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Ëo`cea Ëo`cea

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Cotrg`ueecõo

5

Ejrjetarëstcejs

5

]joadas `a jdjrkj egkpjtcndas

0

Costjdjecõo Egoaxcõo j pjoad `a jdjrkj egkpjtcnda Egoaxcõo j pjoad `a jdjrkjs og egkpjtcnda

0 1 1

Egolcburjecõo oaeasjrcj ao ad pjoad `a jdjrkj ]joad `a Egotrgd Hgoaywadd℮ \cstj

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\arclcejecõo `a ocvad `a saújd eadudjr

2

Luoecgojkcaotg ^aspjd`g UKU Cotarpratjecõo `a dgs DA@s axtarogs

2 8 8

Aseaojrcgs `a egkuocejecõo Aseaojrcg : - Egkuocejecõo raspjd`j`j jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag Aseaojrcg > - Egkuocejecõo ao pjrjdadg jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag y Edcei Aseaojrcg 5 - Egkuocejecõo sckpda j Edcei (pjrj kgoctgrag rasc`aoecjd) Aseaojrcg 0 - Egkuocejecõo j Edcei ego ratrjoskcscõo j eaotrjd `a kgoctgrag

3 3 := := ::

]rgbrjkjecõo ]rgbrjkjecõo pgr sgltwjra QocEg ]rgbrjkjecõo pgr UKU Ucotjxcs `a UKU `a prgbrjkjecõo y raspuastj Egkjo`gs `a prgbrjkjecõo pgr UKU

:> :> :5 :0 :0

Egosudtj `a prgbrjkjecõo Ngrrjr pjrêkatrgs egolcburj`gs @craeecgoas `ad sarvc`gr C] Egolcburjecõo `a oökargs `a euaotj `a jngoj`g Egolcburjecõo `ad J]O `a dj tjrfatj UCK

:1 :1 :< :2 :3

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Egolcburjecõo `a sarvc`gras @OU Pakpgrczjecõo `a dj saújd Hajrt Najt Aovëg `a avaotgs pgr UKU Lgrkjtg `ad kaosjfa `a avaotg Lgrkjtg `ad JEI Gtrgs usgs

:3 >= >: >> >> >5

Egolcburjecõo `a zgojs j`cecgojdas A: y A> Kg`g `a dj aotrj`j Avaotgs `a zgojs j`cecgojdas A: y A> Egoaxcõo `a zgoj j`cecgojd Avaotgs cotarogs `ad egkuocej`gr A\> - Njfj Uaújd Eadudjr A\5 y A\0 - Avaotgs `a jetcvjecõo `a djs aotrj`js A\1 - Ljddj ao dj egoaxcõo iaynus

>5 >5 >0 >0 >1 >< >< ><

A\< - Ljddj `a jdckaotjecõo A\2 y A\8 - Uabuc`gr `a avaotgs A\3 - Lcdtrg `a avaotgs pgr UKU A\:= - Pjkpar Uarvcecgs U: - Paedj`g ^akgtg hjncdctj`g U1 - Hjncdctj vëoeudg B]^U U< - Hjncdctj sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg egkg raspjd`g `ad prcoecpjd Edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo

>< >< >2 >2 >2 >8 >8 >8 >8

^astjurjecõo `a prgbrjkjecõo j vjdgras `a lênrcej Egosudtj `a colgrkjecõo y astj`g `ad aqucpg Ujdc`js egkjo`jnda pgr Edcei U: y U> Egoaxcõo `a uoj sjdc`j j uoj zgoj `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs

>3 5= 5> 5>

Aspaeclcejecgoas tãeocejs

55

\arscgoas6 ◇ Ot-Dcoi B Edcei 2.=.< ◇ Ot-Dcoi 5B Edcei 2.:.: ◇ Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei 2.:.0 ◇

Kjoujd `a Qsujrcg :.=

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Cotrg`ueecõo Dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei (0B/B]^U), Ot-Dcoi 5B Edcei (5B/B]^U) y Ot-Dcoi B Edcei (B]^U) sgo aqucpgs `a egkuocejecõo pjrj scstakjs `a jdjrkjs rasc`aoecjdas. Astgs egkuocej`gras sa egoaetjo jd nus `a `jtgs `a dgs pjoadas `a jdjrkjs egkpjtcndas, `afjo`g dcnra ad egkuocej`gr tadalõoceg `ad pjoad pjrj gpecgojdkaota egoaetjr uoj dëoaj tadalõocej lcfj pjrj gntaoar kjygr ra`uo`joecj ao ad rapgrta `a avaotgs. Dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei tcaoao egkg luoecgojdc`j` prcoecpjd ad aovëg `a avaotgs baoarj`gs pgr ad pjoad `a jdjrkj jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ao pjquatas lgrkjtg PE]/C], utcdczjo`g pjrj astg dj ra` `a `a `jtgs 0B, 5B g B]^U B]^U   `ad kõ`udg eadudjr coegrpgrj`g egkg ka`cg `a trjoskcscõo. J`akês parkctao jd usujrcg `a dj jdjrkj taoar uo kjygr egotrgd j trjvãs `a dj jpdcejecõo Edcei pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas.

Ejrjetarëstcejs Djs ◇prcoecpjdas ejrjetarëstcejs `ay/g dgsB]^U, egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei sgo djs scbucaotas6 Egkuocejecõo pgr 0B, 5B `apao`cao`g `ad kg`adg. ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇

Prjoskcscõo `a avaotgs ao lgrkjtg PE]/C]. J`kcta `craeecgoas C] lcfjs g `coêkcejs Uarvc`gr jdtarojtcvg `a raspjd`g g pjrj rapgrta sckudtêoag. Egkpjtcncdc`j` ego dj jpdcejecõo Edcei `cspgocnda pjrj Jo`rgc` a cGU. Egkpjtcncdc`j` ego gtrjs jpdcejecgoas pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas. ^aspjd`g egkuocejecõo UKU hjstj `gs `astcogs. Lcdtrg `a sadaetcvc`j` pjrj rapgrtas pgr UKU. @ataeecõo jutgkêtcej `a tjrfatj UCK pjrj egolcburjecõo `a J]O. Egoaetgr pjrj njtarëj OcEj 5. sjdc`js `a tadaegotrgd pgr cotaroat. > aotrj`j `a zgoj pjrj saosgras OJ g OE (jrkj`js g >0Hs). Njfg egosukg `a egrrcaota qua parkcta egoaxcõo `craetj j dgs tarkcojdas \jux `ad pjoad. Egoaxcõo j dj jdjrkj pgr nus `a `jtgs `ad taedj`g. Egkpjtcndas ego pjoadas @UE ]gwarUarcas, ]jrj`gx U] y KB y Hgoaywadd \cstj. Jetujdczjecõo dgejd g rakgtj `a lcrkwjra. ^apgrta hjstj 8 pjrtcecgoas. ]gscncdc`j` `a ejkncg aotra lcrkwjra `a`cej`gs j dgs `cstcotgs pjoadas. ]gscncdc`j` `a ejkncg j varscgoas og Edcei (axeaptg ad kg`adg 0B).

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]joadas `a jdjrkj egkpjtcndas Dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei sgo egkpjtcndas ego dgs scbucaotas kg`adgs `a pjoadas `a jdjrkj6 ◇ @UE ]gwarUarcas 181, 1=:=, :85>, :8, >:, 08 Ej`j aqucpg Ot-Dcoi Edcei trja uo lcrkwjra `a`cej`g j uo kg`adg aspaeëlceg `a pjoad `a jdjrkj. Jd kgkaotg `a j`qucrcr sus egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi co`cquada j su prgvaa`gr ego quã pjoad `a jdjrkj tcaoa pdjoaj`g costjdjrdg. @a astj lgrkj avctj eujdqucar tcpg `a coegkpjtcncdc`j`. Uc vj j ejkncjr ad pjoad `a jdjrkj ao uoj costjdjecõo yj rajdczj`j pgr uo pjoad `a gtrg kg`adg, sarê oaeasjrcg ejkncjr ad lcrkwjra `ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei pjrj vgdvardg egkpjtcnda ego ad ouavg pjoad. ]jrj rajdczjr astj gparjecõo egkuoëquasa ego ad sgpgrta tãeoceg `a Oatcg U^D pjrj raecncr co`cejecgoas `a egkg rajdczjr ad ejkncg `a lcrkwjra.

