NSCP Chapter 3 Version 5

GENERAL & EXCAVATION AND FILLS

SECTION 301 - GENERAL 301.1

QUALITY AND DESIGN

The quality and design of materials used structurally in excavations, fills, footings and foundations shall conform to the requirements specified in Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7.

301.3

SECTION 302 - EXCAVATION AND FILLS

SCOPE

This chapter sets forth requirements for excavations, fills, footings and foundations for any building or structure.

301.2

3-1

ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURES

Allowable stresses and design formulas provided in this chapter shall be used with the allowable stress design load combinations specified in Section 203.4.

302.1

GENERAL

Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be constructed or protected that they do not endanger life or property. Reference is made to Section 109 of this code for requirements governing excavation, grading and earthwork construction, including fills and embankments.

302.2

CUTS

302.2.1 General. Unless otherwise recommended in the approved geotechnical engineering or engineering geology report, cuts shall conform to the provisions of this section. In the absence of an approved geotechnical engineering report, these provisions may be waived for minor cuts not intended to support structures. 302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for the intended use and shall be no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope) unless a geotechnical engineering or an engineering geology report, or both, stating that the site has been investigated, and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper slope will be stable and not create a hazard to public or private property, is submitted and approved.

302.3

EXCAVATIONS

302.3.3 Existing footings or foundations which may be affected by any excavation shall be underpinned adequately or otherwise protected against settlement and shall be protected against lateral movement. 302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property. The requirement for protection of adjacent property and the depth to which protection is required shall be defined by prevailing law. Where not defined by law, the following shall apply: 1.

Before commencing the excavation, the person making or causing the excavation to be made shall notify in writing the owners of adjoining building not less than 10 days before such excavation is to be made and that the adjoining building will be protected. The condition of the adjoining building will be documented prior to excavation. Technical documents pertaining to the proposed underpinning and excavation plan shall be provided the owner of the adjacent property. 2. Unless it can shown through a detailed geotechnical investigation that underpinning is unnecessary,

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FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

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Top of PA* Slope H/5 but 0.60 m min. and 3 m max.

Toe of Slope

PA*

H/2 but 0.6m min. and 6m

Cut or Fill Slope

Natural or Finish Grade H

max.

Natural or Finish Grade * Permit Area Boundary

FIGURE 302-1

SETBACK DIMENSIONS FOR CUT AND FILL SLOPES

any person making or causing an excavation shall protect the excavation so that the soil of adjoining property will not cave in or settle, In cases where the adjacent building will have more basements than the proposed building, the foundation of the proposed building should be designed so as not to impart additional lateral earth pressures on the existing building (see section 304.4).

302.3

capable of withstanding the additional vertical and horizontal loads caused by the fill or surcharge. Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope) 302.3.2 Preparation of Ground. The ground surface shall be prepared to receive fill by removing vegetation, non-complying fill, topsoil and other unsuitable materials, and by scarifying to provide a bond with the new fill.

FILLS

302.3.1 General. Unless otherwise recommended in the approved geotechnical engineering report, fills shall conform to the provisions of this section. In the absence of an approved geotechnical engineering report, these provisions may be waived for minor fills not intended to support structures.

Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20% slope) and the height is greater than 1.5 meters, the ground surface shall be prepared by benching into sound bedrock or other competent material as determined by the geotechnical engineer. The bench under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20% slope) shall be at least 3 meters wide.

Fills to be used to support the foundations of any building or structure shall be placed in accordance with accepted engineering practice. A geotechnical investigation report and a report of satisfactory placement of fill, both acceptable to the building official, shall be submitted when required by the building official.

The area beyond the toe of fill shall be sloped for sheet overflow or a paved drain shall be provided. When fill is to be placed over a cut, the bench under the toe of fill shall be at least 3 meters wide but the cut shall be made before placing the fill and acceptance by the geotechnical engineer as a suitable foundation for fill.

No fill or other surcharge loads shall be placed adjacent to any building or structure unless such building or structure is

302.3.3 Fill Material. Detrimental amounts of organic material shall not be permitted in fills. Except as permitted by the geotechnical engineer, no rock or similar irreducible

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FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

material with a maximum dimension greater than 300 mm shall be buried or placed in fills.

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work as the building official deems necessary to protect the adjoining property from damage as a result of such grading. These precautions may include but are not limited to:

EXCEPTION: The placement of larger rock may be permitted when the geotechnical engineer properly devises a method of placement, and continuously inspects its placement and approves the fill stability. The following conditions shall also apply: 1.

Prior to issuance of the grading permit, potential rock disposal areas shall be delineated on the grading plan.

2.

Rock sizes greater than 300 mm in maximum dimension shall be 3 meters or more below grade, measured vertically.

3.

Rocks shall be placed so as to assure filling of all voids with well-graded soil.

302.3.4 Compaction. All fills shall be compacted in lifts not exceeding 20cm in thickness to a minimum of 90 percent of maximum density as determined by ASTM Standard D-1557. In-place density shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D-1556, D-2167, D-2922, D-3017 or equivalent. A minimum of three tests for every 500 m2 area should be performed for every lift to verify compliance with compaction requirements. 302.3.5 Slope. The slope of fill surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for the intended use. Fill slopes shall be no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope) unless substantiating data justifying steeper slopes are submitted and approved.

302.4

SETBACKS

302.4.1 General. Cut and fill slopes shall be set back from site boundaries in accordance with this section subject to verification with detailed slope stability study. Setback dimensions shall be horizontal distances measured perpendicular to the site boundary. Setback dimensions shall be as shown in Figure 302-1. 302.4.2 Top of Cut Slope. The top of cut slopes shall not be made nearer to a site boundary line than one fifth of the vertical height of cut with a minimum of 0.6 meter and a maximum of 3 meters. The setback may need to be increased for any required interceptor drains. 302.4.3 Toe of Fill Slope. The toe of fill slope shall be made not nearer to the site boundary line than one half the height of the slope with a minimum of 0.6 meter and a maximum of 6 meters. Where a fill slope is to be located near the site boundary and the adjacent off-site property is developed, special precautions shall be incorporated in the

1.

Additional setbacks.

2.

Provision for retaining or slough walls.

3.

Mechanical or chemical treatment of the fill slope surface to minimize erosion.

4.

Provisions for the control of surface waters.

302.4.4 Modification of Slope Location. The building official may approve alternate setbacks. The building official may require an investigation and recommendation by a qualified geotechnical engineer to demonstrate that the intent of this section has been satisfied.

