogtjrprjtehoøg aj` cei`e hmkm fjgøkjgm suivjrso

 A jvj`er `e o`usoøg aj  Aj ugovjrse`oskm

vm aj @etogmekïrohe)6, `e prjao`jhhoøg pmr mkmams mre`js, heghomgjrms, fm`h`mrj, aoe`jhtms rjdomge`js kmae`oaeajs WGm js j` hesm hesm aj Ågdj` Yeke, Yeke, huye prmpujste prmpujste sj oghmrpmre ghmrpmre jg j` j`  hepëtu`m OOO. Cïhtmr ïhtmr @oijrtj``e oijrtj``e ▮9 ▮95 Aodotozja iy

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aj` cei`e uriege, smg vostms `ujdm -j` koskm vïrtodm mhu`er quj hrjhj‑ hrjhj‑, hueg huegam am sj oajm`mdozeg, oajm `mdozeg, hmk hmkmm `e prm prm`mg `mgdeh dehoøg oøg aj mtrm cåiotm quj tregsfojrj ogfmrkehoøg  e `e pjrofjroe< ½ajkegaes jurmpjes aj ‐hm`mr `mhe`‛, pujstes e` aëe= @e soko`er ajfjgse aj uge lmvjg `otjreture quj tmke fredkjgtms aj hojrtm aoshursm smhoe` (dreiehomgjs, rjhmrtjs aj aoerom, hm``edj, tjstokmgoms aj jshroture psohøtohe m jsquozmfrïgohe) y j` ogtjgtm aj jg`ezer `e ehtovoaea jshrote e kmams jxtretjxtue`js, eperjhjg tekioïg hmkm `e e`tjrgetove ogdjgue aj rjs  pujste frjgtj e ug vo vojl jlmm petrmgezd petrm gezdmm jurmpjm jurmp jm hmg `erd erdee tre rtod dm mhu` u`er< er< vjrto rtoh he`' aohoøg aj jfohehoe jg @etogmekïrohe. V ïrto mhu`tm (pere j` cei`e, so`jghomsm)< esë hmghjioam j` sostjke jshrotm jg su kmkjgtm djgïtohm, `e tregspmsohoøg cmrozmgte` aj j`jkjgtms aj` `jgduelj cei`eam, tmkeams sjdüg fegtesëe smhom`ødohe, sj hmgvojrtj jg e`ojgehoøg pere jse gujve pråh tohe jg j` Hmgtogjgtj, geture`oze `e ertof`hoe`oaea jxprjse aj` sostjke y ajsierete su horhu`ehoøg aj sjgtoams (jg tegtm jfjhtms jspjhëfohms) pere pmgjr`ms mtre vjz jg kegms aj` hmg trm` smhoe` (mre`).

Jg tmam hesm `es vegdueraoes ekjroheges e`hegzeg e rj`ehomgersj hmg mtres vegdueraoes epjges jg ug pugtm jxtrjkm aj hmgtehtm< j` ehjrhekojgtm e uge etkøsfjre aj ogvjstodehoøg y hrëtohe quj mi`ode e rjuioher `ëkotjs y fughom gjs treaohomge`kjgtj ehjpteams2 j` etequj e fmrkes `otjre roes ‐geture`ozeaes‛ pmr ug cåiotm smhoe`2 j` ajsmhu`tekojgtm aj equj``e ketjroe`oaea `mhe` hmkm ajfjgse aj ug tjxtmmiljtm quj jvotj `e hmstukirj aj ug ogtjrhekiom aeam y `e ajstruye. hojrte pråhtohe ½Ke``erkï, Lmyhj, Ijhbjtt...=Ecmre e`tjrgetovekjgtj jkpjzerå e sjrErteua, topofoheae (m gm) hmkm ‐jurmpje‛, e``ë amgaj sj ogste`j jg j` prmhjsm ëgtokm -y høkp`ohj‑aj tmae jshroture< j` rjhursm e `e pe`e  ire jshrote jshrote jg sus ``ëko ëkotjs, tjs, y `es e`tjrgetove e`tjrgetovess aj `j `jde de``oaea-rup aea-rup-99 k@e ‐gujve‛ jshro roture ture

Aodotozja iy

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tureerå ludeaes jsj jljrhohom. koske treaohoøg jurmpje  pes  peserå e sjr jg hmg hmghjio hjioae ae hmkm @e kjaoe kjaoete te ‑ eljge‑ eljge‑, pere quj @etogmekïrohe pujae aosteghoersj aj tmam erqujtopm y ehtue`ozer su prmi`jkåtohe og sotu