Costjdjecõo

Egkg prckarj ka`c`j jotas `a dj costjdjecõo `ad aqucpg, varclcejr ad ocvad `a ssaújd aújd eadudjr ao ad dubjr `go`a vj j rajdczjr dj costjdjecõo, sc luarj oaeasjrcg prgnjr ego tjrfatjs UCK `a `claraotas gparj`gras eadudjras y usjr ad qua co`cqua kafgr ocvad `a saújd. Jd sadaeecgojr ad dubjr `a costjdjecõo, prastjr aspaecjd jtaoecõo j dj earejoëj ego vcbjs g dgsjs `a hgrkcbõo yj qua astjs pua`ao jlaetjr egosc`arjndakaota dj ejdc`j` `a ` a dj saújd eadudjr, sc luarj oaeasjrcg utcdczjr uoj jotaoj kjboãtcej `a = katrgs `ad pjoad `a jdjrkj. ◇ Avcta costjdjrdg ao jkncaotas ego aqucpgs qua pua`jo baoarjr jdtgs ocvadas `a ejkpg adaetrgkjboãtceg egkg kgtgras, tjndargs `a aoarbëj, jego`cecgoj`gras `a jcra y gtrgs. ◇ Uctcgs `a costjdjecõo raegkao`j`gs6 pcsgs jdtgs g pjra`as prõxckjs j ejddas y pjtcgs jncartgs. ◇ Uctcgs `a costjdjecõo OG raegkao`j`gs6 êrajs ego saújd eadudjr cosulcecaota, hjnctjecgoas ego pjoadas adãetrcegs, kgoctgras `a vc`ag, trjoskcsgras `a rj`cglraeuaoecj g prõxckgs j aqucpgs `a jdtgs ocvadas `a akcscõo adaetrgkjboãtcej (AKE), ate. Oatcg U^D

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Egoaxcõo j pjoad `a jdjrkj egkpjtcnda Jotas `a egoaetjr ad aqucpg jd pjoad `a jdjrkjs, quctjr dj aoarbëj `ad pjoad y `asegoaetjr dj njtarëj. ^ajdczjr djs egoaxcgoas saböo ad `cjbrjkj scbucaota.

Duabg `a rajdczjr djs egoaxcgoas, egdgejr dj tjpj `ad aqucpg hjecao`g prascõo pjrj ejdzjr djs trjnjs, taobj euc`j`g qua ad ejndaj`g sjdbj eõkg`jkaota pgr ad jbufarg prgvcstg. Egoaetjr dj njtarëj y dj jdckaotjecõo `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs.

Egoaxcõo j pjoad `a jdjrkjs og egkpjtcnda Uc ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs og as egkpjtcnda y j`akês og pgsaa egkuocej`gr dg qua`atjkpgeg sarëj egkpjtcnda ego egkuocej`gr uocvarsjd `a dj sarca Ot-Egk) sa pua`a tadalõoceg kgoctgrajr(pgr j trjvãs uo Ot-Dcoi egoaetj`g j dj sjdc`j `a scraoj `ad ` ad pjoad j trjvãs `a uo radã egkg sa kuastrj ao ad scbucaota `cjbrjkj.

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@a astj kjoarj eujdqucar pjoad `a jdjrkjs pua`a sar kgoctgraj`g j trjvãs `a uo egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi. ]jrj luoecgojkcaotg y egolcburjecõo `a djs aotrj`js var Egolcburjecõo `a zgojs j`cecgojdas A: y A>  A>  

Egolcburjecõo oaeasjrcj ao ad pjoad `a jdjrkj Egkg dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei sa egoaetjo `craetjkaota jd nus `a `jtgs `ad taedj`g `ad pjoad `a jdjrkj ao lgrkj trjospjraota, dj jdjrkj og dg raegogearê egkg uo egkuocej`gr. Astg ckpdcej qua as oaeasjrcg egolcburjr dj jusaoecj `a egkuocej`gr ao ad pjoad pjrj avctjr rapgrtas `a ljddj `a egkuocej`gr.

]joad `a Egotrgd Hgoaywadd℮ \cstj ]jrj dj egkpjtcncdc`j` ego pjoadas Hgoaywadd℮ \cstj sa `anao egolcburjr jdbuogs pjrêkatrgs ao ad pjoad `a egotrgd. Astj `asercpecõo egotcaoa dgs pjsgs këockgs pjrj hjncdctjr dgs rapgrtas j trjvãs `ad egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi. ◇ *:3: Egosgdj 5 @craeecõo :8 ◉ Egolcburjr := (Ad egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi vcaoa praegolcburj`g pjrj dj `craeecõo :8, `ana prastjrsa jtaoecõo `a og taoar uo taedj`g ao dj kcskj `craeecõo) ◇ *>3 Ujdc`j Egotjet C@ AE] pjrj JEK ◉ Egolcburjr ao : ◇ *08 Lgrkjtg `a egkuocejecõo ◉ Egolcburjr ao 22 ◇ *03 Colgrka @cvc`c`g @ujd ◉

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pjrpj`ags, as raegkao`jnda rauncejr ad egkuocej`gr g costjdjr uoj jotaoj. Ao baoarjd, uoj jotaoj kjboãtcej egdgej`j ao gtrg dubjr `ad raecotg rasuadva dj sctujecõo.

Luoecgojkcaotg Ad egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi Edcei sa kgotj jd nus `a `jtgs `ad taedj`g y daa djs saújdas y avaotgs qua ad pjoad da trjoskcta jd taedj`g pjrj cotarpratjrdgs y aovcjrdgs pgr cotaroat `a lgrkj trjospjraota pjrj ad pjoad `a jdjrkj. Ao su usg hjnctujd, ad aqucpg varclcej scstakêtcejkaota djs ego`cecgoas `ad vëoeudg C] ego ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag. Astj varclcejecõo as rajdczj`j j trjvãs `ad aovëg parcõ`ceg `a uo pjquata `aogkcoj`g — Hajrt Najt‛. Jd sar aovcj`g uo pjquata hajrt najt, ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei jbujr`j dj raeapecõo `ad pjquata `a raspuastj (JEI) prgvaocaota `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag. Uc `urjota asta prgeasg sa aovëjo tras hajrt najts egosaeutcvgs y ocobuoj raspuastj luasa raecnc`j, ad vëoeudg ego C] sa egosc`arj `asegoaetj`g y ad aqucpg pjsj j gparjr ao Kg`g ^aspjd`g UKU sc ad kcskg sa aoeuaotrj egolcburj`g, hjstj qua dgbra rastjndaearsa dj egoaxcõo C]. Ad aqucpg sa egkuocej ego uoj `craeecõo C] (prcoecpjd) y sc pcar`a egotjetg cotaotj egkuocejrsa ego gtrj C] (saeuo`jrcj) ao ad kg`g ddjkj`g `a C] raspjd`j`j. Ao ad kg`g C] Ogrkjd g @ujd aovcjrê dgs avaotgs j jknjs (sc tcaoa cobrasj`g ad vjdgr `a dj C] saeuo`jrcj), egotrgdjo`g ad JEI `a avaotgs y hajrt najts `a jknjs. Ao luoecgojkcaotg ogrkjd, jkngs da`s parkjoaearêo `a egdgr var`a y ad da` colarcgr pjrpj`aj ao lgrkj rêpc`j egotcouj eujo`g ad egkuocej`gr astã cotareaptjo`g saújdas `ad pjoad. Ad usg `a dj jpdcejecõo Edcei eujdqucar gtrj jpdcejecõo pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas raqucara qua ad egkuocej`gr astã jetcvg ao egkuocejecõo ego ad sarvc`gr raspgosjnda `a dj jpdcejecõo.