302.5

DRAINAGE AND TERRACING

301.7.1 General. Unless otherwise indicated on the approved grading plan, drainage facilities and terracing shall conform to the provisions of this section for cut or fill slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 3 units horizontal (33.3% slope). 302.5.2 Terrace. Terraces at least 2 meters in width shall be established at not more than 10 meters vertical intervals on all cut or fill slopes to control surface drainage and debris except that where only one terrace is required, it shall be at midheight. For cut or fill slopes greater than 20 meters and up to 40 meters in vertical height, one terrace at approximately midheight shall be 4 meters in width. Terrace widths and spacing for cut and fill slopes greater than 40 meters in height shall be designed by the civil engineer and approved by the building official. Suitable access shall be provided to permit proper cleaning and maintenance. Swales or ditches on terraces shall have a minimum gradient of 5 percent and must be paved with reinforced concrete not less than 75 mm in thickness or an approved equal paving. They shall have a minimum depth at the deepest point of 0.3 meter and a minimum paved width of 1.5 meters. A single run of swale or ditch shall not collect runoff from a tributary area exceeding 1,000 m2 (projected area) without discharging into a down drain. 302.5.3 Subsurface Drainage. Cut and fill slopes shall be provided with subsurface drainage as necessary for stability. 302.5.4 Disposal. All drainage facilities shall be designed to carry waters to the nearest practicable drainage

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FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS

way approved by the building official or other appropriate jurisdiction as a safe place to deposit such waters. Erosion of ground in the area of discharge shall be prevented by installation of non-erosive down drains or other devices. Building pads shall have a drainage gradient of 2 percent toward approved drainage facilities, unless waived by the building official.

EXCEPTION: The gradient from the building pad may be 1 percent if all of the following conditions exist throughout the permit area: 1. No proposed fills are greater than 3 meters in maximum depth. 2. No proposed finish cut or fill slope faces have a vertical height in excess of 3 meters. 3. No existing slope faces steeper than 1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10% slope) have a vertical height in excess of 3 meters. 302.5.5 Interceptor Drains. Paved interceptor drains shall be installed along the top of all cut slopes where the tributary drainage area above slopes toward the cut and has a drainage path greater than 12 meters measured horizontally. Interceptor drains shall be paved with a minimum of 75 mm of concrete or gunite and reinforced. They shall have a minimum depth of 300 mm and a minimum paved width of 750 mm measured horizontally across the drain. The slope of drain shall be approved by the building official.

302.6

EROSION CONTROL

302.6.1 Slopes. The faces of cut and fill slopes shall be prepared and maintained to control against erosion. This control may consist of effective planting. The protection for the slopes shall be installed as soon as practicable and prior to calling for final approval. Where cut slopes are not subject to erosion due to the erosion-resistant character of the materials, such protection may be omitted. 302.6.2 Other Devices. Where necessary, check dams, cribbing, riprap or other devices or methods shall be employed to control erosion and provide safety.

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FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION

SECTION 303 - FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION 303.1

GENERAL

Foundation investigation shall be conducted at each building site when required by the building official. For structures three storeys or higher, it is recommended that an exhaustive geotechnical study be performed to evaluate in-situ soil parameters for foundation design and analysis. It is recommended that a minimum of one borehole per two hundred (200) square meters of the structure’s footprint be drilled to a depth of at least five meters into hard strata or until a suitable bearing layer is reached unless otherwise specified by the consulting geotechnical engineer. The total number of boreholes per structure should be no less than two (2) for structures whose footprints are less than three hundred (300) sq.m and no less than three (3) for those structures with larger footprints. For buildings with basements, it is recommended that the depth of boring should extend to twice the least dimension of the structure’s footprint (2B). The building official may require that the interpretation and evaluation of the results of the foundation investigation be made by a registered civil engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the field of geotechnical engineering.

303.2

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

For the purposes of this chapter, the definition and classification of soil materials for use in Table 304-1 shall be according to ASTM D-2487. Soil classification shall be based on observation and any necessary tests of the materials disclosed by borings or excavations made in appropriate locations. Additional studies may be necessary to evaluate soil strength, the effect of moisture variation on soil-bearing capacity, compressibility, liquefaction and expansiveness.

303.3

LIQUEFACTION STUDY

The building official may require a geotechnical evaluation in accordance with Section 303.6 when, during the course of the foundation investigation, all of the following conditions are discovered: 1.

Shallow ground water, 2 meters or less.

2.

Unconsolidated saturated sandy alluvium (N < 15)

3.

Seismic Zone 4.

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EXCEPTION: The building official may waive this evaluation upon receipt of written opinion of a qualified geotechnical engineer that liquefaction is not probable.

303.4

EXPANSIVE SOIL

Soils meeting all four of the following provisions shall be considered expansive, except that tests to show compliance with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall not be required if the test prescribed in Item 4 is conducted: 1. 2.

3.

4.

Plasticity index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4318. More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No. 200 sieve (75 _m), determined in accordance with ASTM D 422. More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than 5 micrometers in size, determined in accordance with ASTM D 422. Expansion index greater than 20, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4829.

303.4.1 Design for expansive soils. Footings or foundations for buildings and structures founded on expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with Section 1805.8.1 or 1805.8.2. Footing or foundation design need not comply with Section 303.4.3 or 303.4.4 where the soil is removed in accordance with Section 303.4.4, nor where the building official approves stabilization of the soil in accordance with Section 303.4.5. 303.4.2 Foundations. Footings or foundations placed on or within the active zone of expansive soils shall be designed to resist differential volume changes and to prevent structural damage to the supported structure. Deflection and racking of the supported shall be limited to that which will not interfere with the usability and serviceability of the structure. Foundations placed below where volume change occurs or below expansive soil shall comply with the following provisions: 1.

2.

Foundations extending into or penetrating expansive soils shall be designed to prevent uplift of the supported structure. Foundations penetrating expansive soils shall be designed to resist forces exerted on the foundation due to soil volume changes or shall be isolated from the expansive soil.

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303.6

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REPORTS

303.4.3 Slab-on-ground foundations. Moments, shears and deflections for use in designing slab-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expansive soils shall be determined in accordance with WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations or PTI Standard Requirements for Analysis of Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. Using the moments, shears and deflections determined above, nonprestressed slabs-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with PTI Standard Requirements for Design of Shallow PostTensioned Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. It shall be permitted to analyze and design such slabs by other methods that account for soil-structure interaction, the deformed shape of the soil support, the place or stiffened plate action of the slab as well as both center lift and edge lift conditions. Such alternative methods shall be rational and the basis for all aspects and parameters of the method shall be available for peer review.