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^aspjd`g UKU Eujo`g ad aqucpg astê luoecgojo`g ao ad kg`g ^aspjd`g UKU dgs avaotgs qua raecnj `ad pjoad dgs aovcjrê pgr UKU. Kcaotrjs gpara asta kg`g, ad da` suparcgr parkjoaearêo ao egdgr êknjr (rgfg + var`a). Gnsarvjecõo6 ]jrj qua pua`j ad kg`g ^`a aspjd`g Aovëg^aspjd`g avaotgsUKU pgr`ana UKU.astjr prgbrjkj`g jd kaogs uo `astcog UKU. ]jrj kês `atjddas var adgparjr jpjrtj`g Ejsgs ao qua ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei aotrj ao kg`g ^aspjd`g UKU j) ]ãr`c`j `a egotjetg ego ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag. Ao ejsg qua duabg `a tras cotaotgs `a aovcjr pgr 0B/5B/B]^U jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag og sa gntaobj raspuastj (JEI), ad aqucpg pjsjrê j kg`g ^aspjd`g UKU saböo sa hjyj prgbrjkj`g y egotcoujrê cotaotjo`g egotjetjrsa ego ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ej`j 5= sabuo`gs pgr ka`cg `ad aovëg `a pjquatas hajrt najts. Uc dj tcaoa hjncdctj`j, cotaotjrê egoaetjrsa ego dj C] saeuo`jrcj. Ao ejsg `a gntaoar raspuastj j uog `a dgs pjquatas aovcj`gs, `a dj C] saeuo`jrcj g `a dj C] prcoecpjd, ratgrojrê coka`cjtjkaota dj trjoskcscõo C]. n) ]gr prgbrjkjecõo. Uc sa prgbrjkj ad sarvcecg 1 ao = (`ashjncdctjecõo `a egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U) ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei aotrjrê ao kg`g ^aspjd`g UKU y aovcjrê dgs avaotgs sgdg pgr UKU.

Cotarpratjecõo `a dgs DA@s axtarogs Dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei euaotjo ego `gs DA@s ncegdgr (rgfg-var`a) qua co`cejo ad astj`g `a luoecgojkcaotg `ad aqucpg ao su egdgr y egkpgrtjkcaotg6 DA@ suparcgr (luoecgojkcaotg `ad kõ`udg eadudjr) Jpjbj`g ^gfg

Kõ`udg eadudjr jpjbj`g sco pjrpj`ags

Ljddj ao ad raegogeckcaotg `ad UCK

pjrpj`ag egotcoug

Cotaotjo`g egoaxcõo ego ra` BUK

sco pjrpj`ags

Egoaxcõo ego ra` BUK astjndaec`j

Êknjr (rgfg + var`a) pjrpj`ag egotcoug \ar`a

Egoaxcõo ego ra` BUK astjndaec`j. Cotaotjo`g egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U ego eaotrg `a kgoctgrag

uo pjrpj`ag ej`j >= sabuo`gs

Egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U astjndaec`j. Ocvad `a saújd õptckg.

`gs pjrpj`ags

Egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U astjndaec`j. Ocvad `a saújd nuaog.

tras pjrpj`ags

Egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U astjndaec`j. Ocvad `a saújd rabudjr.

eujtrg g kês pjrpj`ags

Egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U astjndaec`j. Ocvad `a saújd kuy njfg g jusaoecj `a saújd.

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DA@ colarcgr Jpjbj`g

Aqucpg `asegoaetj`g

\ar`a

Aqucpg ao rapgsg

^gfg

Avaotg jdkjeaoj`g ao nullar pjrj sar aovcj`g g jbujr`jo`g pjquata `a raspuastj JEI

Aseaojrcgs `a egkuocejecõo @a jeuar`g j djs oaeasc`j`as qua taobj ad usujrcg, ad costjdj`gr y ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag, dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei pua`ao egolcburjrsa pjrj luoecgojr njfg `cstcotgs aseaojrcgs `a egkuocejecõo aotra ad egkuocej`gr, ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag y dgs sarvc`gras `a Edcei. ]jrj kês colgrkjecõo sgnra dj jpdcejecõo Edcei pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas, sus prastjecgoas, egolcburjecõo y luoecgojkcaotg baoarjd pua`a cobrasjr j www.oatcg.egk.jr g egotjetjrsa ego ad parsgojd tãeoceg g egkarecjd `a Oatcg U^D.

Aseaojrcg : - Egkuocejecõo raspjd`j`j jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag

Asta aseaojrcg parkcta dj raeapecõo `craetj `a dgs avaotgs `ad pjoad jdjrkj ao ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ego dj pgscncdc`j` `a egolcburjr sabuo`j uoj `craeecõo C] g `gkcocg egkg sarvc`gr `a raspjd`g. Asta aseaojrcg raqucara qua ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag saj ejpjz `a prgbrjkjr uoj raeaptgrj Oatcg PE] ao su eaotrg `a raeapecõo `a avaotgs. Asta as ad aseaojrcg qua sa `ana egolcburjr pjrj qua ad egkuocej`gr luoecgoa ego eujdqucar jpdcejecõo pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas egkpjtcnda qua og saj Edcei. Dj prgbrjkjecõo j rajdczjr ao ad egkuocej`gr as dj scbucaota (var ]rgbrjkjecõo)6 ◇ Uarvc`gr : sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ◇ ]uartg : puartg `ad sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ◇

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◇ ◇

]uartg > Uarvcecg <

puartg `ad sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag hjncdctj`g (: (:)

Aseaojrcg > - Egkuocejecõo ao pjrjdadg jd eaotrg `a kgoctgrag y Edcei

Asta aseaojrcg parkcta dj raeapecõo `craetj `a dgs avaotgs `ad pjoad jdjrkj ao ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag y sckudtêoajkaota qua dgs usujrcgs pua`jo hjear usg us g `a dj jpdcejecõo Edcei pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas. Asta aseaojrcg raqucara qua ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag saj ejpjz `a prgbrjkjr uoj raeaptgrj Oatcg PE] ao su eaotrg `a raeapecõo `a avaotgs. Asta aseaojrcg og j`kcta dj egolcburjecõo `a sarvc`gras `a raspjd`g. Dj prgbrjkjecõo j rajdczjr ao ad egkuocej`gr as dj scbucaota (var ]rgbrjkjecõo)6 sarvc`gr `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ◇ Uarvc`grr : puartg `ad sarvc`gr `ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag k goctgrag ◇ ]uartg : sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `a Edcei (bt:.ot`os.hgst ( bt:.ot`os.hgst) ◇ Uarvc`gr > puartg `ad sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `a Edcei (8=58 ( 8=58) ◇ ]uartg > ◇

Uarvcecg <

`ashjncdctj`g (= (=) 

Aseaojrcg 5 - Egkuocejecõo sckpda j Edcei (pjrj kgoctgrag rasc`aoecjd)

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Asta aseaojrcg as pjrj qucaoas `asajo rajdczjr uo kgoctgrag rasc`aoecjd j trjvãs `a dj jpdcejecõo Edcei pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas sco qua dj jdjrkj saj kgoctgraj`j pgr uo eaotrg `a kgoctgrag. Dj prgbrjkjecõo j rajdczjr ao ad egkuocej`gr as dj scbucaota (var ]rgbrjkjecõo)6 sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `a Edcei (bt:.ot`os.hgst ( bt:.ot`os.hgst) ◇ Uarvc`gr : puartg pjrj kgoctgrag rasc`aoecjd `a Edcei (8=58 ( 8=58) ◇ ]uartg : sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg `a Edcei (bt>.ot`os.hgst (bt>.ot`os.hgst) ◇ Uarvc`gr > puartg pjrj kgoctgrag rasc`aoecjd `a Edcei (8=58 ( 8=58) ◇ ]uartg > hjncdctj`g (: (:) ◇ Uarvcecg <

Aseaojrcg 0 - Egkuocejecõo j Edcei ego ratrjoskcscõo j eaotrjd `a kgoctgrag

Asta aseaojrcg as pjrj dgs ejsgs qua ad egkuocej`gr qucarj sar kgoctgraj`g k goctgraj`g pgr uo eaotrg `a kgoctgrag, parg ad kcskg og euaota ego dj pgscncdc`j` `a egolcburjr uoj raeaptgrj Oatcg PE]. ]jrj asta aseaojrcg ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag `ana egolcburjr uoj raeaptgrj Uurbjr` PE] g Oatcg Q@] ao su eaotrg `a raeapecõo `a avaotgs. Dj ratrjoskcscõo `a dgs avaotgs `ana sar egolcburj`j ao ad sarvc`gr `a Edcei. Uc `asaj trjnjfjr ao asta aseaojrcg egkpdata ad lgrkudjrcg vcrtujd `cspgocnda ao www.oatcg.egk.jr y põobjsa ao egotjetg ego ad parsgojd `a sgpgrta tãeoceg `a Oatcg U^D pjrj qua rajdceakgs astj egolcburjecõo. Dj prgbrjkjecõo j rajdczjr ao ad egkuocej`gr as dj scbucaota (var ]rgbrjkjecõo)6 ◇ Uarvc`gr : sarvc`gr prcoecpjd `a Edcei (bt:.ot`os.hgst ( bt:.ot`os.hgst) ◇ ]uartg : puartg jscboj`g ao ad sarvc`gr Edcei pjrj su s u eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ◇ Uarvc`gr > sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg `a Edcei (bt>.ot`os.hgst (bt>.ot`os.hgst) ◇ ]uartg > puartg jscboj`g ao ad sarvc`gr Edcei pjrj su s u eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ◇ Uarvcecg < hjncdctj`g (: (:)

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]rgbrjkjecõo Dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei pua`ao sar s ar prgbrjkj`gs `a `claraotas lgrkjs6 ka`cjota ejnda `a prgbrjkjecõo Ot-E]^GB y ad sgltwjra QocEg (varscõo ]E), ka`cjota UKU g j trjvãs `ad j`jptj`gr Nduatggth Ot-Nduathggt y ad sgltwjra QocEg (varscgo Kgncda g varscõo ]E). Ao asta kjoujd sa eunra egkpdatjkaota dj prgbrjkjecõo ego ad sgltwjra QocEg (varscõo ]E) y ego kaosjfas UKU.

]rgbrjkjecõo pgr sgltwjra QocEg Ad prgea`ckcaotg `a prgbrjkjecõo pgr sgltwjra QocEg astê `csaúj`g pjrj qua saj saoecddg a cotuctcvg, `a kjoarj qua saj pgscnda egolcburjr ad egkuocej`gr ao pgegs pjsgs y `a lgrkj rêpc`j. Dj ödtckj varscõo `ad sgltwjra QocEg pua`a aoegotrjrsa ao ad scbucaota aodjea6 http6//www.oatcg.egk.jr/sgltwjra  http6//www.oatcg.egk.jr/sgltwjra  Ao asta aodjea aoegotrjrê tjkncão dgs egotrgdj`gras pjrj ad ejnda `a prgbrjkjecõo Ot-E]^GB. Eujo`g QocEg cocecj, egkcaozj j asejoajr dgs puartgs sarca `a dj ]E jutgkêtcejkaota y dcstj dgs aqucpgs egoaetj`gs, pgr dg tjotg jotas `a jnrcr ad prgbrjkj egoaeta ad egkuocej`gr j dj ]E utcdczjo`g ad ejnda `a prgbrjkjecõo. Uc ejkncj ad aqucpg egoaetj`g pua`a rajdczjr uoj uoj ouavj nösqua`j ego ad ngtõo Nusejr.

Eujo`g `ataetj ad aqucpg egoaetj`g, jutgkêtcejkaota ad sgltwjra QocEg jnra dj vaotjoj `a egolcburjecõo. Ao ejsg `a qua aoeuaotra kês `a uo aqucpg `ana hjear `gnda edcei sgnra ad aqucpg qua sa `asaj egolcburjr pjrj jnrcr dj vaotjoj `a egolcburjecõo.

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Dj vaotjoj `a egolcburjecõo egoscsta ao uoj sarca `a pastjújs ao djs qua sa aoeuaotrjo `cvc`c`gs ao `cvarsgs euj`rgs dgs pjrêkatrgs egolcburjndas `ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei.

Ej`j euj`rg pua`a egolcburjrsa `a lgrkj co`apao`caota ka`cjota ad ngtõo Aovcjr uncej`g `aotrg `a ej`j euj`rg. Duabg `a prgbrjkjr eujdqucar pjrêkatrg, ad QocEg vuadva j daar dj egolcburjecõo jetujd `ad kcskg. Ad egdgr `a lgo`g var`a ao dgs ejkpgs `a egolcburjecõo co`cej qua asj egolcburjecõo hj sc`g daë`j `craetjkaota `ad egkuocej`gr.

]rgbrjkjecõo pgr UKU Ad prgea`ckcaotg `a prgbrjkjecõo pgr UKU `a uo egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi Edcei astê `csaúj`g pjrj qua saj saoecddg a cotuctcvg, `a kjoarj qua saj pgscnda prgbrjkjrdg `as`a eujdqucar tadãlgog eadudjr. Uckpdakaota as oaeasjrcg sabucr uoj sarca `a rabdjs saoecddjs y egogear dgs egkjo`gs pjrj dj egolcburjecõo `a dgs `claraotas pjrêkatrgs `ad aqucpg. Ao baoarjd dj egolcburjecõo nêscej as kuy sckpda y sa pua`a taoar bujr`j`j egkg pdjotcddj ao ad tadãlgog eadudjr, ao ejsg qua sa qucarj utcdczjr jdbuoj luoecõo aspaecjd `ad aqucpg pg`rëj sar oaeasjrcg egosudtjr ad kjoujd kês `a uoj vaz.

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Ucotjxcs `a UKU `a prgbrjkjecõo y raspuastj Dj scotjxcs `a uo kaosjfa `a taxtg `a prgbrjkjecõo as dj scbucaota  prgb#edjva#egkjo`g:6vjdgr9 egkjo`g>6vjdgr9 ... ate ate

]gr afakpdg  prgb#22 Egolcburj ad puartg `ad sarvc`gr `a raspjd`g UKU: Egolcburj ad `astcog UKU prcoecpjd UKU> Egolcburj ad `astcog UKU saeuo`jrcg

◇

CKG@A 

◇ ◇ ◇ ◇

◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇

Uo PAUP A\QC@ A\QC@o

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◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇ ◇

EGQOP  P^UKU A\o @OU: @OU>  J]O QUA^ ]JUU EDJ\A 

Egolcburj dj ejotc`j` `a racotaotgs qua sa hjeao pgr UKU Egolcburj ad tcakpg ao sabuo`gs `a asparj aotra ej`j cotaotg pgr UKU Egolcburj avaotgs cotarogs `a egkuocej`gr, `go`a ‘o– as ad avaotg j egolcburjr Egolcburj ad sarvc`gr @OU prcoecpjd Egolcburj ad sarvc`gr @OU saeuo`jrcg Egolcburj ad ogknra `ad puotg `a jeeasg Egolcburj ad ogknra `a usujrcg pjrj ad puotg `a jeeasg Egolcburj dj egotrjsaúj `a usujrcg pjrj ad puotg `a jeeasg Ejkncg `a dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo g rastjurjecõo j vjdgras `a lênrcej

Egosudtj `a prgbrjkjecõo Ka`cjota QocEg6 ]ua`a egosudtjr tg`j dj prgbrjkjecõo jetujd `ad aqucpg cobrasjo`g jd kaoö Egkuocecõo -? Daar, g taedajo`g Etrd+D. Ad QocEg daarê dj egolcburjecõo jetujd `a tg`gs dgs pjrêkatrgs egolcburjndas. Ad egdgr var`a `a lgo`g co`cej qua ad pjrêkatrg sa aoeuaotrj egolcburj`g.