The soil classification and design-bearing capacity shall be shown on the plans, unless the foundation conforms to Table 305-1. The building official may require submission of a written report of the investigation, which shall include, but need not be limited to, the following information:

303.4.4 Removal of expansive soil. Where expansive soil is removed in lieu of designing footings or foundations in accordance with Section 302.3.2, the soil shall be removed to a depth sufficient to ensure a constant moisture content in the remaining soil. Fill material shall not contain expansive soils and shall comply with Section 302.3.3.

1.

A plot is showing the location of all test borings and/or excavations.

2.

Descriptions and classifications of the materials encountered.

3. 4.

Elevation of the water table, if encountered. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria, including bearing capacity, provisions to mitigate the effects of expansive soils, provisions to mitigate the effects of liquefaction and soil strength, and the effects of adjacent loads.

5.

Expected total and differential settlement.

6.

Laboratory test results of soil samples.

7.

Field borehole information

Exception: Expansive soil need not be removed to the depth of constant moisture, provided the confining pressure in the expansive soil created by the fill and supported structure exceeds the swell pressure.

log

containing

the

following

a). Project location b). Depth of borehole c). Ground elevation d). Ground water table elevation e). Date started and finished

303.4.5 Stabilization. Where the active zone of expansive soils is stabilized in lieu of designing footings or foundations in accordance with Section 305.2, the soil shall be stabilized by chemical, dewatering, presaturation or equivalent techniques.

When expansive soils are present, the building official may require that special provisions be made in the foundation design and construction to safeguard against damage due to this expansiveness. The building official may require a special investigation and report to provide these design and construction criteria.

303.5

303.7

COMPRESSIBLE SOILS

If the boreholes show that the proposed structures are to be built above compressible fine-grained soils (with N< 6 ), it is recommended that consolidation tests be performed in accordance with ASTM D 2435 to determine the settlement parameters for the site.

SOIL TESTS

Tables 303-2 and 303-3 summarize the commonly used field and laboratory tests needed in determining the in-situ soil parameters for use in foundation design and analysis.

If wide, massive loads within the structures to be built on compressible fine-grained soils are to be expected for prolonged periods of time built, the settlement effects on adjacent structures should be evaluated as well.

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Table 303-2 Laboratory and Field Tests Laboratory / Field Test

ASTM Designation

Output Data / Parameter Obtained

Classification of Soils Moisture content

D2216-05

Grain size analysis Atterberg Limits

D422-63

USCS

D2487-00

Specific Gravity Shrinkage Limit Organic Matter

D854-05 D427-04 D2974-00

Swedish Weigh Sounding Test UCT Test (Soils) Tri-axial (UU Test) Tri-axial (CU Test) Oedometer (1-D Consolidation) Laboratory Vane Shear Direct Shear Test UCT for Intact Rock Standard Penetration Test Modified Proctor Test Standard Proctor Test Field Density Test CBR Lab Test Cone Penetration Test

D422-63

Moisture/ water content Soil gradation Liquid limit, plastic limit Classification of soils Specific gravity Shrinkage limit Moisture content, ash content and percent organic matter in soil

D2166-00 D2850-03a

Strength parameters Strength parameters

D4767-04

Strength parameters

D2435-04 D4648-05

Consolidation parameters Strength parameters

D3080-04

Strength parameters

D2938-95

Strength parameters

D1586-99

N-value

D1557-02

Maximum dry density Maximum dry density Maximum dry density CBR Soil strength parameters

D1556-00 D1883-05 D3441-05

Table 303-3 Geophysical Tests Field Test

ASTM Designation

Output Data / Parameter Obtained

Geophysical Tests

D4318-05

D698-00a

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Seismic refraction Seismic reflection

D5777-00

Ground Penetrating Radar

D7128

Crosshole seismic survey

D6432-99

Geo-resistivity Survey

D4428

Maps subsurface geologic conditions, lithologic units and fractures. Maps lateral continuity of lithologic units and detects changes in the acoustic properties of subsurface geomaterials. Subsurface geologic mapping, detection of buried structures and utilities Determine horizontal traveling compression and shear seismic waves at test sites.

303.8 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL AND SOIL STRENGTH LOSS When required by Section 303.3, the potential for soil liquefaction and soil strength loss during earthquakes shall be evaluated during the geotechnical investigation. The geotechnical evaluation shall assess potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss, including estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity, and discuss mitigating measures. Such measures shall be given consideration in the design of the building and may include, but are not limited to, ground stabilization, selection of appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural systems to accommodate anticipated displacements, or any combination of these measures. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss shall be evaluated for a site peak ground acceleration that, as a minimum, conforms to the probability of exceedance specified in Section 208.6.2. Peak ground acceleration may be determined based on a site-specific study taking into account soil amplification effects. In the absence of such a study, peak ground acceleration may be assumed equal to the seismic zone factor in Table 208-3.

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FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION

303.9

ADJACENT LOADS

Where footings are placed at varying elevations, the effect of adjacent loads shall be included in the foundation design.

303.10 DRAINAGE Provisions shall be made for the control and drainage of surface water around buildings. (See also Section 305.5.5.)

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ALLOWABLE FOUNDATION AND LATERAL

inspection of the site and has become familiar with the predominant soil or rock characteristics of the site.

SECTION 304 - ALLOWABLE FOUNDATION AND LATERAL PRESSURES 304.1 FROM GEOTECHNICAL SITE INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT. The recommended allowable foundation and lateral pressures shall be estimated from a reasonably exhaustive geotechnical site investigation and assessment, which shall include at least the following: a) Description of regional geologic characteristics; b) Characterization of in-situ geotechnical conditions; c) Factual report on the in-situ and laboratory tests performed to characterize the site (See Section 303.7 for a list of in-situ and laboratory tests commonly carried out for geotechnical site characterization); d) Disclosure of the assumptions and the applicable analytical or empirical models used in estimating the allowable foundation and lateral pressures; e) Calculations carried out and Factor of Safety (FS) assumed in arriving at the recommended allowable foundation and lateral pressures; and f) Evaluation of existing potential geologic hazards and those that may be induced or triggered by the construction/installation of the structure.