Ka`cjota UKU6 Ua `ana aovcjr ad aoejnazj`g `a prgbrjkjecõo ego dj edjva sco ocoböo egkjo`g  prgb#226bt:.ot`os.hgst9pgrt>68=58

dj raspuastj sarê ]^GB#UA^\A^:6edcei.`yo`os.grb9 ]G^P:68=>19 UA^\A^>6bt:.ot`os.hgst9]G^P>68=58

Uc dj eaotrjd `a kgoctgrag og tcaoa sarvc`gr `a raspjd`g sa pua`a gkctcr su prgbrjkjecõo, parg `ana jsaburjrsa qua og astã egolcburj`g g ngrrjrdg aovcjo`g6  prgb#2269

ad aqucpg raspgo`arê ]^GB#UA^\A^>69 

Egolcburjecõo `a oökargs `a euaotj `a jngoj`g ]jrj ad egrraetg rapgrta `a dgs avaotgs `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs `ana prgbrjkjrsa ad oökarg `a euaotj `a jngoj`g ao ad egkuocej`gr, yj qua og raegogea ad oökarg `a euaotj qua astã egolcburj`g ao ad pjoad. Dgs Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei y dgs Ot-Dcoi 5B Edcei raegogeao hjstj gehg pjrtcecgoas ao ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs y dgs Ot-Dcoi B Edcei hjstj `gs. ]jrj ej`j pjrtcecõo ao pjrtceudjr pua`a prgbrjkjrsa uo oökarg `a euaotj `a jngoj`g. Uc og sa prgbrjkj ad oökargs `a euaotj `a jngoj`g `a uoj pjrtcecõo, dgs avaotgs `a dj kcskj sarêo aovcj`gs pgr `alaetg ego ad oökarg `a jngoj`g `a dj pjrtcecõo prcoecpjd. Dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei cbogrjo ad oökarg oök arg `a euaotj `a jngoj`g prgbrjkj`g ao ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs. Ua raegkcao`j egolcburjrdg `a tg`gs kg`gs, yj qua ao jdbuogs kg`adgs `a jdjrkj og sa baoarjo dgs avaotgs sc ad kcskg og astê egolcburj`g, y pjrj ad rapgrta pgr dëoaj tadalõocej. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Dgs ejkpgs `a egolcburjecõo `a oökargs oök args `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g prcoecpjd y `a ej`j pjrtcecõo sa aoeuaotrj ao ad euj`rg Jngoj`g, `aotrg `a dj pastjúj Kcseadêoags.

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Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj pjrtcecõo prcoecpjd (pjrtcecõo :) Y@a lênrcej6 LLLL[ Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj pjrtcecõo prcoecpjd (pjrtcecõo ◇   A\QC@: :) Y@a lênrcej6 LLLL[ Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj sabuo`j pjrtcecõo (pjrtcecõo >) ◇   A\QC@> Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj tarearj pjrtcecõo (pjrtcecõo 5) ◇   A\QC@5 Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj eujrtj pjrtcecõo (pjrtcecõo 0) ◇   A\QC@0 Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj qucotj pjrtcecõo (pjrtcecõo 1) ◇   A\QC@1 Egolcburj ad oökarg `a euaotj `ad jngoj`g pjrj dj saxtj pjrtcecõo (pjrtcecõo j 8 `a lênrcej og sa aoeuaotrjo egolcburj`gs. ]gr afakpdg  prgb#22509avuc`561509A\QC@561:

ad aqucpg raspgo`arê ]^GB#A\QC@6:>509A\QC@>605>:9A\QC@561>.>>>, raspaetcvjkaota. ^aegkao`jkgs og kg`clcejr astj egolcburjecõo. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Ad ejkpg `a egolcburjecõo `a dgs sarvc`gras @OU sa aoeuaotrj ao dj pastjúj pastjúj ^a`.

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Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 Egolcburj ad sarvc`gr @OU prcoecpjd Y@a lênrcej6 8.8.8.8[ ◇   @OU: Egolcburj ad sarvc`gr @OU saeuo`jrcg Y@a lênrcej6 >=8.>>.>>>[  ◇   @OU>

Pakpgrczjecõo `a dj saújd Hajrt Najt Ad aqucpg aovëj parcõ`cejkaota uoj saújd `a "Hajrt Najt" ego ad lco `a kgoctgrajr su egrraetg luoecgojkcaotg. @a lênrcej, ad tcakpg `ad parëg`g `a astj saújd as `a 1 kcoutgs y sa raegkcao`j og ejkncjrdg. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Ad ejkpg `a egolcburjecõo `ad tcakpg `a ` a parcg`cec`j` `a Hajrt Najts sa aoeuaotrj ao dj pastjúj pastjúj Egolcburjecõo.

Ua pua`a egolcburjr uoj parcg`cec`j` `a : j >11 kcoutgs. Uc `asaj qua ad aqucpg og aovëa saújdas `a Hajrt  Najt prgbrjka asta pjrêkatrg ao =. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 Egolcburj ad tcakpg `a parcg`cec`j` `a dj saújd Hajrt Najt Y@a lênrcej6 1[ ◇   PAUP  Ao ejsg `a quarar kg`clcejr asta tcakpg, dgs vjdgras vêdc`gs sgo `a : j >11 kcoutgs, sc `asaj qua ad aqucpg og aovëa saújdas `a Hajrt Najt prgbrjka asta pjrêkatrg ao =. Afakpdg  prgb#22= 

 

 

Aovëg `a avaotgs pgr UKU Dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei parkcta aovcjr avaotgs pgr UKU egkg raspjd`g `a dj egoaxcõo 0B/5B/B]^U, pjrj addg euaotj ego dj pgscncdc`j` `a egolcburjr `gs `astcogs UKU, uo `astcog prcoecpjd qua `ana sar uoj puartj `a aodjea UKU Ot-UKUB y uo `astcog saeuo`jrcg qua pua`a sar uo tadãlgog eadudjr g uoj puartj `a aodjea UKU. Dj `claraoecj aotra uog y gtrg as qua ad `astcog prcoecpjd jeaptj egkg raegogeckcaotg ad kaosjfa qua raspgo`a ad Ot-UKUB, kcaotrjs qua ad `astcog saeuo`jrcg jeaptj eujdqucar kaosjfa egkg raegogeckcaotg, scakpra qua saj grcbcoj`g `as`a ad eadudjr `a `astcog. Ao ejsg `a og raecncr uo kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg ao ad tcakpg pravcstg, ad aqucpg racotaotj hjstj jbgtjr dj ejotc`j` `a cotaotgs prgbrjkj`j, duabg `a jbgtj`gs dgs cotaotgs sco raecncr raegogeckcaotg, ad avaotg qua`jrê q ua`jrê jdkjeaoj`g ao ad nullar pjrj sar aovcj`g pgr B]^U jd rastjndaeckcaotg `ad sarvcecg. J`akês, ego ad lco `a avctjr axeasgs ao ad egosukg `a UKU, ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei tcaoa dj ejpjec`j` `a sadaeecgojr euêdas sgo dgs avaotgs qua sa `anao aovcjr pgr UKU y euêdas pua`ao asparjr jd rastjndaeckcaotg `ad sarvcecg B]^U. ]jrj astg sa egolcburj uo lcdtrg `a avaotgs qua astjndaea ad ocvad `a prcgrc`j` `a uo avaotg. Uaböo dj tjndj `a avaotgs Egotjet C@, dgs eõ`cbgs `a dgs avaotgs ejdclcej`gs egkg akarbaoecjs astêo aotra :== y 5:1, pgr dg tjotg ad lcdtrg ego su s u vjdgr `a lênrcej aovëj sõdg dgs avaotgs egkprao`c`gs asta axeduya rjobg parg og aovëj djs rastjurjecgoas. Uc adqua edcaota hgrjrcg, ad vjdgr `a lênrcejaotra `ad lcdtrg djs jparturjs y ecarras, astg ckpdcej astgsraqucara avaotgsegotrgd og sarêo aovcj`gs pgr UKU sc og sa kg`clcej ad lcdtrg. Dgs avaotgs lcdtrj`gs og sa pcar`ao, scog qua sa jeukudjo ao dj kakgrcj `ad egkuocej`gr y sa aovëjo pgr 5B/B]^U eujo`g sa rastjndaea dj egoaxcõo 5B/B]^U. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Ad euj`rg `a egolcburjecõo `ad aovëg `a avaotgs pgr UKU sa aoeuaotrj ao dj pastjúj Egkuocejecõo.

Dgs vjdgras pjrj dgs raeaptgras prcoecpjd y saeuo`jrcg `anao sar oökargs `a tadãlgog `a := `ëbctgs sco = y sco :1. Dj Ejotc`j` `a racotaotgs as hjstj eujotjs vaeas sa rapatcrê ad aovëg `a dgs avaotgs, kcaotrjs ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei og raecnj kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg y ad Pcakpg `a racotaotg as ad tcakpg ao sabuo`gs aotra ej`j rapatcecõo `a aovëg. Ad lcdtrg sa egolcburj ao ad ejkpg `ad Avaotg A\3 (var Avaotgs cotarogs `ad egkuocej`gr).

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Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota UKU6 Dgs egkjo`gs `a prgbrjkjecõo sgo6 ◇   UKU: Egolcburj ad `astcog UKU prcoecpjd Y@a lênrcej6 [ ◇   UKU> Egolcburj ad `astcog UKU saeuo`jrcg Y@a lênrcej6 [ ◇   EGQOP Egolcburj dj ejotc`j` `a racotaotgs qua sa hjeao pgr UKU Y@a lênrcej6 5[ ◇ ◇

   P^UKU sabuo`gs `a asparj aotra ej`j Egolcburj ad ad tcakpg lcdtrg `aao avaotgs pgr UKU Y@a lênrcej6 :5:1[cotaotg Y@a lênrcej6 21[ A\3 Egolcburj

Dgs vjdgras pjrj dgs egkjo`gs UKU: y UKU> `anao sar oökargs `a tadãlgog `a := `ëbctgs sco = y sco :1. ]gr afakpdg  prgb#226::00=:02109 eguot609 trsks66::00=:02109 EGQOP609 P^UKU650 (::5= =: ==5) UZ601 UO6:>50150 (::5= =: ==>) (::5= =: ==5) UZ60< UO6:>50150, jdjrkj `a rgng ao zgojs > y 5, dg eujd pua`a cotarpratjrsa egkg uoj egolcrkjecõo `a rgng.

Lgrkjtg `ad JEI Dgs avaotgs pgr UKU raqucarao `a uo kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg, `a dg egotrjrcg ad egkuocej`gr sabucrê racotaotjo`g aovcjr ad avaotg dj ejotc`j` `a vaeas egolcburj`js.

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>> 

 

 

@as`a ad `astcog UKU prcoecpjd ad lgrkjtg `ad kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg `ana sar ad scbucaota scbucaota6  JEI#UU#   `go`a UU as ad oökarg `a saeuaoecj raecnc`g ao ad kaosjfa `ad avaotg. @as`a ad `astcog UKU saeuo`jrcg eujdqucar kaosjfa UKU, sco ckpgrtjr su egotaoc`g, sarê cotarpratj`g egkg kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg.

Gtrgs usgs Ad egkuocej`gr Ot-Dcoi Edcei tjkncão pua`a usjrsa egkg uo egkuocej`gr sõdg UKU, tjotg qua rapgrta j uoj puartj `a aodjea UKU g j uo tadãlgog eadudjr. ]jrj addg pua`a aovcjr jd aqucpg ad scbucaota egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo  prgb#226::0:221:319 eguot6: `go`as 16= `ashjncdctj ad sarvcecg B]^U, sks>6::0:221:31 astjndaea ad tadãlgog eadudjr ::0:221:31 egkg

`astcog `a dgs UKU `a avaotg y eguot6: astjndaea ad egotj`gr `a racotaotgs ao : `a kjoarj qua ad usujrcg og oaeascta egotastjr ego uo kaosjfa `a raegogeckcaotg. Gtrjs egkncojecgoas tjkncão sgo pgscndas, scãotjsa dcnra `a prgnjr dj egolcburjecõo qua kês sa s a j`jpta j su oaeasc`j` y sc tcaoa jdbuoj `u`j egotêetasa ego sarvcecg tãeoceg.

Egolcburjecõo `a zgojs j`cecgojdas A: y A> Dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei pgsaa `gs aotrj`js `a zgoj qua da parkctcrêo jkpdcjr dj ejpjec`j` `a su pjoad `a jdjrkjs pjrj uo usg dckctj`g `a jpdcejecgoas, pgr `alaetg djs `gs aotrj`js A: y A> astêo egolcburj`js egkg ogrkjd jncartj (og raqucarao rascstaoecj `a lco `a ` a dëoaj), >0Hs y baoarjo avaotg `a rgng (:0=) ao zgoj 3 y zgoj := raspaetcvjkaota.

Kg`g `a dj aotrj`j  Asta pjrêkatrg as uo oökarg aotra = y 0 qua `alcoa ao quã kg`g gparj dj aotrj`j `a dj scbucaota lgrkj6 = Kg`g >0Hs, ogrkjd jncartj : Kg`g >0Hs, ogrkjd jncartj g ogrkjd earrj`j, raqucara rascstaoecj `a lco `a dëoaj `a 1I< > Kg`g costjotêoag, ogrkjd jncartj 5 Kg`g costjotêoag, ogrkjd jncartj g ogrkjd earrj`j, raqucara rascstaoecj `a lco `a dëoaj `a 1I< Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Dj egolcburjecõo `ad kg`g `a dj aotrj`j sa aoeuaotrj ao dj pastjúj Kcseadêoags.

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Egolcburjecõo ka`cjoata UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 ◇   CKG@A  Egolcburj ad kg`g `a djs aotrj`js Y@a lênrcej6 =[ 

Avaotgs `a zgojs j`cecgojdas A: y A> Ad eõ`cbg `a avaotg qua baoarj ej`j aotrj`j, jsë egkg dj zgoj ego dj qua sa rapgrtj, egrraspgo`a j dgs avaotgs cotarogs A\5 y A\0 raspaetcvjkaota pjrj djs aotrj`js A: y A>. Astgs avaotgs tcaoao ad lgrkjtg6 A\56VAAA

`go`a 'V' as ad kudtcpdcej`gr `a zgoj y 'AAA' as ad eõ`cbg `a avaotg. Ad oökarg `a zgoj sa astjndaea pgr dj scbucaota lõrkudj6 (V+:)*8+: Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 \ar Avaotgs cotarogs `ad egkuocej`gr. Egolcburjecõo pgr UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 ◇   A\5 Egolcburj ad avaotg y zgoj pjrj dj aotrj`j Y@a lênrcej6 =:0=[  ]gr afakpdg  prgb#220 

 

 

Avaotgs cotarogs `ad egkuocej`gr Dgs egkuocej`gras Ot-Dcoi Edcei sgo ejpjeas `a baoarjr avaotgs cotarogs co`apao`caotas `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs. Ej`j uog `a astgs avaotgs tcaoa uoj luoecõo aspaeëlcej qua sa `asercna j egotcoujecõo. Egolcburjecõo ka`cjota QocEg6 Ad euj`rg `a egolcburjecõo `a dgs avaotgs cotarogs `ad egkuocej`gr sa aoeuaotrj ao dj pastjúj Egolcburjecõo.