Presumptive load-bearing values shall apply to materials with similar physical characteristics and dispositions. Mud, organic silt, organic clays, peat or unprepared fill shall not be assumed to have a presumptive load-bearing capacity unless data from a geotechnical site assessment and investigation to substantiate the use of such a value are submitted. For clay, sandy clay, silty clay and clayey silt, in no case shall the lateral sliding resistance exceed one-half the dead load. 304.3 MINIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURES. The recommended allowable foundation and lateral values shall be with the allowable stress design load combinations specified in Section 203.4. 304.4 FOUNDATIONS ADJACENT TO EXISTING RETAINING/BASEMENT WALLS In cases where the adjacent building will have more basements than the proposed building, the foundation of the proposed building should be designed so as not to impart additional lateral earth pressures on the existing building (see section).

The geotechnical site investigation and assessment shall be performed by a registered civil engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the field of geotechnical engineering. A geotechnical investigation and assessment shall be presented in a report. The report, together with a brief resume and a sworn statement of accountability of the geotechnical engineering consultant who prepared it, shall be included in the submittals to be reviewed and examined by the building official or government authority in charge of issuing the relevant permits such as environmental compliance certificate and/or building permit. 304.2 PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING LATERAL RESISTING VALUES.

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AND

When no exhaustive geotechnical site assessment and investigation is performed, especially when no in-situ or very limited tests are carried out, the presumptive loadbearing and lateral resisting values provided in Table 304-1 shall be used. Use of these values requires that the foundation design engineer has, at the least, carried out an

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Table 304-1 Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure

Class of Materials

1

Allowable Foundation 2 Pressure (kPa)

Lateral Bearing Below Natural Grade3 (kPa/m of depth)

4

Coefficient

Resistance (kPa)

5

1. Massive Crystalline Bedrock

200

200

0.70

-

2. Sedimentary and Foliated Rock

100

60

0.35

-

3. Sandy Gravel and /or Gravel(GW & GP)

100

30

0.35

-

75

25

0.25

-

50 a

15

-

7

4. Well-graded Sand, Poorly-graded Sand, Silty Sand, Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel and Clayey Gravel (SW, SP, SM, SC, GM and GC) 5. Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and Clayey Silt (CL, ML, MH, and CH) 1 A geotechnical site investigation is recommended for soil classification (Refer to Section 303). 2

All values of allowable foundation pressure are for footings having a minimum width of 300mm and a minimum depth of 300mm into the natural grade. Except as noted in Footnote ‘a’, an increase of 20% is allowed for each additional 300mm of width and/or depth to a maximum value of three times the designated value. An increase of one-third is permitted when using the alternate load combinations in Section 203.4 that include wind or earthquake loads. 3

The resistance values derived from the table are permitted to be increased by the tabular value for each additional foot (305mm) of depth to a maximum of 15 times the tabular value. Isolated poles for uses such as flagpoles or signs and poles used to support buildings that are not adversely affected by a 0.5inch (12.7mm) motion at the ground surface due to short-term lateral loads are permitted to be designed using lateral-bearing values equal to two times the tabular values. 4

Lateral bearing and sliding resistance may be combined.

5

Coefficient to be multiplied by the dead load.

6

Lateral sliding resistance value to be multiplied by the contact area. In no case shall the lateral sliding resistance exceed one-half the dead load. a

Lateral Sliding

No increase for an increase of width shall be allowed.

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PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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SECTION 305 - FOOTINGS

305.3

305.1

Bearing walls shall be supported on masonry or concrete foundations or piles or other permitted foundation system that shall be of sufficient size to support all loads.

GENERAL

Footings and foundations shall be constructed of masonry, concrete or treated wood in conformance with Chapters 4, 6 and 7. Footings of concrete and masonry shall be of solid material. Foundations supporting wood shall extend at least 150 mm above the adjacent finish grade. Footings shall have a minimum depth as indicated in Table 305-1, unless another depth is warranted, as established by a foundation investigation. The provisions of this section do not apply to building and foundation systems in those areas subject to scour and water pressure by wind and wave action. Buildings and foundations subject to such loads shall be designed in accordance with approved national standards.

Where a design is not provided, the minimum foundation requirements for stud bearing walls shall be as set forth in Table 305-1, unless expansive soils of a severity to cause differential movement are known to exist. EXCEPTIONS: 1.

A one-story wood or metal-frame building not used for human occupancy and not over 40 m2 in floor area may be constructed with walls supported on a wood foundation plate when permitted by the building official.

2.

The support of buildings by posts embedded in earth shall be designed as specified in Section 305.7. Wood posts or poles embedded in earth shall be pressure treated with an approved preservative. Steel posts or poles shall be protected as specified in Section 306.10.

TABLE 305-1 Minimum Requirements for 1,2,3 Foundations Thickness of Number of Floors Foundation Wall Supported (mm) by the Unit Foundations Concrete Masonry

1

2

3

Width Thickness of of Footing Footing

Depth Below Undisturbed

(mm)

(mm)

Ground Surface (mm)

1

150

150

300

150

300

2

200

200

375

175

450

3

250

250

450

200

600

Where unusual conditions are found, footings and foundations shall be as required in Section 305.1. The ground under the floor may be excavated to the elevation of the top of the footing. Foundation may support a roof in addition to the stipulated number of floors. Foundations supporting roofs only shall be as required for supporting one floor.

305.2

BEARING WALLS

FOOTING DESIGN

Except for special provisions of Section 307 covering the design of piles, all portions of footings shall be designed in accordance with the structural provisions of this code and shall be designed to minimize differential settlement when necessary and the effects of expansive soils when present. Slab-on-grade and mat-type footings for buildings located on expansive soils may be designed in accordance with the geotechnical recommendation as permitted by the building official.

305.4

STEPPED FOUNDATIONS

Foundations for all buildings where the surface of the ground slopes more than 1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10% slope) shall be level or shall be stepped so that both top and bottom of such foundation are level.

305.5 FOOTINGS ON OR ADJACENT TO SLOPES 305.5.1 Scope. The placement of buildings and structures on or adjacent to slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 3 units horizontal (33.3% slope) shall be in accordance with this section. 305.5.2 Building clearance from ascending slopes. In general, buildings below slopes shall be set a sufficient distance from the slope to provide protection from slope drainage, erosion and shallow failures. Except as provided for in Section 305.5.6 and Figure 305-1, the following criteria will be assumed to provide this protection. Where the existing slope is steeper than 1 unit vertical in 1 unit horizontal (100% slope), the toe of the slope shall be assumed to be at the intersection of a horizontal plane drawn from the top of the foundation and a plane drawn tangent to the slope at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. Where a retaining wall is constructed at the toe

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PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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Face of Footing Top of Slope

Face of Structure

Toe of Slope H/2 but need not exceed 4.5m max.