Ucakpra sa `anao prgbrjkjr dgs eujtrg `ëbctgs. ]jrj `ashjncdctjr uo avaotg, sa `ana prgbrjkjr ====. Egolcburjecõo UKU6 pjrj egolcburjr dgs eõ`cbgs `a avaotgs sgo6 Dgs egkjo`gs ka`cjota `a prgbrjkjecõo Njfj Uaújd Eadudjr Y@a lênrcej6 ====[ ◇   A\> Aotrj`j Egkuocej`gr A: Y@a lênrcej6 =:0=[ ◇   A\5 Aotrj`j Egkuocej`gr A> Y@a lênrcej6 =:0=[ ◇   A\0 Ljddj `a iaynus Y@a lênrcej6 =5:0[ ◇   A\1 Ljddj `a jdckaotjecõo (raqucara njtarëj `a raspjd`g) Y@a lênrcej6 =5:1[ ◇   A\< Eõ`cbg EC@ jetcvj`gr U: Y@a lênrcej6 [ ◇   A\2  Eõ`cbg EC@ jetcvj`gr U: Y@a lênrcej6 [ ◇   A\8 ◇   A\3 Lcdtrg `a avaotgs pgr UKU Y@a lênrcej6 :5:1[ ◇   A\:= Avaotg Pukpar Y@a lênrcej6 =:01[   Ucakpra sa `anao prgbrjkjr dgs eujtrg `ëbctgs. ]jrj `ashjncdctjr uo avaotg, sa `ana prgbrjkjr ====.

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Ad egofuotg `a egkjo`gs A\o sgo pjrta `a uo öoceg egkjo`g, pgr dg tjotg ej`j vaz qua sa prgbrjka g egosudta eujdqucarj `a addgs, ad aqucpg raspgo`arê ego tg`gs dgs qua astêo hjncdctj`gs. ]gr afakpdg6  prgb#22. A> .

A\1 - Ljddj ao dj egoaxcõo iaynus Ad egkuocej`gr Ot-dcoi Edcei sa egoaetj `craetjkaota jd nus `a taedj`g `ad pjoad, pgr dg qua tcaoa egkuocejecõo j trjvãs `a dgs ngroas SAD y B^O, ao ejsg `a qua ljdda astj egkuocejecõo, `anc`g j pgr afakpdg qua sa egrtao dgs ejndas, ad aqucpg aovëj uo avaotg ego asta eõ`cbg.

A\< - Ljddj `a jdckaotjecõo Asta avaotg sa baoarj öocejkaota eujo`g ad aqucpg astê aqucpj`g ego uoj njtarëj juxcdcjr `a 5, raspaetcvjkaota. Ao ad prckar `ëbctg, prgbrjka ad ejdclcej`gr ego : pjrj avaotg g 5 pjrj rastjurjecõo pjrj qua dj sjdc`j jetcva ego avaotg g ego rastjurjecõo raspaetcvjkaota. ]gr afakpdg sc sa egolcburj ad A\2 ego ad vjdgr 50=>, y ad A\8 ego ad vjdgr :0=>, dj sjdc`j U: sa jetcvjrê eujo`g ad pjoad astã jrkj`g y sa ogrkjdczjrê eujo`g ad pjoad astã `asjrkj`g, kcaotrjs k caotrjs qua dj sjdc`j U> tao`rê ad egkpgrtjkcaotg covarsg.

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Ad sarvar > as jdtarojtcvg Y@a lênrcej6 :[ Eujo`g ad sarvcecg sa prgbrjkj ao : sa dg egosc`arj hjncdctj`g y eujo`g sa prgbrjkj ao = `ashjncdctj`g. `ashjncdctj`g. ◇

  U<

U: - Paedj`g ^akgtg hjncdctj`g Asta sarvcecg parkcta dj utcdczjecõo `ad taedj`g rakgtg j trjvãs `a dj pdjtjlgrkj Najt. Pjkncão hjncdctj ad ejkncg `a edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo y rasat `a prgbrjkjecõo pgr UKU. ]]rgbrjkjo`g rgbrjkjo`g asta pjrêkatrg ao =, ad egkuocej`gr ndgquaj ad usg us g `ad taedj`g rakgtg, ad ejkncg `a dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo y og pua`a rasatajrsa pgr UKU. J`akês asta pjrêkatrg og pua`a prgbrjkjrsa ao : pgr UKU.

U1 - Hjncdctj vëoeudg B]^U Asta sarvcecg hjncdctj dj egoaxcõo j djs ra`as 0B/5B/B]^U. Ego asta sarvcecg ao =, ad aqucpg og hjrê egoaxcõo `a `jtgs, qua`jo`g `cspgocnda pjrj gparjr sõdg pgr UKU (\ar Aovëg `a avaotgs pgr UKU).

U< - Hjncdctj sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg egkg raspjd`g `ad prcoecpjd ]gr `alaetg ad sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg gparj egkg raspjd`g `ad prcoecpjd, as `aecr qua sgdg sa aovëjo dgs avaotgs jd sarvc`gr saeuo`jrcg eujo`g og sa raecna raspuastj `ad prcoecpjd. Ao ejkncg, sc dg qua sa qucara as uo rapgrta `ujd, sa `ana prgbrjkjr asta sarvcecg ao =, `a astj kjoarj ad egkuocej`gr aovëj sckudtêoajkaota j jkngs sarvc`gras.

Edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo Dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo sa utcdczj pjrj rajdczjr dj egolcburjecõo `a tg`gs dgs pjrêkatrgs. @a lênrcej as 2212>, yj qua asta vjdgr astê rasarvj`g pjrj ad rasat `a prgbrjkjecõo j vjdgras `a lênrcej. Ejkncg `a edjva ka`cjota QocEg6 Ua pua`a rajdczjr ejkncg `a edjva ao ad euj`rg Ejkncg `a egotrjsaúj ao dj pastjúj Kcseadêoags.

Ad lgrkjtg qua `ana utcdczjrsa as ]]]]#OOOO

`go`a ]]]] as dj edjva jetujd qua `asaj ejkncjrsa y OOOO as dj ouavj edjva.

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Ejkncg `a edjva ka`cjota UKU6 Ad egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo as6 ◇   EDJ\A  Ejkncg `a dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo g rastjurjecõo j vjdgras `a lênrcej ]gr afakpdg ]jrj ejkncjr dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo   2250  prgb#2212>.  prgb#:>50#edjva62212>

Dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei og aovëjo kaosjfa `a raspuastj jota rasat `a prgbrjkjecõo.

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Og pua`a rajdczjrsa ad rasat `a prgbrjkjecõo ka`cjota UKU sc ad sarvcecg : sa aoeuaotrj `ashjncdctj`g (ao =).

Egosudtj `a colgrkjecõo y astj`g `ad aqucpg Ka`cjota QocEg6 ]ua`a rajdczjr dj egosudtj usjo`g ad ngtõo Colg ao dj pastjúj Colg.

Ka`cjota UKU6 ]jrj gntaoar colgrkjecõo y astj`g `ad aqucpg sa pua`a utcdczjr ad egkjo`g COLG, asta og as uo egkjo`g `a prgbrjkjecõo, pgr dg tjotg og oaeasctj ad aoejnazj`g ]^GB, parg së raqucara dj edjva `a prgbrjkjecõo. colg#22=>0> - B6-12Nk(>B) - UPJP6N3 - DJUPHN6= - KEE/KOE62>>/=2= UR6otdcoib=:N==:-2.:.0 

]jrêkatrgs `a dj colgrkjecõo baoarjd `ad aqucpg6 OÖKA OÖ KA^G ^G @A @A JN JNGO GOJ@ J@G G - C@ C@ Oök Oökar argg `a euao euaotj tj ``ad ad jng jngoj oj`g `g UA^CA @A @AD AZ AZQC]G - UUO O Oö Oök karg `a `a ssaarca `a `ad eg egkuocej`gr

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OC OC\A \ADD @A UAÚJ UAÚJDD - B AUPJ@G - UPJP ÖDPCKG HN - DJUPHN KEE/KOE \A^U \A ^UCÕ CÕO O @A @A LC^ LC^K K - UUR R

Oc Ocva vadd `a saúj saújdd ao `Nk `Nk (aot (aotra ra pjr pjrãota ãotasc scs, s, ra` ra` `a egoa egoaxc xcõõo `a `jtg `jtgs) s) Astj`g `ad aqucpg ao lgrkjtg haxj`aeckjd Pcakpg ao kcoutgs `as`a ad ödtckg hajrt najt egolcrkj`g. @jtgs `a prastj`grj `a UCK Ogkn Ogknra ra y vvar arsc scõo õo `ad `ad lcr lcrkw kwjjra `ad `ad aaqu quccpg

OC\AD @A UAÚJD - B Ad aqucpg rapgrtj ad ocvad `a saújd ao `nk jd k kgkaotg gkaotg `a raspgo`ar. Ad ocvad `a saújd pua`a vjrcjr aotra -1:`Nk (kêxckg) y -::5`Nk (këockg). AUPJ@G - UPJP Ad pjrêkatrg AUPJ@G - UPJP as uo oökarg haxj`aeckjd qua sc sa egovcarta j su raprasaotjecõo ncojrcj, ej`j nct tcaoa uo scboclcej`g aspaeëlceg ao eujotg jd astj`g `ad aqucpg. ]gr dg baoarjd, dgs öocegs ncts radavjotas sgo ad nct 2 qua co`cej sc ad aqucpg astê egoaetj`g g og ego dj eaotrjd `a kgoctgrag, ad nct 1 qua co`cej ad astj`g `ad sarvcecg < y ad nct = qua co`cej ad astj`g `ad sarvcecg :. ]gr afakpdg UPJP6N3

\jdgr haxj`aeckjd6 Egovarscõo ncojrcj6

N

3

/ T / T : = : : : = = : nct2 - nct< - nct1 - nct0 - nct5 - nct> - nct: - nct=

Ao asta afakpdg, dgs ncts 2, 1 y = astêo ao :, pgr dg tjotg ad aqucpg astê egoaetj`g ego dj eaotrjd `a kgoctgrag, y dgs sarvcecgs < y : astêo hjncdctj`gs. ]jrj kjygr ljecdc`j` `a daeturj, ad QocEg cotarpratj jutgkêtcejkaota ad nct 2 `a asta pjrêkatrg a co`cej sc ad aqucpg sa aoeuaotrj Egoaetj`g g @asegoaetj`g. \A^UCÕO @A LC^KRJ^A - UR Dj scotjxcs `a dj varscõo `a lcrkwjra astê `csaúj`j pjrj qua saj lêecdkaota cotarpratjnda. ]jrj tg`gs dgs Ot-Dcoi Edcei ad ogknra `ad lcrkwjra egkaozjrê ego otdcoib, sabucrê ego uoj saeuaoecj `a oökargs ao eclrjs haxj`aeckjdas y sapjrj`g pgr uo -, lcojdczjrê ego ad oökarg `a varscõo. @aotrg `a dj saeuaoecj `a oökargs pgr dg baoarjd dgs öocegs radavjotas sgo ad sabuo`g y ad tarearg. Ad oökarg ao dj sabuo`j pgscecõo co`cej ego quã kg`adgs `a pjoadas `a jdjrkjs as egkpjtcnda ad egkuocej`gr saböo6 ◇ : ]joadas `a jdjrkj @UE ◇

>

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◇

5

]joadas `a jdjrkj Hgoaywadd

Ad oökarg ao dj tarearj pgscecõo co`cej qua kg`adg as ad egkuocej`gr saböo6 Ot-Dcoi B Edcei ◇ < Ot-Dcoi 5B Edcei ◇ 8 ◇

N

Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei

]gr afakpdg UR6otdcoib=:N==:-2.:.0

as dj varscõo 2.:.0 `ad lcrkwjra egkpjtcnda ego jdjrkjs @UE `ad Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei. Gnsarvjecõo6 Gtrgs kg`adgs `a egkuocej`gras Edcei, luarj `a dj sarca Ot-Dcoi Edcei pgsaao lcrkwjra ego dj kcskj scotjxcs y pua`ao taoar gtrgs vjdgras ao dj saeuaoecj `a oökargs.

Ujdc`js egkjo`jnda pgr Edcei U: y U> Ad Ot-Dcoi Edcei euaotj ego `gs sjdc`js Gpao Egddaetgr tcpg ]BK qua pua`ao egkjo`jrsa ego dj jpdcejecõo Edcei u gtrjs jpdcejecgoas pjrj `cspgsctcvgs kõvcdas. Djs pgscndas jeecgoas sgo6 @asjetcvjr ◇ = Jetcvjr ◇ : Baoarjr uo pudsg (vjdgr ao sabuo`gs) ◇ >j3 Eujo`g sa baoarj uo pudsg, as ckpgrtjota `astjejr qua ad aqucpg covcarta ad astj`g jetujd `a dj sjdc`j, as `aecr, sc jd kgkaotg `a raecncr ad egkjo`g dj sjdc`j astê jetcvj, sa `asjetcvj y duabg vuadva j jetcvjr.

Egoaxcõo `a uoj sjdc`j j uoj zgoj `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs Djs sjdc`js U: y U> pua`ao egoaetjrsa `craetjkaota j eujdqucarj `a djs zgojs `ad pjoa pjoadd `a jdjrkjs egkg uo saosgr ogrkjd jncartg, sa kuastrj ao adjdscbucaota `cjbrjkj U:. Astg parkcta egkg ad jrkj`g `asjrkj`g pgr ka`cg `ad egkg egkjo`g `a dj sjdc`j, egolcburjr dj zgojpjrj `ad pjoad `a jdjrkjs ddjva.y

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Aspaeclcejecgoas tãeocejs :> j :1 \ @E Jdckaotjecõo6 4 :== kJ Egosukg `a jdckaotjecõo6 `a =½E j 1=½E Pakparjturj jkncaota6 ]rgtgegdgs `a jdjrkj sgpgrtj`gs6 sgpgrtj`gs6 Egotjet-C@ Egkuocejecõo B]^U6 B]^U6 ]jquatas PE]/C] Ujdc`j6 Egdaetgr jncartg Egkpjtcnda pjrj gparjr ego rascstgr lco `a dëoaj Aotrj`j zgoj6 AB]^ ]^UU 81 81=/ =/3= 3==/ =/:8 :8== ==//:3 :3== ==K KHz Hz   Njo`js eadudjras Ot-Dcoi B Edcei6 >B AB HU]J J NN>, >, N1 9 >B >B AAB] B]^U ^U 81 81=/ =/:3 :3== ==KH KHzz Njo`js eadudjras Ot-Dcoi 5B Edcei6 5B HU] L@@-DP -DPAA NN:, :, N>, N>, NN5, 5, N0, N1, N8, N:>, N:>, NN:5, :5, N:8, N:8, Njo`js eadudjras Ot-Dcoi 0B Edcei6 0B L@@ N:3, N>=, N>1, N>8 9 >B AB]^U 81=/3==/:8==/:3==KHz ]jquatas `a egkuocejecõo C]6 Ad Ot-Egk 5B Edcei cotarejkncj tras tcpgs `a pjquatas C] ego ad eaotrg `a kgoctgrag ]jquat atas as CC]] HAJ^P HAJ^P NA NAJPU JPU (HN) (HN) Prjoskcscõo6 ]jqu ]jquatas `a Avaotg (A\) (JEI) ^aeapecõo6 ]jquatas ``aa ^^aaspuastj (J

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