H H/3 but need not exceed 12 m max.

FIGURE 305-1 SETBACK DIMENSIONS FOR BUILDING CLEARANCE FROM SLOPES

of the slope, the height of the slope shall be measured from the top of the wall to the top of the slope. 305.5.3 Footing setback from descending slope surface. Footings on or adjacent to slope surfaces shall be founded in firm material with an embedment and setback from the slope surface sufficient to provide vertical and lateral support for the footing without detrimental settlement. Except as provided for in Section 305.5.6 and Figure 305-1, the following setback is deemed adequate to meet the criteria. Where the slope is steeper than 1 unit vertical in 1 unit horizontal (100% slope), the required setback shall be measured from an imaginary plane 45 degrees to the horizontal, projected upward from the toe of the slope. 305.5.4 Pools. The setback between pools regulated by this code and slopes shall be equal to one half the building footing setback distance required by this section. That portion of the pool wall within a horizontal distance of 2 meters from the top of the slope shall be capable of supporting the water in the pool without soil support. 305.5.5 Foundation elevation. On graded sites, the top of any exterior foundation shall extend above the elevation of the street gutter at point of discharge or the inlet of an approved drainage device a minimum of 300 mm plus 2 percent. The building official may permit alternate elevations, provided it can be demonstrated that required drainage to the point of discharge and away from the structure is provided at all locations on the site. 305.5.6 Alternate setback and clearance. The building official may approve alternate setbacks and clearances. The building official may require an investigation and recommendation of a qualified engineer to demonstrate that the intent of this section has been satisfied. Such an investigation shall include consideration of material, height

of slope, slope gradient, load intensity and erosion characteristics of slope material.

305.6

FOUNDATION PLATES OR SILLS

Wood plates or sills shall be bolted to the foundation or foundation wall. Steel bolts with a minimum nominal diameter of 12 mm shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. Steel bolts with a minimum nominal diameter of 16 mm shall be used in Seismic Zone 4. Bolts shall be embedded at least 180 mm into the concrete or masonry and shall be spaced not more than 2 meters apart. There shall be a minimum of two bolts per piece with one bolt located not more than 300 mm or less than seven bolt diameters from each end of the piece. A properly sized nut and washer shall be tightened on each bolt to the plate. Foundation plates and sills shall be the kind of wood specified in Chapter 6.

305.7 DESIGNS EMPLOYING LATERAL BEARING 305.7.1 General. Construction employing posts or poles as columns embedded in earth or embedded in concrete footings in the earth may be used to resist both axial and lateral loads. The depth to resist lateral loads shall be determined by means of the design criteria established herein or other methods approved by the building official. 305.7.2

Design Criteria

305.7.2.1 Nonconstrained. The following formula may be used in determining the depth of embedment required to resist lateral loads where no constraint is provided at the ground surface, such as rigid floor or rigid ground surface pavement.

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PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

d

A 4.3h  1  1    2 A 

the normal force imposed on the soil by the weight of the footing or slab. (305-1) 305.7.4.1 Posts embedded in earth shall not be used to provide lateral support for structural or nonstructural materials such as plaster, masonry or concrete unless bracing is provided.

Where:

A

2.3P S1b

b = diameter of round post or footing or diagonal dimension of square post or footing, meters. d = depth of embedment in earth in meters but not over 3.5 meters for purpose of computing lateral pressure. h = distance in meters from ground surface to point of application of “P.” P = applied lateral force in kilonewtons . S1 = allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set forth in Table 304-1 based on a depth of one third the depth of embedment (kPa). S3 = allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set forth in Table 304-1 based on a depth equal to the depth of embedment (kPa). 305.7.2.2 Constrained. The following formula may be used to determine the depth of embedment required to resist lateral loads where constraint is provided at the ground surface, such as a rigid floor or pavement.

d 2  4.25

Ph S3 b

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305.8

GRILLAGE FOOTINGS

When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least 150 mm on the bottom and at least 100 mm at all other points.

305.9

BLEACHER FOOTINGS

Footings for open-air seating facilities shall comply with Chapter 3. EXCEPTIONS: Temporary open-air portable bleachers may be supported upon wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed 50 kPa.

(305-2)

305.7.2.3 Vertical load. The resistance to vertical loads is determined by the allowable soil-bearing pressure set forth in Table 304-1. 305.7.3 Backfill. The backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings shall be by one of the following methods: 1.

Backfill shall be of concrete with an ultimate strength of 15 MPa at 28 days. The hole shall not be less than 100 mm larger than the diameter of the column at its bottom or 100 mm larger than the diagonal dimension of a square or rectangular column.

2.

Backfill shall be of clean sand. The sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than 200 mm in thickness.

305.7.4 Limitations. The design procedure outlined in this section shall be subject to the following limitations: 305.7.4.1 The frictional resistance for retaining walls and slabs on silts and clays shall be limited to one half of

National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 306 - PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 306.1

GENERAL

Pile foundations shall be designed and installed on the basis of a foundation investigation as defined in Section 303 where required by the building official. The investigation and report provisions of Section 303 shall be expanded to include, but not be limited to, the following: 1.

Recommended pile types and installed capacities.

2.

Driving criteria.

3.

Installation procedures.

4.

Field inspection and reporting procedures (to include procedures for verification of the installed bearing capacity where required).

5.

Pile load test requirements.

The use of piles not specifically mentioned in this chapter shall be permitted, subject to the approval of the building official upon submission of acceptable test data, calculations or other information relating to the properties and load-carrying capacities of such piles.

306.4

INTERCONNECTION

Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure subjected to seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be capable of resisting, in tension or compression, a minimum horizontal force equal to 10 percent of the largest column vertical load.

When the allowable axial compressive load of a single pile is determined by a static load test, one of the following methods shall be used: Method 1. It shall not exceed 50 percent of the yield point under test load. The yield point shall be defined as that point at which an increase in load produces a disproportionate increase in settlement. Method 2. It shall not exceed one half of the load, which causes a net settlement, after deducting rebound, of 0.03mm/kN of test load, which has been applied for a period of at least 24 hours. Method 3. It shall not exceed one half of that load under which, during a 40-hour period of continuous load application, no additional settlement takes place.

Other approved methods may be used where it can be demonstrated that equivalent restraint can be provided.

306.3 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE LOADS The allowable axial and lateral loads on piles shall be determined by an approved formula, by a foundation investigation or by load tests. Static axial compressive pile load test shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard D1143, and lateral load testing of piles shall conform with ASTM Standard D-3966. Dynamic pile tests shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard D-4945. Static axial tensile load testing to determine the uplift capacity of pilesoil systems shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard D-3689.

DYNAMIC LOAD TEST

High-strain dynamic load test may be used to determine the bearing capacity of piles, in accordance with ASTM Standard D-4945. The building official may require that the test be conducted by a registered civil engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the practice of dynamic load testing.

306.6

EXCEPTION:

STATIC LOAD TEST

Static axial compressive pile load test shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard D-1143. The building official may require that the test be conducted under the supervision of a registered civil engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the practice of static pile load testing

306.5 306.2

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COLUMN ACTION

All piles standing unbraced in air, water or material not capable of lateral support shall conform with the applicable column formula as specified in this code. Such piles driven into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at 1.5 meters below the ground surface and in soft material at 3 meters the ground surface unless otherwise prescribed by the building official after a foundation investigation by an approved agency.

306.7

GROUP ACTION

Consideration shall be given to the reduction of allowable pile load when piles are placed in groups. Where soil conditions make such load reductions advisable or necessary, the allowable axial and lateral loads determined for a single pile shall be reduced by any rational method or formula submitted to the building official.

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PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

306.8

PILES IN SUBSIDING AREAS

Where piles are driven through subsiding fills or other subsiding strata and derive support from underlying firmer materials, consideration shall be given to the downward frictional forces, which may be imposed on the piles by the subsiding upper strata. Where the influence of subsiding fills is considered as imposing loads on the pile, the allowable stresses specified in this chapter may be increased if satisfactory substantiating data are submitted.

306.9

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306.12 USE OF HIGHER ALLOWABLE PILE STRESSES Allowable compressive stresses greater than those specified in Section 307 shall be permitted when substantiating data justifying such higher stresses are submitted to and approved by the building official. Such substantiating data shall be included in the foundation investigation report in accordance with Section 306.1.

JETTING

Jetting shall not be used except where and as specifically permitted by the building official. When used, jetting shall be carried out in such a manner that the carrying capacity of existing piles and structures shall not be impaired. After withdrawal of the jet, piles shall be driven down until the required resistance is obtained.

306.10 PROTECTION OF PILE MATERIALS Where the boring records of site conditions indicate possible deleterious action on pile materials because of soil constituents, changing water levels or other factors, such materials shall be adequately protected by methods or processes approved by the geotechnical engineer. The effectiveness of such methods or processes for the particular purpose shall have been thoroughly established by satisfactory service records or other evidence, which demonstrates the effectiveness of such protective measures.

306.11 ALLOWABLE LOADS The allowable loads based on soil conditions shall be established in accordance with Section 306. EXCEPTION: Any uncased cast-in-place pile may be assumed to develop a frictional resistance equal to one sixth of the bearing value of the soil material at minimum depth as set forth in Table 305-1 but not to exceed 25 kPa unless a greater value is allowed by the building official after a foundation investigation as specified in Section 303 is submitted. Frictional resistance and bearing resistance shall not be assumed to act simultaneously unless recommended after a foundation investigation as specified in Section 303.

National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 307 - PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 307.1

ROUND WOOD PILES

307.1.1 Material. Except where untreated piles are permitted, wood piles shall be pressure treated. Untreated piles may be used only when it has been established that the cutoff will be below lowest groundwater level assumed to exist during the life of the structure. 307.1.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable unit stresses for round woodpiles shall not exceed those set forth in Chapter 6. The allowable values listed in, for compression parallel to the grain at extreme fiber in bending are based on load sharing as occurs in a pile cluster. For piles which support their own specific load, a safety factor of 1.25 shall be applied to compression parallel to the grain values and 1.30 to extreme fiber in bending values.

307.2 UNCASED CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES 307.2.1 Material. Concrete piles cast in place against earth in drilled or bored holes shall be made in such a manner as to ensure the exclusion of any foreign matter and to secure a full-sized shaft. The length of such pile shall be limited to not more than 30 times the average diameter. Concrete shall have a specified compressive strength f’c of not less than 17.5 MPa.

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307.3.2 Installation. Every metal casing for a concrete pile shall have a sealed tip with a diameter of not less than 200 mm. Concrete piles cast in place in metal shells shall have shells driven for their full length in contact with the surrounding soil and left permanently in place. The shells shall be sufficiently strong to resist collapse and sufficiently watertight to exclude water and foreign material during the placing of concrete. Piles shall be driven in such order and with such spacing as to ensure against distortion of or injury to piles already in place. No pile shall be driven within four and one-half average pile diameters of a pile filled with concrete less than 24 hours old unless approved by the geotechnical engineer. 307.3.3 Allowable stresses. Allowable stresses shall not exceed the values specified in Section 307.2.2, except that the allowable concrete stress may be increased to a maximum value of 0.40f’c for that portion of the pile meeting the following conditions: 1.

The thickness of the metal casing is not less than 1.7 mm (No. 14 carbon sheet steel gage).

2.

The casing is seamless or is provided with seams of equal strength and is of a configuration that will provide confinement to the cast-in-place concrete.

3.

The specified compressive strength f’c shall not exceed 35 MPa and the ratio of steel minimum specified yield strength Fy to concrete specified compressive strength f’c shall not be less than 6.

4

The pile diameter is not greater than 400 mm.

EXCEPTION: The length of pile may exceed 30 times the diameter provided the design and installation of the pile foundation is in accordance with an approved foundation investigation report. 307.2.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable compressive stress in the concrete shall not exceed 0.33f’c. The allowable compressive stress of reinforcement shall not exceed 34 percent of the yield strength of the steel or 175 MPa.

307.3

METAL-CASED CONCRETE PILES

307.3.1 Material. Concrete used in metal-cased concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength f’c of not less than 17.5 MPa.

307.4

PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

307.4.1 Materials. Precast concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength f’c of not less than 20 MPa, and shall develop a compressive strength of not less than 20 MPa before driving. 307.4.2 Reinforcement ties. The longitudinal reinforcement in driven precast concrete piles shall be laterally tied with steel ties or wire spirals. Ties and spirals shall not be spaced more than 75 mm apart, center to center, for a distance of 600 mm from the ends and not more than 200 mm elsewhere. The gage of ties and spirals shall be as follows: 1.

For piles having a diameter of 400 mm or less, wire shall not be smaller than 5.5 mm (No. 5 B.W.gage).

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PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

2.

For piles, having a diameter of more than 400 mm and less than 500 mm, wire shall not be smaller than 6 mm (No.4 B.W.gage).

3.

For piles having a diameter of 500 mm and larger, wire shall not be smaller than 6.5 mm (No.3 B.W. gage).

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The compressive stress in the concrete due to externally applied load shall not exceed: fc = 0.33f’c - 0.27 fpc

(307-1)

Where: fpc = effective prestress stress on the gross section.

307.4.3 Allowable stresses. Precast concrete piling shall be designed to resist stresses induced by handling and driving as well as by loads. The allowable stresses shall not exceed the values specified in Section 307.2.2.

Effective prestress shall be based on an assumed loss of 200 MPa in the prestressing steel. The allowable stress in the prestressing steel shall not exceed the values specified in Section 418.5.

307.5 PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES (PRETENSIONED)

307.6

307.5.1 Materials. Precast prestressed concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength f’c of not less than 35 MPa and shall develop a compressive strength of not less than 27 MPa before driving.

307.6.1 Material. Structural steel piles, steel pipe piles and fully welded steel piles fabricated from plates shall conform to one of the material specifications listed in Section 501.3.

307.5.2

307.6.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses shall not exceed 0.35 of the minimum specified yield strength Fy or 85 MPa, whichever is less.

Reinforcement

307.5.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement shall be high-tensile seven-wire strand conforming to ASTM Standards. Longitudinal reinforcement shall be laterally tied with steel ties or wire spirals. 307.5.2.2 Transverse reinforcement. Ties or spiral reinforcement shall not be spaced more than 75 mm apart, center to center, for a distance of 600 mm from the ends and not more than 200 mm elsewhere. At each end of the pile, the first five ties or spirals shall be spaced 25 mm center to center.

EXCEPTION: When justified in accordance with Section 306.12, the allowable axial stress may be increased above 85 MPa and 0.35Fy, but shall not exceed 0.5Fy. 307.6.3 Minimum dimensions. Sections of driven Hpiles shall comply with the following: 1.

The flange projection shall not exceed 14 times the minimum thickness of metal in either the flange or the web, and the flange widths shall not be less than 80 percent of the depth of the section.

2.

The nominal depth in the direction of the web shall not be less than 200 mm.

3.

Flanges and webs shall have a minimum nominal thickness of 10 mm.

For piles having a diameter of 600 mm or less, wire shall not be smaller than 5.5 mm (No. 5 B.W.gage). For piles having a diameter greater than 600 mm but less than 900 mm, wire shall not be smaller than 6 mm (No. 4 B.W.gage). For piles having a diameter greater than 900 mm, wire shall not be smaller than 6 mm (No.3 B.W.gauge). 307.5.3 Allowable stresses. Precast prestressed piling shall be designed to resist stresses induced by handling and driving as well as by loads. The effective prestress in the pile shall not be less than 2.5 MPa for piles up to 10 meters in length, 4 MPa for piles up to 15 meters in length, and 5 MPa for piles greater than 15 meters in length.

STRUCTURAL STEEL PILES

Sections of driven pipe piles shall have an outside diameter of not less than 250 mm and a minimum thickness of not less than 6 mm.

307.7 CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL PIPE PILES 307.7.1 Material. The steel pipe of concrete-filled steel pipe piles shall conform to one of the material specifications listed in Section 501.3. The concrete in

National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

concrete-filled steel pipe piles shall have a specified compressive strength f’c of not less than 17.5 MPa. 307.7.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses shall not exceed 0.35 of the minimum specified yield strength Fy of the steel plus 0.33 of the specified compressive strength f’c of concrete, provided Fy shall not be assumed greater than 250 MPa for computational purposes. EXCEPTION: When justified in accordance with Section 306.12, the allowable stresses may be increased to 0.50 Fy. 307.7.3 Minimum dimensions. Driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less than 200 mm.

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FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4

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SECTION 308 - FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION-SEISMIC ZONE 4

reinforced concrete beams within slabs on grade or reinforced concrete slabs on grade.

308.1

308.4

GENERAL

In Seismic Zones 4, the further requirements of this section shall apply to the design and construction of foundations, foundation components and the connection of superstructure elements thereto. See Section 421.9 for additional requirements for structural concrete foundations resisting seismic forces.

308.2 FOUNDATION AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS Where a structure is determined to be in Seismic Zone 4 in accordance with Section 208.4, an investigation shall be conducted and shall include an evaluation of the following potential hazards resulting from earthquake motions: slope instability, liquefaction and surface rupture due to faulting or lateral spreading. In addition, the following investigations shall also be met: 1.

A determination of lateral pressures on basement and retaining walls due to earthquake motions.

2.

An assessment of potential consequences of any liquefaction and soil strength loss, including estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity, and shall address mitigation measures. Such measures shall be given consideration in the design of the structure and can include but are not limited to ground stabilization, selection of appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of appropriate structural systems to accommodate anticipated displacements or any combination of these measures. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss shall be evaluated for site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source characteristics consistent with the design earthquake ground motions. Peak ground acceleration shall be determined from a site-specific study taking into account soil amplification effects, as specified in Section 208.4.

308.3

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 in accordance with Section 208.4, individual spread footings founded on soil defined in Section 208.4.3 as Soil profile Type SE or SF shall be interconnected by ties. Ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension or compression, unless it is demonstrated that equivalent restraint is provided by

PIER AND PILE FOUNDATIONS

Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 in accordance with Section 208.4, the following shall apply. Individual pile caps, piers or piles shall be interconnected by ties. Ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension and compression, unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent restraint is provided by reinforced concrete beams within slabs on grade, reinforced concrete slabs on grade, confinement by competent rock, hard cohesive soils or very dense granular soils. Concrete shall have a specified compressivestrength of not less than 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa) at 28 days. Exception: Piers supporting foundation walls, isolated interior posts detailed so the pier is not subject to lateral loads, lightly loaded exterior decks and patios and occupancy category IV and V specified in Section 103 not exceeding two stories of light-frame construction, are not subject to interconnection if it can be shown the soils are of adequate stiffness, subject to the approval of the building official. 308.4.1 Connection to pile cap. For piles required to resist uplift forces or provide rotational restraint, design of anchorage of piles into the pile cap shall be provided considering the combined effect of axial forces due to uplift and bending moments due to fixity to the pile cap. Anchorage shall develop a minimum of 25 percent of the strength of the pile in tension. Anchorage into the pile cap shall be capable of developing the following: In the case of uplift, the lesser of the nominal tensile strength of the longitudinal reinforcement in a concrete pile, or the nominal tensile strength of a steel pile, or the pile uplift soil nominal strength factored by 1.3 or the axial tension force resulting from the load combinations of Section 203. In the case of rotational restraint, the lesser of the axial and shear forces, and moments resulting from the load combinations of Section 203 or development of the full axial, bending and shear nominal strength of the pile. 308.4.2 Design details for piers, piles and grade beams. Piers or piles shall be designed and constructed to withstand maximum imposed curvatures from earthquake ground motions and structure response. Curvatures shall include free-field soil strains modified for soil-pile-structure interaction coupled with pier or pile deformations induced by lateral pier or pile resistance to structure seismic forces. Concrete piers or piles on soil type SE or SF sites, as determined in Section 208.4.3, shall be designed and detailed in accordance with Sections 410 within seven pile diameters of the pile cap and the interfaces of soft to

National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4

medium stiff clay or liquefiable strata. Grade beams shall be designed as beams in accordance Section 4. When grade beams have the capacity to resist the forces from the load combinations in Section 203. 308.4.3 Flexural strength. Where the vertical lateralforce-resisting elements are columns, the grade beam or pile cap flexural strengths shall exceed the column flexural strength. The connection between batter piles and grade beams or pile caps shall be designed to resist the nominal strength of the pile acting as a short column. Batter piles and their connection shall be capable of resisting forces and moments from the load combinations of Section 203.

ductile region shall occur through the length of the pile. Where the pile length exceeds 35 feet (10 668 mm), the ductile pile region shall be taken as the greater of 35 feet (10 668 mm) or the distance from the underside of the pile cap to the point of zero curvature plus three times the least pile dimension. In the ductile region, the center-to-center spacing of the spirals or hoop reinforcement shall not exceed one-fifth of the least pile dimension, six times the diameter of the longtitudinal strand, or 8 inches (203 mm), whichever is smaller. Circular spiral reinforcement shall be spliced by lapping one full turn and bending the end of the spiral to a 90degree hook or by use of a mechanical or welded splice.

308.5 DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS 308.5.1 Precast Concrete Piles. Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 the longitudinal reinforcement with a minimum steel ratio of 0.01 shall be provided throughout the length of precast concrete piles. Within three pile diameters of the bottom of the pile cap, the longitudinal reinforcement shall be confined with closed ties or spirals of a minimum 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Ties or spirals shall be provided at a maximum spacing of eight times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar, not to exceed 6 inches (152 mm). Throughout the remainder of the pile, the closed ties or spirals shall have a maximum spacing of 16 times the smallest longitudinal bar diameter not to exceed 8 inches (203 mm). 308.5.2 Precast Prestressed piles. Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4, the following shall apply. The minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than 0.007 or the amount required by the following formula for the upper 20 feet (6096 mm) of the pile.

s  0.12 fc f yh

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(308.5.1)

Where the transverse reinforcement consists of circular spirals, the volumetric ratio of spiral transverse reinforcement in the ductile region shall comply with the following:   1 1.4 P  f A (308.5.2)  s  0.12 c  g  1    f yh  Ach   2 f c Ag  but not less than:  1 1.4 P      2 f c Ag  and need not exceed: s  0.021

 s  0.12

Ag = Ach = fc = fyh =

At least one-half the volumetric ratio required by Equation 4-1 shall be provided below the upper 20 feet (6096 mm) of the pile. The pile cap connection by means of dowels. Pile cap connection by means of developing pile reinforcing strand is permitted provided that the pile reinforcing strand results in a ductile connection. Where the total pile length in the soil is 35 feet (10 668 mm) or less, the lateral transverse reinforcement in the

(308.5.3)

(308.5.4)

Where:

Where: fc = Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa). fyh = Yield strength of spiral reinforcement, psi (586 MPa). s = Spiral reinforcement index (vol. spiral/vol. core).

fc f yh

P

s

Pile cross-sectional area, square inches (mm2). Core area defined by spiral outside diameter, square inches (mm2). Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa). Yield strength of spiral reinforcement

= Axial load on pile, pounds (kN). = Volumetric ratio (vol. spiral/ vol. core).

This required amount of spiral reinforcement is permitted to be obtained by providing an inner and outer spiral. When transverse reinforcement consists of rectangular hoops and cross ties, the total cross-sectional area of lateral transverse reinforcement in the ductile region with spacings, and perpendicular to dimension, hc, shall conform to:  f  A  1 P  Ash  0.3s hc  c   g  1   1.4  f  A f c Ag   yh   ch   2 but not less than:

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(308.5.5)

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4

 f   1 1.4 P  Ash  0.12s hc  c     f   2 f A  c g   yh  

(308.5.6)

where: fyh = 70,000 psi (483 MPa). hc = Cross-sectional dimension of pile core measured center to center of hoop reinforcement, inch (mm). s = Spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along length of pile, inch (mm). Ash = Cross-sectional area of tranverse reinforcement, square inches (mm2). f c = Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa). The hoops and cross ties shall be equivalent to deformed bars not less than 10mm in size. Rectangular hoop ends shall terminate at a corner with seismic hooks. Outside of the length of the pile requiring transverse confinement reinforcing, the spiral or hoop reinforcing with a volumetric ratio not less than one-half of that required for transverse confinement reinforcing shall be provided.

308.6 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 a minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 0.005 shall be provided for uncased cast-in-place drilled or augered concrete piles, piers or caissons in the top one-half of the pile length a minimum length of 10 feet (3048 mm) below ground or throughout the flexural length of the pile, whichever length is greatest. The flexural length shall be taken as the length of the pile to a point where the concrete section cracking moment strength multiplied by 0.4 exceeds the required moment strength at that point. There shall be a minimum of four longitudinal bars with transverse confinement reinforcement provided in the pile within three times the least pile dimension of the bottom of the pile cap. A transverse spiral reinforcement ratio of not less than onehalf of that required in Section 410 for other than Soil Profile Type SE, SF or as determined in Section 208.4.3 or liquefiable sites is permitted. Tie spacing throughout the remainder of the concrete section shall neither exceed 12longitudinal-bar diameters, one-half the least dimension of the section, nor 12 inches (305 mm). Ties shall be a minimum of 10mm bars for piles with a least dimension up to 20 inches (508 mm), and 12mm bars for larger piles.

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